21
Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 39 (1993) 83- 103 Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd. 83 Plants used in traditional medicine in Eastern Tanzania. VI. Angiosperms (Sapotaceae to Zingiberaceae) SC. Chhabra”, R.L.A. ~ahunnahb and E.N. Mshiub “Chemistry Department, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844 Nairobi (Kenya) and ‘Traditional Medicine Research Unit, Muhimbili Medical Centre, University of Dar es Salaam, P. 0. Box 65001. Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) (Received November 20, 1991; revision received December 10, 1992; accepted December 12, 1992) Fifty-three Angiosperm species (Sapotaceae to Zingiberaceae), which are used by traditional healers in five regions of Eastern Tanzania (Coast, Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro and Tanga) are listed. For each species, the botanical name, vernacular name, collection number, locality, habit, geographic distribution and medicinal uses are given. Additionally, information from the literature on medicinal uses, chemical constituents and pharmacological effects are also provided. Data analysis and conclusions to cover all the six parts of the papers previously published are presented. Key words: medicinal plants; traditional medicine; herbal medicine; angiosperms: chemical constituents; pha~acological effects Introduction Parts I-V of this series (Chhabra et al., 1987, 1989, 1990a, 1990b, 1991) listed 352 plants com- prising the Pteridophytes and Angiosperms, the latter from Acanthaceae to Sapindaceae, used by traditional healers in five regions of Eastern Tan- zania, namely, Coast, Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro and Tanga. This paper completes the report on the results of our investigation on the plants used in traditional medicine in Eastern Tan- zania and includes 53 species belonging to the families Sapotaceae to Zingiberaceae (in alpha- betical order). For the convenience of the readers, the following abbreviations are used: Syn: Synonym(s). TMRU: (followed by number): Collection num- ber (TMRU = Traditional Medicine Re- search Unit). v: Vernacular name (followed by the name of the tribe or language). The vernacular names are those given by the healers and within the parentheses the name of the tribe to which the healer belongs or the language which he speaks. L: Locality. Correspondence to: S.C. Chhabra, Chemistry Department, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844 Nairobi, Kenya. H: Habit. D: Distribution. Med: Plant part used, preparation of remedy and medicinal use. In some cases the healers mixed parts from several dif- ferent plants when preparing the reme- dy. These plants are noted by their vernacular names. The corresponding botanical name is given only when a TMRU specimen could be collected and identified. Lit: Literature. u: Reported uses. C: Reported constituents. p: Reported pha~acological effects. The following frequently cited references will be referred to by abbreviated citations as follows: Chopra = Chopra et al. (1956); Haerdi = Haerdi (1964); Hedberg = Hedberg et al. (1983); Kokw- aro = Kokwaro (1976); Nadkarni = Nadkarni (1976); Watt = Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962). SAPOTACEAE Munilkara sansibarensis (Engl.) Dubard TMRU: 1675. V: Mwongala (Zaramo). L: Kinon- doni district, Bunju-Wazo village. I-E Tree. D: Kenya, Tanzania; Mozambique. Med: The fresh roots are pounded with water and the liquid drunk 037%8741/93/%06.00 0 1993 Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd. Printed and Published in Ireland

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Page 1: Plants used in traditional medicine in Eastern Tanzania. VI. Angiosperms (Sapotaceae to Zingiberaceae)

Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 39 (1993) 83- 103 Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd.

83

Plants used in traditional medicine in Eastern Tanzania. VI. Angiosperms (Sapotaceae to Zingiberaceae)

SC. Chhabra”, R.L.A. ~ahunnahb and E.N. Mshiub

“Chemistry Department, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844 Nairobi (Kenya) and ‘Traditional Medicine Research Unit, Muhimbili Medical Centre, University of Dar es Salaam, P. 0. Box 65001. Dar es Salaam (Tanzania)

(Received November 20, 1991; revision received December 10, 1992; accepted December 12, 1992)

Fifty-three Angiosperm species (Sapotaceae to Zingiberaceae), which are used by traditional healers in five regions of Eastern Tanzania (Coast, Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro and Tanga) are listed. For each species, the botanical name, vernacular name, collection number, locality, habit, geographic distribution and medicinal uses are given. Additionally, information from the literature on medicinal uses, chemical constituents and pharmacological effects are also provided. Data analysis and conclusions to cover all the six parts of the papers previously published are presented.

Key words: medicinal plants; traditional medicine; herbal medicine; angiosperms: chemical constituents; pha~acological effects

Introduction

Parts I-V of this series (Chhabra et al., 1987, 1989, 1990a, 1990b, 1991) listed 352 plants com- prising the Pteridophytes and Angiosperms, the latter from Acanthaceae to Sapindaceae, used by traditional healers in five regions of Eastern Tan- zania, namely, Coast, Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro and Tanga. This paper completes the report on the results of our investigation on the plants used in traditional medicine in Eastern Tan- zania and includes 53 species belonging to the families Sapotaceae to Zingiberaceae (in alpha- betical order). For the convenience of the readers, the following abbreviations are used:

Syn: Synonym(s). TMRU: (followed by number): Collection num-

ber (TMRU = Traditional Medicine Re- search Unit).

v: Vernacular name (followed by the name of the tribe or language). The vernacular names are those given by the healers and within the parentheses the name of the tribe to which the healer belongs or the language which he speaks.

L: Locality.

Correspondence to: S.C. Chhabra, Chemistry Department, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844 Nairobi, Kenya.

H: Habit. D: Distribution. Med: Plant part used, preparation of remedy

and medicinal use. In some cases the healers mixed parts from several dif- ferent plants when preparing the reme- dy. These plants are noted by their vernacular names. The corresponding botanical name is given only when a TMRU specimen could be collected and identified.

Lit: Literature. u: Reported uses. C: Reported constituents. p: Reported pha~acological effects.

The following frequently cited references will be referred to by abbreviated citations as follows: Chopra = Chopra et al. (1956); Haerdi = Haerdi (1964); Hedberg = Hedberg et al. (1983); Kokw- aro = Kokwaro (1976); Nadkarni = Nadkarni (1976); Watt = Watt and Breyer-Brandwijk (1962).

SAPOTACEAE

Munilkara sansibarensis (Engl.) Dubard TMRU: 1675. V: Mwongala (Zaramo). L: Kinon- doni district, Bunju-Wazo village. I-E Tree. D: Kenya, Tanzania; Mozambique. Med: The fresh roots are pounded with water and the liquid drunk

037%8741/93/%06.00 0 1993 Elsevier Scientific Publishers Ireland Ltd. Printed and Published in Ireland

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against pains of the limbs. Lit: U: Roofs: Against gonorrhoea, syphilis and constipation (Kokwaro). Stembark: Against pneumonia (Kokwaro).

Mimusops fiuticosa Bojer ex DC.

TMRU: 2966. V: Mgama (Zigua). L: Bagamoyo district, Miono village. I-L Tree. D: Tropical Africa. Med: The root decoction is drunk against gonorrhoea and bilharzia.

Pachystela brevipes (Baker) Engl. TMRU: 1134. V: Mkozongo (Luguru). L:

Morogoro rural district, Kinoli-kalundwa village. H: Tree. D: Tropical Africa. Med: The stembark decoction is drunk for the treatment of general

swellings. Lit: U: Roots: Against malaria, coughs, catarrh and as an aphrodisiac (Haerdi). Leaves: Against ancylostomiasis (Haerdi).

Sideroxylon inerme L. TMRU: 474. V: Mnungu (Zigua). L: Bagamoyo district, Chalinze-Pingo village. H: Tree or shrub. D: Tropical East Africa. Me& The dried powdered roots are mixed with porridge and eaten for the treatment of conjunctivitis, hernia, coughs and paralysis. Lit: U: Stembark: As an emetic (Watt). C: Cinnamic acid, kaempferol and leucoantho-

cyanins have been isolated and characterized from the leaves (Hegnauer, 1973).

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Lindernia insularis Skan TMRU: 3107. V: Kikulangumbi (Pare). L: Mwanga district, Ugweno village. H: Herb. D: Tropical Africa. Med: The whole plant decoction is drunk against asthma. Lit: U: Leaves: Against hernia (Kokwaro). C: A phytochemical screening of the herb revealed the presence of carotenoids, coumarins, reducing compounds, steroids/triter-

penoids and volatile oils (Chhabra et al., 1984).

SIMAROUBACEAE

Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv.

TiVlRU: 148, 1738, 1787. V: Mkunzu (Zigua), Mkusu (Sambaa, Swahili, Zigua). L: Bagamoyo district, Chalinze-Mdaula and Mbwewe villages; Kibaha district, Vigwaza village. H: Shrub. D:

Tropical Africa. Med: The root decoction is drunk against hernia, bilharzia, gonorrhoea, menor- rhagia, pleurisy and as an aphrodisiac. Roots are cooked with Kunde [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp., TMRU: 28091 and the soup given for consumption

in case of general body weakness and conjunc- tivitis. An infusion of the leaves with lemon juice is drunk against asthma. Lit: U: Roots: Against

stomach aches (Hedberg), dysmenorrhoea, malaria (Haerdi), fever, vomiting, bubonic plague (Kokwaro) and ancylostomiasis (Watt). C: Chromones and limonoids (Kubo et al., 1976; Liu et al., 1981,1982; Okorie, 1982; Hassanali et al., 1986; Balde et al., 1987) and tetranortriterpenoids

(Hassanali et al., 1987; Balde et al., 1988) have been isolated from the roots and their structures elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic means. P: The root extract has given negative antimalarial tests (Spencer et al., 1947). Harrisonin obtained

from the roots has shown antifeedant, cytotoxic and antibacterial properties (Kubo et al., 1976) whereas limonoids and tetranortriterpenoids have been found as insect antifeedants (Liu et al.,

1981,1982; Hassanali et al., 1986,1987). An alco- holic extract of the rootbark has shown an an- timicrobial activity (Sawhney et al., 1978a,b; Khan

et al., 1980; Chhabra et al., 1981,1982).

SMILACACEAE

Smilax kraussiana Meisn.

TlVIRU: 3117. V: Rumatwa (Zigua). L: Morogoro

rural district, Turiani village. H: Climbing shrub. D: Tropical and South Africa. Med: The root decoction is drunk against asthma. Lit: U: Roots. Against tooth aches (Haerdi), infertility (Kokwaro), coughs, venereal diseases and as a diuretic (Watt). Leaves: For the treatment of

wounds (Haerdi; Watt), amoebic dysentery (Haer- di) and eye troubles (Kokwaro). C: A phyto- chemical screening of the roots indicates the presence of flavonoids and tannins (Chhabra and

Uiso, 1990).

SOLANACEAE

Capsicum jirutescens L. TMRU: 556. V: Pilipili-kichaa (Swahili). L:

Kibaha district, Picha-ndege village. H: Herb. D: Tropics, cultivated and sometimes naturalized. Med: A decoction of the roots of this plant, together with those of Mkwambe [Flueggea virosa (Willd.) Voigt, TMRU 5571, Mkusu (Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv., TMRU 558) and Mshwee [Lantana viburnoides (Forsk.) Vahl, TMRU 5591, is drunk in case of convulsions in children. Lit: U: Leaves: Against plague (Watt). Fruits: Against nausea, indigestion (Kokwaro), back pains, rheumatism, swollen feet, as an insecticide and

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85

stomachic (Watt). C: Ascorbic acid, protein and capsaicinoid compounds of the fruits have been determined by gas and high-performance liquid chromatography (Ogunmodede, 1979; Jurenitsch, 1981). Capsidiol (Hegnauer, 1973), capsaicin (Flor, 1954; Csedo et al., 1960), hydroxybenzoic acid and hydroxycinnamic acid (Scholz and Herr- mann, 1980) have been isolated and characterized from the fruits. Terpene hydrocarbons and oxy- genated derivatives from volatile oils of the fruits have been identified (Haymon and Aurand, 1971; Keller et al., 1981). P: Capsaicin showed bacterio- static activity against several bacterial species, especially against Bacillus cereus and B. subtilis (Gal, 1968; Abdou et al., 1972). It has been demonstrated in experimental animals that the fruits act as a promotor in stomach and liver car- cinogenesis (Agarwal et al., 1986). The fruits showed a lipotrope-like activity in rats (Sambaiah and Satyanarayana, 1982).

Solanum incanum L. TMRU: 909. V: Nyanyaporini (Swahili). L: Ilala district, Gongolamboto village. I-B Shrub or woody herb. D: North tropical and Southwest Africa, India. Med: The root decoction together with the leaf juice is drunk against muscle cramps. Lit: U: Roots: Against diarrhoea (Hedberg), gonorrhoea, vomiting (Haerdi), dyspepsia, tooth- aches (Kokwaro), abdominal pains, carbuncle and syphilis (Watt). Leaves: Against snake bites (Watt). C: Steroidal alkaloids and triterpenoids have been isolated from the berries and their struc- tures determined (Lin et al., 1986,1988). P: The fruits have shown an antifungal activity (Sawhney et al., 1978b) and an antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (Khan et al., 1980). Carpesterol obtained from the fresh berries has shown liver protective effect (Lin et al., 1988). Solasodin glycoside obtained from the unripe fruits has been shown to be toxic (Hegnauer, 1973).

STERCULIACEAE

Dombeya burgessiae Gerr. ex. Harv. TMRU: 2885. V: Mfurufuru (Chagga). L: Moshi rural district, Kibosho village. H: Shrub. D: East and South Africa. Med: The leaf decoction is drunk as an antimalarial, while the crushed leaves are applied over the affected area against leprosy. Lit: U: Roots: For stomach pains (Kokwaro). C: A qualitative analysis of the leaves revealed the presence of polyuronoids and steroids/triterpen- oids (Chhabra et al., 1984).

Dombeya cincinnata K. Schum. TMRU: 169, 181, 1724. V: Mnwati (Zigua), Msosowawana (Zaramo). L: Bagamoyo district, Kibindu, Ruvu and Msoga villages. H: Tree. D: East and South tropical Africa. Med: The root decoction is drunk against vomiting, abdominal pains, coughs with chest pains and to facilitate conception. Lit: U: Roots: Against dysmenorrhoea (Hedberg) and witchcraft (Kokwaro; Watt).

Dombeya quinqueseta (Del.) Exe11 TMRU: 3120. V: Mluwati (Swahili). L: Morogoro rural district, Turiani village. I-R Tree. D: Tropical Africa, Madagascar. Med: The rootbark decoction is drunk against schistosomiasis. Lit: U: Roots: For stomach aches (Kokwaro). C: A qualitative analysis of the rootbark indicates the absence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins (Chhabra and Uiso, 1990).

Dombeya rotundifolia (Hochst.) Planch. Syn: Dombeya reticulata K. Schum. TMRU: 1504. V: Mjata (Zigua). L: Bagamoyo district, Mbwewe village. H: Tree or shrub. D: Tropical Africa. Med: The root decoction is rubbed on the whole body to get rid of evil effects of witchcraft. Lit: U: Roots: Against rheumatism, diarrhoea (Kokwaro), ab- dominal pains, colic and as a tonic (Watt). Stem- bark: For intestinal ulceration, irregular menses, headaches, hemorrhagia, diarrhoea and as an abortifacient (Watt).

Dombeya shupangae K. Schum. TMRU: 269, 578, 1411. V: Mhati (Swahili), Mkirika, Mnwati (Zigua), Msosoana (Zaramo). L: Bagamoyo district, Chalinze village; Kisarawe district, Mzenga and Sungwi villages. H: Tree. D: East and South tropical Africa. Med: The root decoction is drunk in case of abdominal pains, ir- regular menses and together with the young roots to cause abortion. Lit: U: Roots: Against amenor- rhoea (Hedberg). Leaves: For wounds and to pre- vent an abortion (Kokwaro). P: The leaves gave a negative result in antifungal and antigonococcal tests (Sawhney et al., 1978a,b).

Melhania velutina Forsk. TMRU: 18. V: Suntang’andu (Zaramo). L: Bagamoyo district, Kibindu village. H: Perennial herb. D: Tropical Africa, Madagascar. Med: The fresh leaves are crushed, then squeezed and the juice drunk for family planning. Lit: U: Leaves. Against diarrhoea (Kokwaro). P: The leaves gave a negative result in antifungal and antigonococcal tests (Sawhney et al., 1978a,b).

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Sterculiu africana (Lour.) Fiori TMRU: 93. V: Moza (Zaramo). L: Kibaha urban district, Maili-moja village. H: Tree. D: Tropical Africa. Med: A decoction of the roots is drunk against backaches, vertigo and hernia, its infusion as an aphrodisiac. Lit: U: Roots, stembark and leaves: For fever and influenza (Kokwaro). C: The chief fatty acid of the seed oil has been identified as sterculic acid (Hegnauer, 1973).

~ter~u~ia append~~lata K. Schum. TMRU: 17463140. V: Mgude (Swahili, Zigua). L: Bagamoyo district, Chalinze village; Rufiji district, Ikwiriri village. H: Tree. D: Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique. Med: The stembark decoction is drunk against diabetes, while the root decoction against diarrhoea. The leaves are pounded with water and the liquid drunk against cardiac pains. Lit: U: Stembark: Against abdominal pains (Hedberg), snake bites (Haerdi) and cerebral palsy (Kokwaro). Roots: Against bloody diarrhoea (Hedberg). C: A qualitative analysis of the stem- bark indicates the presence of alkaloids, flavo- noids and tannins (Chhabra and Uiso, 1990).

Stew&a stenocarpa H. Winkier TMRti 3112. V: Muhoja (Pare). L: Mwanga district, Lembeni village. H: Tree. D: East Africa. Medz The leaves are pounded with water, then squeezed and the juice applied over the affected area to treat leprosy. Lit: C: A qualitative analysis of the leaves revealed the presence of flavonoids and tannins (Chhabra and Uiso, 1990).

Waltheria indica L. Syn: Waltheria americana L. TMRU: 107. V: Numvu, Suntang’andu (Zaramo). L: Bagamoyo district, Kiwanga village. H: Herb. D: Tropics and subtropics. Med: The leaves are pounded with water and the liquid drunk in case of bloody diar- rhoea. Lit: U: Leaves: For wounds, convulsions (Hedberg) and syphilis (Haerdi~. Roots: Against syphilis (Haerdi) and eyeaches (Kokwaro). C: Pep- tide alkaloids called adouetines X, Y, Y ’ and Z have been isolated from the roots and their struc- tures determined by chemical and spectroscopic means (Pais et al., 1963,1968). Anthocyanins, pelargonidin and cyanidin glycosides have been isolated from the petals and characterized by spec- troscopic methods (Ogbede et al., 1986). P: Adouetin Z has shown no antipyretic activity but induced hypothermia and sedation at low dose lev- els and hyperexcitability at high levels (Hedberg). The flowers have been shown to have an an- tifungal activity (Sawhney et al., 1978b).

STILAGINACEAE

Antidesma membrana~e~ Muell-Arg. TMRU: 3018. V: Iramba, Ikararata (Pare), Ngetzi (Chagga). L: Moshi rural district, Kirua village. H: Tree or shrub. D: Tropical Africa. Med: The powdered seeds are eaten against roundworms. Lit: U: Roots: Against pneumonia, kwashiorkor and mouth ulcers (Kokwaro). Stembark: To treat wounds (Kokwaro).

Antidesma venosum Tul. TMRU: 978, 2309, 2904. V: Inyamaza (Vidunda), Mjembajemba, Mnyembelezuwa (Zaramo), Mtan- da na mbingu (Ndengereko). L: Kinondoni district, Kijitonyama village; Rufiji district, Mkongo-Ruwe and Namanjenga villages. I-E Tree or shrub. D: Tropical and South Africa. Medz The root deco&ion is drunk against uterine prolapse, abdominal pains, dysmenorrhoea, gonorrhoea, bilharzia, malaria, purulent coughs in children, bleeding from fresh cuts, to facilitate conception and for the expulsion of retained placenta. In case of anasarca, the roots and leaves are boiled with water and the steam used as a bath. The dried powdered stembark is taken either as a tea or in a porridge in case of hernia. Lit: U: Roots: For snake bites and hookworms (Kokwaro). Seeds: For liver complaints (Kokwaro). Leaves: Together with twigs and roots against abdominal pains (Kokwaro).

TACCACEAE

Tacca ~eontopetalo~des (L.) 0. Kuntze TMRU: 901. V: Mulanga (Zaramo). L: Ilala district, Gongolamboto village. H: Herb. D: Trop- ical and subtropical Africa, South Asia, Madagascar, Mascarene Island. Me& The roots and the leaves are put in fire and the oozing liquid is used as ear drops for pains of the middle ear. Lit: U: Roots: As a vermifuge especially against round- worm (Kokwaro). C: @-Sitosterol, cery1 alcohol and taccalin have been isolated from the tubers and their structures determined by chemical methods (Scheuer et al., 1963).

THYMELAEACEAE

~ynaptoiepis a~tern~olia Oliv. TMRU: 2313,2753. V: Mlambe (Ndengereko). L: Rufiji district, Ruwemkongo and Utete villages. I-L Shrub. D: Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe. Med: The dried powdered leaves are mixed with porridge and eaten in case of constipa-

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87

lion. The leaf juice is used as ear drops for pains of the middle ear. Lit: U: Roots: As a purgative (Kokwaro).

Synaptoiepis kirkii Oliv. TMRU: 1011. V: Mjanungu (Swahili). L: Kisarawe district, Pugu village. H: Liane. D: Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, South Africa. Med: The dried powdered inner part of roots in tea are taken in case of constipation and as an aphrodisiac. Lit: U: Roots: Against snake bites (Kokwaro) and epilepsy (Watt).

TILIACEAE

Carpodiptera africana Mast. TMRU: 1478. V: Mkangolo (Makonde). L: Morogoro district, Ngerengere-Matuli village. H: Tree. D: East Africa, Moz~bique. Md: The roots and stembark infusion is drunk and also used to wash the face and eyes against eye troubles. The root decoction is drunk as an aphrodisiac.

Grewia &color Juss. TMRU: 572. V: Mkele (Zaramo), Mkole {Zigua). L: Bagamoyo district, Ruvu village. H: Tree or shrub. D: Tropical and subtropical Africa, Arabia, India. Me& The root decoction is drunk in case of mental illness, hernia, female sterility, coughs, convulsions and vaginal and rectal prolapse. Lit: U: Roofs: For chest complaints (Kokwaro; Watt), snake bites and colds (Kokwaro). C: Triterpene esters and glycosides have been isolated and iden- tified from the leaves and stems (Jaspers et al., 1986). P: The roots gave a negative result in an- tibacterial tests (Chhabra et al., 1981).

Grewia fallax K. Schum. TMRU: 2068, 3108. V: Mlawa (Pare), Mkarati (Ndengereko). L: Rufiji district, ~biti-Mjawa village. H: Shrub. D: Tropical Africa. Medr The root decoction is drunk to prevent abortion and for the treatment of hiccups. Lit: U: Roots: Against snake bites (Kokwaro). C: A phyto- chemical screening of the roots revealed the presence of anthracene glycosides, coumarins, fla- vonoids and tannins (Chhabra et al., 1984).

Grewia forbesii Harv. ex Mast. TMRU: 47. V: Mkongodeka (Zigua). L: Kibaha urban district, Vigwaza village. H: Tree or shrub. D: East Africa. Md: The dried powdered root, as a tea, is taken as an aphrodisiac, its decoction against leprosy. Lit: U: Leaves: Against bloody di-

arrhoea (Hedberg) and malaria (Haerdi). Roofs: Against lumbago, stiff neck (Kokwaro), ascariasis and as an aphrodisiac (Haerdi). P: The stembark and roots showed an antimicrobial activity (Sawhney et al., 1978b; Khan et al., 1980).

Grewia herbacea Welw. ex Hiern TMRU: 7 1. V: Msosowana (Zigua). L: Bagamoyo district, Chalinze village. I-L Shrub. D: Tanzania, Nigeria, Zaire, Angola, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mo~mbique. Med: The rootbark decoction is drunk for the treatment of diarrhoea.

Grewia microcarpa K. Schum. TMRU: 1703. V: Mkwaya (Zaramo), Mchwili (Ndengereko). L: Rufiji district, Kibiti village. I-L Shrub. D: Tanzania, Zaire, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique. Med: The root decoction or the leaf juice is drunk against coughs.

Grewia plagiophylia K. Schum. TMRU: 456. V: Mkole (Swahili), Makore (Zaramo). L: Kisarawe district, Mzenga village. H: Tree. D: Tanzania, Kenya, South Africa. Med: An infusion of the leaves and the roots is drunk in case of abdominal pains and diarrhoea. Lit: U: Leaves: To treat mental illness (Hedberg) and stomach aches (Kokwaro). Roots: Against kidney troubles, gonorrhoea (Kokwaro) and bubonic plaque (Watt).

Grewia stuhlmannii K. Schum. TMRU: 237, 1530. V: Mfuleta, Mkongodeka (Zigua). L: Bagamoyo district, Maku~nge and Lugoba villages. H: Shrub. D: East Africa. Med: The roots are cooked with chicken meat and the soup drunk for the treatment of psychiatric dis- orders. The root decoction is drunk in case of fever. Lit: I? The roots tested negative against bac- teria (Sawhney et al., 1978a,b).

Grewia villosa Willd. TMRU: 3184. V: Mangura (Pare). L: Mwanga district, Ugweno-Mwaniko village. H: Shrub. D: Subtropical Africa, Cape Verde Island, Arabia, India. Med: The root decoction is drunk against asthma. Lit: U: Roofs: Against stomach aches (Kokwaro) and diarrhoea (Nadkarni). Leaves: For eyeaches and spleen troubles (Kokwaro). Stem- bark: Against gonorrhoea (Chopra; Nadkarni). C: Quinovic acid, @-sitosterol-3-O-glucoside and har- man alkaloids have been isolated from the roots and characterized by chromatographic and spec- troscopic techniques (Bashir et al., 1982,1986, 1987).

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Tri~fetta rhomboidea Jacq. TMRU: 1834, 3253. V: Mfungang’ombe (Zigua); Mboshoko (Pare). L: Bagamoyo district, Mbwewe-Kimange village; Kinondoni district, Mwenge village. H: Herb. D: Tropics and sub- tropics. Med: The leaves are pounded with water and the liquid drunk against anaemia. The root in- fusion or decoction is drunk in case of bloody di- arrhoea, amenorrhoea, vomiting and as an an- tispasmodic. Lit: U: Roots: For the treatment of toothaches, circumcision wounds (Kokwaro), in- testinal ulceration, boils, eye troubles (Watt), gonorrhoea, haemorrhage and diarrhoea (Chopra; Nadkarni; Watt). Leaves: For burns (Kokwaro). Plant: Against sexual impotence, barrenness and snake bites (Watt). C: Triumboidin (Srinivasan and Subramanian, 1981; Nair et al., 1986), and triumferol (Kusumi et al., 1981) have been isolated from the leaves and their structures determined by chemical and spectral analysis. P: The stembark and roots gave a negative result in antimicrobial tests (Sawhney et al., 1978a,b).

ULMACEAE

Trema orientalis (L.) Blume TMRU: 1552. V: Mpesi (Zaramo). L: Kisarawe district, Rabika village. H: Shrub. D: Africa - South of the Sahara, Madagascar, Mascarene Island, tropical Asia. Med: The stembark decoc- tion is drunk in case of irregular menses. The crushed leaves are massaged over the head in case of headaches. Lit: U: Leaves: Against pneumonia, bronchitis, coughs and as an antidote to general poisoning (Kokwaro). Plant: Against epilepsy (Chopra; Nadkarni). C: Lignin, cellulose and pen- tosan contents of the wood have been determined (Tutiya and Kato, 1940). A pentacyclic triterpen- oid alcohol, trematol (Ogunkoya et al., 1977), a ketone, simiarenone (Ogunkoya et al., 1973) and long chain-hydrocarbon derivatives, octacosanoic acid and octacosanyl acetate (Ogunkoya et al., 1972) have been isolated and characterized from the stembark.

UMBELLIFERAE

Steganotaenia araliaeea Hochst. TMRU: 3185. V: Msumi (Pare). L: Mwanga district, Ugweno-Mwaniko village. H: Tree. D: Tropical Africa. Med: The root decoction is drunk for the treatment of menstrual problems. Lit: U: Roots: Against abdominal pains (Hedberg), malaria, rheumatism, bilharzia, gonorrhoea

(Haerdi), sore throat (Watt) and snake bites (Kokwaro). C: Bisbenzocyclooctadiene lignan lac- tones (Kupchan et al., 1973; Hughes and Raphael, 1976; Taafrout et al., 1983,1986; Robin et al., 1986) have been isolated from the stembark and the stem wood, and their structures determined by chemical and spectroscopic techniques. Pro- sapogenins from the leaves have been isolated and identified (Kapundu et al., 1987). P: Bisben- zocyclooctadiene lignan lactones, steganacin and steganangin obtained from the stembark and stem wood have been shown to have antileukemic ac- tion (Kupchan et al., 1973).

VERBENACEAE

Clerodendrum hildebrandtii Vatke TMRU: 2889. V: Italawanda (Vidunda), Mtalawanda (Swahili). L: Kilosa district, Lozi- Magomeni village. H: Shrub. D: Tropical and sub- tropical Africa. Me& The fresh leaves of this plant, together with those of Mvumbasi mkubwa (Ocimum suave Willd., TMRU 2888), Hozan- dongole [~~~tis~ectinata (L.) Poit., TMRU 29011, Mhumba (Cassia singueana Del., TMRU 2900), Mterezi (Conyza stricta Willd., TMRU 2902), Mkirika (Ehretia amoena Klotzsch, TMRU 2903) and Inyamaza (Antidesma venosum Tul., TMRU 2904), are pounded with water and the juice drunk in case of uterine prolapse. Similarly, the dried powdered root mixture is added to por- ridge and eaten for the same purpose. Lit: P: The roots tested negative against bacteria (Chhabra et al., 1981).

Luntana camara L. TMRU: 2996. V: Mkinda, Mvuti (Pare). I;: Moshi urban district, Mabogini village. H: Shrub. D: A native of tropical America, now widely naturalized throughout the tropics. Med: The root decoction is drunk against menorrhagia, whereas the seed decoction to induce abortion. Lit: U: Roots: Against stomachaches, malaria (Hedberg) and rheumatism (Watt). Leaves: Against skin rashes, itching (Hedberg), sore throat, conjunctivitis and toothaches (Kokwaro). C: Triterpenoids (Johns et al., 1983; Barua et al., 1985; Roy and Barua, 1935) and iridoid glycosides (Ford and Bendall, 1980; Rimpler and Sauerbier, 1986) have been isolated from the leaves and their structures determined by spectroscopic and chemical techniques. The essen- tial oil of the flowers has been analysed and the following major constituents identified: @- caryophyllene, cr-humulene, y-terpinene, cy- and fi-

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pinene, camphene, sabinene and myrcene (Hegnauer, 1973). Dipentene, cr-phellandrene, CX- terpineol, geraniol, linalool, citral, cineol, eugenol and phellandrone have been identified in the es- sential oil of the fresh leaves (Hegnauer, 1973). A chemical analysis of the leaves indicates the presence of leucoanthocyanins, and aucubin and its derivatives (Gibbs, 1974). P: Toxicity of the leaves in ruminants and laboratory animals (Shar- ma et al., 1980,1981,1988a,b; Pass et al., 1981; Sharma, 1984; Sharma and Dawra, 1984; Pass, 1986) and anthelmintic activity of the essential oil of the seeds against earthworms and tapeworms (Avadhoot et al., 1980) have been demonstrated. The flower extract has been shown to possess in- secticidal activity against Dysdercus cingulatus, Musca domestica and Sitophilus zeamais (Morallo- Rejesus and Tantengco, 1986). The leaves showed an antibacterial activitly against Staphylococcus aureus (Chhabra et al., 1983).

Lantana trifolia L. TMRU: 3003. L: Moshi rural district, Masama village. H: Herbaceous shrub. D: A tropical Amer- ican plant, now common in the tropics. Med: The seeds are chewed and swallowed to induce abor- tion. Lit: U: Roots: As a vermifuge against ascariasis (Haerdi) and to treat rheumatism (Kokwaro). Leaves: Against convulsions in child- ren caused by malarial fever (Haerdi) and eye troubles (Kokwaro). C: Iridoid glycosides have been isolated from the leaves and stems and characterized by chemical and spectral analyses (Rimpler and Sauerbier, 1986).

Lantana viburnoides (Forsk.) Vahl TMRU: 559. V: Mshwee (Zaramo). L: Kibaha urban district, Picha-ndege village. I-E Shrub. D: Drier areas of tropical and subtropical Africa, Arabia eastwards to India. Med: The root decoc- tion is drunk in case of convulsions. Lit: C: Iridoid glycosides have been isolated from the leaves and stems and characterized by chemical and spectral analyses (Rimpler and Sauerbier, 1986).

Premna chrysoclada (Bojer) Giirke TMRU: 359. V: Mtulavnha (Zaramo). L: Kisarawe district, Chamalale village. H: Shrub. D: East Africa. Med: The leaves are pounded with water and the liquid drunk against abdominal pains, its decoction against asthma. The leaves are crushed and smeared over the whole body in case of fever. The root decoction is drunk in case of psychiatric disorders, fever and convulsions. Lit: U: Leaves: To treat mental illness (Hedberg) and

venereal diseases (Kokwaro). Roots: For the treat- ment of kidney troubles, dysentery and snake bites (Kokwaro). P: The leaves showed an antimicrobial activity (Sawhney et al., 1978a,b; Khan et al., 1980).

Vitex buchananii Baker ex Giirke TMRU: 3139. V: Mpinga (Ndengereko). L: Rufiji district, Ikwiriri village. H: Tree or shrub. D: Tropical Africa. Med: The root decoction is drunk against asthma, allergic conditions and hiccups. Lit: U: Roots: Against venereal diseases (Kokwaro) and malaria (Haerdi). Leaves: Against giddiness (Haerdi). C: A phytochemical screening of the roots indicates the presence of saponins (Chhabra and Uiso, 1990).

Vitex payos (Lour.) Merr. Syn: Vitex hildebrandtii Vatke. TMRU: 2794. V: Mfuru (Kaguru). L: Kilosa district, Berega village. H: Spreading tree. D: East and Southeast tropical Africa. Med: The roots are decocted and drunk against leprosy. Lit: C: Minerals, essential amino acids and vitamins of the fruits have been deter- mined (Lopes et al., 1972; Oliveira, 1974). P: The roots gave a negative result in antibacterial tests (Chhabra et al., 1981).

VITACEAE

Ampelocissus africana (Lour.) Merr. TMRU: 3130. V: Tongotongo (Zigua). L: Morogoro rural district, Turiani village. H: Hairy climber. D: East and West Africa, Zimbabwe, Malawi, Mozambique. Med: A decoction of the roots of this plant, together with those of Mwam- bangoma [Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell, TMRU 111, is drunk against menorrhagia. Lit: U: Roots: Against leprosy, hookworms and together with flowers for chest diseases (Kokwaro). Leaves: Against malaria (Haerdi). C: A qualitative analysis of the roots indicates the presence of tan- nins (Chhabra and Uiso, 1990).

Cissus cornifolia (Baker) Planch. TMRU: 533, 2291. V: Kizunguzungu, Mlava (Zigua), Chigugile (Kwere). L: Bagamoyo district, Chalinze and Kibindu villages. H: Shrub. D: Trop- ical Africa. Med: An infusion of the roots is drunk to prevent abortion, while its decoction in case of hernia, uterine prolapse and vomiting. The dried powdered roots are mixed with water and applied over swellings. The leaves are pounded with water and the liquid drunk in case of psychiatric dis- orders. Lit: U: Roots: Against malaria and as a sedative (Haerdi).

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Cissus integrifoliu (Baker) Planch. TMRU: 274, 2318, 3141. V: Mlegezi (Zaramo), Mtamba (Ndengereko), Tamba (Zigua). L: Kisarawe district, Miono village; Ruliji district, Ruwe village. I-L Woody climber. D: Kenya, Tan- zania, Zaire, Mozambique, Malawi, Zimbabwe. Me& A decoction of the roots of this plant, together with those of Mvulavula [Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop, TMRU 11661, is drunk against epilepsy. The root decoction and the leaf juice, respectively, is drunk against general body pains. The leaves are pounded with water and the juice drunk against abdominal pains. Lit: U: Roots: To treat wounds, to induce labour and as a laxative (Haerdi). C: A qualitative analysis of the roots indicates the presence of flavonoids and tan- nins (Chhabra and Uiso, 1990).

Cissus petiolata Hook. f. TMRU: 1764, 2137. V: Kihindihindi (Zigua). L: Bagamoyo district, Masimbani and Miono villages. I-L Woody climber. D: Guinea to Ethiopia and southwards through Zaire, Uganda and Tan- zania and reaching its southern limit in Angola, Zimbabwe and Mozambique. Med: The root decoction is drunk against bilharzia, whereas the pounded herb is applied over the anus in case of rectal prolapse. Lit: U: Roots: For colds, swellings (Kokwaro; Watt), earaches, blennorrhagia, car- diac palpitations, muscular pains and as an an- thelmintic (Watt). Leaves: Against ulcerations (Watt), intestinal troubles and as an epispastic (Chopra; Watt). C: Steroidal principles (Sen, 1964,1966) and tetracyclic triterpenoids (Bhutani et al., 1984) have been isolated from the aerial parts and their structures determined by chemical and spectral methods. Ascorbic acid content of the leaves and stem has been determined as 398 mg/lOO g (Hegnauer, 1973). P: Effect of the phytogenic steroids in the acceleration of fracture repair (Udupa et al., 1965) and on endocrine glands after fracture (Prasad et al., 1970) have demonstrated the bone-healing properties of the herb. Histochemical, biochemical and isotopic methods used in determining the influence of the herb extract on fracture healing indicates a definite beneficial effect (Udupa and Prasad, 1964).

Cissus rotundzyoliu (Forsk.) Vahl TMRU: 305. V: Hoza (Zigua). L: Bagamoyo district, Kikoka forest. H: Climbing, tendril- bearing shrub. D: Tropical and South Africa - mainly coastal, Arabia. Me& The leaves of this plant, together with those of Mbwakabwaka

(Deinbollia borbonica Scheff., TMRU 306), are pounded with water and the liquid drunk against chest pains and cardiac palpitations. Lit: U: Leaves: To treat mental illness (Haerdi), inflam- mations and swellings on the skin (Kokwaro), headaches and chest pains (Hedberg). Roots: For the treatment of yaws, ulcers (Kokwaro) and mus- cular rheumatism (Watt). P: The leaves tested neg- ative against fungus (Sawhney et al., 1978b).

Cyphostemma udenocuule (A. Rich.) Wild et Drum. TMRU: 443, 3127. V: Lwengere, Mwengele (Zigua). L: Bagamoyo district, Ubena-Zomozi village. I-L Climbing herb. D: Savanna regions of tropical Africa. Med: The root decoction is drunk against hernia, appendicitis and uvulitis, whereas the dried powdered inner roots are mixed with porridge and eaten against enlarged spleen. Lit: U: Roots: Against stomachaches, migraine, mental disease (Hedberg), syphilis (Kokwaro) and to pre- vent abortion (Watt). Leaves: Against pneumonia (Kokwaro). C: A phytochemical screening of the roots indicates the presence of saponins and tan- nins (Chhabra and Uiso, 1990).

Cyphostemmu hildebrandtii (Gilg) Wild et Drum. Syn: Cissus hildebrandtii Gilg. TMRU: 232. V: Tuha (Zigua). L: Bagamoyo district, Miono village. H: Herb. D: Kenya, Tanzania, Zaire, Zim- babwe, Mozambique. Med: The root decoction is drunk and the crushed leaves are rubbed on the body in case of convulsions. Lit: U: Leaves: To treat wounds caused by snake bites and poison arrow (Watt).

Rhoicissus revoilii Planch. TMRU: 106, 3045. V: Fungang’ombe (Swahili, Zigua). L: Bagamoyo district, Kikoka village. H: Scrambling shrub. D: Tropical and South Africa, Arabia, Comoro Island. Me& The root decoction is drunk against hernia, whereas the crushed root juice mixed with porridge is eaten to prevent an abortion. Lit: U: Roots: Against wounds (Kokwaro) and to prevent abortion (Hedberg). Stem sup: For cuts, sores and burns (Kokwaro). P: The roots showed an antimicrobial activity (Sawhney et al., 1978b; Khan et al., 1980; Chhabra et al., 1981,1982).

Rhoicissus tridentutu (L.f.) Wild et Drum. TMRU: 2986. V: Mgomogomo (Chagga). L: Rombo district, Mengwe village. H: Shrub. D: Tropical and South Africa, Yemen. Med: An infu-

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sion of the leaves is drunk against menorrhagia. Lit: U: Roots: Against indigestion, abdominal pains and swellings (Kokwaro). Stem: For cuts and sores (Kokwaro).

ZINGIBERACEAE

Costus afer Ker-Gawl. TMRU: 1148. V: Ngobedi (Luguru). L: Morogoro rural district, Kinoli-Kalunda village. H: Herb. D: Tropical Africa. Me& The leaves are crushed, then cooked in sugar-cane juice and the liquid drunk for the treatment of whooping cough. Lit: U: Roots: Against leprosy and gonorrhoea (Haerdi). Leaves: Against malaria (Haerdi). C: Steroidal constituents, tigogenin, diosgenin and costugenin (Iwu, 1981), and volatile oil components, /3- elemene, P-selinene, aplotaxene, dihydro- and dehydrocostus lactone (Joshi et al., 1961) have been isolated from the roots and their structures determined by chemical and spectroscopic methods.

Discussion and Conclusions

An ethnomedical study of plants used by tradi- tional healers in five regions of Eastern Tanzania (namely, Coast, Dar es Salaam, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro and Tanga) has been carried out. This study comprises 405 identified plant species belonging to 257 genera in 87 families of Pteridophytes (Aspidiaceae, Polypodiaceae, Sinopteridaceae, Thelypteridaceae) and Angio- sperms (Acanthaceae to Zingiberaceae). During the course of the study, 800 traditional healers from 148 villages belonging to 16 districts of the live regions of Eastern Tanzania, were interviewed for their knowledge on the uses of plants for medi- cine, on the method of diagnosis and on the treat- ment of diseases. For each plant used, the vernacular name, collection number, locality, habit and geographic distribution were recorded, while information from the literature on medicinal uses, chemical constituents and pharmacological effects has been documented.

In Tanzania, we have mainly four types of healers (Mshiu and Chhabra, 1982): (a) Herbalists, who treat patients purely by using herbal medicine, minerals or animal extracts. (b) Herbalist-ritualists, who, in addition to using herbal remedies, also use rituals in treating pa- tients. (c) Ritualist-herbalists, whose healing rites are

based on the attributes of the specific spirits deem- ed responsible for a patient’s problem. (d) Spiritualists, who practise divination and whose therapeutic activity extends beyond illness to problems of daily living.

Herbalists are divided into two groups accor- ding to their specialization: general practitioners, who utilize herbal remedies to treat all forms of ailments; specialists, who treat only certain forms of ailments. Examples of specialists are bone set- ters, traditional birth attendants, specialists in obstetric and gynaecological disorders, in uvulotomy and in psychiatric conditions. Know- ing the importance of the art, early traditional healers took measures to assure that their knowl- edge be preserved by teaching their skills to younger people, thus passing on their knowledge from generation to generation.

Most of the tribes in Tanzania traditionally possess a dual classification of disease; one that has an unnatural cause, brought by witchcraft and by angered ancestral spirits and one having a natu- ral cause (Chhabra et al., 1984).

Unnatural causes include the transgression of a social rule by a patient or a family member, con- flicts in interpersonal relationships and in relation- ship between a patient and the spirit, or a violation of witchcraft-related rites and fetishes. Symptoms due to non-ancestral spirit intrusion are swelling of the limbs or the whole body, abscess in the neck, plague, epilepsy and mental illness, while neglected ancestral spirits may afflict their descendants with poor health and ulcers. Symptoms that are associ- ated with witchcraft and sorcery are generally as- sociated with body pains, itchy rashes over the body, skin diseases, chronic coughs, joint pains, fractures, and dislocations.

Natural causes are related to general principles of the behaviour of things, as opposed to the arti- ficial intervention of one’s fellow men or women. Syndromes due to natural causes include super- ficial malignant tumours, common colds, coughs, congestion of the chest, mild headaches, and fevers associated with mosquito or soft tick bite.

Most of the diseases differentiated by the healers have a modern scientific equivalent in western medicine. Among the conditions recognised as distinct entities are: anthrax, gonorrhoea, primary and secondary syphilis, urinary bilharziasis, typhus, scabies, meningitis, encephalitis, bubonic plague, smallpox, leprosy, whooping cough, yaws, pulmonary tuberculosis, malaria, intestinal parasitic diseases and trypanosomiasis. Many other diseases, however, are not distinguished in

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terms of modern medical classification and are grouped either according to the‘outstanding syn- drome, such as diarrhoea, jaundice, fever, cancer, ulcer, etc., or to the part of the anatomy apparent- ly affected, such as mental illness, stomach disor- der, etc.

The diagnosis of a disease is mainly done by a healer by utilising his knowledge of both the cause and the classification of illnesses. A diagnosis of the natural causes could be made by a more or less systematic questioning or by physical examination of the patient.

Diseases attributed to natural causes generally require a treatment either from a herbalist or from a hospital by a modern medical practitioner. If the illness is thought to be due to witchcraft, counter magic is employed, and the sorcerer is sought. If evil spirits, ancestor’s spirits or gods are blamed for the malady, a ritual or ceremony to placate them is arranged. If broken cultural rules or taboos are named as the cause, an act of penance or restitution is prescribed.

Therapy through rituals, at the psychosocial level, is based on a group of symbols and beliefs, some of which are general in scope, while others are specific to a particular society or ethnic group. Rituals may be peripheral, integral, or universal as part of the overall therapeutic strategy.

Remedies in traditional medicine consist of for- mulas prepared from various natural substances, animal and vegetable. The vegetable remedies ac- count for about 90% of all medications used, hence, the name herbalists (~gff~g~). Great im- portance is attached to the proper preparation of all herbal drugs, which are considered ineffective unless pretreated in a prescribed manner. These herbal remedies are either swallowed, rubbed into scarifications (slight cuts made on the body), poured into wounds, boiled and inhaled as fumes, splashed onto the eyes, smoked in pipes or sniffed as a snuff.

The tloristic list compiled during the survey comprises in the main part the higher plants, pri- marily trees and shrubs. Ferns are represented only by four species, parasitic plants by two spe- cies, ~~~CO~~~~~ piriei ~utchinson (Balanophoraceae) and HJ&WU africana Thunb. (Hydnoraceae), both underground parasites on Acacia species. In the present study, the families Euphorbiaceae and Rubiaceae are represented by the largest number of species (each by 29, about 7.2%) followed by Papilionaceae (27 species, 6.6%), Compositae (24 species, 5.9%) and Mimosaceae (20 species, 4.9%). Based on their

geographic distribution, 13 species (3.2%) are found only in Tanzania, 46 (11.4%) in East Africa, 254 (62.7%) in other parts of Africa, while the re- maining species are also found in other parts of the world, including Arabia, Asia, Australia, Europe and America. A number of the species, such as Warburg& stuhlmannii Engl. (Canellaceae), an endemic, are in danger of becoming extinct (Davis et al., 1986).

Of the plants recorded, the majority are wild species. The few that are cultivated are used local- ly, even in other regions of Tanzania, while some are commercial items, such as Zunha africana (Radlk.) Exe11 (Sapindaceae), Harrisoniu abyssinica Oliv. (Simaroubaceae) and Zanthox- yfum chalybeum Engl. (Rutaceae).

The vernacular names recorded are those given by the healers or the tribe to which the healer belongs, while the language of the informant was also recorded. A total of 741 vernacular names were recorded for the plants under study. Most of these vernacular names belong to the tribes Zigua (25.1%) and Zaramo (17.9%), while the language Kiswahili accounted for 16%.

Of the 1297 plant preparations (formulas) recorded for different uses, the root represents the part of the plant which is used most frequently in the preparations (60.7%), followed by the leaves (23.1%), the stembark (6.8%), the rootbark (4.7%), the whole plant (1.2%) and the stem (0.5%).

Most remedies consisted of single plants. How- ever, seventy one (5.5%) simple therapeutic com-

TABLE I

PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF THE USE OF PLANT REMEDIES

Conditions treated “/o Plant remedies

Digestive system Genito-urinary system Central nervous system Infections Problems affecting nutrition

and metabolism Respiratory system Cardiovascular ailments scatological disorders Ophthalmic problems Antidote to snake poison Ear. nose and oropharynx problems Witchcraft Others (genetic disorders,

contraceptive agents and pesticides)

All conditions

32.3 21.9 15.0 8.6 7.2

4.0 2.8 1.8 1.7 1.3 1.0 I.0

1.4 100.0

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TABLE 2

PLANTS WITH THEIR CHEMICAL AND/OR PHARMACOLOGICAL DATA

Species Source Chemical

data

Pharmacological

data

Abrus precatorius L. (Papilionaceae)

Acacia brevispica Harms (Mimosaceae)

Acacia kirkii Oliv. (Mimosaceae)

Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth. (Mimosaceae)

Acacia nigrescens Oliv. (Mimosaceae)

Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. ex Del. (Mimosaceae)

Acacia pentagona (Schumach. et Thonn.) Hook. f. (Mimosaceae)

Acacia polyacantha Willd. subsp.

JEP 29, 308

JEP 29, 296

JEP 29, 296

JEP 29, 296

JEP 29, 297

JEP 29, 29-l

JEP 29, 291

campylacanrha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Brenan (Mimosaceae) JEP 29, 291

Acacia robusra Burch. (Mimosaceae) JEP 29, 298 Acacia sruhlmannii Taub. (Mimosaceae) JEP 29, 298

Acacia to&is (Forsk.) Hayne (Mimosaceae) JEP 29, 298 Acacia xanthophloea Benth. (Mimosaceae) JEP 29, 298 Acalypha fruticosa Forssk. (Euphorbiaceae) JEP 28, 256 Acridocarpus zanzibaricus A. Juss. (Malpighiaceae) JEP 28, 256 Adenia gummlfera (Harv.) Harms (Passifloraceae) JEP 33, 144 Adenia racemosa de Wilde (Passifloraceae) JEP 33, 144 Aerangis flabelllfolia Reichb.f. (Orchidaceae) JEP 29, 307 Aerva lanata (L.) Juss. ex Schult. (Amaranthaceae) JEP 21, 258 Afzeha quanzensis Welw. (Caesalpiniaceae) JEP 21, 268 Agathisanthemum bojeri Klotzsch (Rubiaceae) JEP 33, 146

Agerafum conyzoides L. (Compositae) JEP 25, 345 Albizia anthelmintica Brongn. (Mimosaceae) JEP 29, 299 Albizia gummifera (J.F. Gmel.) C.A. Sm. (Mimosaceae) JEP 29, 299 Albizia harveyi Fourn. (Mimosaceae) JEP 29, 299 Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. (Mimosaceae) JEP 29, 300 Albizia schimperiana Oliv. var. schimperiana Brenan (Mimosaceae) JEP 29, 300 Albizia versicolor Welw. ex Oliv. (Mimosaceae) JEP 29, 300 Albuca wakefieldii Bak. (Liliaceae) JEP 28, 269 Alchorneu laxiflora (Benth.) Pax et K. Hoffm. (Euphorbiaceae) JEP 28, 256 Allophylus africanus Beauv. (Sapindaceae) JEP 33, 152 Allophylus rublfolius (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Engl. (Sapindaceae) JEP 33, 152 Aloe lateriria Engl. (Liliaceae) JEP 28, 269 Ampelocissus africana (Lour.) Merr. (Vitaceae) JEP Anacardium occidentale Linn. (Anacardiaceae) JEP 21, 258 Anchomanes dlfformis (Bl.) Engl. (Araceae) JEP 21, 265 Ancylobothrys petersiana Pierre (Apocynaceae) JEP.21, 263 Annona senegulensis Pers. (Annonaceae) JEP 21, 261 Antidesma membranaceum Muell.-Arg. (Stilaginaceae) JEP Antidesma venosum Tul. (Stilaginaceae) JEP Asparagus aethiopicus L. var. aethiopicus (Liliaceae) JEP 28, 270 Asparagus africanus Lam. (Liliaceae) JEP 28, 270 Asparagus buchananii Bak. (Liliaceae) JEP 28, 270 Asparagus falcatus L. (Liliaceae) JEP 28, 270 Asparagus racemosus Willd. (Liliaceae) JEP 28, 270 Asparagus setaceus (Kunth) Jessop (Liliaceae) JEP 28, 271 Aspilia mossambicensis (Oliv.) Wild. (Compositae) JEP 25, 346 Bersama abyssinica Fresen. (Melianthaceae) JEP 28, 275 Bidens pilosa L. (Compositae) JEP 25, 346 Blepharispermum zanguebaricum Oliv. et Hiern (Compositae) JEP 25, 346 Blighia unijugafa Baker (Sapindaceae) JEP 33, 152 Bonamia mossambicensis (Klotzsch) Hal1.f. (Convolvulaceae) JEP 25, 351 Boscia salicifolia Oliv. (Capparidaceae) JEP 25, 340 Brachiuria reptuns (L.) Gardner et C.E. Hubbard (Gramineae) JEP 28, 265 Brachylaena hutchinsonii Hutch. (Compositae) JEP 25, 347 Brachystegia boehmii Taub (Caesalpiniaceae) JEP 21, 268 Brachystegia spiclformis Benth. (Caesalpiniaceae) JEP 21, 268 Brackenridgea zanguebaricu Oliv. (Ochnaceae) JEP 29, 304

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes

Yes Yes No Yes

Yes

No No Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No No

Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No

No

Yes No No

No

Yes No

No Yes No

Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No

Yes Yes Yes No

Yes

Yes No

Yes Yes No Yes

No

No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes No

Yes No No No No

No

Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No

No No Yes

No No Yes No No Yes

No No No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes

Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes

No No Yes

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TABLE 2 (continued)

Species Source Chemical data

Pharmacological data

Ereo~u~~u sulicinu (Vahl) Hepper et Wood (Rubiaceae) JEP 33, 146 Brideha br~~li~f~u (Pax) Fedde (Euphorbiaceae) JEP 28, 257 Bridefia cathartica BertoLf. (Euphorbiaceae) JEP 28, 257 Erideliu micrantha (Hochst.) Baiil. (Euphorbiaceae) JEP 28, 257 Eyrsocarpus boiviniunus (Baill.) Schellenb. (Connaraceae) JEP 25, 351 Byrsocurpus orientalis (Baill.) Baker (Connaraceae) JEP 25, 351 Cadabu cameo-viridis Gilg et Bened. (Capparidaceae) JEP 25, 340 Cuesufpiniu voffcensii Harms (Caesalpiniaceae) JEP 21, 268 Cujunus cujun (L.) Millsp. (Papilionaceae) JEP 29, 308 Canthj~m bfbructeutum (Baker) Hiern (Rubiaceae) JEP 33, 146 Cunfhi~ gueinzfi Sond. (Rubiaceae) JEP 33, 146 Canthi~ hispidum Benth. (Rubiaceae) JEP 33, 147 Cunthium venosum (Oliv.) Hiern (Rubiaceae) JEP 33, 147 Cunthium zunziburicum Klotzsch (Rubiaceae) JEP 33, 147 Cappuris erythrocurpos Isert var. rosea (Klotzsch) JEP 25, 340

De Wolf (Capparidaceae) Cupparis sepiuriu L. (Capparidaceae) Cappuris tomentosa Lam. (Capparidaceae) Cupsienm frutescens L. (Solanaceae) Curdiogyne africuna Bureau (Moraceae) Carpodipteru ufifcuna Mast. (Tihaceae) Carpofobiu goetzei Guerke (Polygalaceae) Caseuria giudiiformis Mast. (Flacourtiaceae) Cassiu abbreviuta Oliv. (Caesalpiniaceae) Cussiu ubsus L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Cussiu afrofistulu Brenan (Caesalpiniaceae) Cassiu ufufu L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Cassiu uuriclcfutu L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Cussiu bartt~i Bak.f. (Cae~lpinia~ae) Cussiu exifis Vatke (Caesalpiniaceae) Cussia occidentufis L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Cassia petersiuna Belle (Caesalpiniaceae) Cassiu siamea Lam. (Caesalpiniaceae) Cussiu singueanu Del. (Caesalpiniaceae) Cassytha filijormis L. (Lauraceae) Catunuregum nilotica (Staph) Tirvengadum (Rubiaceae) Cutunuregum spinosa (Thunb.) Tirvengadum (Rubiaceae) Chassuf~u ~brutjcofa Vatke (Rubiaceae) Chenopodjum ambrosioides L. (Chenopodiaceae) Chenopodium oplifofium Schrad. ex Koch et Ziz (Chenopodiaceae) Chforophoru excelsa (Welw.) Benth. (Moraceae) Cissampelos mucronata A. Rich. (Menispermaceae) Cissumpelos pureira L. var. orbiculata (DC.) Miq. (Menispermaceae) Cissus cornifofia (Baker) Planch. (Vitaceae) Cissus integrifohu (Baker) Planch. (Vitaceae) C&us pettofutu Hook.f. (Vitaceae) Cissns ror~~fiu (Forsk.) Vahl (Vitaceae) CitrufIm funurus (Thunb.) Mansf. (Cucurbita~ae) Cirrus uuruntifofia (Christm.) Swingle (Rutaceae) Cluusena unisata (Willd.) Benth. (Rutaceae) Clematis brachiata Thunb. (Ranunculaceae) Clerodendrum hildebrundtii Vatke (Verbenaceae) Cnestis confertifloru Gilg (Connaraceae) Cocculus hirsurus (L.) Diels (Menispermaceae) Combretum upicuiatum Sond. (Combretaceae) Combret~ fiugruns F. Hoffm. (Combretaceae) Combret~m molfe G. Don (Combretaceae) Combreturn peniagonum Laws. (Combretaceae) Commelinu benghulensis L. (Commelinaceae) Commiphora africana (A. Rich.) Engl. (Burseraceae)

JEP 25, 340 JEP 2.5, 341 JEP JEP 29, 302 JEP JEP 33, 145 JEP 28, 264 JEP 21, 269 JEP 21, 269 JEP 21, 269 JEP 21, 269 JEP 21, 269 JEP 21, 270 JEP 21, 270 JEP 21, 270 JEP 21, 270 JEP 21, 270 JEP 21, 271 JEP 28, 269 JEP 33, 147 JEP 33, 147 JEP 33, 147 JEP 25, 343 JEP 25, 343 JEP 29, 302 JEP 28, 27 JEP 28, 276 JEP JEP JEP JEP JEP 25, 352 JEP 33, 150 JEP 33, 150 JEP 33, 145 JEP JEP 25, 351 JEP 28, 277 JEP 25, 343 JEP 25. 343 JEP 25, 344 JEP 25. 344 JEP 25, 345 JEP 21, 267

No

No Yes Yes No

No

No

Yes

Yes No No No

No

No Yes

Yes No Yes No No

No

NO Yes Yes No

Yes Yes No

No Yes No

Yes Yes

Yes No

Yes No No No

Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No No

Yes

No No Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No No No

No

No

No Yes

Yes NO No

No

Yes Yes Yes

No Yes Yes

No No Yes No

Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes No

No Yes

Yes Yes Yes

No No Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No

Yes Yes No

No

Yes

Page 13: Plants used in traditional medicine in Eastern Tanzania. VI. Angiosperms (Sapotaceae to Zingiberaceae)

95

TABLE 2 (contjnue~

Species Source Chemical data

Pharmacological data

Commiphora pteleifolia Engl. (Burseraceae) Conyza stricta Willd. (Compositae) Costus afer Ker-Gawl. (Zingiberaceae) Crassocephalum bojeri (DC.) Robyns (Compositae) Crassocephalum mannii (Hook.f.) Milne-Redh. (Compositae) Craterispermum sch~einfurth~j Hiern (Rubiaceae) Crinum papj~iosum Nordal. (Amaryllidaceae) Crossopteryx febr~ga (G. Don) Benth. (Rubiaceae) Croton macrostach~~s Del. (Euphorbiaceae) Croton poiytr~chus Pax (Euphorbiaceae) Croton pseudopu~rhellus Pax (Euphorbiaceae) Cussonia spicata Thunb. (Arahaceae) Cussonia zimmermannii Harms (Araliaceae) Cyathogyne bussei Pax (Euphorbiaceae) Cyphostemma adenocaule (A. Rich.) Wild et Drum. (Vitaceae) Cyphostemma hildebrandtii (Gilg) Wild et Drum. (Vitaceae) Dalbergia melanoxylon Guill. et Perr. (Papilionaceae) Dalbergia vaccinii$olia Vatke (Papilionaceae) Deinbolliu borbonica Scheff. (Sapindaceae) Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. (Papihonaceae) ~es~o~jurn su~jei~iiurn (Poir.) DC. (Papilionaceae) D~chapeta~um stuh~ma~ii Engl. (~cha~tala~ae~ D~chraeephaZu ~ntegr~lja (L.f.) 0. Kuntze (Compositae) Dichrostuchys cinerea (L.) Wight et Am. subsp. africana Brenan et

Brummitt (Mimosaceae) Diuscorea dumetorum (Kunth) Pax (Dioscoreaceae) Diospyros abyssinica (Hiern) F. White (Ebenaceae) Diospyros f?scheri Guerke (Ebenaceae) Diospyros usambarensis F. White (Ebenaceae) Diospyros verrucosa Hiern (Ebenaceae) Diplorhynchus condylocarpon (Muell. Arg.) Pichon (Apocynaceae) Dodonuea viscosa (L.) Jacq. (Sapindaceae) Dombeya burgessiae Gerr. ex Harv. (Stercuhaceae) Dombqva cincinnata K. Schum. (Sterculiaceae) Dombeya qujnqueseta (Del.) Exe11 (Sterculiaceae) Dombeya rotund~~o~ja (Hochst.) Planch. (Stercu~iaceae) Dombeya shupangae K. Schum. (Stercuhaceae) Dovyalis hispidula Wild (Flacourtiaceae) Dracaena deremensis Engi. (Agavaceae) Dryopteris inaequalis (Schlechtend) Kuntze (Aspidiaceae) Ehretia amoena Klotzsch (Boraginaceae) Ehretia bakeri Britten (Boraginaceae) Ehretia litorulis Guerke (Boraginaceae) Elaeodendron buchananii (Lots.) Loes. (Celastraceae) Elaeodendron schweinfurthiunum (Lees.) Loes. (Celastraceae) Emiiia javanica (Burm.f.) Robyns (Compositae) Endostemon grarilis Benth. et Ashby (Labiatae) Entada abyssinica Steud. ex A. Rich. (Mimosaceae) Entada stuhimannjj (Taub.) Harms (Mimosaceae) ~rianthemum sodenii (Engl.) Balie (Loranthaceae) Eryfhrina abyssinica DC. (Papilionaceae) Erythrococra kirkii (MuelI.-Arg.) Pram (Euphorbiaceae) Euclea natalensis A. DC. (Ebenaceae) Euclea racemosa Murr. subsp. schimperi (A.DC.) F.White (Ebenaceae) Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae) Euphorbia nyikae Pax (Euphorbiaceae) Euphorbia tirucalli L. (Euphorbiaceae) Ficus capensis Thunb. (Moraceae) Ficus exusperata Vahl (Moraceae)

JEP 21, 268 No JEP 25, 347 Yes JEP Yes JEP 25, 347 No JEP 25, 347 Yes JEP 33, 147 No

JEP 21, 258 No

JEP 33, 148 Yes JEP 28, 257 Yes JEP 28, 258 No

JEP 28, 258 No JEP 21, 265 Yes JEP 21, 265 No

JEP 28, 2% No JEP Yes JEP No

JEP 29, 309 Yes JEP 29, 309 No

JEP 33, 153 No

JEP 29, 309 Yes JEP 29, 310 Yes JEP 25, 353 No JEP 25, 347 Yes

JEP 29, 303

JEP 29, 301 JEP 25, 353 JEP 25, 354 JEP 25, 354 JEP 25, 354 JEP 25, 354 JEP 21, 263 JEP 33, IS3 JEP JEP JEP JEP JEP JEP 28, 264 JEP 21, 257 JEP 21, 256 JEP 21, 267 JEP 21, 267 JEP 21, 267 JEP 25, 342 JEP 25, 342 JEP 25, 348 JEP 28, 266 JEP 29, 301 JEP 29, 301 JEP 28, 272 JEP 29, 310 JEP 28, 258 JEP 25, 354 JEP 25, 355 JEP 28, 258 JEP 28, 259 JEP 28, 259 JEP 29, 302 JEP 29, 302

Yes Yes Yes No Yes No

Yes Yes

Yes

No Yes No

No No Yes No

No No No No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes

No Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes

No Ficus gnaphalocarpa (Miq.) Steud. ex A. Rich. (Moraceae)

No

No

No

No No

No No

Yes Yes No

No

Yes No

No No

No

No

No Yes Yes No No Yes

Yes Yes No

No Yes No

Yes Yes No

No

No No

Yes No

Yes No

Yes No

No

No Yes

No

No

No

No

No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No No

Page 14: Plants used in traditional medicine in Eastern Tanzania. VI. Angiosperms (Sapotaceae to Zingiberaceae)

96

TABLE 2 (continued)

Species Source Chemical data

Pharmacological data

Ficus natalensis Hochst. (Moraceae) JEP 29, 303 Flacourtia indica (Burrnf.) Merrill (Flacourtiaceae) JEP 28, 264 Flueggea virosa (Willd.) Voigt (Euphorbiaceae) JEP 28, 259 Gardenia ternifolia Schumach. et Thonn. subsp. jovis-tonantis (Welw.) JEP 33, I48

Verde. (Rubiaceae) Gonatopus boivinii (Decne.) Engl. (Araceae) JEP 21, 265 Grewia bicolor Juss. (Tiliaceae) JEP Grewia fallax K. Schum. (Tiliaceae) JEP Grewia forbesii Harv. ex Mast. (Tiliaceae) JEP Grewia herbacea Welw. ex Hiem (Tiliaceae) JEP Grewia microcarpa K. Schum. (Tiliaceae) JEP Grewia plagiophylla K. Schum. (Tiliaceae) JEP Grewia stuhlmannii K. Schum. (Tiliaceae) JEP Grewia villosa Willd. (Tiliaceae) JEP Harrisonia abyssinica Oliv. (Simaroubaceae) JEP Heinsia crinita (Afzel.) G. Taylor (Rubiaceae) JEP 33, I48 Helichrysum setosum Harv. (Compositae) JEP 25, 348 Heliotropium subulatum (DC.) Martelli (Boraginaceae) JEP 21, 267 Hibiscus micranthus L.f. (Malvaceae) JEP 28, 272 Hibiscus surattensis L. (Malvaceae) JEP 28, 273 Hibiscus tiliaceus L. (Malvaceae) JEP 28, 273 Holarrhena febrtjiiga Klotzsch (Apocynaceae) JEP 21, 263 Hoslundia opposita Vahl (Labiatae) JEP 28, 267 Hydnora africana Thunb. (Hydnoraceae) JEP 28, 266 Hymenocardia ulmoides Oliv. (Euphorbiaceae) JEP 28, 260 Hyphaene coriacea Gaertn. (Palmae) JEP 29, 307 Hyptis pectinata (L.) Poit. (Labiatae) JEP 28, 267 Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. (Labiatae) JEP 28, 267 Indigofera arrecta A. Rich. (Papilionaceae) JEP 29, 310 lndigofera lupatana Bak.f. (Papilionaceae) JEP 29, 311 Jacquemontia paniculata (Butmf.) Hal1.f. (Convolvulaceae) JEP 25, 351 Jasminum fluminense Veil. (Oleaceae) JEP 29, 306 Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) JEP 28, 260 Justicia glabra Koenig ex Roxb. (Acanthaceae) JEP 21, 257 Khaya nyasica Stapf ex Bak.f. (Meliaceae) JEP 28, 274 Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. (Bignoniaceae) JEP 21, 266 Kraussia kirkii (Ho0k.f.) Bullock (Rubiaceae) JEP 33, I48 Lamprothamnus zanguebaricus Hiern (Rubiaceae) JEP 33, I48 Lannea schimperi (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) JEP 21, 259 Lannea stuhlmannii (Engl.) Engl. (Anacardiaceae) JEP 21, 259 Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae) JEP Lantana trtfolia L. (Verbenaceae) JEP Lantana viburnoides (Forsk.) Vahl (Verbenaceae) JEP Lasianthus pedunculatus E.A. Bruce (Rubiaceae) JEP 33, I48 Launaea cornuta (Oliv. et Hiern) C. Jeffrey (Compositae) JEP 25, 348 Lecaniodiscus fraximfolius Baker (Sapindaceae) JEP 33, 153 Lindernia insularis Skan (Scrophulariaceae) JEP Lonchocarpus bussei Harms (Papilionaceae) JEP 29, 311 Lonchocarpus capassa Rolfe (Papilionaceae) JEP 29. 311 Maerua angolensis DC. (Capparidaceae) JEP 25, 341 Maerua kirkii (Oliv.) F. White (Capparidaceae) JEP 25, 341 Mallotus oppsittfolius (Geiseler) Muell.-Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) JEP 28, 260 Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) JEP 21, 259 Manilkara sansibarensis (Engl.) Dubard (Sapotaceae) JEP Maprounea africana MuelI.-Arg. (Euphorbiaceae) JEP 28, 260 Margaritaria discoidea (Baill.) Webster (Euphorbiaceae) JEP 28, 261 Markhamia acuminata (Klotzsch) K. Schum. (Bignoniaceae) JEP 21, 266 Markhamia obtusifolia (Bak.) Sprague (Bignoniaceae) JEP 21, 266 Markhamia puberula (Klotzsch) K. Schum. (Bignoniaceae) JEP 21, 266

No

No Yes Yes

No

Yes

Yes No

No

No

No

No

Yes Yes No Yes

No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes No No

No

Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No Yes Yes No

No No

Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No Yes

Yes No No

No

No Yes Yes Yes

No Yes No Yes No No No

Yes No

Yes No No No Yes No No Yes Yes No No No No Yes No No No

No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes

No No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Page 15: Plants used in traditional medicine in Eastern Tanzania. VI. Angiosperms (Sapotaceae to Zingiberaceae)

97

TABLE 2 (continued)

Species Source Chemical

data

Pharmacological

data

Markhamia zanzibarica (Boj. ex DC.) K. Schum. ex Engl.

(Bignoniaceae)

Maytenus mossambicensis (Klotzsch) Blakelock (Celastraceae)

Maytenus senegalensis (Lam.) Exell (Celastraceae)

Melhania velurina Forsk. (Sterculiaceae)

Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.) 0. Kuntze (Compositae)

Milletfia impressa Harms (Papilionaceae)

Millettia puguensis Gillett (Papilionaceae)

Milletfia usaramensis Taub. (Papilionaceae)

Mimusops fruticosa Bojer ex DC. (Sapotaceae)

Momordica foetida Schumach (Cucurbitaceae)

Monanthotaxis buchananii (Engl.) Verde. (Annonaceae)

Monanthoraxis fornicata (Baill.) Verde. (Annonaceae)

Monanthotaxis trichocarpa (Engl. et Diels) Verde. (Annonaceae)

Myrica salictfolia Hochst. ex A. Rich. (Myricaceae)

Neorautanenia miris (A. Rich.) Verde. (Papilionaceae)

Ochna atropurpurea Engl. (Ochnaceae)

Ochna mossambicensis Klotzsch (Ochnaceae)

Ocimum basilicum L. (Labiatae)

Ocimum suave Willd. (Labiatae)

Olax dissitiflora Oliv. (Olacaceae)

Olax pentandra Sleumer (Olacaceae)

Opiha celridifolia (Guill. et Perr.) Endl. ex Walp. (Opiliaceae)

Ormocarpum kirkii S. Moore (Papilionaceae)

Osyris lanceolata Hochst. et Steud. (Santalaceae)

Oxygonum stuhlmannii Dammer (Polygonaceae)

Ozoroa insignis Del. subsp. reticulata (Bak.f.) Gillett (Anacardiaceae)

Ozoroa mucronata (Krauss) R. et A. Fern. (Anacardiaceae)

Pachystela brevipes (Baker) Engl. (Sapotaceae)

Paederia bojerana (A. Rich.) Drake (Rubiaceae)

Parinari curatelhfolia Benth. (Rosaceae)

Paullinia pinnata L. (Sapindaceae)

Pavetta crassipes K. Schum. (Rubiaceae)

Pellaea viridis (Forsk.) Prantl (Sinopteridaceae)

Penfas longijlora Oliv. (Rubiaceae)

Pericopsis angolensis (Bak.) van Meeuwen (Papilionaceae)

Phoenix reclinata Jacq. (Palmae)

Phyllanthus fischeri Pax (Euphorbiaceae)

Phyllanthus muellerianus (0. Kuntze) Exell (Euphorbiaceae)

Phyllanthus reticularus Poir. (Euphorbiaceae)

Phymatodes scolopendria (Burrnf.) Ching (Polypodiaceae)

Phytolacca dodecandra L’Herit. (Phytolaccaceae)

Piliostigma rhonningii (Schumach.) Milne-Redh. (Caesalpiniaceae)

Plectranrhus amaniensis Guerke (Labiatae)

Plectranthus barbatus Andr. (Labiatae)

Plectranthus kilimandschari Guerke (Labiatae)

Plicosepalus sagitttfolius (Sprague) Danser (Loranthaceae)

Pluchea dioscorides DC. (Compositae)

Plumbago zeylanica L. (Plumbaginaceae)

Polyalthia stuhlmannii (Engl.) Verde. (Annonaceae)

Polysphaeria parvifolia Hiem (Rubiaceae)

Premna chrysoclada (Bojer) Guerke (Verbenaceae)

Pseudolachnostylis maprouneifolia Pax (Euphorbiaceae)

Psiadia punctulata (DC.) Vatke (Compositae)

Psidium guajava L. (Myrtaceae)

Psorospermum febrtfigum Spach (Hypericaceae)

Psychotria goetzei (K. Schum.) Petit (Rubiaceae)

Psychotria tanganyicensis Verde. (Rubiaceae)

Pfeleopsis myrrtfolia (Laws.) Engl. et Diels (Combretaceae)

Pterocarpus angolensis DC. (Papilionaceae)

JEP 21, 266

JEP 25, 342

JEP 25, 342

JEP

JEP 25, 348

JEP 29, 31 I

JEP 29, 312

JEP 29, 312

JEP

JEP 25, 352

JEP 21, 262

JEP 21, 262

JEP 21, 262

JEP 29, 303

JEP 29, 312

JEP 29, 305

JEP 29, 305

JEP 28, 268

JEP 28, 268

JEP 29, 305

JEP 29, 305

JEP 29, 307

JEP 29, 312

JEP 33, 152

JEP 33, I45

JEP 21, 259

JEP 21, 259

JEP

JEP 33, I48

JEP 33, 146

JEP 33, I53

JEP 33, 149

JEP

JEP 33, 149

JEP 29, 31

JEP 29, 307

JEP 28, 261

JEP 28, 261

JEP 28, 261

JEP 33, 256

JEP 33, I44

JEP 21, 271

JEP 28, 269

JEP 28, 269

JEP 28, 269

JEP 28, 272

JEP 25, 348

JEP 33, I44

JEP 21, 262

JEP 33, 149

JEP

JEP 28, 262

JEP 25, 349

JEP 29, 303

JEP 28, 266 JEP 33, 149

JEP 33, 149

JEP 25, 344

JEP 29, 312

Yes No

No No Yes Yes No Yes No No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes No No No No

No Yes No Yes Yes No

Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No No

No No Yes No No No Yes Yes No No No No Yes No No Yes No Yes No No No No Yes Yes

Yes Yes No No

Yes No

Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes No No No No No

No No

Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes No Yes No No

Yes Yes No No

No No

No No

No No Yes Yes

Page 16: Plants used in traditional medicine in Eastern Tanzania. VI. Angiosperms (Sapotaceae to Zingiberaceae)

98

TABLE 2 (continued)

Species Source Chemical data

Pharmacological data

Pterocarpus rotundiJolius (Sond.) Druce subsp. polyanthus (Harms) Mendoca et E.P. Sousa (Papilionaceae)

Pyrenacantha malvifolia Engl. (Icacinaceae) Rauvoifio raffia Sond. (Ap~ynaceae) Rauvolfia momb~i~a Stapf (Apocynaceae) ~amnus prinoides L’Herit. (Rhamnaceae~ ~~oicj~su~ revoiiii Ranch. (Vitaceae) Rhoicissus tridentata (L.f.) Wild et Drum. (Vitaceae) R&s longipes Engl. (Anacardiaceae) Rhus natalensis Bernh. ex Krauss (Anacardiaceae) Rhus quartiniana A. Rich. (Anacardiaceae) Rhus tenuinervis Engl. (Anacardiatieae) Rhynchosia albissima Gand. (Papilionaceae) Rhynchosia minima (L.) DC. var. minima (Papilionaceae) R&us communis L. (Euphorbiaceae) Ritchiea capparoides (Andr.) Britten var. capparoides (Capparidaceae) Rumex usambarensis (Dammer) Dammer (Polygonaceae) Rytigynia deeussatu (K. .&hum.) Robyns (Rubiaceae) Safacia bussei Lees. (Celastraceae) Salacia ma~g~carie~js (Lam.) DC. (Celastraceae) Salvadora persica L. (Salvadoraceae) Sansevieria bagamoyensis N.E. Brown (Agavaceae) Sarcophyte piriei Hutchinson (Balanophoraceae) Scadoxus multiflorus (Martyn) Raf. (Amaryllidaceae) Schizozygia coffaeoides Baill. (Apocynaceae) Sclerocarya caffia Sond. (Anacardiaceae) Scutia myrtina (Burm.f.) Kurz (Rhamnaceae) Securidaca longepedunculata Fresen. (Polygalaceae) Senecio stuhlmannii Klatt (Compositae) Sesbaniu hirtistyla Gillett (Papilionaceae) Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. (Papilionaceae) Sida cordijb/ia L. (Malvaceae) Sida rhomb~o~ia L. (Malva~ae) Sideroxyion inerme L. (Sapotaceae) Smilax kraussiana Meisn. (Smilacaceae) Soianum incanum L. (Solanaceae) Sorindeia madagascuriensis DC. (Anacardiaceae) Spermacoce laevis Lam. (Rubiaceae) Spilanthes mauritiana DC. (Compositae) Spirostuchys africana Sond. (Euphorbiaceae) Steganotnenia araliacea Hochst. (Umbelliferae) Sferculia africana (Lour.) Fiori (Sterculiaceae) Sterculia appendiculata K. Schum. (Sterculiaceae) Sterculia stenocarpa H. Winkler (Sterculiaceae) Stereospermum kunt~ianum Cham. (Bignoniaceae) Strycimos ma~gascar~e~is Poir. (Log~iaceae) Sfr_~&os spinosa Lam. (Loganiaceae) Stylochiton hennigii Engl. (Araliaceae) Suregada zanziburiensis Baill. (Euphorbiaceae) Synadenium glaucescens Pax (Euphorbiaceae) Synaptolepis alternifolia Oliv. (Thymelaeaceae) Synaptolepis kirkii Oliv. (Thymelaeaceae) Sy:_vgium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae) Tabernaemontana elegans Stapf (Apocynaceae) Tacca leontopetaloides (L.) 0. Kuntze (Taccaceae) Tamarindus indica L. (Caesalpiniaceae) Tarenna littoralis (Hiern) Bridson (Rubiaceae) Teclea simpliclfolia (Engl.) Verdoorn (Rutaceae) Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. subsp. leptostachya (DC.) Brummitt

(Papiljonaceae) Tephrosia villosa (L.) Pers. subsp. ehre~berg~a~a (Schweinf.) Brummitt

(Papilionaceae)

JEP 29, 313

JEP 28, 266 JEP 21, 264 JEP 21, 264 JEP 33, I46 JEP JEP JEP 21, 260 JEP 21, 260 JEP 21, 260 JEP 21, 260 JEP 29, 313 JEP 29. 313 JEP 28, 262 JEP 25, 341 JEP 33, I45 JEP 33, 149 JEP 25, 342 JEP 25. 343 JEP 33, I52 JEP 21, 257 JEP 21, 266 JEP 21, 258 JEP 21, 264 JEP 21, 261 JEP 33, I46 JEP 33, I45 JEP 25. 349 JEP 29, 313 JEP 29, 313 JEP 28, 273 JEP 28, 274 JEP JEP JEP JEP 21, 261 JEP 33, 149 JEP 25, 349 JEP 28, 263 JEP JEP JEP JEP JEP 21, 267 JEP 28, 271 JEP 28, 271 JEP 21, 265 JEP 28. 263 JEP 28, 264 JEP JEP JEP 29, 304 JEP 21, 264 JEP JEP 21, 271 JEP 33, 149 JEP 33, 150 JEP 29. 314

JEP 29, 314

No No

Yes Yes Yes

Yes No No Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes

No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes

Yes No No

Yes

Yes Yes

Yes

Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes NO No Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes

No

Yes Yes Yes

Yes

No No

Yes Yes No No Yes Yes No NO No No Yes Yes No

No No No

Yes No Yes Yes No No Yes Yes

No

No

Yes No

No

Yes No Yes No

No

No No Yes Yes Yes No No No No

Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes

No No

Page 17: Plants used in traditional medicine in Eastern Tanzania. VI. Angiosperms (Sapotaceae to Zingiberaceae)

99

TABLE 2 (continued)

Species Source Chemical

data

Pharmacological

data

Terminalia kaiserana F. Hoffm. (Combretaceae)

Terminalia kihmandwharica Engl. (Combretaceae)

Terminalia spinosa Engl. (Combretaceae)

Terminalia trichopoda Diels (Combretaceae)

Terminalia zambesiaca Engl. et Diels (Combretaceae)

Tefrucera boiviuna Bail]. (Dilleniaceae)

Thelypteris dentata (Forsk.) E.St. John (Thelypteridaceae)

Thespesia dunis Oliv. (Malvaceae)

Thunbergia alata Boj. ex Sims (Acanthaceae)

Thylachium africanum Lour. (Capparidaceae)

Toddaliu asiatica (L.) Lam. (Rutaceae)

Toddaliopsis sansibarensis (Engl.) Engl. (Rutaceae)

Tragia brevipes Pax (Euphorbiaceae)

Trugiu furialis Bojer (Euphorbiaceae)

Trema orientalis (L.) Blume (Ulmaceae)

Trichiliu emerica Vahl (Meliaceae)

Trimeria grandifolia (Hochst.) Warb. (Flacourtiaceae)

Triunferta rhomboidea Jacq. (Tiliaceae)

Turraeu nilotica Kotschy et Peyr. (Meliaceae)

Turraea robusta (Guerke) Guerke (Meliaceae)

Tylosema fassoglensis (Schweinf.) Torre et Hillc. (Caesalpiniaceae)

&aria acuminata Oliv. (Annonaceae)

Uvariu kirkii Hook.f. (Annonaceae)

Uvaria leptocladon Oliv. (Annonaceae)

Vangueria infausta Burch. subsp. infausta (Rubiaceae)

Vangueria infausta Burch. subsp. rotundala (Robyns) Verde.

(Rubiaceae)

JEP 25, 344

JEP 25, 344

JEP 25, 345

JEP 25, 345

JEP 25, 344

JEP 25, 353

JEP

JEP 28, 274

JEP 21, 251

JEP 25, 341

JEP 33, 151

JEP 33, I51

JEP 28, 264

JEP 28, 264

JEP

JEP 28, 274

JEP 28, 265

JEP

JEP 28, 275

JEP 28, 275

JEP 21, 271

JEP 21, 262

JEP 21, 262

JEP 21, 263

JEP 33, 149

JEP 33, 150

Vangueria madagascariensis Gmel. (Rubiaceae) JEP 33, 150 Vepris glomerata (F. Hoffm.) Engl. (Rutaceae) JEP 33, 151 Vepris lanceolata (Lam.) G. Don (Rutaceae) JEP 33, I51 Vernonia amygdalina Del. (Compositae) JEP 25, 349 Vernonia galamensis (Cass.) Less. (Compositae) JEP 25, 350 Vernonia glabru (Steetz) Vatke (Compositae) JEP 25, 350 Vernonia hildebrandtii Vatke (Compositae) JEP 25, 350 Vernonia jug&s Oliv. et Hiern (Compositae) JEP 25, 350 Vernonia lusiopus 0. Hoffm. (Compositae) JEP 25, 350 Vernonia zanzibarensis Loes. (Compositae) JEP 25. 351 Vigna unguiculafa (L.) Walp. (Papilionaceae) JEP 29, 314 Vismia orientalis Engl. (Hypericaceae) JEP 28, 266 Vitex buchananii Baker ex Guerke (Verbenaceae) JEP Vitex payos (Lour.) Merr. (Verbenaceae) JEP Waltheria indica L. (Sterculiaceae) JEP Wurburgia stuhlmannii Engl. (Canellaceae) JEP 21, 271 Xeroderris stuhlmannii (Taub.) Mendonca et E.P. Sousa JEP 29, 315

(Papilionaceae)

Ximenia americana L. (Olacaceae)

Ximeniu caffra Sond. var. caffra (Olacaceae)

Ximenia caffra Sond. var. natalensis (Olacaceae)

Xylopia arenaria Engl. (Annonaceae)

Xylorheca tetrensis (Klotzsch) Gilg var. fissisfyla (Warb.) Sleumer

JEP 29, 305

JEP 29, 306

JEP 29, 306

JEP 21, 263

JEP 28, 265 (Flacourtiaceae)

Xylofheca teffensis (Klotzsch) Gilg var. kirkii (Oliv.) Wild JEP 28, 265 (Flacourtiaceae)

Zunha ufricana (Radlk.) Exell (Sapindaceae)

Zunha golungensis Hiern (Sapindaceae)

Zanrhoxylum chalybeum Engl. (Rutaceae)

Zanrhoxylum holtzianum (Engl.) Waterm. (Rutaceae)

Zehneria scabra (L.f.) Sond. (Cucurbitaceae)

JEP 33, 154

JEP 33, 154

JEP 33, I51

JEP 33. I52

JEP 25, 352

No Yes No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes

No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes

Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes

Yes

Yes No

Yes Yes Yes No No

No

Yes Yes Yes No No

No No No No Yes

No No No Yes No Yes No No No No Yes No Yes Yes No No

Yes Yes No No No

Yes No

No Yes No No Yes No No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes No No No

No

Yes No

Yes No No

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100

binations of two to seven plants have also been recorded in the survey.

The remedies used by the traditional healers are prepared as a decoction (boiling water extract) (65.50/o), as pure juice or mixed with water (9.8%), as infusion (hot water extract) (9.2O/o), as powder (7.7%), as crushed material (2.8%) and in the form of ash (1.2%).

Most plants to be used as a remedy are stored for later use in the dry state, which allows their utilization throughout the year. Infusions or decoctions are usually prepared just before use and filtered through a cloth. Sometimes fresh plants are also used.

Infusions are prepared by brewing the chopped plant material in water at 60-70°C for 30-60 min. Decoctions are prepared by boiling the plantmate- rial over moderate heat. Most preparations are taken internally alone, while a few are taken together with porridge (maize), beans, soup and honey. Some preparations are mixed with oil or Vaseline and rubbed or applied externally for a number of conditions, such as wounds, boils, lep- rosy, convulsions, fever and swellings.

There are 13 preparations that are used either internally or externally to remove the curse of evil spirits, to keep away devils or to neutralize the effect of witches. Eight preparations from fresh or dried plants are rubbed into scarifications.

The number of preparations made from a single plant varies from one to twenty four. The highest number (24) belongs to ~einbolli~ borbonic~ Scheff. (Sapindaceae), followed by Annona senegalensis Pers. (Annonaceae) with 22, Ehretia amoena Klotzsch (Boraginaceae) with 21 and Zan- thoxylum chalybeum Engl. (Rutaceae) with 18.

The highest percentage of plant remedies belongs to those employed in treating problems of the digestive system, with 32.3%. Other different conditions treated with percentage of plant remedies employed are given in Table 1.

The fact that (a) we obtained a considerable amount of duplications of information, i.e., some plants were shown to us by several healers and (b) most of the plants collected have been reported in the literature as having been used for medicinal purposes, indicates that the healers could be trusted for the information they imparted about the plants they use.

This study reveals that 89 species or 2 1.9% are used as herbal medicines for the first time. A small number of herbs have been screened for their reported pharmacological effects, while 23 1 spe- cies (57%) have not at all been studied phar-

macologically. A list of plant species (284) that have not been studied chemically and/or phar- macologically is presented in Table 2. Of these, 144 species (35.5%), have not been studied chemically or pharmacologically.

Of 2 17 species that have been screened chemical- ly, alkaloids were found in 62 species reputed to have dramatic physiological effects are claimed mainly to act on the central nervous system. A total of 174 species have been screened phar- macologically for different activities. Of 129 spe- cies that have been tested for their antibacterial properties, 85 showed activity against one or more test organisms. Twenty-nine species have also been tested for their antifungal properties, of which 20 showed activity against at least one type of fungal species. Fourteen species have shown preliminary anticancer activity in experimental animals; 11, molluscicidal activity; 8, insect antifeedant and growth inhibitory activities; 8, antidiabetic proper- ties; 7, antihypertensive activity; and 4, anthelmin- tic properties. Sixteen plants have been found to be toxic, three of which, Bidens pilosa L. (Com- positae), Euphorbia tirucaili L. (Euphorbiaceae) and Capsicum frutescens L. (Solanaceae), have also been shown to be carcinogenic.

The Government of Tanzania is encouraging traditional healers to form an association. The Traditional Medicine Research Unit of the Uni- versity of Dar es Salaam has been charged with evaluating the existing traditional healers man- power, their knowledge, their methods of diagno- sis and their practices of treating diseases, so that they could be officially incorporated into the pri- mary health care delivery system in the communi- ty. Thus, this system of medicine, which is the only easily accessible health care alternative for most of the populations in rural areas, needs to be further evaluated scientifically. This is done through con- firmation of the pharmacological effects of the plants used and correlating these effects with their chemical constituents, so that due recognition is given which will allow further development to im- prove the efficacy and safety of the traditional her- bal remedies.

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Mr. C.O. Kyalawa, Tradi- tional Medicine Research Unit, and to Mr. B. Mhoro, Department of Botany, University of Dar es Salaam, for their assistance in the field, and to Dr. K. Mtotomwema, of the same Department, for assistance in the identi~cation of the plants.

Page 19: Plants used in traditional medicine in Eastern Tanzania. VI. Angiosperms (Sapotaceae to Zingiberaceae)

101

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