Plasmodium Malariae Life cycle

Muhammad Nazli Bin Iderus08-3-144

Female Anopheles Host

• Mosquito are usually vegetarian, preferring to drink nectar, fruit juices, and honey dew.

• Only a pregnant mosquito will bite human, seeking nutrient from blood, to nourish her developing eggs.

• If she drinks blood from someone, infected with malariae, she too become infected by the disease.

• The tiny drop of human blood filling the insect mid gut is teeming with the malariae parasite.

• In the midgut-

• The infective stage for female anopheles, is the gametocyte

• Macrogametocytes (female) becomes a macrogamete by reduction division of the nucleus

• Microgametocytes (male) give rise to 4-8 microgametes by exflagellation

• Fertilization occurs to form Zygote.

• The zygote elongates into motile ookinete

• The motile ookinete will penetrates the wall of the stomach, settles between the epithelial lining and basement membrane to form oocysts.

• The motile ookinete will penetrates the wall of the stomach, settles between the epithelial lining and basement membrane to form oocysts.

• The motile ookinete will penetrates the wall of the stomach, settles between the epithelial lining and basement membrane to form oocysts.

• In Between the epithelial lining and basement membrane-• Oocyts, which contain thousand of sporozoites• Rupture of oocysts, sporozoites then liberated in the body

cavity.

• In the body cavity-• Sporozoites then penetrate into the salivary

gland.

• In the body cavity-• Sporozoites then penetrate into the salivary gland.• *the life cycle in the mosquito takes 10-20days.

Human Host

• Human• -The life cycle of plasmodium Malariae in man includes• The hepatic Phase. Or Exo-Erythrocytic cycle• Erythrocytic cycle

• When an infected female anopheles mosquito bites man, the sporozoites which are the infective stage, are injected into the skin of the man with the saliva.

• They then reach the blood stream-• Sporozoites in the blood stream within half an hour

enter the hepatic cells.

• They then reach the blood stream-• Sporozoites in the blood stream within half an hour

enter the hepatic cells.

• They then reach the blood stream-• Sporozoites in the blood stream within half an hour

enter the hepatic cells.

• They then reach the blood stream-• Sporozoites in the blood stream within half an hour

enter the hepatic cells.

• The sporozoites will search for an entrance into the liver cell.

• And its entrance is the Kuffer cells

• The sporozoites will search for an entrance into the liver cell.

• And its entrance is the Kuffer cells

• The sporozoites will search for an entrance into the liver cell.

• And its entrance is the Kuffer cells

• The sporozoites will search for an entrance into the liver cell.

• And its entrance is the Kuffer cells

• Hepatic cells-• Each spororozoites the develops into pre-erythrocytic

shizont.

• The infected liver cells ruptures liberating merozoites in the blood stream.

• Each pre-erythrocytic shizont contain thousands of merozoites. (varying from 2000 to 40000 according to plasmodium species)

• *In Plasmodium Malariae all the sporozoites in the hepatic cell change into pre-erythrocyte shizont and none of it stay dormant in the liver cell, therefore no hypnozoites are formed.

• Erythrocytic cycle

• Liberated merozoite in the blood stream invade red blood corpuscle to avoid human immunisation system

• In red blood corpuscles-

• In red blood corpuscles-• Merozoites develops into early trophozoites or the

ring stage.

• In red blood corpuscles-• Then the ring stage develop into mature trophozoites

• In red blood corpuscles-• Mature trophozoites develop into shizont.

• Merozoites reinvade red blood corpuscles and thus repeated the cycle.

• Each shizont contain thousands of merozoites. (varying according to plasmodium species)

• Infected red blood corpuscles ruptures liberated merozoites.

• Merozoites reinvade red blood corpuscles and thus repeated the cycle.

• Each shizont contain thousands of merozoites. (varying according to plasmodium species)

• Infected red blood corpuscles ruptures liberated merozoites.

•After repeated asexual cycle or shizogony, gametocytes formation occurs when some of the merozoites develop into gametocyte.•There are 2 type of gametocytes, microgametocytes or male gametocytes and macrogametocytes or female gametocytes.•Those gametocytes will then be taken by appropriate female anopheles mosquito and initiate sexual cycle.