PHOTOSYNTHESIS & RESPIRATION

What is ATP?

ATP = Adenosine TriPhosphate

Adenine + Ribose + 3 Phosphates

Adenine

Ribose

ADENOSINE

Phosphate

Triphosphate

Why ATP?

Phosphates have a large amount of chemical energy. Whenever a bond holding a phosphate is broken, a large amount of usable cellular energy is released.

ADENOSINE P P P

ADENOSINE P P P

ENERGY

ATP CYCLE Occurs continuously in cells About 10 million new ATP molecules are made in every

cell every second!!!

ADP

1. Stored EnergyEnergy stored in chemical bonds.

2. Releasing EnergyEnergy released by breaking bonds – used to power cells

3. Energy DepletedADP has less chemical energy than ATP

4. Making ATP

Energy released by other chemical reactions and processes can be used to bond a phosphate to ADP to make ATP

+ P

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Series of complex chemical processes that convert light energy into carbohydrates

Overall Equationlight + H2O + CO2 C6H12O6 + O2

Occurs in Chloroplasts Two types of reactions –

Light Dependent Light Independent (aka. Calvin Cycle, Dark rxn)

Photosynthesis Overview

Fill in the picture on the top left of notes as animation plays

http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio111/animations/0054.swf

FOCUS On . .

Light dependent reactionOccurs in thylakoid membrane

Photolysis of H2O

Light + 2H2O 4H+ + O2

Make NADPH & ATP

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter10/animations.html#

FOCUS On . .

Light Independent Reaction – CALVIN CYCLEOccurs in Stroma of Chloroplast

Use of CO2 to create Glucose (C6H12O6) Use of ATP & NADPH from Light reactions

ATP for energy to power chemical reactions NADPH – hydrogen source to add to CO2 to make sugars

Must cycle through 6 times in order to create one glucose molecule

http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio111/animations/0055.swf

Falcon Five 10/20 – Test your photosynthetic knowledge:1. The Calvin Cycle includes

a. Light dependent rxns b. electron transport chain c. light independent rxns

2. The Calvin Cycle takes place in thea. mitochondria b. stroma c. nucleus d. thylakoid membrane

3. What product of the light dependent rxn is used in the Calvin Cyclea. oxygen b. carbon dioxide c. NADPH d. chlorophyll

4. What is used in the first step of the Calvin Cyclea. oxygen b. carbon dioxide c. hydrogen d. water

5. How many rounds of the Calvin Cycle are needed to form one glucose molecule?a. one b. six c. two d. three

6. Describe the two energy storing steps of photosynthesis.

Cellular Respiration Where does the Glucose (C6H12O6) & O2 from

photosynthesis go?

Used by both plant & animal cells to create ATP!!! Releases energy Makes cell energy Close to the reverse of photosynthesis !

Cellular Respiration Equation

O2 + C6H12O6 → CO2 + H2O + ATP

Cellular Respiration

3 step processGlycolysisKrebs Cycle/Citric

Acid CycleElectron Transport

Chain

Step 1: GLYCOLYSIS2 ATP 2 ADP 4 ADP 4 ATP

2 NAD 2 NADH

Glucose

2 - PGAL2 - Pyruvate

•Occurs in Cytoplasm of cell

•Anaerobic process (no O2 required)

•Net production of 2 ATP (make 4 but use 2)

•Releases only 2% of chemical energy that is stored in Glucose

Step 2: Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle

Occurs in Mitochondria Matrix

Requires presence of O2

2 Pyruvate from Glycolysis transformed into Acetyl CoA & enters cycle

Net production of: 2 ATP 2 FADH 6 NADH

Step 3 – Electron Transport Chain

Remaining energy of glucose in electrons carried by NADH & FADH

NADH & FADH enter electron transport chain in mitochondria cristae

Produce 32 more ATP

From Krebs Cycle

From Alteration of Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

Summary of Cellular Respiration

2 2 32

H2O

CO2

In Matrix In Cristae

What if there is not enough or no O2 present?

Alcoholic Fermentation (Yeast)Pyruvate + NADH → Ethanol + NAD + CO2

Used in baking, beer & wine production

Lactic Acid Fermentation Pyruvate + NADH → Lactic Acid + NAD

Strenuous exercise = can’t get all the O2 your cells need so use lactic acid fermentation = Sore muscles!!!