Plagiarism & Parenthetical Plagiarism & Parenthetical CitationCitation

The purpose of parenthetical citation is to give credit to sources that you use and avoid plagiarism. Basically, in a formal research paper, almost everything is cited, except your introduction and conclusion.

What is What is PlagiarismPlagiarism?? Using another person’s idea, opinion, or Using another person’s idea, opinion, or

theory without giving that person credit for theory without giving that person credit for the information is plagiarism.the information is plagiarism.

Using any facts, statistics, graphs, Using any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings (any pieces of information) that drawings (any pieces of information) that are not common knowledge without are not common knowledge without crediting their source is plagiarism.crediting their source is plagiarism.

Quoting or paraphrasing another person’s Quoting or paraphrasing another person’s written or spoken words without giving written or spoken words without giving credit to that person is plagiarism.credit to that person is plagiarism.

UnacceptableUnacceptable The rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the expansion The rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the expansion

of the population were the three great developments of late of the population were the three great developments of late nineteenth century American history. As new, larger, nineteenth century American history. As new, larger, steam-powered factories became a feature of the American steam-powered factories became a feature of the American landscape in the East, they transformed farm hands into landscape in the East, they transformed farm hands into industrial laborers, and provided jobs for a rising tide of industrial laborers, and provided jobs for a rising tide of immigrants. With industry came urbanization the growth of immigrants. With industry came urbanization the growth of large cities (like Fall River, Massachusetts, where the large cities (like Fall River, Massachusetts, where the Bordens lived) which became the centers of production as Bordens lived) which became the centers of production as well as of commerce and trade.well as of commerce and trade.

Here’s an Here’s an UNACCEPTABLEUNACCEPTABLE paraphrase that is paraphrase that is plagiarism:plagiarism:

The The increaseincrease of industry, the growth of cities, and the of industry, the growth of cities, and the explosionexplosion of the population of the population were three large factors of were three large factors of nineteenth century Americanineteenth century America. As . As steam-driven companiessteam-driven companies became became more visible in the eastern part of the countrymore visible in the eastern part of the country, , they they changedchanged farm hands into farm hands into factory workersfactory workers and provided and provided jobs for jobs for the large wavethe large wave of immigrants. With of immigrants. With industry came industry came thethe growth of large cities growth of large cities like Fall Riverlike Fall River where the Bordens where the Bordens lived which lived which turned intoturned into centers of centers of commerce and trade as commerce and trade as well as productionwell as production..

What makes this passage What makes this passage plagiarism?plagiarism?

The preceding passage is considered The preceding passage is considered plagiarism for two reasons:plagiarism for two reasons:

the writer has only changed around a few words the writer has only changed around a few words and phrases, or changed the order of the and phrases, or changed the order of the original’s sentences. original’s sentences.

the writer has failed to cite a source for any of the writer has failed to cite a source for any of the ideas or facts.the ideas or facts.

If you do either or both of these If you do either or both of these things, you are plagiarizing.things, you are plagiarizing.

AcceptableAcceptable The rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the expansion The rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the expansion

of the population were the three great developments of late of the population were the three great developments of late nineteenth century American history. As new, larger, nineteenth century American history. As new, larger, steam-powered factories became a feature of the American steam-powered factories became a feature of the American landscape in the East, they transformed farm hands into landscape in the East, they transformed farm hands into industrial laborers, and provided jobs for a rising tide of industrial laborers, and provided jobs for a rising tide of immigrants. With industry came urbanization the growth of immigrants. With industry came urbanization the growth of large cities (like Fall River, Massachusetts, where the large cities (like Fall River, Massachusetts, where the Bordens lived) which became the centers of production as Bordens lived) which became the centers of production as well as of commerce and trade. well as of commerce and trade.

Here’s an Here’s an ACCEPTABLEACCEPTABLE paraphrase: paraphrase:Fall River, where the Borden family lived, was typical of Fall River, where the Borden family lived, was typical of northeastern industrial cities of the nineteenth century. northeastern industrial cities of the nineteenth century. Steam-powered production had shifted labor from Steam-powered production had shifted labor from agriculture to manufacturing, and as immigrants arrived in agriculture to manufacturing, and as immigrants arrived in the US, they found work in these new factories. As a result, the US, they found work in these new factories. As a result, populations grew, and large urban areas arose. Fall River populations grew, and large urban areas arose. Fall River was one of these manufacturing and commercial centers was one of these manufacturing and commercial centers (Williams 1)(Williams 1)..

Why is this passage acceptable?Why is this passage acceptable?

This is acceptable paraphrasing This is acceptable paraphrasing because the writer:because the writer:• accurately relays the information in the accurately relays the information in the

original document.original document.• uses her own words. uses her own words. • lets her reader know the source of her lets her reader know the source of her

informationinformation. .

Here’s an example of Here’s an example of quotationquotation and and paraphraseparaphrase used used together, which is also together, which is also ACCEPTABLEACCEPTABLE::Fall River, where the Borden family lived, was typical of Fall River, where the Borden family lived, was typical of northeastern industrial cities of the nineteenth century. As northeastern industrial cities of the nineteenth century. As steam-powered production shifted labor from agriculture to steam-powered production shifted labor from agriculture to manufacturing, the demand for workers "transformed farm manufacturing, the demand for workers "transformed farm hands into industrial laborers," and created jobs for hands into industrial laborers," and created jobs for immigrants. In turn, growing populations increased the size immigrants. In turn, growing populations increased the size of urban areas. Fall River was one of these hubs "which of urban areas. Fall River was one of these hubs "which became the centers of production as well as of commerce became the centers of production as well as of commerce and trade" (Williams 1).and trade" (Williams 1).

Why is this passage Why is this passage acceptableacceptable??

This This is acceptableis acceptable paraphrasing because the writer: paraphrasing because the writer:• records the information in the original passage records the information in the original passage

accurately. accurately. • gives credit for the ideas in this passage. gives credit for the ideas in this passage. • indicated which part is taken directly from her source by indicated which part is taken directly from her source by

putting the passage in quotation marks and citing the putting the passage in quotation marks and citing the page number.page number.

When Should You Use Parenthetical When Should You Use Parenthetical Citations?Citations?

When When quotingquoting any any words that are not words that are not your ownyour own• Quoting means to Quoting means to

repeat another repeat another source word for word, source word for word, using quotation using quotation marksmarks

When Should You Use Parenthetical When Should You Use Parenthetical Citations?Citations?

When When summarizingsummarizing facts and facts and ideas from a sourceideas from a source• Summarizing means to take ideas Summarizing means to take ideas

from a large passage of another from a large passage of another source and condense them, using source and condense them, using your own wordsyour own words

When When paraphrasing paraphrasing a sourcea source• Paraphrasing means to use the Paraphrasing means to use the

ideas from another source but ideas from another source but change the phrasing into your own change the phrasing into your own wordswords

Keys to Parenthetical CitationsKeys to Parenthetical Citations

ReadabilityReadability Keep references brief Keep references brief Give only information Give only information

needed to identify the needed to identify the source on your Works source on your Works Cited pageCited page

Do not repeat Do not repeat unnecessary unnecessary informationinformation

Handling Quotes in Your TextHandling Quotes in Your Text Author’s last name and page number(s) of Author’s last name and page number(s) of

quote must appear in the textquote must appear in the text

Romantic poetry is characterized by Romantic poetry is characterized by the “spontaneous overflow of the “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” powerful feelings” (Wordsworth (Wordsworth 263).263).

Wordsworth stated that Romantic Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a poetry was marked by a “spontaneous overflow of powerful “spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (263).feelings” (263).

SometimesSometimes more information is necessarymore information is necessary

More than one author with the same last More than one author with the same last namename(W. Wordsworth 23); (D. Wordsworth 224)(W. Wordsworth 23); (D. Wordsworth 224)

More than one work by the same authorMore than one work by the same author(Joyce, (Joyce, PortraitPortrait 121); (Joyce, 121); (Joyce, UlyssesUlysses 556) 556)

Different volumes of a multivolume workDifferent volumes of a multivolume work(1: 336)(1: 336)

Citing indirect sourcesCiting indirect sources (Johnson qtd. in Boswell 2:450)(Johnson qtd. in Boswell 2:450)

Handling Parenthetical CitationsHandling Parenthetical Citations

Handling Parenthetical CitationsHandling Parenthetical Citations If the source has no known author, then If the source has no known author, then

use an abbreviated version of the title:use an abbreviated version of the title:Full Title: “California Cigarette Tax Deters Full Title: “California Cigarette Tax Deters Smokers”Smokers”Citation: (“California” A14)Citation: (“California” A14)

If the source is only one page in length If the source is only one page in length or is a web page with no apparent or is a web page with no apparent pagination:pagination:Source: Dave Poland’s “Hot Button” web Source: Dave Poland’s “Hot Button” web columncolumnCitation: (Poland)Citation: (Poland)

Handling Parenthetical CitationsHandling Parenthetical Citations If the author's name does not appear If the author's name does not appear

in the same sentence as the cited in the same sentence as the cited material include only the page number: material include only the page number: (Poland 145).(Poland 145).

If the author's name appears in the If the author's name appears in the same sentence as the cited material same sentence as the cited material include only the page number: (145). include only the page number: (145).

QuotingQuoting

Whether you quote, paraphrase, Whether you quote, paraphrase, or summarize, you must cite or summarize, you must cite

your source.your source.

Quotations are indicated by Quotations are indicated by punctuation (quotation marks). punctuation (quotation marks). Quotations must match the source Quotations must match the source document word for word, and must document word for word, and must be attributed to the original author. be attributed to the original author.

ParaphrasingParaphrasing Paraphrasing is putting the ideas of Paraphrasing is putting the ideas of

another person into your own words using another person into your own words using your own sentence structure. A your own sentence structure. A paraphrase simplifies a selection, it does paraphrase simplifies a selection, it does not necessarily shorten it. Paraphrased not necessarily shorten it. Paraphrased material must also be attributed to the material must also be attributed to the original source.original source.

Paraphrased material is often somewhat Paraphrased material is often somewhat shorter than the original, and summarized shorter than the original, and summarized material usually significantly shorter.material usually significantly shorter.

SummarizingSummarizing To summarize, you must put the main To summarize, you must put the main

thoughts or ideas into your own words, thoughts or ideas into your own words, but it is only necessary to include the but it is only necessary to include the "main points." Summarizing cuts a "main points." Summarizing cuts a selection down to about one-third of its selection down to about one-third of its original length. Its purpose is to shorten original length. Its purpose is to shorten a passage without sacrificing its basic a passage without sacrificing its basic meaning. Once again, it is necessary to meaning. Once again, it is necessary to attribute the ideas to the original source.attribute the ideas to the original source.