Plasmodium Plasmodium falciparumfalciparum

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MalariaMalaria Plasmodium falciparum biologyPlasmodium falciparum biology toxinstoxins VaccinesVaccines MosquitoesMosquitoes

What is What is Plasmodium Plasmodium falciparumfalciparum??

ProtozoaProtozoa MalariaMalaria

http://www.traveldoctor.info/diseases/1.html

ImpactImpact

300 million acute 300 million acute illnessillness

100 million deaths100 million deaths A child in Africa A child in Africa

dies every 30 dies every 30 secondsseconds

http://mosquito.who.int/cmc_upload/0/000/015/372/RBMInfosheet_1.htm

Most vulnerable Most vulnerable populationpopulation

http://www.lakareutangranser.se/default.asp?mall=1&ArtikelID=165&UrvKat=43&Kategori=

Symptoms of infectionSymptoms of infection Characteristic Characteristic

fever 2-3 day cyclefever 2-3 day cyclecold stagecold stagehot stagehot stage

sweating stagesweating stage AnemiaAnemia Renal failureRenal failure SeizuresSeizures comacoma

Diagnosis Diagnosis

SymptomsSymptoms Microscopy Microscopy PCRPCR ELISAELISA

http://mosquito.who.int/docs/hbsm_diagnosis.htm

TreatmentTreatment

ChloroquineChloroquine most most common and common and effective drug used effective drug used to treat malariato treat malaria

Causes nausea, Causes nausea, blurred vision, and blurred vision, and in some cases in some cases neurological neurological dysfunction and dysfunction and seizures seizures

http://www.globalphar.com/chl_pic.php

Roll Back MalariaRoll Back Malaria

Insecticide treated Insecticide treated netsnets

Indoor residual Indoor residual sprayingspraying

IntermittentIntermittent

preventativespreventatives Prompt treatment Prompt treatment

http://www.rbm.who.int/cgi-bin/rbm/rbmportal/custom/rbm/home.do

Mosquitofish Mosquitofish

http://www.clevelandaquariumsociety.org/mosquitofish.jpg

Life cycle of Life cycle of Plasmodium Plasmodium FalciparumFalciparum

http://post.queensu.ca/~forsdyke/pfalcip01.htm

Sporozoits in the liverSporozoits in the liver

Pores Pores Kupffer cellsKupffer cells ReproductionReproduction

http://k12education.uams.edu/scvlab/history.htm

Sporozoits in the bloodSporozoits in the blood

http://astuasbalas.blogspot.com/2004_02_01_astuasbalas_archive.html

Gametocyte developmentGametocyte development

Sexual Sexual commitmentcommitment

Sequestered in Sequestered in bonesbones

Resistance to Resistance to quininequinine

LongevityLongevity

http://www.bepast.org/dataman.pl?c=lib&dir=docs/photos/malaria

““Female” gametocyteFemale” gametocyte

Gametocyte InfectivityGametocyte Infectivity

Temp dropTemp drop Red blood cells Red blood cells

lysed lysed Xanthurenic Xanthurenic

acid and acid and exflagellationexflagellation

eye coloreye color

http://lozere.org/perso/malaria/parasit.htm

GametogenisisGametogenisis

Rapid morphological changesRapid morphological changes

http://www.ksu.edu/parasitology/625tutorials/http://www.ksu.edu/parasitology/625tutorials/Plasmodium01.htmlPlasmodium01.html

““male” gametocytemale” gametocyte

OokinetsOokinets 2 divisions2 divisions Anatomy of a mosquito midgutAnatomy of a mosquito midgut

http://www.bc.edu/schools/cas/biology/news/encounter/

OocystsOocysts

Sporozoit Sporozoit buddingbudding

Number of Number of sporozoits per sporozoits per oocystoocyst

http://www.biosci.ohio-state.edu/~parasite/plasmodium.html

Sporozoits Sporozoits

MigrationMigration

http://www.malarlife.dfl.org.za/malaria%20virus%20photos.htm

Mosquito bites person…Mosquito bites person…

http://post.queensu.ca/~forsdyke/pfalcip01.htm

PathogenicityPathogenicity

http://www.nmm.ac.uk/server/show/conMediaFile.5757/outputRegister/lowhtml

Toxins Toxins

ResistanceResistance HemozinHemozin TNF-alpha IL-TNF-alpha IL-

1 and IFN-1 and IFN-gammagamma

http://www.wordsources.info/words-mod-malaria.html

Tumor Necrosis factorTumor Necrosis factor

http://www.farm.kuleuven.ac.be/anafar/lab/protein/tnf.htm

Toxicity and Toxicity and pathogenicity pathogenicity

Proteins and cell membranesProteins and cell membranes

RosettingRosetting

Five receptorsFive receptors ImmuneImmune

system evasion?system evasion?

Antigenic VariationAntigenic Variation

Opportunities Opportunities abound abound

http://www.lovetoparty.co.nz/images/SURPRISE.jpg

CrossoverCrossover

http://www.stanford.edu/group/Urchin/GIFS/crossover.jpg

VarVar Family Family

http://www.niaid.nih.gov/dir/labs/lmvr/mgs.htm

Research About MalariaResearch About Malaria

PO phosphoriboproteinPO phosphoriboprotein

http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15322057

VaccinesVaccines

New New treatmenttreatment

Acquired Acquired immunityimmunity

challengeschallenges

http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/jmoodie/vacc2.html

Prevention of Liver stage Prevention of Liver stage infectioninfection

http://www.med.nyu.edu/parasitology/faculty/ufrevert.html

Vaccinating mosquitoesVaccinating mosquitoes

http://www.bigthings.ca/manitoba/pictures/1mos1.jpg

Paratransgenesis Paratransgenesis

http://www.mbl.edu/Astrobiology/Riley/image/E.coli.gif

http://www.invivo.fiocruz.br/celula/imagens/bacillus.jpg

Engineering mosquitoesEngineering mosquitoes

3 stages3 stages

AgAper AgAper promoterpromoter

vitellogenin vitellogenin promoterpromoter

salvitory salvitory promoterspromoters

http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/206/21/3809/FIG2

Other ways to reduce Other ways to reduce infectioninfection

http://www.wmconnolley.org.uk/bees/

http://k12education.uams.edu/scvlab/history.htm

Future challenges Future challenges

FundingFunding ResearchResearch DistributionDistribution Funding Funding

ConclusionConclusion

"I have not failed. I've just found "I have not failed. I've just found 10,000 ways that won't work." 10,000 ways that won't work." Thomas Alva EdisonThomas Alva Edison

Sources Sources

See notes section for a list of See notes section for a list of references arranged by slide references arranged by slide number.number.