PHY MAC RLC PDCP RRC Control PC Interface TE Port

PHY

MAC

RLC

PDCP

RRC

Control PCInterface

TE Port

PHY

MAC

RLC

PDCP

RRC

Control PCInterface

TE Port

36.323

36.331

36.322

36.321

36.104,36.211,36.21236.213,36.214,36.302

CphyXXXXX()

CmacXXXXX()

CrlcXXXXX()

CpdcpXXXXX()

CteXXXXX()

PHY

MAC

RLC

PDCP

RRC

36.323

36.331

36.322

36.321

36.104,36.211,36.21236.213,36.214,36.302

NAS

23.401,24.301,29.274, 32.426,33.102,33.401,33.402

RF CT

Protocol CT

36.521-1, 36.521-3

36.523

IP

MME

SGSN

HSS

SGW(Serving Gateway)

PGW(PDN Gateway)

PCRF

UE

eNodeB

IP

MME

SGSN


PGW(PDN Gateway)

UE

eNodeB(LTE)

MSC

BSC

RNC

NodeB(UMTS)

BTS(GSM)

SGs

Voice Call Traffic Path

Registration to CS Network Path

Paging Path

IP

MME

SGSN

HSS


PGW(PDN Gateway)

PCRF

UE

eNodeB

EPS Bearer External Bearer

UE eNodeB S-GW P-GW PeerEntity

End-to-End Service

EPS Bearer External Bearer

E-RAB S5/S8 Bearer

Radio Bearer S1 Bearer

E-UTRAN EPC Internet

Radio S1 S5/S8 Gi

DRX Cycle DRX Cycle

ON Duration

DRX Cycle DRX Cycle

ON Duration

PDCCH Reception Here

DRX Inactivity Time

DRX Cycle

ON Duration

PDCCH Reception Here

DRX Inactivity Time

DRX Command MAC CE Reception Here(Both DRX Inactivity timer and OnDuration Timer stops here)

Long DRX Cycle

ON Duration

Short DRX Cycle Short DRX Cycle

Short DRX Cycle Timer

Center frequency

High frequency

Low frequency

Current Cell UE

Center frequency

High frequency

Low frequency

Current Cell UE Target Cell

http://lteworld.org/blog/measurements-lte-e-utran

Center frequency

High frequency

Low frequency

Current Cell UE

Target Cell

Center frequency

High frequency

Low frequency

Current Cell UE

Target Cell

Center frequency

High frequency

Low frequency

Current Cell UE

Target Cell

Center frequency

High frequency

Low frequency

Current Cell UE

Target Cell

Center frequency

High frequency

Low frequency

Current Cell UE

Target Cell

Center frequency

High frequency

Low frequency

Current Cell UE

Target Cell

IMS

SIP

Voice (VoIP)Voice (VoIP)

VideoVideo

H.263RTP

H.323

SMSSMS

etc

Other IP Network

MME

SGSN

HSS


PGW(PDN Gateway)

PCRF

UE

eNodeB

IMS(CSCF)

SIP Application Servers

A B

INVITE

100 Trying

180 Ringing

200 OK

Media Transfer

BYE

200 OK

ClientsSIP Register

Server

REGISTER

(Contact Address)

AUTHENTICATION REQUEST

REGISTER

(Credentials)

OK

PC1 – UE PC PC2

RF Port

TE Port

UE PC

Server PC

Ethernet Cable

LTE Network Simulator

Wireshark

Wireshark

RF Port

TE Port

UE PC

LTE Network Simulator

Wireshark

Data Server

IP Network

Router

Dummy Hub

IP Monitoring PC for troubleshot

Wireshark

36.211 6.3.1 36.211 6.3.2 36.211 6.3.3 36.211 6.3.4 36.211 6.5

Bit Stream Bit Stream I/Q I/Q I/Q

PA

PB

PDCCH

Cell Specific Reference Signal

PDSCH : in the same symbol as reference signal

PDSCH : in the symbol with no reference signal

1 subframe

In some subframe, there can be no SRS depending on SRS Scheduling parameter settings

PDN type

Access point name PDN type

Access point name

PDN type

Access point name PDN type

Access point name

EPS attach type value

Old GUTI or IMSI

UE network capability

EPS attach type value

Old GUTI or IMSI

UE network capability

Attach RequestAttach Request

NAS : Security Mode CommandNAS : Security Mode Command

Attah AcceptAttah Accept

PDN Connectivity Request PDN Connectivity Request

Activate Default EPS Bearer Setup RequestActivate Default EPS Bearer Setup Request

Replayed UE security capabilities Replayed UE security capabilities

GUTI

EPS attach result value

GUTI

EPS attach result value

Old GUTI

EPS Bearer Context Status

Old Location Area Identification

Old GUTI


Old Location Area Identification

Tracking Area Update RequestTracking Area Update Request

Tracking Area Update AcceptTracking Area Update Accept

GUTI

TAI List


Location Area Identification

GUTI

TAI List


Location Area Identification

TAC (Tracking Area Code)TAC (Tracking Area Code)

SIB1SIB1

RRC

DedicatedInfoNAS

NAS Message(EMM)

NAS(ESM)

C1 (RRC Message Type Identifier : 4 bits)

Length of DedicatedInfoNAS

Security Header Type (4 bits)

Protocol Discriminator + Message Authentication Code + Sequence Number (44 bits)

Message Type (8 bits)

Message Type (8 bits)

1 frame

1 subframe

1 slot

PUCCH Region

PUCCH Region

Subband 0

Subband 1

Subband 2

Subband 3

PUCCH Region

PUCCH Region

Subband 0

Subband 1

Subband 2

Subband 3

PUCCH Region

PUCCH Region

Subband 0

Subband 1

Subband 2

Subband 3

PUCCH Region

PUCCH Region

Subband 0

Subband 1

Subband 2

Subband 3

PUCCH Region

PUCCH Region

Subband 0

Subband 1

Subband 2

Subband 3

PUCCH Region

PUCCH Region

Subband 0

Subband 1

Subband 2

Subband 3

1 subframe

(a) (b) (c) (e)(d)

Packet Comm Packet Comm Packet CommPacket Comm

Idle Idle IdleIdle

Power On

Voice Comm Voice Comm

CSCS CS

CS

CRCRCR

HO HOHO

RD RDRDRD

CSFB CSFB

CDMA LTE WCDMA

CS : Cell SelectionCR : Cell Reselection

RD : Cell RedirectionHO : Handover

CSFB : CS Fallback

UE NW

RRC Connection Request

RRC Connection Setup

T300

UE NW

RRC Connection Request

RRC Connection Reject

T300

UE Lower Layer UE Higher Layer

Out of Sync Indication



N310 Times

In Sync Indication

In Sync Indication

In Sync Indication

N311 Times

T310





N310 Times

Triggering Handover Procedure

T310





N310 Times

Initiating Connection Reestablishment

T310

Z-1

Z-1

+

+

0 0

ip

op

op

0

00

0

00

0

0

Z-1

Z-1

+

+

0 0

ip

op

op

0

Z-1

Z-1

+

+

0 0

ip

op

op

1

10

0

01

1

1

Z-1

Z-1

+

+

1 0

ip

op

op

1

Z-1

Z-1

+

+

0 1

ip

op

op

0

00

1

10

1

1

Z-1

Z-1

+

+

0 0

ip

op

op

0

Z-1

Z-1

+

+

0 1

ip

op

op

1

10

1

11

0

0

Z-1

Z-1

+

+

1 0

ip

op

op

1

Z-1

Z-1

+

+

1 0

ip

op

op

0

01

0

00

1

0

Z-1

Z-1

+

+

0 1

ip

op

op

0

Z-1

Z-1

+

+

1 0

ip

op

op

1

11

0

01

0

1

Z-1

Z-1

+

+

1 1

ip

op

op

1

Z-1

Z-1

+

+

1 1

ip

op

op

0

01

1

10

0

1

Z-1

Z-1

+

+

0 1

ip

op

op

0

Z-1

Z-1

+

+

1 1

ip

op

op

1

11

1

11

1

0

Z-1

Z-1

+

+

1 1

ip

op

op

1

GPS Signal Frame Structure

1 2 3 4 5Subframe

Frame

1-2 3-10 1-2 3-10 1-2 3-10Word

Telemetry and handover words(TLM and HOW)

Satellite clock,GPS time relationship


Ephemeris(precise satellite orbit)


Almanac component(satellite network synopsys, error correction)

1500 bits

300 bits

x(n)

y(n)

x(n) y(n)

x(n)y(n)

n

iii yx

0

Discrete Fourier Transform

Convolution

Correlation

Inner Product

2222 )()()()(

))((

yynxxn

yxxynr

Sum of Times (Sum of Multiplication)

1

0

2N

n

nN

ki

nk exX

|| X

1

0

12

1

N

n

nN

i

n exX

1

0

22

2

N

n

nN

i

n exX

1

0

32

3

N

n

nN

i

n exX

1

0

2N

n

nN

Ni

nN exX

n

iii yx

0

ix iySum of Times (Sum of Multiplication)

FIR

IIR

1. This is same as g[-m + n]2. g[-m + n] is same as g[-(m-n)]3. g[-(m-n)] is same as g[-m] shifted by n4. g[-m] is the reflection of g[m] around y axis

This means the result of convolution is an array (vector) with the size = nThis means that each element (each value) of the convolution comes from “Sum of Multiplication”

g[m]g[-m] g[-(m-n)]=g[n-m]

n

Matrix Operation / Manipulation

ResultOf

Operation

Control System Model

SimultaneousEquations

Computer Graphics

Statistics

Graph Theory

Control System Model

SimultaneousEquations

Computer Graphics

Statistics

Graph Theory

Presentation Linear Algegra Interpretation

1.0 0.0

0.0 1.0

x1

y1

x2

y2

(x1,y1) (x2,y2)

-1.0 0.0

0.0 1.0

x1

y1

x2

y2

(x1,y1) (x2,y2)

1.0 0.0

0.0 -1.0

x1

y1

x2

y2

(x1,y1)

(x2,y2)

-1.0 0.0

0.0 -1.0

x1

y1

x2

y2

(x1,y1)

(x2,y2)

1.0 0.3

0.0 1.0

x1

y1

x2

y2

(x1,y1) (x2,y2)

cos(pi/4) -sin(pi/4) x1

y1

x2

y2

(x1,y1)(x2,y2)

sin(pi/4) cos(pi/4)

pi/4

1

2 3

0.8

0.4

0.6

0.35

0.5

0.0

0.2

0.15 0.0

1 2 3

1

2

3

From

To

0.2 0.8 0.0

0.4 0.15 0.6

0.5 0.35 0.0

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(a_f)

(b_f)

(c_f)

(d_f)

Signal Zero Pad

Length of signal is same but lengh of Zero Pad gets longer

Location, Size of the peak does not change, but graph gets smoother

Total number of data points is same but number of periods gets larger

Location of the peak does not change, but height of the peak gets higher and width of the peak gets narrower

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(a_f)

(b_f)

(c_f)

(d_f)

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(a_f)

(b_f)

(c_f)

(d_f)

A B C

s(t)

Abs(fft(s(t))

Arg(fft(s(t))

Abs(fft(s(t)): Expanded

Arg(fft(s(t)): Expanded

a b c d e f g h i

a = 1.0;b = 1.0; p1 = 0.0;p2 = 0.0;

A B C

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(i) (ii) (iii)

(iv)(v)

p

Figure 1

a = 1.0;b = 1.0; p1 = 0.0;p2 = 0.2*pi;

A B C

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(i) (ii) (iii)

(iv)(v)

p

Figure 2

a = 1.0;b = 0.8; p1 = 0.0;p2 = 0.0;

p

A B C

(a)

(c)

(d)

(iii)(i) (ii)

(iv)(v)

(b) m1 m2

Figure 3

a = 1.0;b = 0.8; p1 = 0.0;p2 = 0.2*pi;

A B C

(a)

(c)

(d)

(iii)

(b) m2m1

p

(i) (ii)

(iv)(v)

Figure 4

(a)

(d)

(b)

(c)

Discontinuity of PhaseDue to phase calculation software algorithm

a = 1.0;b = 1.0; p1 = 0.0;p2 = 0.2*pi;

a = 1.0;b = 0.7; p1 = 0.0;p2 = 0.0;

a = 1.0;b = 0.7; p1 = 0.0;p2 = 0.2*pi;

a = 1.0;b = 1.0; p1 = 0.0;p2 = 0.0;

(a)

(d)

(b)

(c)

A B C D

Time domainData

Sequence

A combinationof infinite number

(sin() + cos())

FrequencyDomain

Data

Time Domain

Freq Domain

Time Domain

Fourier Series Expansion

Fourier Transform

32''' yyy

322

2

ydx

dy

dx

yd

3212 yyy

This is a differential equation because it has ‘derivative’

components in it

This is a differential equation because it has ‘differential’

components in it

This is NOT a differential equation because it does not have

‘differential’ nor ‘derivative’ components in it

yyy 2'''

This is NOT a differential equation because it is not a form of equation (no ‘equal’ sign) even though it has

‘derivative’ component in it

differential form

derivative form

Algebraic EquationSolver

Differential EquationSolver

02'2'' yyy xixi eDeDy )1(2

)1(1

0222 yyiy 1

iy 1

Algebraic Equation

Differential Equation

Solution

Solution

In this case, variable y is a function (e.g, y(x), y(t) etc))

In this case, Variable y is a number

In this case, Solution y is a function (e.g, y(x), y(t) etc))

In this case, Solution y is a value

3232

2

3

3

ydx

dy

dx

yd

dx

yd

)(xy

Independent Variable

Dependent Variable

As you see here, the dependent variable in differential equation is a ‘Function’, not a value. This is a key characteristics that defines ‘Differential Equation’

Order (=3) Order (=2)

The highest order among all terms becomes the order of the differential equation. In this case, the highest Order is 3. So we call this equation as a ‘3rd order differential equation’

implies


022

2

2

2

2

yx

u

y

u

x

u


Dependent Variable

There are more than one types of independent variables. (In this example, we have two different type of independent variable). This kind of differential equation is called Partial Differential Equation (PDE)


),( yxuimplies

3232

2

3

3

ydx

dy

dx

yd

dx

yd


)(xy

implies


Dependent Variable

There are only one type of independent variable. This kind of differential equation is called Ordinary Differential Equation (ODE)

Real WorldProblem

Modeling

Modeling


(Continous)

Solution

Solving

Difference Equation(Discrete)

Solution

Solving

F(s)(Laplace Form)

F(z)(z Form)

Solution

Solving

Solving

LaplaceTransform

zTransform

CalculusCalculus AlgebraAlgebra

Inverse Transform

)(ty dttyesY st )()(0 Laplace

Transform

Symbols for

original functionSymbols

for Laplace Transformed Function

Definitionof

Laplace Transformed Function

)(' ty )0()( yssY

)('' ty )0(')0()(2 ysysYs

)(tus

1: Unit Step

)( tu 1 ses

t 2

1

s

te )(

1

s

tte 2)(

1

s

)(tdt

d s

)(t 1

s

11


e.g, f(y’’,y’,t)Any Solution Process y(t) = ??????


e.g, f(y’’,y’,t)Laplace Transform

Y(s) = ??????

InverseLaplace Transform

y(t) = ??????

Derive a differential equation that tells you the velocity of a falling body at any given time.(Assume the condition where you should not ignore the air resistance)

Governing Law : Total Force applied to a body = Motion of the body

maF

Q . What kind of Force is there ?

i) Force to helps movement = Pulling force by gravity =

ii) Force to hinder movement = air resistance

= kv

mg

Why negative sign here ? : It is because this fource act in opposite direction to the other Force (Gravity).: We assumed that Pulling Force by Gravity is ‘Positive Force’

mg kv

Q. Can I convert this into a term related to velocity ?

A. Yes. Acceleration (a) is the derivative of velocity (v)

dt

dva

dt

dvmma

maF dt

dvmkvmg kvmg

dt

dvm

A B C

s

Force trying to get to the spring’s resting position= -k s

Force being pulled downby gravity = m g

p1

p2

p3

x=0

p4

+x

-x

If you hand a mass to the spring, it would try to fall down and length of the spring would increase, but soon the mass would not fall down anymore because of the restoration force of the spring. This is the point where the springs restoration force and pulling force by gravity become same. We call this point as “Equilibrium Point”. At this point, the mass does not move in any direction. So it is the same situation where there is no force being applied to the body (in reality, the two force with the same amount is continuously being applied in opposite direction)

It is very important to know where is the reference point, the point where we define x = 0. It is totally up to you how to define the reference point. You can set any point as a reference point but the final mathematical equation may differ depending on where you take as a reference point. So usually, we set the point where we can get a simplest mathematical model. In vertical spring model, we set the Equilibrium Point as the reference point because we can remove the term –k s and mg since they cancel each other at this point

C

x=0

+x

-x

Governing Law : Total Force applied to a body = Motion of the body

maF

Q . What kind of Force is there ?

i) Force to makes movement = Restoration force of the spring trying to get back to the equilibrium position = kx

ii) Force created by Gravity = Force pulling the object down to the ground = mgiii) Force to oppose the pulling force by gravity = Restoration force of the spring just to oppose the pulling force by gravity = ksiv) Force to prevent movement = damping force

=

dt

dx

dt

dxksmgkx

We can set this part to be ‘0’ by setting ‘the equilibrium point’ as the reference point of the model. (Refer to previous figure and comments on it)

Q. Can I convert this into a term related to position of the mass (x = distance from the reference point) ?

A. Yes. Acceleration (a) is the 2nd derivative of distance (x)

2

2

dt

xda

2

2

dt

xdmma

dt

dxkx

2

2

dt

xdm

dt

dxkx 0

2

2

dt

dxkx

dt

xdm

Governing Law : Population Growth Rate per Individual = Rate of Factors increasing the Population – Rate of Factoring decreasing the Population

Q . What kind of Factors are there ?

i) Increasing Factors

a) Birth Rate

= bPb) Rate of immigration = Pki

ii) Decreasing Factors

a) Death Rate

= dPb) Rate of emigration = Pke

)()( PkdPPkbP ei

Pkdkb ei )(

Pdt

dP/

dt

dP

P

1

?

qC

1

dt

diL

Ri

E

Governing Law : Kirchhoff's voltage law

The directed sum of the electrical potential differences (voltage) around any closed circuit is zero

The sum of the emfs in any closed loop is equivalent to the sum of the potential drops in that loop

EMFS: Voltage Generator

Voltage Drop

Voltage Drop

Voltage Drop

0)1

()()()( qCdt

diLRiE

01

qCdt

diLRiE

qCdt

diLRiE

1

qCdt

dq

dt

dL

dt

dqRE

1)(

qCdt

qdL

dt

dqRE

12

2

dt

dq

Cdt

di

dt

dL

dt

diR

dt

dE 1

iCdt

idL

dt

diR

dt

dE 12

2

dt

dqi

Differentiate both sides

dt

dqi Simplify the equation Simplify the equation

Voltage Generator(positive sign) Voltage Drop (negative sign)

Real WorldProblem


Matrix

StatisticsProbability (Stocastics)

MathematicalSolution

Real WorldSolution

Other Models

Other Models

ModelingMathematical

OperationInterpretation

+

x

j

I

Q

x

x

x

x

CH1

CH2

CH3

CH4

amp1

amp1

amp2

amp2

I + j Q

x1 amplitude = 1x2 amplitued = 0.5

x1 amplitude = 1x2 amplitued = 0.25

How do we get this kind of constellation ?

+ +

e1e2

e3e4

EVM_x1 = min{e1, e2, e3, e4};

x1

}1,1{DPCCH

}1,1{DPDCHassuming

15d

15c

Is this constellation correct ?

Chip Rate Signal

iba

1

Real part Imaginary part

iba

Real axis

Ima

gin

ary a

xis

a

b

iba )( bia =arg(a+b i)=angle of (a+b i)

|)(| bia =abs(a+b i)

c1

c1

c3

c3 = c1 + c2

plot(y) Horizontal axis is automatically set, because it is not specified in plot() function

plot(x,y)

Total horizontal range is automatically set, because it is not specified in plot() function

plot(x,y); xlim([-8 8]); ylim([-1.5 1.5]);

plot(x,y); axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]);

plot(x,y); axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]); title('y=sin(x)'); xlabel('x'); ylabel('sin(x)');

plot(x,y,’r--’); axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]); title('y=sin(x)'); xlabel('x'); ylabel('sin(x)');

color : ‘red’ format: ‘dashed line graph’

plot(x,y1,'r-',x,y2,'b-');axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]);

col1 col2 col3 col N

row1

row2

row M

1 2 3 N

N + 1 N + 2 N + 3 N + N

Subplot(M, N, 1); plot()



Subplot(M, N, M x N); plot()

N x N

subplot(2,2,1); plot(x,y1,'r-');axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]);subplot(2,2,2); plot(x,y2,'g-');axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]);subplot(2,2,3); plot(x,y3,'b-');axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]);subplot(2,2,4); plot(x,y4,'m-');axis([-8 8 -1.5 1.5]);

real

imaginary

Plot curve along imaginary axis (absolute value of the expression)(the line where real value = 0)= This represents ‘Frequency Response’

Plot curve along imaginary axis (arg of the expression)(the line where real value = 0)

pole

Documents

PHY MAC RLC PDCP RRC Control PC Interface TE Port