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Phylum protozoa Phylum protozoa General characteristics: unicellular. higher protests. Eukaryote. Binary fission replication. Cyst formation. motile.

Phylum protozoa - Freemicrobiology.free.fr/Presentations/L.pdf · Phylum protozoa General ... Giardia, trichomonas intestinalis,chilomastix ... ♣Important genus : plasmodium, toxoplasma

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Phylum protozoaPhylum protozoa

•General characteristics:

►unicellular.

►higher protests.

►Eukaryote.

►Binary fission replication.

►Cyst formation.

►motile.

II-- Class Flagellata (mastigophora)Class Flagellata (mastigophora)

► Shape: Oval, Circle or Long

► Motion: by Flagella

► Blood flagelles of this class:

► Lieshmania, Trypanosome.

► Intestinal flagelles:

► Giardia, trichomonas intestinalis,chilomastix

► Vaginal flagelles:

► T. vaginalis

IIII-- Class Sarcodina (Rhizopoda)Class Sarcodina (Rhizopoda)

• Shape: Pleomorphic

• Movement : by pseudopodes.

• Replication: binary fission.

• Kyst formation.

• Pathogen parasite: Entamoeba histolytica.

IIIIII-- Class SporozoaClass Sporozoa

♣ Movement: unknown.

♣ Live in cell and tissue.

♣ Replication: sexual and asexual.

♣ Important genus: plasmodium, toxoplasma

isospora, cryptosporidium.

IVIV-- Class Ciliata Class Ciliata

�� Movement:Movement: by cilia.by cilia.

�� Replication:Replication: binary fission.binary fission.

�� Kyst formationKyst formation..

�� Human pathogenHuman pathogen: Balantidium coli : Balantidium coli

Class flagellata Class flagellata

�� General characteristic:General characteristic:

-- One or more flagella.One or more flagella.

-- Periplast membrane.Periplast membrane.

-- Double nucleus.Double nucleus.

-- Replication: longitudinal fission. Replication: longitudinal fission.

Classification of Flagellates by habitatClassification of Flagellates by habitat

• Blood flagellates.

• Intestinal flagellates.

• Genital flagellates.

• Tissue flagellates.

Second classificationSecond classification

�� Genus leishmania.Genus leishmania.

�� Genus trypanosoma.Genus trypanosoma.

�� Genus giardia.Genus giardia.

�� Genus chilomastix. Genus chilomastix.

�� Genus trichomonas. Genus trichomonas.

Genus - leishmania

Species - tropica

• Cutaneous leishmaniasisCutaneous leishmaniasisCutaneous leishmaniasisCutaneous leishmaniasis ....

• Forms:Forms:Forms:Forms:

• Moist form:Moist form:Moist form:Moist form: L . Tropica var major.

• Dry form :Dry form :Dry form :Dry form : L . Tropica var minor.

MORPHOLOGYMORPHOLOGY

Intracellular parasites.Intracellular parasites.

Shape:Shape: oval.oval.

Length:Length: 22--66µµ, , widewide 11--33µµ..

Amastigote and promastigote formsAmastigote and promastigote forms

Staining methodStaining method:: Giemza Giemza

Culture:Culture: growth on agar media with rabbit growth on agar media with rabbit

serum. serum.

Promastigote and amastigote Promastigote and amastigote

Leishmania tropica Leishmania tropica

Sensitive animalSensitive animal

�� DogDog, , ratrat, , catcat, , rabbit rabbit and and guinea pigguinea pig..

�� Source of infection:Source of infection: human and above human and above

animals.animals.

�� Transmission:Transmission: direct and indirect.direct and indirect.

�� Direct transmissionDirect transmission:: from ulcer and from ulcer and

blood transfusionblood transfusion

Indirect transmissionIndirect transmission

Indirect transmissionIndirect transmission

Geographic distributionGeographic distribution

�� Mediterranean, Africa, Italia, central Asia Mediterranean, Africa, Italia, central Asia

and medal east (Afghanistan, Pakistan, and medal east (Afghanistan, Pakistan,

Iran, ArabicaIran, Arabica……....

PATHOGENICITYPATHOGENICITY

►►Incubation periodIncubation period: 2: 2--5 months.5 months.

►►In moist formIn moist form 22--7 months.7 months.

►►Primary furunclePrimary furuncle (hand, foot, face, neck)(hand, foot, face, neck)

►►ProgressProgress to ulceration or health.to ulceration or health.

►►Duration:Duration: 6 6 –– 24 months.24 months.

►►Complications:Complications: with other microbes with other microbes

produce permanence mark ( one or more ) produce permanence mark ( one or more )

Cutaneous leishmaniasisCutaneous leishmaniasis

Cutaneous leishmaniasisCutaneous leishmaniasis

Cutaneous leishmaniasisCutaneous leishmaniasis

Cutaneous leishmaniasisCutaneous leishmaniasis

Cutaneous leishmaniasisCutaneous leishmaniasis

DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS

�� Direct diagnosis:Direct diagnosis: Giemza Giemza or or leishmanleishman

stain of stain of biopsybiopsy or fluid (amastigat form).or fluid (amastigat form).

�� CultureCulture of pus or blood.of pus or blood.

�� Montenegro testMontenegro test

�� ELISA methodELISA method

Leishmania biopsyLeishmania biopsy

Montenegro testMontenegro test

Intracellular parasites Intracellular parasites

IMMUNITY

• Long term cell mediated Long term cell mediated Long term cell mediated Long term cell mediated

immunity.immunity.immunity.immunity.

Systemic and Typical treatmentSystemic and Typical treatment

�� Glucantime:Glucantime:10mg/kg w.b for 1010mg/kg w.b for 10--15 days15 days

�� Or typicallyOr typically 0.10.1--1ml tow days in a week 1ml tow days in a week

�� Pentostam:Pentostam: 20mg/kgw.b for 1020mg/kgw.b for 10--15 days 15 days

�� Typical antiseptics.Typical antiseptics.

�� mixture: mixture: Antibiotics Antibiotics

PREVENTIONPREVENTION

• Control of mosquito.

• Control of mosquito source.

• Hygiene.

• Vaccination.

LEISHMANIA BRAZILIENSISLEISHMANIA BRAZILIENSIS

►►Morphology:Morphology:

♦♦ Amastigote and promastigote formsAmastigote and promastigote forms

♦♦ Shape:Shape: OvalOval

♦♦ Vector:Vector: mosquito (genus lutzomyia).mosquito (genus lutzomyia).

♦♦ Animal source:Animal source: small rodent animals.small rodent animals.

PathogenesisPathogenesis

�� Cases Cases Muco Cutaneous LeishmaniasisMuco Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

or or EspundiaEspundia..

♦♦ Unknown incubation period. Unknown incubation period.

♦♦ Cases Cases skin ulcerskin ulcer and than and than mouth, nosemouth, nose

and and lipslips

♦♦ Duration: Duration: 22--3 years. 3 years.

IMMUNITYIMMUNITY

• After metastasis Cell Mediated Immunity

will develop.

DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS�� Direct diagnosis:Direct diagnosis: Giemza Giemza or or leishmanleishman

stain of stain of biopsybiopsy or fluid (amastigate form).or fluid (amastigate form).

�� CultureCulture of pus or blood.of pus or blood.

�� Subcutaneous leishman testSubcutaneous leishman test with killed with killed

parasites.parasites.

TreatmentTreatment

• Similar to L. Tropica but use it for longer

time for example.

• Pentostam: 20mg/kgw.b for 30 days.

PreventionPrevention

• Woodland staff must protect him self from

sand flies bite

Leishmania donovaniLeishmania donovani

�� Morphology:Morphology: Similar to L. Tropica.Similar to L. Tropica.

Geographical distributionGeographical distribution

�� Europe , Mediterranean , central America Europe , Mediterranean , central America

Africa , Asia ( India , China , Turkmenistan ) Africa , Asia ( India , China , Turkmenistan )

SOURCE OF INFECTIONSOURCE OF INFECTION

•• Mammal animals Mammal animals

•• HumansHumans

•• Vector:Vector: mosquito (genus Phlebotomus) mosquito (genus Phlebotomus)

but in America genus lutzomyiabut in America genus lutzomyia

•• Habitat: Habitat: after skin infection enter to after skin infection enter to

blood circulation and infect RES.blood circulation and infect RES.

LIFE CYCLELIFE CYCLE

PATHOGENESIS

• Incubation period is 3-6 month.

• Infect RES.

• Symptoms: headache , fever , loss of Weight , Cough , anorexia anemia

Splenomegaly , Hepatomegaly ,

diarrhea , lymphodenopathy , pain in

L.H

DIAGNOSISDIAGNOSIS

�� Direct diagnosis:Direct diagnosis:

�� GiemzaGiemza or or leishmanleishman stain of stain of RES biopsyRES biopsy ( (

amastigate form )amastigate form )..

�� Thick smearThick smear of blood sample.of blood sample.

�� Indirect diagnosis:Indirect diagnosis:

�� CultureCulture in rabbit blood agar media.in rabbit blood agar media.

�� AgglutinationAgglutination of patient serum and mediaof patient serum and media

TreatmentTreatment

�� Pentostam 20mg/kgw.b for 30 days.Pentostam 20mg/kgw.b for 30 days.

�� Pentamidine 2Pentamidine 2--4mg/kgw.b or 4mg/kgw.b or

�� Amphotracine Amphotracine –– B 1mg/kgw.b for 12B 1mg/kgw.b for 12--24 24

days days

�� Splenectomy. Splenectomy.