Pineapples Family Bromeliaceae Genus Ananas Species comosus

PineapplesPineapples

Family Family BromeliaceaeBromeliaceae

Genus Genus AnanasAnanas

Species Species comosuscomosus

Tropical Horticulture - Texas A&M University

ReadingReading

Pineapple Cultivation in HawaiiPineapple Cultivation in Hawaii• Bartholomew, Rohrbach, and Bartholomew, Rohrbach, and

EvansEvans• University of HawaiiUniversity of Hawaii• Cooperative Extension ServiceCooperative Extension Service• F&N-7F&N-7• October, 2002October, 2002• pdf file on web pagepdf file on web page


HerbaceouHerbaceous s PerennialPerennial


Flower descriptionFlower description

InflorescenceInflorescence• 100-200 flowers100-200 flowers

FlowerFlower• Perfect with floral Perfect with floral

bractbract• Three fleshy sepals Three fleshy sepals

and petalsand petals• Six stamensSix stamens• Inferior ovary with 3 Inferior ovary with 3

loculeslocules


Flower descriptionFlower description

Commercial clones Commercial clones are self incompatibleare self incompatible• Set Set

parthenocarpicallyparthenocarpically– Only one cultivar Only one cultivar

planted in a fieldplanted in a field

• Pollinated by Pollinated by hummingbirds hummingbirds – Can produce seed if Can produce seed if

cross pollinatedcross pollinated


Fruit DescriptionFruit Description

Terminal FruitTerminal Fruit Crown - leafy Crown - leafy

apical shootapical shoot Multiple fruitMultiple fruit

• White to Yellow White to Yellow fleshflesh

• 10-18% brix10-18% brix• 0.5 - 1.6% 0.5 - 1.6%

acidityacidity


Pineapple is a Multiple Pineapple is a Multiple FruitFruit

Many flowers on Many flowers on one one inflorescenceinflorescence

Multiple fruitMultiple fruit• Fusion of berry-Fusion of berry-

like fruitletslike fruitlets• Bases of sepals Bases of sepals

and bractsand bracts


Probably domesticated by the Tupi-Probably domesticated by the Tupi-Guarani people in the Paraná-Guarani people in the Paraná-Paraguay river drainage areaParaguay river drainage area


Probably domesticated by the Tupi-Probably domesticated by the Tupi-Guarani people in the Paraná-Guarani people in the Paraná-Paraguay river drainage areaParaguay river drainage area

Spread through the tropical Americas and Caribbean before Columbus arrived in 1493

Columbus 1493

Carried on ships as protection against scurvy

Early 16th century


Tropical Fruit Tropical Fruit ProductionProduction

Crop Production (1000s mt)

Banana 72,167

Plantains 25,309

Mangoes 28,730

Pineapple 15,723

Papaya 5,878

FAOSTAT database, 2000-2002


Pineapple Pineapple ProductionProduction

Region 1,000s mt %

Africa 2,620 17%

Asia 8,347 53%

Americas 4,455 28%

USA (Hawaii) 301 2%

Total 15,723



Pineapple Pineapple ProductionProduction

Region Major producing countries(1,000s mt)

Africa Nigeria (880), Kenya (606), Ivory Coast(241), Congo (193), South Africa (164)

Asia Thailand (2,081), China (1,249), India(1,073), Philippines (1,605), Indonesia

(431)

Americas Brazil (1,370), Costa Rica (956), Mexico(578), Colombia (331), Venezuela (321),

Ecuador (202)



Now Produced throughout Now Produced throughout the Tropicsthe Tropics

P P

PP

PP

PP

P P

P P

P

Hawaii

P

P


Pineapple Production Pineapple Production and Yield and Yield

Region 1,000s mt Mt/ ha

Africa 2,620 12.1

Asia 8,347 19.5

Americas 4,455 22.0

USA (Hawaii) 301 37.3

Total 15,723



Adaptation: Adaptation: TemperatureTemperature

Average yearly temperatureAverage yearly temperature• 65-79° F65-79° F

Poor growthPoor growth• Below 55-60° FBelow 55-60° F• Above 95° FAbove 95° F

Optimum growth conditionsOptimum growth conditions• Cool nights with sunny daysCool nights with sunny days• Day temp 70 - 85° FDay temp 70 - 85° F


Adaptation: RainAdaptation: Rain

Drought tolerant plantDrought tolerant plant• Leaf adaptationsLeaf adaptations• CAM type plantCAM type plant

Grown in range of rain Grown in range of rain conditionsconditions• 24” (600 mm) - works well if even 24” (600 mm) - works well if even

distributiondistribution• 150” (3600 mm) per year150” (3600 mm) per year


AdaptationAdaptation

SoilSoil• Acid soil, pH 4.5 to 5.6Acid soil, pH 4.5 to 5.6• Good drainageGood drainage• FertilityFertility

– Best production at high fertilityBest production at high fertility– Tolerates low fertilityTolerates low fertility– Tolerates high levels of ALTolerates high levels of AL+3+3 and Mn and Mn+2+2

• High OM and K desirable for best High OM and K desirable for best yieldsyields


Propagation of the Propagation of the PineapplePineapple

Vegetative propagationVegetative propagation

CrownsCrowns SlipsSlips

Hapas Hapas SuckersSuckers


Propagation - CrownsPropagation - Crowns

Crowns preferredCrowns preferred• Preformed roots and good reservesPreformed roots and good reserves• Best grade by weight to reduce variabilityBest grade by weight to reduce variability

Cannery byproductCannery byproduct• Twisted off at fruit harvest timeTwisted off at fruit harvest time• Dried or dipped in fungicideDried or dipped in fungicide• Trimmed, weighedTrimmed, weighed• Better roots than slipsBetter roots than slips

Fresh pineapples marketed with crownsFresh pineapples marketed with crowns


Pineapple Crowns for Pineapple Crowns for PlantingPlanting


Propagation - SlipsPropagation - Slips

Rudimentary fruit with crownRudimentary fruit with crown• From axis of leaves on fruit stalkFrom axis of leaves on fruit stalk• Curved at base -Curved at base -

– Visible when fruit 1/2 developedVisible when fruit 1/2 developed

After harvesting the fruitAfter harvesting the fruit• Allow to develop another 4-5 monthsAllow to develop another 4-5 months

StorageStorage• Can store for 1 year up side down in Can store for 1 year up side down in

sunsun• Best yield if plant within 1 monthBest yield if plant within 1 month


CrownCrown

SlipsSlips

Slips allowed to develop 4-5 months after fruit harvest before using


Propagation - SuckersPropagation - Suckers

From axillary buds on stemFrom axillary buds on stem• Begin to grow during floral Begin to grow during floral

differentiationdifferentiation Cut from stem after fruit harvestCut from stem after fruit harvest

Larger than crowns/slips when Larger than crowns/slips when collectedcollected• Floral precocity Floral precocity uneven harvest uneven harvest


Sucker versus a CrownSucker versus a Crown

Sucker

Crown


Time to Harvest varies with Time to Harvest varies with Planting MaterialPlanting Material

0 5 10 15 20 25

Suckers

Slips

Crowns

Months to Harvest

Uneven Fruiting and Increased Harvest Cost


Up side Down Propagation Up side Down Propagation MaterialMaterial

Drying in the sunDrying in the sun


Growing Cycle - 3 Growing Cycle - 3 harvestsharvests

Hawaii - 20-22 degrees northHawaii - 20-22 degrees north

19 25 28 321st Ratoon Crop

Force1st Ratoon Sucker Development Flower Harvest

33 39 42 462nd Ratoon Crop

2nd Ratoon Sucker Development Force Flower Harvest

1 11 14 18

Plant Growing Force Flower Harvest

Planted CropPlanted Crop


Crop CycleCrop Cycle

Planted year round Planted year round • Forced 9 - 13 mos laterForced 9 - 13 mos later

Plant crop duration Plant crop duration • In Hawaii In Hawaii (20-22 degrees north)(20-22 degrees north)

– 15-20 months 15-20 months

• More tropical areas where More tropical areas where warmerwarmer– 11 - 14 months11 - 14 months


Ratoon CropRatoon Crop

Forced 5-7 months post plant Forced 5-7 months post plant harvestharvest

Ratoon fruits Ratoon fruits • SmallerSmaller• Sweeter, less acidic, more aromaticSweeter, less acidic, more aromatic

Second ratoon crop possible ifSecond ratoon crop possible if• Soil is fertile and low nematode Soil is fertile and low nematode


Smaller Fruit Size with Smaller Fruit Size with Each CropEach Crop


Fruit SizeFruit Size

Largest size for Largest size for processorsprocessors

Regulate size Regulate size by the timing of by the timing of flower forcingflower forcing

Fresh market Fresh market • Forced earlierForced earlier• Ratoon cropsRatoon crops


Pineapple fruit size is related to Pineapple fruit size is related to size of plant at time of flower size of plant at time of flower

inductioninduction

05

101520253035

1 2 3 4 5

Fruit weight (lbs)

Num

ber

of le

aves

‘Smooth Cayenne’ fruit wt = plant wt at time of flowering

3.5 lbs

25

leaves


ForcingForcing

Ethephon Ethephon • Ethlylene-releasing compoundEthlylene-releasing compound• Most common growth hormone usedMost common growth hormone used

Why force?Why force?• Uniformity Uniformity • Regulate harvestRegulate harvest

Forcing easier if:Forcing easier if:• Done near normal flowering timeDone near normal flowering time• Lower N & less vigorLower N & less vigor

• Cool temp (< 24Cool temp (< 24ooC night tempsC night temps))


PlantingPlanting

Double rowsDouble rows• Pineapple for processorPineapple for processor• 122 x 60 x 28 cm (4 x 2 x 1 ft)122 x 60 x 28 cm (4 x 2 x 1 ft)

Plant density regulate fruit sizePlant density regulate fruit size• Canning, 58,700/ha Canning, 58,700/ha • Fresh, 75,000/haFresh, 75,000/ha

– Fruit size decrease by 300 gm (0.7 lbs)Fruit size decrease by 300 gm (0.7 lbs)


Cultural Care in HawaiiCultural Care in Hawaii(Not equatorial climate)(Not equatorial climate)

Fumigate/fertilize preplantFumigate/fertilize preplant Black plastic mulchBlack plastic mulch

• Nematicides under poly Nematicides under poly • Increases soil temp in rooting Increases soil temp in rooting

zonezone• Conserves moisture and weedsConserves moisture and weeds

Drip irrigationDrip irrigation


FertilizerFertilizer

Nutrient requirementsNutrient requirements• High N, K, and Fe High N, K, and Fe • Low requirement of P and CaLow requirement of P and Ca

Nutrient schedulingNutrient scheduling• Less required for first 5 monthsLess required for first 5 months• Peak 2 - 4 months before forcingPeak 2 - 4 months before forcing

– Need dark green leaves at forcing for best Need dark green leaves at forcing for best productionproduction

• Minimal during flowering/fruitingMinimal during flowering/fruiting


Pesticides and fungicides sprayed Pesticides and fungicides sprayed as necessaryas necessary


Pineapple HarvestPineapple Harvest Harvest as shell color changes from green to yellow at Harvest as shell color changes from green to yellow at

basebase


Pineapple HarvestPineapple Harvest










CultivarsCultivars

‘‘Smooth Cayenne’Smooth Cayenne’ Origin - not clear Origin - not clear


Distribution of Cayenne Distribution of Cayenne PineapplePineapple

1820

1835

1860

1858

1897

Hawaii1885

1893

Hawaii


Cayenne - most Cayenne - most importantimportant ProcessingProcessing

• Cylindrical for CanningCylindrical for Canning• Leaves - no spines, slips fewLeaves - no spines, slips few• Large fruits 2.5 - 3.5 Kg (5.5-7.7 lbs)Large fruits 2.5 - 3.5 Kg (5.5-7.7 lbs)

Common in USA grocery storesCommon in USA grocery stores Marginal for fresh marketMarginal for fresh market

• Too high in acidToo high in acid• Skin is thin so bruise easilySkin is thin so bruise easily


Red Spanish - 2ndRed Spanish - 2nd

Well adapted for shipping freshWell adapted for shipping fresh• 2-4 lbs2-4 lbs• Pale yellowPale yellow

Grown in Cuba and Puerto RicoGrown in Cuba and Puerto Rico PlantPlant

• Hardy, spiny leavesHardy, spiny leaves• Many slips Many slips


Sugar Loaf typesSugar Loaf types

Widely grown in tropical Widely grown in tropical AmericaAmerica• Sweetest of white-fleshed formsSweetest of white-fleshed forms• Lower acid than CayenneLower acid than Cayenne• Many have small fruit (1/2 - 1 kg)Many have small fruit (1/2 - 1 kg)

– Kona Sugarloaf has fruit 2-2.5 kg Kona Sugarloaf has fruit 2-2.5 kg sizesize


Post Harvest - StoragePost Harvest - Storage

Partially ripe Partially ripe • 50 - 5550 - 55ooFF

Ripe pineapples Ripe pineapples • 4545ooFF• RH 85 - 90%RH 85 - 90%

Exposure sub 45Exposure sub 45ooF F chilling chilling injuryinjury


Any Questions about Any Questions about Pineapple?Pineapple?

Documents

Pineapples Family Bromeliaceae Genus Ananas Species comosus