Plant Form and Function

Tissue is a group of cells with a common function, structure, or both

Organ consists of several types of tissues that together carry out particular functions

HIERARCHY OF CELLS, TISSUES, AND ORGANS IN PLANTS

Root is an organ that anchor a vascular plant (usually in the soil) absorbs minerals and water, and often stores organic nutrients

Dicots and gymnosperms have taproot system consisting of one main vertical root (tap root)

THREE BASIC PLANT ORGANSROOTS, STEM, AND LEAVES

Tap roots give rise to lateral roots also called branch roots Root crops such as carrots, turnips are harvested before they flower Fibrous root system a mat of generally thin roots spreading out below the soil surface, with no root standing out ax the main one

THREE BASIC PLANT ORGANSROOTS

Adventitious is the root arising from the stem (adventicus, extraneous)

any plant part that grows in an unusual location

fibrous root system is usually shallower than tap root

root hair is an extension of a root epidermal (protective cell on a plant surface)

Some modified roots provide more support and anchorage while others store water and nutrients.

ROOT

is an organ consisting of nodes, the points at which leaves are attached

internodes are the stem segments between nodes

axillary bud a structure that has a potential to form a lateral shoot commonly called a branch

STEMS

main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants consist of the following

flattened blade and a stalk petiole which joins the leaf to a

node of the stem Monocot and dicot differ in the

arrangement of veins in the first one it has a parallel major veins unlike the previous one which has a multibranched network of major veins

LEAVES

Dermal tissue

Vascular tissue

Ground tissue

THREE TISSUE SYSTEM

outer protective covering in nonwoody plants, the dermal tissue usually consists of a single layer of tightly packed cells called the epidermis

in woody plants, protective tissues known as periderm replace the epidermis in the epidermis of leaves and most of stems a waxy coating called cuticle helps to prevent water loss

DERMAL TISSUE SYSTEM

carries out long-distance transport of materials between roots and shoots two vascular tissues are xylem and phloem Xylem conveys water and dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots Phloem transports organic nutrients such as sugars from where they are made to where they are needed

VASCULAR TISSUE SYSTEM

ground tissue that is internal to the vascular tissue is called pith

ground tissue that is external to the vascular tissue is called cortex

more than just filler includes various cells specialized for functions such as storage, photosynthesis and support.

GROUND TISSUE SYSTEM

Animal Form and Function

“weave”are group of cells with a common structure and function classified into 4 different categories

Muscle tissue Nervous tissue Connective tissue Epithelial

TISSUE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

occurring in sheets of tightly packed cells.

covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body

this tight packing enables the epithelium to function as barrier against mechanical injury, microbes, and fluid loss

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

simple epithelium has a single layer of cells

stratified epithelium has multiple tiers of cells pseudostratified epithelium is a single- leayered but appears stratified because the cells vary in in length

EPITHELIAL TISSUEAS TO NUMBER OF CELLS

cuboidal like dice

Columnar like bricks standing on end

squamous like floor tiles

EPITHELIAL TISSUEAS TO NUMBER OF CELLS

it functions are to mainly bind and support other tissues

Connective tissue fiber, which are made of protein are of three kinds

Collagenous fiber Elastic fiber reticular fiber

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

are made of collagen most abundant protein in animal kingdom

nonelastic and do not tear easliy when pulled lengthwise

example: skin at the back of you hand

COLLAGENOUS FIBERS

are long threads made of a protein called elastin

it provides a rubbery quality that complements the nonelastic strength of collagenous fibers

ex, when you release the skin on the back of your hand

ELASTIC FIBERS

is composed of long cells called muscle fibers that are capable of contracting, usually when stimulated by nerve signals

Most abundant tissue in most animals, and muscle contraction accounts for much of the energy-consuming cellula work in active animal

MUSCLE TISSUE

senses stimuli and transmits signals in the form of nerve impulses from one part of the animals to another

functional state of nervous is neuron or nerve cell, which is uniquely specialized to transmit nerve impulses

NERVOUS TISSUE

moderate changes in internal environment any homeostatic control system has three functional components

receptor detects a change in some variable such as change in body temperature control center processes information it receives directs an appropriate response by the effector

MECHANISM OF HOMEOSTASIS

a process by which animal maintains an internal temperature with tolerable range

this ability to change is critical to survival because most biochemical and physiological processes are vey sensitive to changes in body temperature

THERMOREGULATION