Plant and Animal Nutrition

Here We Go…………Here We Go…………

Plant and Animal NutritionPlant and Animal Nutrition

Organisms require nutrients for Organisms require nutrients for their daily survival particularly their daily survival particularly for their cell growth and repair. for their cell growth and repair. Nutrients are chiefly procured Nutrients are chiefly procured from the environment.from the environment.

2 Types of Organisms based on their 2 Types of Organisms based on their process of acquiring foods:process of acquiring foods:

1. Autotrophic Organisms – those that 1. Autotrophic Organisms – those that manufacture their own foods (example: Plants)manufacture their own foods (example: Plants)

2. Heterotrophic Organisms – those that require 2. Heterotrophic Organisms – those that require foods from other sources (bacteria, fungi and foods from other sources (bacteria, fungi and other animals since these organisms do not other animals since these organisms do not manufacture organic substances.manufacture organic substances.

Plant NutritionPlant Nutrition

Raw materials for photosynthesis that produce Raw materials for photosynthesis that produce carbohydrate and oxygen:carbohydrate and oxygen:

a)a) Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide b) Waterb) Water c) Sunlightc) Sunlight

But these are not enough, plants also need:But these are not enough, plants also need:

It Also Need…It Also Need…

Minerals Required by Higher Forms Minerals Required by Higher Forms of Plantsof Plants

Major Elements Major Elements Functions Functions

Nitrogen Nitrogen (N) (N) An important element in the An important element in the formation of amino acids, nucleic formation of amino acids, nucleic acids hormones and enzymes. acids hormones and enzymes.

Phosphorus Phosphorus (N) (N) An important component in nucleic An important component in nucleic acid phospholipids, ATP and acid phospholipids, ATP and coenzymes. coenzymes.

Potassium Potassium (K) (K) Important in cells’ ionic balance, Important in cells’ ionic balance, protein synthesis, CHO Metabolism. protein synthesis, CHO Metabolism.


Major Elements Major Elements Functions Functions

Sulfur Sulfur (S) (S) A major component in cystine and A major component in cystine and methionine (amino acids) and methionine (amino acids) and other vitamins.other vitamins.

Magnesium Magnesium (Mg) (Mg) An important component in An important component in chlorophyll and an important chlorophyll and an important factor in enzymes.factor in enzymes.

Calcium Calcium (Ca) (Ca) Influence permeability of membrane Influence permeability of membrane peptic salts in the middle lamellae and peptic salts in the middle lamellae and is important in wall formation and it is important in wall formation and it activates a lot of enzymes.activates a lot of enzymes.


Minor Elements Minor Elements Functions Functions

Iron Iron (Fe) (Fe) An important component in heme An important component in heme groups (hemoglobin) present in groups (hemoglobin) present in cytochromes, peroxides, catalase, cytochromes, peroxides, catalase, and other enzymes. and other enzymes.

Manganese Manganese (Mn)(Mn) Present in many enzymes involve Present in many enzymes involve in cellular metabolism, in cellular metabolism, photosynthesis and N metabolism. photosynthesis and N metabolism.


Minor ElementsMinor Elements Functions Functions

BoronBoron (B) (B) No definite function but is believe to No definite function but is believe to be involve in the utilization of Calcium be involve in the utilization of Calcium in wall formation.in wall formation.

Sodium Sodium (Na) (Na) Unknown function Unknown function

Chorine Chorine (Cl) (Cl) Unknown function Unknown function

Zink Zink (Zn) (Zn) A component of enzymes that activates A component of enzymes that activates decomposition of carbonic acid to decomposition of carbonic acid to Carbon Dioxide and WaterCarbon Dioxide and Water


Minor Elements Minor Elements Functions Functions

Copper Copper (Cu) (Cu) An important component of An important component of many enzymes, catalyze many enzymes, catalyze oxidation reaction. oxidation reaction.

Molybdenum Molybdenum (Mo)(Mo) An important component of An important component of enzymes that reduces nitrates to enzymes that reduces nitrates to nitrites; in formation nitrogen nitrites; in formation nitrogen fixation of bacteria. fixation of bacteria.

The plant roots play an important role in The plant roots play an important role in procuring nutrients and they also serve as procuring nutrients and they also serve as energy storage (carrots and radish) and anchor energy storage (carrots and radish) and anchor themselves itself to the sail.themselves itself to the sail.

Other types of plants like the fly trap, Venus Other types of plants like the fly trap, Venus traps – supplement their inorganic nutrients traps – supplement their inorganic nutrients with organics nutrients from small animals and with organics nutrients from small animals and insects which they trap.insects which they trap.

Animal NutritionAnimal Nutrition

Groups of Heterotrophic Organisms:Groups of Heterotrophic Organisms:

1. Bacteria1. Bacteria 2. Fungi2. Fungi 3. Animals3. Animals Bacteria and Fungi – are either saprophytic Bacteria and Fungi – are either saprophytic

(Feed on dean animals)(Feed on dean animals) Parasites – survive in other organisms and Parasites – survive in other organisms and

procure food from their host.procure food from their host. Animals – maybe Herbivores (feed on green Animals – maybe Herbivores (feed on green

plants), carnivores (feed on meat), and plants), carnivores (feed on meat), and omnivores (feed on both plants and animals)omnivores (feed on both plants and animals)

Heterothrophs require:Heterothrophs require:

Carbohydrate – chief energy source in Carbohydrate – chief energy source in animalsanimals

Proteins – also needed to build muscles and Proteins – also needed to build muscles and are source of energyare source of energy

Fats – serves as energy storage.Fats – serves as energy storage.

VitaminsVitaminsAre substances which are organic in nature Are substances which are organic in nature and are needed in small amounts. These and are needed in small amounts. These substances are not manufactures by animals, substances are not manufactures by animals, thus they are obtained from other food thus they are obtained from other food source.source.

Group of vitamins:Group of vitamins: Fat Soluble VitaminsFat Soluble Vitamins Water Soluble VitaminsWater Soluble Vitamins

Fat Soluble VitaminsFat Soluble Vitamins

SymbolSymbol NameName FunctionsFunctions SourcesSources

AA Retinol or Retinol or AntixerophAntixerophthalmicthalmic

Maintains the Maintains the integrity of integrity of Epithelial tissue; Epithelial tissue; Contains the Contains the visual purple of visual purple of the retinathe retina

Liver, egg Liver, egg yolk, milk, yolk, milk, cream, butter, cream, butter, cheese and cheese and green and green and yellow yellow vegetablesvegetables



DD Calciferol or Calciferol or Anti-rachiticAnti-rachitic

Promotes Promotes groth of bones groth of bones and teethand teeth

Margarine, Margarine, butter milk, butter milk, cheese, liver cheese, liver sardines, egg sardines, egg yolkyolk



EE Tocopherol Tocopherol (Greek: “to (Greek: “to bear a bear a child”)child”)

Relates the Relates the cellular cellular respirationrespiration

Prevents Prevents hemolysis in hemolysis in RBCRBC

Oil from wheat Oil from wheat and corn, and corn, soybeans soybeans (mayonnaise, (mayonnaise, salad dressing salad dressing and margarine)and margarine)



KK Anti - Anti - hemorrhagichemorrhagic

Maintains the Maintains the prothrombin prothrombin level in blood level in blood plasmaplasma

Liver, dark green Liver, dark green leaves, wheat, leaves, wheat, beans, vegetable beans, vegetable oils, tomatoes, oils, tomatoes, tubeless seeds, tubeless seeds, legumes and egg legumes and egg yolkyolk

Water Soluble VitaminsWater Soluble Vitamins

Liver, dark green Liver, dark green leaves, wheat, leaves, wheat, beans, vegetable beans, vegetable oils, tomatoes, oils, tomatoes, tubeless seeds, tubeless seeds, legumes and egg legumes and egg yolkyolk

Holds cell Holds cell intact. intact. Converts folic Converts folic

acid to active form. Heals acid to active form. Heals wounds and bone fractures. wounds and bone fractures. Prevents megaloblastic Prevents megaloblastic anemia. Resistance against anemia. Resistance against infection. Produces steroid infection. Produces steroid hormones. Influence Fe hormones. Influence Fe absorption. Brain absorption. Brain metabolismmetabolism

Ascorbic Ascorbic AcidAcid

KK

SourcesSourcesFunctionsFunctionsNameNameSymbolSymbol


SymbolSymbol NameName FunctionFunction SourcesSources

BB11 ThiamineThiamine Needed for Needed for CHO CHO metabolism, metabolism, maintains maintains good appetite good appetite and for and for normal normal functioning functioning of nervesof nerves

Lean pork, liver, Lean pork, liver, glandular organs of glandular organs of pork and some pork and some shellfish, egg yolk, shellfish, egg yolk, unpolished rice, unpolished rice, whole grains, whole grains, legumes and nutslegumes and nuts

Lean pork, liver, Lean pork, liver, glandular organs of glandular organs of pork and some pork and some shellfish, egg yolk, shellfish, egg yolk, unpolished rice, unpolished rice, whole grains, whole grains, legumes and nutslegumes and nuts

Essential Essential component component of coenzymes of coenzymes

flavin, monocleotide flavin, monocleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine (FMN) and flavin adenine dinocleotide (FAD). dinocleotide (FAD). Essential in CHO. Protein Essential in CHO. Protein and fat metabolism and fat metabolism maintains healthy skin, maintains healthy skin, tongue, mouth, proper tongue, mouth, proper growth and diet.growth and diet.

RiboflavinRiboflavinBB22

SourcesSourcesFunctionFunctionNameNameSymbolSymbol




BB66 PyridoxinePyridoxine Involved in Involved in amino acid amino acid metabolismmetabolism

Vegetable oil of Vegetable oil of corn, cotton seed , corn, cotton seed , linseed, olives, linseed, olives, peanuts, wheat and peanuts, wheat and rice grain, large rice grain, large soybean and nuts.soybean and nuts.



BB1212 CobalaminCobalamin Related to protein Related to protein metabolism. metabolism. Essential for the Essential for the normal function normal function of nerve, bone of nerve, bone marrow and GIT. marrow and GIT. Prevent Prevent pernicious anemiapernicious anemia

Animal Animal proteinsproteins

Water Soluble VitaminsWater Soluble VitaminsSymbolSymbol FunctionFunction SourcesSources

NiacinNiacin Act as H+ and e- acceptors. Act as H+ and e- acceptors. Photosynthesis in plants, Photosynthesis in plants, COCO2 2 fixation of animals. fixation of animals.

Important composition of Important composition of coenzyme. A metabolism coenzyme. A metabolism of CHO, protein, and fats. of CHO, protein, and fats. Maintains normal growth Maintains normal growth healthy skin and nervous healthy skin and nervous system coenzyme factor in system coenzyme factor in reaction involving single C reaction involving single C fragments and synthesis of fragments and synthesis of heme. Important in heme. Important in Erythropoiesis. Erythropoiesis.

Same as protein Same as protein sources in plants sources in plants and animalsand animals

Liver, glandular Liver, glandular organs, legumes organs, legumes cerealscereals

Green leafy Green leafy vegetables, vegetables, liver, glandular liver, glandular organs, organs, legumes, cerealslegumes, cereals

NameName

Nicotinic AcidNicotinic Acid

NicotinamideNicotinamide

Pantothenic acidPantothenic acid

Folic Acid or Folic Acid or Pterolyglutamic Pterolyglutamic acid (PGA)acid (PGA)



HH BiotinBiotin Coenzyme factor Coenzyme factor in in COCO22 fixation. fixation. With active With active acetate (COH) acetate (COH) helps synthesis helps synthesis purines, purines, pyrimidines, fatty pyrimidines, fatty acids acids

Liver glandular Liver glandular organs, meat, organs, meat, egg yolk, milk, egg yolk, milk, molasses, molasses, whole grain whole grain and nuts.and nuts.

Vitamin-like FactorsVitamin-like Factors

TaurineTaurine – is similar to amino acid. It – is similar to amino acid. It regulates the brain and heart functions.regulates the brain and heart functions.

Carmitine or Vitamin BCarmitine or Vitamin B – strengthens – strengthens heart muscles (heart vitamins).heart muscles (heart vitamins).

HypervitaminosisHypervitaminosis

- is an excessive intake or - is an excessive intake or accumulation of vitamins in the accumulation of vitamins in the body.body.

Water Soluble involve in Water Soluble involve in hypervitaminosis are:hypervitaminosis are:

Vitamin C – causes diarrhea, nausea, cramps, Vitamin C – causes diarrhea, nausea, cramps, acidification of urine, feces with therapeutic acidification of urine, feces with therapeutic drugs, false+urine sugar test.drugs, false+urine sugar test.

Niacine – skin burning, flushing, itching, Niacine – skin burning, flushing, itching, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea and damage of nausea, vomiting and diarrhea and damage of the hairs and eyes.the hairs and eyes.

Vitamin BVitamin B12 12 – allergy, shock. – allergy, shock.

Fat Soluble involve in Fat Soluble involve in hypervitaminosis are:hypervitaminosis are:

Vitamin A – causes hair loss, potential birth Vitamin A – causes hair loss, potential birth defectdefect

Vitamin D – increases blood, brain and heart Vitamin D – increases blood, brain and heart damage and potential birth defectdamage and potential birth defect

Vitamin E - causes diarrhea, cramps, Vitamin E - causes diarrhea, cramps, dizziness, blurred vision, headaches increase; dizziness, blurred vision, headaches increase; serume triglycerides in women and decrease serume triglycerides in women and decrease thyroid hormone in both sexesthyroid hormone in both sexes

Vitamin K – Causes blood clot formation and Vitamin K – Causes blood clot formation and infant jaundice.infant jaundice.

Minerals Required by AnimalsMinerals Required by AnimalsA mineral is defined as inorganic A mineral is defined as inorganic

element containing no carbon that element containing no carbon that remains as ash when food is burned. remains as ash when food is burned.

Minerals maybe group into two (2): Minerals maybe group into two (2): Macrominerals and MicromineralsMacrominerals and Microminerals

- These minerals are used by animals in - These minerals are used by animals in their inorganic state.their inorganic state.

MacromineralsMacrominerals

MineralMineral FunctionFunction SourcesSources

Calcium Calcium Strengthens bones Strengthens bones and teeth; involved and teeth; involved in muscle in muscle contraction and contraction and relaxation, blood relaxation, blood clotting, water clotting, water balance, nerve balance, nerve functionfunction

Milk and milk Milk and milk products, green leafy products, green leafy vegetables, legumes, vegetables, legumes, fortified foods, fortified foods, almonds, fish (with almonds, fish (with bones), tofu bones), tofu



Phosphorus Phosphorus

Involved in Involved in calcification of teeth calcification of teeth and bones, acid-and bones, acid-base balance, base balance, energy metabolismenergy metabolism

Meat, poultry, fish, Meat, poultry, fish, milk, soft drinks, milk, soft drinks, processed foods, processed foods, whole grains, eggs whole grains, eggs



Potassium Potassium

Facilitates many Facilitates many reactions, especially reactions, especially protein synthesis, protein synthesis, water balance, nerve water balance, nerve transmission, transmission, muscle contraction muscle contraction

Meats, milk, fruits, Meats, milk, fruits, vegetables, grains, vegetables, grains, legumes legumes



Sulfur Sulfur Component of Component of protein; part of protein; part of biotin, thiamin, biotin, thiamin, insulin insulin

All protein-All protein-containing foodscontaining foods



Sodium Sodium Promotes acid-base Promotes acid-base balance, water balance, water balance, nerve balance, nerve impulse impulse transmission, transmission, muscle activitymuscle activity

Salt, soy sauce, Salt, soy sauce, processed foods: processed foods: cured, canned, cured, canned, pickled, and many pickled, and many prepackaged foodsprepackaged foods



Chloride Chloride Part of stomach Part of stomach acid, acid base acid, acid base balance, water balance, water balancebalance

Table salt, soy Table salt, soy sauce; processed sauce; processed foods foods

MagnesiumMagnesium Involved in protein Involved in protein synthesis, muscle synthesis, muscle contraction, nerve contraction, nerve transmission transmission

Whole grains, nuts, Whole grains, nuts, legumes, chocolate, legumes, chocolate, meat, dark green meat, dark green leafy vegetables, leafy vegetables, seafood, cocoa seafood, cocoa



Iron Iron Hemoglobin Hemoglobin formation, part of formation, part of myoglobin in myoglobin in muscles; used in muscles; used in energy utilization energy utilization

Red meats, fish, Red meats, fish, poultry, shellfish, poultry, shellfish, eggs, legumes, dried eggs, legumes, dried fruits, fortified fruits, fortified cereals and grains cereals and grains



Zinc Zinc Part of insulin and Part of insulin and enzymes; vitamin A enzymes; vitamin A transport; wound transport; wound healing; fetus and healing; fetus and sperm development; sperm development; immunity; promotes immunity; promotes enzyme activity and enzyme activity and metabolism metabolism

Protein-containing Protein-containing foods: red meat, foods: red meat, seafood, oysters, seafood, oysters, clams, poultry, eggs, clams, poultry, eggs, dairy, grains dairy, grains

MicromineralsMicrominerals


Selenium Selenium Antioxidant; works Antioxidant; works with vitamin E; with vitamin E; immune system immune system responseresponse

Seafood, meats, Seafood, meats, grains grains



Manganese Manganese Essential for normal Essential for normal bone development; bone development; activates enzymes activates enzymes

Whole grains, Whole grains, legumes, nuts, green legumes, nuts, green leafy vegetables, leafy vegetables, meat, tea, coffee meat, tea, coffee



Copper Copper Necessary for Necessary for formation of formation of hemoglobin; part of hemoglobin; part of energy metabolism energy metabolism enzymes enzymes

Organ meats, Organ meats, shellfish, nuts, seeds, shellfish, nuts, seeds, legumes, peanut legumes, peanut butter, chocolate butter, chocolate

MicromineralsMicromineralsMineralMineral FunctionFunction SourcesSources

Iodine Iodine Part of thyroxine, Part of thyroxine, a thyroid hormone a thyroid hormone that influences that influences growth and growth and metabolism metabolism

Iodized salt, seafood, Iodized salt, seafood, bread bread

MolybdenumMolybdenum Needed by some Needed by some enzymesenzymes

Dairy foods, meats, Dairy foods, meats, whole grains, green whole grains, green leafy vegetables, leafy vegetables, legumeslegumes



Cobalt Cobalt Aids in oxidation Aids in oxidation reactions As part of reactions As part of vitamin B12, aids in vitamin B12, aids in nerve function and nerve function and blood formation blood formation

Legumes, cereals, Legumes, cereals, grains, organ meats, grains, organ meats, Meats, milk, and Meats, milk, and milk products milk products



Chromium Chromium Enhances effect of Enhances effect of insulin; aids in insulin; aids in metabolism of metabolism of carbohydrates and carbohydrates and lipids lipids

Mushrooms, dark Mushrooms, dark chocolate, prunes, chocolate, prunes, nuts, asparagus, nuts, asparagus, brewer's yeast, brewer's yeast, whole grains, whole grains, vegetable oils vegetable oils



Fluoride Fluoride Formation of bones Formation of bones and teeth; provides and teeth; provides resistance to dental resistance to dental caries caries

Drinking water Drinking water (naturally occurring (naturally occurring or fluoridated), tea, or fluoridated), tea, seafoodseafood

VanediumVanedium Involved in the Involved in the tooth enamel tooth enamel formationformation

Not statedNot stated



Nickel Nickel Associated with Fe Associated with Fe functionfunction


Silicon Silicon Enhances bone Enhances bone calcification and calcification and present in human present in human cartilagecartilage

Not StatedNot Stated

TinTin Maintains protein Maintains protein structure or structure or oxidation reductionoxidation reduction


Toxicity to Trace ElementsToxicity to Trace Elements

LeadLead – ingestion from air and water causes – ingestion from air and water causes toxicity. Ingestion of bad ceramics is toxicity. Ingestion of bad ceramics is common incidence. Lead poisoning common incidence. Lead poisoning affects the mental development of the affects the mental development of the child which end up in mental retardation child which end up in mental retardation and causes cardiovascular disorder in and causes cardiovascular disorder in adults.adults.

CadmiumCadmium – is associated with hypertension. Its – is associated with hypertension. Its major source are foods and smokemajor source are foods and smoke

MercuryMercury – poisoning from contaminated water – poisoning from contaminated water near a gold panning area results to a near a gold panning area results to a permanent etiologic change (known in Japan s permanent etiologic change (known in Japan s Minamata disease.Minamata disease.

ArsenicArsenic – commonly found in seafood as a result – commonly found in seafood as a result of industrial contamination using arsenic of industrial contamination using arsenic insecticide. It can be toxic in minute amount.insecticide. It can be toxic in minute amount.

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Plant and Animal Nutrition