Journal of Ethnopharrnacology, 21 (1987) 253-277 Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd.

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PLANTS USED IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE IN EASTERN TANZANIA. I. PTERIDOPHYTES AND ANGIOSPERMS (ACANTHACEAE TO CANELLACEAE)

S.C. CHHABRA, R.L.A. MAHUNNAH and E.N. MSHIU

Traditional Medicine Research Unit, Muhimbili Medical Centre. University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 65001, Dar es Salaam CTanzanio)

(Accepted July 20, 1987)

Summary

Seventy-seven plants are listed, which are used by traditional healers in five regions of eastern Tanzania, Coast, Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro and Tanga. For each species are given the botanical name, vernacular name, collection number, locality, habit, distribution and medical uses. Results of a literature survey are also reported, including medical use, isolated constituents and pharmacological effects.

Introduction

Traditional societies in Africa had devised methods of providing every individual in the community with essential health care through acceptable and accessible means by the application of indogenous resources such as plants, animals and mineral products. Even today, in spite of the hugh advance of modern medicines, people still attach great importance to the traditional system of medicine because it takes account of their particular sociocultural background.

African traditional medicine abounds in medicinal plants, and the tribal people, wherever they exist, still rely chiefly on herbal medicines. In Tanzania, in addition to herbalists who enjoy great prestige as the “real” practitioners of traditional medicine, divine healers and witch doctors also employ medicinal plants that are supposed to have either special spiritual or exorcizing powers (Mshiu and Chhabra, 19821. Only a small number of these plants have hitherto been identified. Recently, Hedberg et al. 0982. 1983a,b) compiled an inventory of 154 plants used by healers mainly in Tanga region.

This paper presents the results of field studies conducted by Traditional Medicine Research Unit (TMRU) on plants used by traditional healers in five

0378-8741/87/$09.10 0 1987 Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd. Published and Printed in Ireland

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regions of eastern Tanzania, Coast, Dar es Salaam,. Kilimanjaro, Morogoro and Tanga (Fig. 1). A literature review is also included, comprising reported medicinal uses, isolated constituents and pharmacological studies.

Methods

Traditional healers in the five regions of eastern Tanzania, Coast, Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro and Tanga were interviewed and the information entered into prepared questionnaires and Traditional Medicine Research Unit’s field note books. Before the study, Party leaders and Government officials as well as outstanding traditional healers in the regions were requested to mobilize and organize healers to be interviewed. The healers had to be convinced that their cooperation was of great benefit to the country and, at the same time, that the revelation of their knowledge of medicinal plants to the members of the expedition would not in any way interfere with the continued practice of their art. The Unit’s staff thereafter visited the healers in their localities and made direct contact with them. The staff quizzed the healers about their knowledge, methods of diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The specific part(s) of the plant used, along the methods of preparation were recorded. Plant specimens were collected for botanical identification, and each plant was allotted a TMRU number.

FIG.l:FIVE REGIONS OF TANZANIA,COAST,OAR ESSALAAM

ANJARO,MOROGORO, AND

Fig. 1. Five regions of Tanzania, Coast, Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro and Tanga from where medicinal plants were collected.

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Samples of the plant parts used by the healers were also collected simultaneously for phytochemical and pharmacological screening.

The herbarium specimens were identified by the staff of TMRU and Botany Department, University of Dar es Salaam, and preserved for reference at TMRU Herbarium, Muhimbili Medical Centre. Plants of these collections are referred to by their respective TMRU numbers as in this and following papers.

A literature survey for the identified plants was carried out. The main information sources were Chemical Abstracts Vols. 1 - 103 (1907 - 19851, and the monographs of Chopra et al. (19561, Haerdi (19641, Kerharo and Adam (19641, Kokwaro (19761, Nadkarni (19761 and Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (19621.

Results and discussion

A total of ten expeditions were made during the years 1974- 1981, and about 60 villages of Coast, Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro and Tanga regions were surveyed. During these expeditions 800 traditional healers were interviewed, and 3200 plant specimens and 500 plant samples were collected.

It was not possible to obtain plant material from all the healers. The number of plants given by each of these healers varied from 1 to 12. The interviews showed that the healers knew more plants than the ones we were able to collect. Several reasons account for the relatively low number of plants obtained from each healer. Not all the plants that the healer knew were available at the time of the year when the interviews were performed. Many healers lived far from the village where the interview was performed and were not able to find all the plants they used within a reasonable distance from this place. Moreover, the time during which the expedition could stay in one village was limited.

The facts that 61 we obtained a considerable amount of duplication, i.e. the same plants were shown to us by several healers and (ii) most of the plants collected have been reported in the literature to have been used as medicinal plants, indicate that the healers could be trusted for the information they imparted about the plants they use.

The following list enumerates the plants identified from these expeditions, comprising Pteridophytes and Angiosperms in alphabetical order with respect to families and species within the family. The following abbreviations are used:

TMRU: (followed by number): collection number (TMRU = Traditional Medicine Research Unit).

V: Vernacular name (followed by the name of the tribe or language). The vernacular names are those given by the healers and within the parentheses the name of the tribe to which the healer belongs or the language which he speaks.

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L: Locality. H: Habit. D: Distribution.

Me& Plant part used, preparation of remedy and medicinal use. In some cases the healers mixed parts from several different plants when preparing the remedy. These plants are noted by their vernacular names. The corresponding botanical name is given only when a TMRU specimen could be collected and identified.

Lit: Literature. U: Reported uses. C: Reported constituents. P: Reported pharmacological effects.

The following frequently cited references will be referred to by abbreviated citations as follows: Chopra = Chopra et al. (1956); Haerdi = Haerdi (19641; Kerharo = Kerharo and Adam (19641; Kokwaro = Kokwaro (19761; Nadkarni = Nadkarni (19761; Watt = Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (19621.

Pteridophytes

ASPIDIACEAE

Dryopteris inuequalis (Schlechtendl Kuntze TMRU: 3006. V: Kilaho (Chaggal. L: Moshi district, Kirua hillside village. H: Terrestrial herbaceous fern. D: Tropical and S. Africa. Med: Infusion of powdered rhizomes in water or tea, or exudate of roasted rhizomes drunk against roundworm parasites in children. Lit: U: Roots: For treatment of intestinal worms (Kokwaro; Watt), malaria and ear infections (Kokwarol.

POLYPODIACEAE

Phymatodes scolopendria (Burm. f.1 Ching TMRU: 2553. V: Muwivumwivu (Pembal. L: Kisarawe district, Vikindu village. H: Rhizomatus fern. D: S. Africa, Tropical Africa and Asia. Med: Deco&ion of leaves drunk against chickenpox. Lit: U: Against oedema, pneumonia and enlarged spleen (Haerdil.

SINOPTERIDACEAE

Pellaea viridis (Forsk.1 Prantl TMRU: 3002. V: Masulu (Chaggal. L: Moshi district, Masama village. H: Fern. D: S. Africa, E. tropical Africa, Madagascar, Arabia and India. Med: Leaves wrapped in banana leaves and heated, the warm extract applied over affected parts of body for bacterial and fungal infections. Lit: U: Against pain and spasms of the heart (Haerdil.

THELYPTERIDACEAE

Thelypteris dentata (Forsk.1 E. St. John TMRU: 3001. V: Machameri (Chagga.1 L: Moshi district, Masama village. H: Herbaceous fern. D: Tropical and subtropical Africa, and America. Med: Fresh leaves crushed and applied over affected parts of the body for bacterial and fungal infections. Lit: C: Phytochemical screening of leaves revealed the presence of coumarins, tannins and volatile oils (Chhabra et al., 1984).

Angiosperms

ACANTHACEAE

Justicia glabra Koenig ex Roxb. TMRU: 2884. V: Mandreta (Chaggal. L: Moshi district, Singa-Juu village H: Herb. D: Tropical Africa, India. Me& Deco&ion of leaves drunk to induce vomiting as antipoison. Lit: C: A qualitative analysis of leaves indicated the presence of volatile oils (Chhabra et al., 19841. P: Leaves gave negative results for antimicrobial screening (Chhabra et al., 19811.

Thunbergia a&a Boj. ex Sims TMRU: 2920. V: Nakagwinda (Ngindol. L: Ifakara district, Mng’eta village. H: Herb. D: Native of E. and S. Africa, widely cultivated and naturalized in tropical regions. Med: Leaves with leaves of Boga (Swahili) (Cucurbita pepo Ll. cooked and eaten against menorrhagia. Lit: U: Leaves: For the treatment of backache, hydrocele, pain in joints (Kokwarol, and early rectum ulcers (Haerdil. Plant: For conjunctivitis (Haerdil. C: Chemical composition of the seeds has been determined by Spencer et al. (19711 P: Aerial part gave negative results for antimicrobial screening (Chhabra et al., 19811.

AGAVACEAE

Dracaena deremensis Engl. TMRU: 3087. V: Isale (Pare). L: Mwanga district, Mwaniko village. H: Shrub. D: Tropical Africa. Me& Deco&ion of roots drunk against hepatomegaly. Lit: U: Roots: For rheumatism, malaria and to quicken birth once labour has begun (Kokwarol. C: A qualitative analysis of the roots indicated the presence of carotenoids, saponins and volatile oils (Chhabra et al., 19841. P: Roots showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Shigella boydii (Chhabra et al., 19831.

Sansevieria bagamoyensis N.E. Brown TMRU: 1995. V: Mkonge pori (Swahili). L: Kibaha district, Vigwaza village. H: Shrub. D: Tropical Africa. Med: Leaves pounded, squeezed and filtered. The filtrate drunk and the residue applied over the body against convulsive fever.

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AMARANTHACEAE

Aerva ~~ata (L.1 Juss. ex Schult. TMRU: 3013. V: Kambunyenye (Chaggal. L: Rombo district, Mahaha village. H: Herb. D: E. and W, Tropical Africa, Tropical Asia, Arabia. Me& Leaves crushed and the juice rubbed into scarifications over fractures. Lit: U: Roots: For the treatment of snake bite. Leaves: To treat sore eyes and unconsciousness from malaria (Kokwarol. Plant: Anthelmintic, diuretic (Chopra; Nadkarnil and against panaritium (Haerdil. C: Triterpenoids of the plant have been studied by Aiyar et al. (19’731

AMARYLLIDACEAE

TMRU: 1828. V: Mfunguo (Lugurul. L: Morogoro rural district, Maseyu village. H: Bulbous herb. D: E. Africa. Me& Decoction of roots drunk against prolapse of the uterus.

Scadoxus ~~lt~~o~s (Martynf Raf. TMRZJ: 3115. V: Ihemba-nyoka (Pare), Mbengere (Ndengereko). L: Rufiji district, Mchukwi village. H: Herb. I): Tropical Africa. Med: A bath is taken with an infusion of the roots to treat mental illness. Deco&ion of roots drunk against sterility in females. Lit: C: The alkaloids, lycorine, chlidanthine, haemanthidine, hippeastrine and haemultine have been isolated and identified from the bulb (Watt).

ANACARDIACEAE

Anacardiwn occidentale Linn. TMRU: 1961, 2876. V: Mbiba, Mbibo, Mkorosho (Swahili). L: Rufiji district, Misimbo village; Tanga urban district. H: Tree. D: Native to tropical America, cultivated in Tropical E. and W. Africa. Me& Leaves pounded with water and the filtrate drunk against diarrhoea. Lit: U: Leaves: Against diarrhoea (Haerdi). Bark: Alternative, astringent (Chopra; Nadkarni) and for aphthae (Watt). C: Cashew has been analysed for vitamin A and C (Cecchi and Rodriguez-Amaya, 1981; Keshinro, 19851, volatile flavor components (MacLeod and de Troconis, 19821, and fatty acids and lipid composition (Maia and Stub, 19771. Chemical examination of the plant has been carried out by Rahman et al. (19781, and Murthy et al. (19821. Polyphenols of the leaves have been isolated and characterized (Subramanian et al., 1969; Laurens and Paris, 1977). P: An extract of the bark demonstrated antihypertensive (Thuillier and Giono-Barber, 1971) and hypoglycemic (Aguiar and Lins, 1958; Gorrea et al., 1964) actions in rats. Nut shells showed molluscieidal (Pereira and de Souza, 1974; Sullivan et al., 1982) and anti-inflammatory (Swarnalakshmi et al., 1981) activities. The essential oil has been found to be a central nervous system depressant (Garg and Kasera, 19841

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Lannea schimperi (Hochst. ex A. Rich.1 Engl. TMRU: 2976. V: Mvungunya (Sambaa). L: Rombo district, Mengwe village. H: Tree. D: Tropical Africa. Me& Decoction of stembark drunk and dried stembark smoked against backache and general weakness. Lit: U: Roots: For treating toothache, chest troubles and colds. Leaves: Against blood diarrhoea (Kokwarol. C: Phytochemical screening of stembark has been carried out by Chhabra et al. (1984). P: Stembark showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Neisseria gonorrhoeae Chhabra et al., 19831.

Lannea s tuhlmannii (Engl.1 Engl. TMRU: 1822, 2448, 2992. V: Mumbu (Zigual, Sayu (Sukumal, Mtundutwa (Pare). L: Morogoro rural district, Masuye Ujamaa village; Rufiji district, Mkongo village; Moshi district, Mabogini village. H: Tree. D: E. and S. Africa. Me& Deco&ion of roots drunk against stomachache, fever, dysentery and asthma. Powdered root hairs taken with water against tuberculosis, and with porridge against feminine sterility. Decoction of stembark drunk against headache, diarrhoea and to increase hemoglobin in anemic patients. Lit: U: Bark: For headache and stomach pain. Leaves: To relieve abdominal pains and to hasten childbirth (Kokwarol. For dressing sores, boils and carbuncles (Watt.1.C: Stembark indicated the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids (Chhabra et al., 19841. P: Stembark showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aweus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Shigella boydii (Chhabra et al., 19831.

Mangifera indica L. TMRU: 963. V: Mwembe (Swahili). L: Bagamoyo district, masimbani village. H: Tree. D: Native of India, now grown throughout the tropics. Med: Decoction of roots drunk for treating malaria. Decoction of stembark gargled against toothache. Lit: U: Leaves: For skin diseases, dysentery, asthma and cough (Watt.1 Unripe fruit: In opthalmia, eruptions (Chopral. Kernel: Anthelmintic (Chopra; Nadkarni; Watt), and against haemorrhage and diarrhoea (Chopra). C: Triterpenoids from the rootbark and leaves have been isolated and charaterized by Anjaneyulu et al. (1982a,bl. Polyphenols from the leaves and pulp have been isolated and identified (Saleh and ElAnsari, 1975; Saeed et al., 1976). Recently, volatile constituents of the fruit have been analysed (Idstein and Schreier, 1985; Sakho et al., 19851. P: Gallic acid and quercetin, obtained from leaves, showed marked anti-influenza virus activity (Lu et al., 19821. Mangiferin, isolated from leaves, displayed a high antibacterial activity against gram positive bacteria (Srinivasan et al., 19821.

Ozoroa insignis Del. subsp. ret&A&a (Bak. f.1 Gillett TMRU: 2464. V: Nago. L: Morogoro rural district, Ngerengere village. H: Tree. D: E. and S. tropical Africa. Mecb Powdered rootbark mixed with tea taken against headache. Lit: Hedberg et al., 1982.

Ozoroa mucronata (Kraussl R. & A. Fern. TMRU: 580, 1966, 2389. V: Muungwae (Ndengerekol, Mgombo kilangu

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(Zaramo), Mkalakala (Zigua), Mlago (Sukuma). L: Temeke district, Kimbiji village; Rufiji district, Misimbo village; Kisarawe district, Sungwi village. H: Tree. D: Tropical Africa to Arabia. Me& Deco&ion of roots drunk against fever, cough, gonorrhoea, bilharzia and impotency. Powdered rootbark with rootbark of Kilemelandembo (Gardenia jovis-tonuntis (Welw.) Hiern, TMRU 2257) mixed with honey, diluted with water and drunk against gonorrhoea and feminine sterility. Leaves pounded with water and the filtrate drunk against gonorrhoea and bilharzia. A decoction of leaves drunk against cough. Pounded leaves rubbed to heal chronic ulcers. Lit: U: Roots: For diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, kidney troubles, intestinal parasites, dysentery, bilharzia and to induce abortion. Leaves: For snake bite (Kokwaro). C: A triterpenoid keto acid, moronic acid has been isolated from the rootbark and identified by its spectral studies (Hostettmann-Kaldas and Nakanishi, 1979). P: Haxane extract of the rootbark exhibited antimicrobial activity against gram positive bacteria, and moronic acid has been found to be the active principle (Hostettmann-Kaldas and Nakanishi, 1979).

Rhus longipes Engl. TMRU: 3089. V: Mpungu (Pare). L: Mwanga district, Lembeni village. H: Tree. D: Tropical Africa. Med: Decoction of roots with roots of Msige (Lannea stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl., TMRU 2992) drunk for treating cancer. Lit: U: Roots: Against influenza, indigestion (Kokwaro), malaria and to induce abortion (Haerdi). C: Phytochemical screening of the roots has been carried out by Chhabra et al. (1984).

Rhus natalensis Bernh. ex Krauss TMRU: 2145. V: Muhungulu (Zigua). L: Bagamoyo district, Masimbani village. H: Shrub. D: Tropical Africa. Me& Decoction of roots drunk against polymenorrhoea, headache and neck pain, and with sugar against constipation. Roots cooked with chicken meat eaten for dysmenorrhoea and pain in subumbilical area. Lit: Hedberg et al., 1982. P: The leaves gave negative results for antimicrobial screening (Sawhney et al., 1978a,b).

Rhus quartiniuna A. Rich. TMRU: 3090. V: Muungu (Zigua). L: Bagamoyo district, Ruvu village. H: Tree or shrub. D: E. and S.-W. Africa. Med: Decoction of stembark with roots and leaves of Mtendela (Vernon&z sp., TMRU 3020) drunk against helminthiasis. Lit: C: A qualitative analysis of the stembark indicated the presence of emodins, flavonoids, saponins and tannins (Chhabra et al., 1984). P: An alcoholic extract of the stembark exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Chhabra et al., 1983).

Rhus tenuinervis Engl. TMRU: 365. V: Mtwindi (Zaramo). L: Kisarawe district, Sungwi village. H: Tree or shrub. D: Tropical Africa. Med: Deco&ion of roots drunk for treating gripping stomachache.

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Sclerocarya caffra Sond. TMRU: 2075, 2375, 2871. V: Bankuti (Ndengereko), Mng’ongo (Swahili, Zigua), Mumbu (Zaramo). L: Rufiji district, Rufiji urban; Kisarawe district, Kimbiji village; Bagamoyo district, Kitunda village. H: Tree. D: Africa, Australia. Med: Stembark pounded with water and the filtrate drunk against bilharzia, abdominal swellings and waist pains. A cold-water extract of powdered stembark and leaves drunk against asthma. Deco&ion of roots drunk against dysentery, asthma, hernia, abdominal pains, and for treating fever when pounded leaves are also applied over the body. Deco&ion of leaves drunk against chest pains. A cold-water extract of pounded leaves is drunk against dysentery. Lit: U: Leaves: Against gonorrhoea (Haerdi). Bark: Against toothache, stomach trouble (Kokwaro), gangrenous rectitis, and malaria (Watt). C: The fruit has been found to contain vitamin C, magnesium, phosphorus, calcium, oleic acid and linoleic acid (Wehmeyer, 1968; Oliveira, 1974). The protein contents of the nut has been studied (Rijke and Joubert, 1967). P: An alcoholic extract of the bark exhibited antimicrobial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Sawhney et al., 1978a) and that of the leaves against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Chhabra et al., 1981).

Sorindeia madagascariensis DC. TMRU: 964, 1960. V: Mpilipili (Swahili), Mkunguma (Sambaa). L: Rufiji district, Kibiti village; Kisarawe district, Rubika-mkuranga village. H: Tree. D: E. and E.-S. tropical Africa, Madagascar, the Mascarenes. Me& Deco&ion of roots drunk against diabetes and menstrual disorders. Powdered leaves applied over scarifications on the wrist to cure pain. Lit: Hedberg et al., 1982.

ANNONACEAE

Annona senegalensis Pers. TMRU: 1670, 2321, 2804. V: Mfunga-wangi (Digo), Mpingi (Matumbi), Mtopetope (Ndengereko, Swahili, Zigua). L: Rufiji district, Kibiti village; Bagamoyo district, Chalinze village; Kisarawe district, Minaki village. H: Tree. D: Tropical and subtropical Africa. Me& Deco&ion of roots drunk against cold, fever, pneumonia, chest pain, adbominal pain, vaginal prolapse, venereal sores, menorrhalgia, and for aphrodisiac. Also deco&ion mixed with coconut oil is drunk to treat constipation, diarrhoea and gonorrhoea. A paste of powdered roots with water applied over swellings and boils. Powdered rootbark with tea or porridge taken against edema and ascites. A deco&ion of leaves and roots drunk against polymenorrhoea and burning stomachache. Leaves pounded with water, filtered and the filtrate drunk against palpitations and body pains. Lit: Hedberg et al., 1982. C: Diterpenes have been isolated and characterized from the bark (Eshiet et al., 1971), and rootbark (Adesogan and Durodola, 1976). The leaves were analysed for waxes (Mackie and Misra, 1956), carbohydrates and proteins (Mackie and Ghatge, 1958). P: The soft wax from the leaves showed effectiveness against the free living stages of Sclerostomes (Mackie and Misra, 1956). A white

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solid isolated from the rootbark showed marked antineoplastic activity against sarcoma 180 ascites tumor cells (Adesogan and Durodola, 1976). The bark and leaves showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively (Khan et al., 1980; Chhabra et al., 1981).

Monanthotaxis buchananii (Engl.) Verde. TMRU: 458. V: Msofu (Zaramo). L: Kisarawe district, Mzenga village. H: Tree or shrub. D: Tropical Africa. Med: Decoction of roots drunk against headache, general weakness and chest pain.

Monanthotaxis fornicata (Baill.) Verde. TMRU: 9. V: Mchofu-dume (Swahili). L: Bagamoyo district, Nunge village. H: Tree or shrub. D: E. Africa. Med: Decoction of roots with black pepper drunk against stomachaches and helminthiasis. Lit: Hedberg et al., 1982.

Monanthotaxis trichocarpa (Engl. & Diels) Verde. TMRU: 2930. V: Mrehani-pori (Hehe). L: Kinondoni district, Bunju B village. H: Shrub. D: E. and S. tropical Africa. Med: Deco&ion of roots and leaves drunk for treating sterility in females. Lit: U: For headache (Kokwaro). P: An alcoholic extract of the roots gave negative results for antimicrobial screening (Chhabra et al., 1981).

Polyalthia stuhlmannii (Engl.) Verde. TMRU: 308. V: Msofu (Ndengereko), Msubiani (Swahili). L: Bagamoyo district, Nunge village. H: Shrub. D: E. Africa. Me& Decoction of roots drunk against meningitis, rheumatic pain, cough, and with camphor water for stomachache.

Uvaria acuminata Oliv. TMRU: 1550, 1609, 1697. V: Msofu (Swahili). L: Kisarawe district, Chamalale, Mzenga and Viwege villages. H: Shrub. D: E. and S. tropical Africa. Med: Deco&ion of roots drunk against abdominal pain, cough, dysentery, menorrhalgia, snake bite and pectoral diseases. Lit: Hedberg et al., 1982. C: Uvaricin (Jolad et al., 1982) and desacetyluvaricin (Jolad et al., 1985) were isolated from the roots and their structures determined by spectral studies. P: Uvaricin demonstrated antitumor properties in vivo P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice (Jolad et al., 1982). The leaves and roots showed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Khan et al., 1980).

Uvaria kirkii Hook. f. TMRU: 1481, 2808. V: Msofu (Swahili, Zigua). L: Morogoro rural district, Matuli village; Kinondoni district, Bunju village. H: Shrub. D: E. Africa, cultivated in Jamaica. Med: Decoction of roots drunk and vapours from boiling leaves inhaled against malaria. Lit: C: A hexamethoxyanthone, and a

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benzyldihydrochalcone have been isolated from the roots (Tammami et al., 19771. Phyt~hemi~al screening of leaves has been carried out by Chhabra et al. (19841. P: An alcoholic extract of the aerial part exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiellu pneumoniue (Chhahra et al., 19811.

L&aria leptociadon Oliv. TMRU: 1937, 3092. V: Mbaseri (Digof, Mchasi (Pare), L: Rufiji district, Ikwiriri and Ruwemkongo villages. H: Tree or shrub. D: E. Africa. Me& Decoction of roots drunk as diuretic against gonorrhoea and for dysentery. Decoction of roots with cold-water extract of leaves drunk for treating stomach pain. Lit: Hedberg et al., 1982. C: A qualitative analysis of roots indicated the presence of flavonoids, tannins and volatile oils (Chhabra et al., 19841.

Xylopia arena& Engl. TMRU: 1618. V: Nnelabana L: Rufiji district, Kibiti village. H: Tree or shrub. D: E. Africa. Med: Deco&ion of roots mixed with milk or food taken against convulsions in children.

APOCYNACEAE

Ancylobothrys peters&a Pierre TMRU: 360, 569. V: Kilela (Zaramol, Luneke (Nguul. L: Kisarawe district, Chamalale village; Kibaha district, Kongowe village. H: Climbing shrub. D: Tropical Africa. Me& Deco&ion of roots drunk against constipation. Roots cooked with chicken and the soup drunk against painful menstruation.

Diplorh ynchus condylocarpon (Muell. Arg.) Pichon TMRU: ‘70, 3048. V: Mtogo (Bena, Swahili, Ziguat, Mulondo (Zaramol. L: Bagamoyo district, Msata and Lugoba villages. H: Tree. D: Tropical, Central and Southern Africa. Med: A cold-water extract of roots drunk against painful menstruation. A decoction of roots drunk against gonorrhoea, fever, pneumonia, hernia, leprosy, frequent abortion and sterility in females. Roots cooked with meat and the soup drunk against abdominal pain and cough. Lit: Hedberg et al., 1982. The rootbark gave negative results for antimicrobial screening (Chhabra et al., 19811.

Holarrhena febrzfuga Klotzsch TMRU: 1462, 1694. V: Mpugupugu, Mwele (Ndengereko); Mtogo-dume (Hehe); Mtwintu (Zigua). L: Rufiji district, Kibiti village; Kilombero district, Kisawasawa village. H: Tree or shrub. D: Tropical Africa. Me& Deco&ion of roots drunk against abdominal pain. Lit: U: Roots: Against influenza (Kokwaro), venereal diseases (Watt), ascaridiasis, severe abscess, gonorrhoea, malaria and as aphrodisiac (Haerdil. C: Steroidal alkaloids have been

isolated from the bark (Janet et al., 1962; Dadoun et al., 1973al and the leaves (Dadoun et al., 1973bl. P: Conessine obtained from the bark is an effective amoebicide but is less active than emetine. It produces local anaesthesia but necrosis on subcutaneous injection (Watt). Roots showed negative results for antibacterial screening (Chhabra et al., 19811 while leaves showed antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (Sawhney et al., 1978b3.

Ruu~o~~ caffm Sond. TMRU: 2980. V: Msesewe (Chaggal. L: Rombo district, Mengwe village. H: Tree. D: Tropical and S. Africa, Australia. Me& Decoction of roots drunk against blood pressure, abdominal pain, constipation and irregular menses. Lit: U: Roots: For general body swellings, rheumatism and pneumonia (Kokwaro). C: Alkaloids have been isolated and characterized from the rootbark (Los and Court, 1969; Khan and Ahsan, 1972; Khan and Siddiqui, 1972; Habib and Court, 1973; 1974a,b; Madati et al., 19771, roots (Rocha de maced, 1958; Khan et al., 19651, stembark (Khan et al., 1982; Nasser and Court, 19841, leaves (Habib and Court, 1974b1, and seeds (Nassar and Court, 19831. P: Ajmaline frauvolfinel, obtained from the roots, counteracts the hypertensive action of adrenaline (Watt). Chronic toxicity studies of the alkaloids have been studied in rats and rabbits (Madati et al, 19771. An alcoholic extract of the stembark exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Chhabra et al., 19831.

TMRU: 932. V: Mchunguchungu (Swahili). L: Dar es Salaam district, Ukonga village. H: Tree or shrub. D: Tropical Africa. Me& Powdered roots mixed with porridge and taken against abdominal pains and constipation. Lit: U: Roots: Against gonorrhoea, malaria (Kokwarol and stomachache (Watt). C: Alkaloids have been isolated and characterized from the roots (Court, 1964; 19661, rootbark (Iwu and Court, 19801, stemwood (Court, 19661, stembark (Iwu and Court, 19791, and leaves @wu and Court, 19781. P: An aqueous extract of the roots produces hypotension and neutralizes the effect of adrenaline (Hamet, 19401.

Schizoxygia coffaeoides Baill. TMRU: 1143. V: Mlonganewafile (Luguru). L: Morogoro rural district, Kinole-kilundwa village. H: Tree or shrub. D: E. Africa. Med: Deco&ion of roots drunk against neonatal abdominal pain. Lit: U: Roots: Against stomatitis and giddiness (Haerdil. Leaves: Against dropsy (Haerdil. C: Alkaloids have been isolated from the roots, twigs, leaves and bark (Renner and Kernweisz, 1963; Geigy, 1963; Renner, 1964; Renner and Fritz, 1965; Hesse and Renner, 19661.

Tabernaemontana elegans Stapf TMRU: 2913. L: Kilosa district, Masugu village. H: Tree or shrub. D:

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Tropical Africa. Me& Dried endocarp powdered, boiled with water and left for two days. Then boiled again and filtered. The filtrate is used to treat cancer. Lit: C: Indole alkaloids were isolated from the rootbark and their structure determined by spectroscpoy and chemical correlation (Gabetta et al., 1975; Bombardelli et al., 1976; Danieli et al., 19801. P: The stembark gave negative results for antimicrobial screening (Chhabra et al., 19811.

ARACEAE

Anchomunes difformis (B1.1 Engl. TMRU: 2284. V: Cheho (Zigual. L: Bagamoyo district, Kibindu village. H:

Herb. D: Tropical Africa. Med: Decoction of roots drunk against limbs pain.

Gonatopus boivinii (Decne.1 Engl. TMRU: 1154. V: Mzulu (Lugulul. L: Morogoro rural district, Kinole-kalundwa village. H: Herb. D: Tropical Africa. Me& Dried powdered roots rubbed into scarifications over the wrist and back for the relief of pains. Lit: U: Roots: Against hydrocele, dropsy (Watt), snake bite and arrow poison (Haerdil. Stem: Against ear-ache (Kokwarol.

ARALIACEAE

Stylochiton hennigii Engl. TMRU: 208. V: Kigutu, Kigutwi, Chigwatwi (Zigual. L: Bagamoyo district, Kibindu village. H: Herb. D: E. Africa. Me& Decoction of roots given to children against constipation, hernia and bloody cough. Lit: P: The leaves and roots gave negative results for antigonoccoal and antifungal screening (Sawhney et al., 1978a,bl.

Cussoniu spicata Thunb. TMRU: 3090. V: Itongati, Mtongati (Pare). L: Mwanga district, Ugweno village. H: Tree. D: E. and S. tropical Africa. Med: Decoction of rootbark drunk against mental illness. Lit: U; Roots: To prevent skin irritation and as an emetic in biliousness (Watt). Leaves: To treat indigestion (Kokwarol. Bark: Against malaria (Watt). C: The gum has been found to be a polymolecular material containing a molecular core of D-galactose residues (Churms and Stephen, 19711. A qualitative analysis of the rootbark indicated the presence of alkaloids, tannins and volatile oils (Chhabra et al., 1984). P: Plant gave negative results for antibiotic tests (Watt).

Cussonia zimmermannii Harms TMRU: 110. V: Mtindi (Sambaal. L: Bagamoyo district, Miono village. H: Tree. D: E. Africa. Med: Roots together with roots of Mmoyomoyo (Deinbollia borbonica Scheff. f., TMRU 29421 cooked with chicken and the soup drunk against hypertensive encephalopathy, postpartum hemorrhage and mental illness. Lit: U: Roots: Against gonorrhoea (Kokwarol, and malaria (Haerdi). Stembark: Against epilepsy and to induce labour (Haerdil.

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BALANOPHORACEAE

Sarcophyte piriei Hutchinson TMRU: 3057. V: Kimpa cha mwerera (Pare). L: Mwanga district, Usangi villaga. H: Underground parasite on Acacia nilotica Del. D: Tropical E. Africa. Med: Decoction of parasite drunk for treating cancer. Lit: C: Phytochemical screening of the plant revealed the presence of anthocyanins, coumarins, tannins and volatile oils (Uiso et al., 19861.

BIGNONIACEAE

Kigelia africana (Lam.1 Benth. TMRU: 1432, 1844. V: Mnyegija (Ndengerekol, Mvungwe (Zigual. L: Bagamoyo district. Chalinze village; Rufiji district, Misimbo village. H: Tree. D: Tropical Africa. Med: Decoction of stembark drunk against abdominal pain, epilepsy and sweeelings. Lit: Hedberg et al., 1982. P: An alcoholic extract of the bark exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Khan et al., 1980; Sawhney et al., 1978al.

Markhamia acuminata (Klotzsch) K. &hum. TMRU: 251. V: Mtawalanda (Zaramol. L: Bagamoyo district, Ubena-zomozi village. H: Tree or shrub. D: E. Africa, S. tropical Africa. Med: Infusion of roots together with those of Mgonyinyi (Clausena unisata (Wild.1 Oliv., TMRU 29791, Mpatikana (Albizia anthelmintica Brongn., TMRU 30351, Mzukizuki (Carpolobia goetzei Giierke, TMRU 28381 and Mhamvi (Byrsocarpus boiwinianus Baill., TMRU 2521 drunk against constipation in children. Lit: U: Bark: To treat syphilis (Kokwarol.

Markhamia obtusifolia (Bak.1 Sprague TMRU: 2934. V: Mkuya (Matumbil. L: Kilosa district, Iwemba-kidodi village. H: Shrub. D: Tropical Africa. Med: Deco&ion of roots drunk to improve eye sight and for conjunctivitis. Lit: Hedberg et al., 1982. P: The stem-juice gave negative results for antimicrobial screening (Chhabra et al., 19811.

Markhamia pubeda (Klotzschl K. &hum. TMRU: 2948. V: Mjenga-ua (Swahili). L: Monogoro rural district, Mtamba- matombo village. H: Tree or shrub. D: E. Africa. Me& Decoction of roots drunk against hernia. Lit: P: The roots gave negative results for antimicrobial screening (Chhabra et al., 1981).

Markhamiu zanzibarica (Boj. ex DC.1 K. Schum. ex Engl. TMRU: 382. V: Moyomoyo (Zaramol, Mtalawanda (Swahili). L: Kisarawe district, Chang’ombe village. H: Tree. D: E. Africa. Med: Deco&ion of roots drunk against pneumonia, abdominal pain and psychiatric problems. Lit: U: Roots: Against oxyuriasis, ascariasis (Haerdil and as an anthelmintic

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(Kokwarol. C: A qualitative analysis of roots indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins (Uiso et al., 19861.

Stereospermum kunthianum Cham. TMRU: 115. V: Mkomanguku (Zaramol. L: Bagamoyo district, Kibindu village. H: Tree. D: Tropical Africa. Me& Decoction of roots drunk and used for bathing to treat headache. Lit: U: Roots: Against venereal diseases (Kokwarol, leprosy and as a cough remedy (Haerdil. Leaves: Against asthenia, general fatigue (Kerharol, and ulcers (Kokwaro).

BORAGINACEAE

Ehre t&z umoenu Klotzsch TMRU: 1767. V: Mkirika, Msimbampuku (Zigual, Lipepele (Ngonil, Mchirika (Dundal, Msasananda (Kaguru). L: Rufiji district, Ikwiriri village. H: Tree. D: E. and S. Africa. Me& Decoction of roots drunk against herina, rectal prolapse, epilepsy, polymenorrhoea, internal swellings, bleeding from nose, mouth and ears, convulsions with fever, pneumonia, tuberculosis, blood diarrhoea, gonorrhoea, bilharzia, hookworm, lower abdominal pains in females, vomiting and for women to conceive. Pounded leaves applied over fresh wounds. Leaves crushed and the liquid drunk against mental illness and to induce mensuration. Lit: Hedberg et al., 1982. C: A qualitative analysis of roots has been reported by Chhabra et al. (19841. P: The aerial part and rootbark exhibited antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus uureus (Khan et al., 1980; Chhabra et al., 19811.

Ehretia bakeri Britten TMRU: 2847. V: Mkakatala (Makondel, Mkirika (Swahili). L: Bagamoyo district, Chalinze vil1age.H: Tree or shrub. D: Tropical Africa. Me& Leaves crushed, squeezed and juice drunk against diarrhoea. Lit: U: Roots: Against gonorrhoea (Kokwarol.

Ehre tia litoralis Giirke TMRU: 212. V: Mdiampofu, Mjampofu (Zigual. L: Bagamoyo district, Msoga village. H: Tree or shrub. D: Tropical Africa. Me& Decoction of roots drunk against abdominal pains and vomiting.

Heliotropium subdatum (DC.1 Martelli TMRU: 2909. V: Msasananda (Kaguru). L: Kilosa district, Urban area. H: Herb. D: Tropical Africa, India. Med: Juice of leaves drunk to induce menstruation. Lit: U: Plant: For post-parturition diseases in women (Kokwarol.

BURSERACEAE

Commiphora africana (A. Rich.1 Engl. TMRU: 33, 1218. V: Malamula, Mntwintwi (Zigual, Mpome (Ngindol,

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Mrimbwi (Makual. L: Bagamoyo district, Mbwewe village; Kibaha district, Misugusugu village. H: Tree or shrub. D: Tropical Africa. Me& Decoction of stembark mixed with that of “Mkokara” drunk against anemia. Decoction of roots drunk against dysmenorrhoea, menorrhagia, blood diarrhoea, dysentery, gonorrhoea, bilharzia, leprosy, arthritis, vomiting, as aphrodisiac and to prevent abortion. Also for cervical and rectal prolapse together with an application of a pad soaked in juice from squeezed leaves on vagina or anus. Lit: Hedberg et al., 1982. C: Phytochemical screening of the stembark revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins and tannins (Uiso et al., 1986). P: An alcoholic extract of the stembark showed antigonococcal activity (Sawhney et al., 1978al.

Commiphora ptdeifoliu Engl. TMRU: 561. V: Mtuntwi (Zigual. L: Bagamoyo district, Kibaha village. H: Tree or shrub. D: E. Africa and Southern Africa. Me& Decoction of roots drunk against rectal and cervical prolapse. Lit: Hedberg et al., 1982.

CAESALPINIACEAE

Afielia quanzensis Welw. TMRU: 1222, 1256. V: Maharongome (Makual, Mkongo (Zaramo). L: Bagamoyo district, Chalinze village; Rufiji district, Masimbo village. H: Tree. D: E. and Southern Africa. Me& Leaves pounded, filtered and the juice used as eye drops for conjunctivitis. Stembark powdered, mixed with porridge and eaten to prevent abortion. Lit: U: Roots: Against snake bite and as an aphrodisiac (Kokwarol. Bark: Against pneumonia and malaria (Haerdil. C: Crepenynic acid and 14,15-dehydrocrepenynic acid have been isolated and identified from the seed oil (Gunstone et al., 1967).

Brachystegia boehmii Taub TMRU: 3121. V: Mvomaro (Pare), Myombo (Swahili). L: Morogoro district, Turiani village. H: Tree. D: E. and Southern Africa. Me& Decoction of roots with that of Msegese Piliostigma thonningii Milne-Redh., TMRU 5871 drunk against sterility in females. Lit: U: Bark: Against malaria and wounds (Haerdil. C: Phytochemical analysis of the roots revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and saponins (Uiso et al., 19861.

Brachystegiu spiciformis Benth. TMRU: 75, 1954. V: Myombo (Swahili). L: Bagamoyo district, Tukamisasa- Chalinze village; Rufiji district, Mchukwi village. H: Tree. D: E. and Southern Africa. Med: Decoction of roots together with an infusion of leaves drunk against psychiatric cases. Lit: U: Bark: Against menorrhagia, bilharzia (Haerdil, and conjunctivitis (Watt).

Caesalpinia volkensii Harms TMRU: 3093. V: Mvoro (Pare). L: Mwanga district, Mwanga village. H:

269

Shrub. D: E. Africa. Me& Decoction of leaves drunk against malaria. Lit: U: Roots: As an aphrodisiac (Kokwarol. C: A qualitative analysis of the roots indicated the presence of alkaloids and flavonoids (Chhabra et al., 1984).

Cash abbreviata Oliv. TMRU: 2938, 3023. V: Mahemba, Mhumba (Zigua). Mkenekene (Matumbil, Mkundekunde (Ndengereko, Swahili), Mmulimuli (Kimbul. L: Bagamoyo district, Mbwewe village; Kilosa district, Masanze village. H: Tree or shrub. D: E. and Southern Africa. Me& Decoction of roots drunk against abdominal pain, dysentery, fever, malaria, hernia, wounds, syphilis, impotency and for snake bite. Lit: Hedberg et al., 1982. C: Sennosides have been found in the roots (Babash et al., 1985). P: The roots showed antibacterial activity (Khan et al., 1980; Sawhney et al., 1978al.

Cassiu absus L. TMRU: 2806. V: Mlutulutu (Swahili). L: Kinondoni district, Bunju village. H: Herb. D: E. Africa and tropics of the Old World. Me& Decoction of roots drunk to neutralize the effect of devils. Lit: U: Leaves: Against syphilis (Kokwarol. Seeds: For ophthalmia (Chopral, asthma and hiccough (Watt). C: A number of anthraquinones have been isolated from the roots and leaves (Rae et al., 19791. Seeds have been investigated for terpenoids (Johnson, 1958) and amino acids (Kamal and Mahammad, 1967). P: Mucilage from the seeds has been used for the preparation of medicaments useful for soothing digestive mucous tissues (Laboratories H. Faure S. A., 1973).

Cassiu afrofistuh Brenan TMFU: 1438. V: Mkundekunde (Ngindo, Swahili); Mlundalunda (Nyamwezil. L: Bagamoyo district, Pingo-Chalinze village. H: Tree or shrub. D: E. Africa. Me& Decoction of roots drunk against bilharzia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, hernia and abdominal pain. Lit: Hedberg et al., 1982.

Cassiu alata L. TMRU: 3031. V: Mchingu (Zaramol. L: Ilala district, Upanga area. H: Shrub or herb. D: E. Africa, pantropical, originally from South America. Med: Powdered dry leaves added to tea or soup and drunk as a purgative. Lit: U: Leaves: For skin diseases (Chopra; Kokwaro; Watt). Plant: Against leprosy and snake bite (Watt). C: Anthraquinones have been isolated from the leaves (Rao et al., 1975; Harrison and Garro, 1977; Rai, 19781, and roots (Tiwari and Yadava, 1971; Villaroya and Bernal-Santos, 19761. P: Animal experiments showed laxative action of the leaves (Toledo, 19491. An alcoholic extract of the plant produced histologically demonstrable damage to Sarcoma 37 (Belkin et al., 19521.

Cassiu auricul4zta L. TMRU: 2444. V: Ntonguru (Sukumal. L: Rufiji district, Mkongo village. H: Tree or shrub. D: E. Africa and tropical Asia. Med: Powdered dry stembark

270

mixed with water and drunk against constipation. Lit: U: Roots: For skin diseases. Seeds. For ophthalmia, conjunctivitis, diabetes and chylous urine (Chopra). C: Quinones, terpenoids and flavonoids have been isolated from the pod husk, leaves and flowers (Lohar et al., 1981a,b; Varshney and Gupta, 1972, 1973; Reddy et al., 1972). P: Causes of side effects, mainly irritation of the intestinal mucosa, due to overdose of the extracts of the plant have been studied by Gunther (1966). Bark showed antifungal activity against Tricophyton mentagrophytes (Sawhney et al., 1978b).

Cassia burttii Bak. f. TMRU: 131. V: Mkwizingi (Zaramo). L: Ilala district, Tabata village. H: Tree or shrub. D: E. Africa. Me& Powdered rootbark and decoction of roots added to porridge and eaten against constipation, amenorrhoea and hookworm. Lit: U: Roots: As vermifuge against ascariasis (Haerdi).

Cask exilis Vatke TMRU: 1681. V: Mnindimila (Zaramo). L: Kinondoni district, Wazo-boko village. H: Herb. D: E. Africa. Me& Fresh leaves pounded and liquid drunk against fever.

Cassia occidentalis L. TMRU: 555, 2823, 2896. V: Kundekunde, Mlingajini (Zaramo), Mwambala simba (Zigua). L: Bagamoyo district, Miono village; Ilala district, Gongolamboto village; Kinondoni district, Bunju village. H: Herb. D: E. Africa, pantropical, possibly originating from tropical America. Med: Decoction of roots drunk against hernia, dysmenorrhoea and streility in females. Lit: U: Roots: Against enteralgia (Kerharo) and snake bite (Chopra). Leaves: Against fever, kidney troubles and snake bite (Kokwaro; Watt). C: A number of anthraquinones have been isolated and identified from the leaves (Anton and Dupuenois, 1968; Tiwari and Singh, 1977), roots (La1 and Gupta, 1973; Rai.and Shok, 1983). flowers (Niranjan and Gupta, 1973), and seeds (La1 and Gupta, 1974). P: Toxicology of seeds poisoning which causes myopathy in cattle, chickens, Shetland ponies and rabbits has been studied (O’Hara and Pierce, 1974; Hebert et al., 1983). Fresh seeds showed an antibiotic action (Gaind et al., 1966).

Cassiu pe tersiana Bolle TMRU: 284, 387, 1877. V: Kundekunde (Swahili, Zaramo). L: Kisarawe district, Chole, Kiparanganda and Mkuranga villages. H: Tree or shrub. D: Tropical Africa. Me& Decoction of roots drunk against constipation, headache, abdominal pain, dysentery and epilepsy. Lit: Plant: For gonorrhoea, haematuria, sterility and stomach complaints (Watt).

Cassia &mea Lam. TMRU: 2952. V: Msaji (Swahili). L: Kinondoni district, Magomeni-makuti village. H: Tree. D: Native to tropical Asia, cultivated in E. Africa. Med:

271

Decoction of rootbark drunk against hernia. Lit: C: Plant has been extensively studied for the constituents (anthraquinones, flavonoids, triterpenoidsl present in it (Arora et al., 1971; Rai, 1977; Ahn et al., 1978; Wagner et al., 19781. P: The roots gave negative tests for antibacterial studies (Chhabra et al., 19811.

Cassia singueana Del. TMRU: 1857, 2900. V: Mhumba (Zigual. L: Bagamoyo district, Chalinze and Miono villages. H: Tree or shrub. D: Tropical Africa and Comoro Is. Med: Decoction of roots drunk against abdominal pains, hernia and fever. Lit: U: Hedberg et al., 1982. C: Anthraquinones have been isolated and identified from the roots and seeds (Ferreira and Alves, 1968; Roque de Silva et al., 1974; Endo and Naoki, 19801. P: Singueanol I, II, torosachrysone and germichrysone obtained from the plant inhibited gram-positive bacterial growth and relaxed barium chloride-contracted guinea pig colon (Endo and Naoki, 19801.

Piliostigma thonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh. TMRU: 375, 587. V: Msegese (Swahili). L: Bagamoyo district, Kibindu and Miono villages. H: Tree. D: Tropical Africa. Med: Decoction of roots drunk against stomachache, rectal prolapse, menorrhagia, nausea, sterility in females, and tropical and malignant ulcers. Lit: U: Leaves: Against snake bite (Kokwarol and diarrhoea (Haerdil. Bark: Against gonorrhoea (Kokwaro; Watt). C: Flavonoids have been isolated and characterized from the leaves (Bombardelli et al., 19731

Tamarindus indica L. TMRU: 2049, 2268, 2432. V: Mkwaju (Swahili, Zaramo, Zigual, Mkwazu (Zigual. L: Bagamoyo district, Kibaha, Masimbani and Miono villages. H: Tree. D: Tropics of the Old World. Med: Leaves crushed and juice drunk against blood diarrhoea. Decoction of roots drunk against distended painful adbomen and dysentery. Lit: U: Hedberg et al., 1982. C: Flavone-C-glycosides have been isolated from the seeds and leaves (Lewis and Neelakantan, 1964; Bhatia et al., 19661. P: The leaves showed antibacterial activity against gram- positive cocci and bacilli (Solis, 1969; Chhabra et al., 19811. In human urine, tamarind seed caused a modest reduction in the amount of calcium oxalate precipitation (Croft et al., 19831.

Tylosema fussoglensis (Schweinf.1 Torre & Hillc. TMRU: 2910. V: Mpaha (Kagurul. L: Kilosa district, Masanze village. H: Climbing herb. D: E. and Central tropical Africa. Med: Leaves squeezed and the liquid used as drops for otitis media. Also plant is used to treat diarrhoea. Lit: U: Roots: Against diarrhoea (Kokwarol.

CANELLACEAE

Warburgia stuhlmannii Engl. TMRU: 402. V: Bamba, Langali (Zaramol. L: Bagamoyo district, Mwavi

272

village. H: Tree. D: E. Africa, apparently endemic in the coastal provinces. Med: Exudate from the plant mixed with egg, boiled and drunk for constipation. Lit: U: Bark: For toothache and rheumatism (Kokwaro). C: Warburganal, ugandensidial, polygodial (Kubo et al., 1976) and mukaadial (Kubo et al., 1983) have been isolated from the bark and their structures determined by spectral and chemical correlation. P: Warburganol, ugandensidial and polygodial exhibited strong anfifeedant activities against African armyworms (Kubo et al., 1976) while mukaadial showed molluscicidal activity (Kubo et al., 1983).

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Mr. C.O. Kyalawa, Traditional Medicine Research Unit and Mr. B. Mhoro, Department of Botany for their assistance in the field and to Dr. K. Mtotomwema, Department of Botany, Universit,y of Dar es Salaam for assisting in identification of plants.

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