30
POL SAFETY POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona Phoenix, Arizona

POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

POL SAFETYPOL SAFETYArmy Aviation Support Facility #1Army Aviation Support Facility #1

Phoenix, Arizona Phoenix, Arizona

Page 2: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona
Page 3: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

Lesson ObjectiveLesson Objective

To give aircrew members an To give aircrew members an understanding of the criticality of fuel understanding of the criticality of fuel handling, particularly fuel hazards and handling, particularly fuel hazards and safety precautionssafety precautions

References: FM 10-67-1References: FM 10-67-1

Page 4: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

Petroleum Fire And Explosion Petroleum Fire And Explosion HazardsHazards

The primary danger while handling The primary danger while handling petroleum is the chance of a fire or petroleum is the chance of a fire or explosion. The slides below describe explosion. The slides below describe petroleum properties affecting flammability petroleum properties affecting flammability and explosive characteristics. They also and explosive characteristics. They also discuss issues and techniques related to discuss issues and techniques related to reducing the chance of fire and explosion reducing the chance of fire and explosion when storing and handling petroleum when storing and handling petroleum products. products.

Page 5: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

Important Terms and Important Terms and DefinitionsDefinitions

Flash PointFlash PointExplosive RangeExplosive RangeElectrostatic SusceptibilityElectrostatic SusceptibilityAutoignition TemperatureAutoignition Temperature

Page 6: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

Flash PointFlash Point

A fuel’s flash point is the lowest A fuel’s flash point is the lowest temperature the fuel’s vapor will catch fire temperature the fuel’s vapor will catch fire momentarily (flash) when exposed to a momentarily (flash) when exposed to a flame. The lower a fuel’s flash point, the flame. The lower a fuel’s flash point, the more dangerous it is. Some sample flash more dangerous it is. Some sample flash points are: JP-4, -10° F; and JP-8, 100° F. points are: JP-4, -10° F; and JP-8, 100° F. These flash points show that fuels give off These flash points show that fuels give off ignitable vapors at temperatures normally ignitable vapors at temperatures normally found in Army units. Aviation-related fuels found in Army units. Aviation-related fuels can ignite even in sub-zero temperatures.can ignite even in sub-zero temperatures.

Page 7: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

Explosive RangeExplosive Range Petroleum vapor and air may form a range of Petroleum vapor and air may form a range of

mixtures that are flammable, and possibly mixtures that are flammable, and possibly explosive. This range is called the mixture’s explosive. This range is called the mixture’s "flammability limit," "explosive range," or "flammability limit," "explosive range," or "explosive limit." "explosive limit."

A mixture in the explosive range ignites when it A mixture in the explosive range ignites when it contacts a spark, flame, or other ignition source. contacts a spark, flame, or other ignition source. In open spaces, this causes an intense fire. In open spaces, this causes an intense fire.

Any mixture above 8 percent by volume of fuel Any mixture above 8 percent by volume of fuel vapor does not ignite because it is too "rich." vapor does not ignite because it is too "rich." This is known as the mixture’s upper explosive This is known as the mixture’s upper explosive limit. limit.

Page 8: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

Explosive Range (cont’d)Explosive Range (cont’d)

A mixture less than 1 percent by volume of fuel A mixture less than 1 percent by volume of fuel vapor does not ignite because it is too "lean." vapor does not ignite because it is too "lean." This is known as the mixture’s lower explosive This is known as the mixture’s lower explosive limit. A mixture’s lower explosive limit is formed limit. A mixture’s lower explosive limit is formed at about the product’s flash point. at about the product’s flash point.

Explosive ranges vary among fuel types. Explosive ranges vary among fuel types. The The KEY POINTKEY POINT is an empty or nearly empty is an empty or nearly empty

petroleum tank or container is still very petroleum tank or container is still very dangerous due to remaining fuel vapors.dangerous due to remaining fuel vapors.

Page 9: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

Electrostatic SusceptibilityElectrostatic Susceptibility

This is the relative degree a fuel will take This is the relative degree a fuel will take on or build up a static electrical charge. on or build up a static electrical charge. Aviation peculiar fuels (JP-8 in particular) Aviation peculiar fuels (JP-8 in particular) have relatively high electro static have relatively high electro static susceptibilities. This multiplies the danger susceptibilities. This multiplies the danger of these highly volatile, flammable fuels.of these highly volatile, flammable fuels.

Page 10: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

Autoignition TemperatureAutoignition Temperature

This is the lowest temperature a fuel itself This is the lowest temperature a fuel itself (as opposed to its vapor) will catch fire (as opposed to its vapor) will catch fire spontaneously.spontaneously.

Some sample autoignition temperatures Some sample autoignition temperatures are: are: JP-4JP-4, 470° to 480° F; , 470° to 480° F; JP-8JP-8, 440° to , 440° to 475° F. 475° F.

Low autoignition temperatures present a Low autoignition temperatures present a particular hazard in aviation refueling particular hazard in aviation refueling operations. operations.

Page 11: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

Autoignition Temperature Autoignition Temperature (cont’d)(cont’d)

An idling turbine engine (such as a helicopter An idling turbine engine (such as a helicopter engine) produces an exhaust with a temperature engine) produces an exhaust with a temperature between 440° to 475° F. Even after the engine is between 440° to 475° F. Even after the engine is shut down, its temperature stays in this range for shut down, its temperature stays in this range for quite a time. If this engine temperature radiates quite a time. If this engine temperature radiates to JP-8, the fuel could catch fire or explode. This to JP-8, the fuel could catch fire or explode. This could happen if a helicopter exhaust blows on a could happen if a helicopter exhaust blows on a piece of refuel equipment or a fuel handler drags piece of refuel equipment or a fuel handler drags a hose across a hot engine.a hose across a hot engine.

Page 12: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona
Page 13: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

FUEL FIRE AND FUEL FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDSEXPLOSION HAZARDS

Page 14: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

Jet FuelJet Fuel Jet fuel flammability characteristics vary with fuel Jet fuel flammability characteristics vary with fuel

grade. grade. Follow the same safety precautions when Follow the same safety precautions when

handling all jet fuels. handling all jet fuels. JP-4 presents the most extreme safety hazard. JP-4 presents the most extreme safety hazard.

JP-4 is still used in some areas. JP-4 is still used in some areas. JP-8 is very dangerous because it forms JP-8 is very dangerous because it forms

explosive mixtures over all normal storage and explosive mixtures over all normal storage and operating temperatures. It also creates large operating temperatures. It also creates large quantities of static electricity when pumped and quantities of static electricity when pumped and handled. handled.

Page 15: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

Precautions for Storing and Precautions for Storing and Handling Jet FuelsHandling Jet Fuels

Use as small a storage tank as necessary to support the mission. When Use as small a storage tank as necessary to support the mission. When using hard wall storage tanks, avoid shallow tanks with large surface areas using hard wall storage tanks, avoid shallow tanks with large surface areas for jet fuel storage. If available, use floating roof storage tanks. for jet fuel storage. If available, use floating roof storage tanks.

Do not use overhead fill lines that permit product free-fall. Do not use overhead fill lines that permit product free-fall. Keep air out of fill lines. Keep air out of fill lines. Use water bottoms in fixed tanks only when absolutely necessary. When Use water bottoms in fixed tanks only when absolutely necessary. When

using water bottoms, keep inlet connections above the water to reduce using water bottoms, keep inlet connections above the water to reduce agitation. Water with entrained air rising through fuel creates a static agitation. Water with entrained air rising through fuel creates a static electricity charge. Bubbles bursting on the fuel surface also create static electricity charge. Bubbles bursting on the fuel surface also create static electricity. electricity.

When pumping fuel, you should pump at a reduced flow rate until the fuel When pumping fuel, you should pump at a reduced flow rate until the fuel submerges the tank inlet. Also reduce the pumping rate when the fuel level submerges the tank inlet. Also reduce the pumping rate when the fuel level is near the tank top to reduce the risk of flashover to parts of the roof. is near the tank top to reduce the risk of flashover to parts of the roof.

Continually check bonding and grounding connections. Take special care to Continually check bonding and grounding connections. Take special care to bond and ground gauging and sampling equipment properly.bond and ground gauging and sampling equipment properly.

Page 16: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

Petroleum Safety PrecautionsPetroleum Safety Precautions

RULES RULES REMARKS REMARKS

Fire Extinguishers Fire Extinguishers Place fire extinguishers and other Place fire extinguishers and other fire fighting equipment within easy fire fighting equipment within easy reach but where it will be safe from reach but where it will be safe from a fire.a fire.

Spills Spills Control spills with a proactive spill Control spills with a proactive spill prevention program. Immediately prevention program. Immediately clean up and report spills. clean up and report spills.

Leaks Leaks Place drainage tubs or containers Place drainage tubs or containers under hose connections, faucets, under hose connections, faucets, and similar equipment. Repair and similar equipment. Repair leaks at once. Replace defective leaks at once. Replace defective hoses, gaskets, and faucets. hoses, gaskets, and faucets.

Page 17: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

Petroleum Safety PrecautionsPetroleum Safety Precautions

RULES RULES REMARKS REMARKS

Protective ClothingProtective Clothing Wear fuel-resistant or rubber Wear fuel-resistant or rubber gloves and protective clothing to gloves and protective clothing to keep fuel off the skin. Wear ear keep fuel off the skin. Wear ear protection when working in high protection when working in high noise areas. noise areas.

Work Area Work Area Keep the work area free of loose Keep the work area free of loose tools, lumber, and other objects tools, lumber, and other objects that may cause accidents. that may cause accidents.

Nylon Clothing Nylon Clothing Never wear nylon clothing when Never wear nylon clothing when handling petroleum because high handling petroleum because high electrostatic charges build up in electrostatic charges build up in

nylon fabric.nylon fabric.

Page 18: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona
Page 19: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

FUEL PROPERTIES FUEL PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOR AND BEHAVIOR

AFTER COMBUSTIONAFTER COMBUSTION

Page 20: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

Heat of CombustionHeat of Combustion

One relative measure of fire intensity or One relative measure of fire intensity or severity is the amount of heat produced as severity is the amount of heat produced as the fuel burns. Aviation peculiar fuels such the fuel burns. Aviation peculiar fuels such as JP-4 and JP-8 have higher heats of as JP-4 and JP-8 have higher heats of combustion than multipurpose or motor combustion than multipurpose or motor fuels. Therefore, they produce more fuels. Therefore, they produce more severe fires. In any case, all petroleum severe fires. In any case, all petroleum fires are intense. They require prompt fires are intense. They require prompt action to quench the large amounts of heat action to quench the large amounts of heat they produce.they produce.

Page 21: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

Flame Spread RateFlame Spread Rate

Aviation fuels containing gasoline and Aviation fuels containing gasoline and kerosene mixtures (JET B, JP-4) have kerosene mixtures (JET B, JP-4) have flame spread rates of from 700 to 800 feet flame spread rates of from 700 to 800 feet per minute.per minute.

Kerosene-based fuels (JP-5, JP-8, Jet A-Kerosene-based fuels (JP-5, JP-8, Jet A-1, DF-2) have flame spread rates of 1, DF-2) have flame spread rates of approximately 100 feet per minute. approximately 100 feet per minute.

Flame spread through a mist of any fuel Flame spread through a mist of any fuel type is nearly type is nearly instantaneousinstantaneous. .

Page 22: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

Specific GravitySpecific Gravity Specific gravity is a relative measure of liquid density. Specific gravity is a relative measure of liquid density. Water’s specific gravity is 1.0. Water’s specific gravity is 1.0. All petroleum products have a specific gravity less than All petroleum products have a specific gravity less than

1.0. 1.0. JP-4’s specific gravity is .78. This means they are lighter JP-4’s specific gravity is .78. This means they are lighter

than water and will float on any water surface. than water and will float on any water surface. Using water to put out a petroleum fire will cause it to Using water to put out a petroleum fire will cause it to

spread as petroleum is carried along on the water spread as petroleum is carried along on the water stream flowing away from the fire. For this reason, stream flowing away from the fire. For this reason, use use foams or dry chemicalsfoams or dry chemicals, if possible, , if possible, to put out petroleum to put out petroleum fires.fires.

Page 23: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona
Page 24: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

STATIC ELECTRICITYSTATIC ELECTRICITY

Page 25: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

Static ElectricityStatic Electricity Static electricity is an electrical charge built up in Static electricity is an electrical charge built up in

a material by friction with another electrically a material by friction with another electrically dissimilar material. dissimilar material.

The flow of petroleum through hoses and pumps The flow of petroleum through hoses and pumps and into and out of metal tanks produce static and into and out of metal tanks produce static electricity. electricity.

Aircraft or vehicles moving through the air or Aircraft or vehicles moving through the air or along roads produce static electrical buildup on along roads produce static electrical buildup on them. them.

Static electricity discharge can be prevented by Static electricity discharge can be prevented by two methods: bonding and grounding.two methods: bonding and grounding.

Page 26: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

BondingBonding

Bonding is connecting two electrically Bonding is connecting two electrically conductive objects to equalize electrical conductive objects to equalize electrical potential (static charges) on them. potential (static charges) on them.

Bonding does not dissipate static electricity. Bonding does not dissipate static electricity. It equalizes the charge on the two objects to It equalizes the charge on the two objects to

stop the sparking in the presence of flammable stop the sparking in the presence of flammable vapors. vapors.

Bond all equipment being used in a petroleum Bond all equipment being used in a petroleum handling operation.handling operation.

Page 27: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

GroundingGrounding

To ground equipment, you must provide a To ground equipment, you must provide a conductive electrical path into the ground. conductive electrical path into the ground.

This prevents a static charge from This prevents a static charge from collecting on the surfaces of equipment collecting on the surfaces of equipment where it could discharge as a spark. where it could discharge as a spark.

The connection to the equipment must be The connection to the equipment must be to a clean unpainted, nonoxidized metal to a clean unpainted, nonoxidized metal surface. surface.

Page 28: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

BONDING AND GROUNDING BONDING AND GROUNDING DURING AIRCRAFT REFUELINGDURING AIRCRAFT REFUELING

Bonding is the only static electricity control Bonding is the only static electricity control measure required for the aircraft itself measure required for the aircraft itself during refueling. The refueling system during refueling. The refueling system must be grounded. Also, grounding at a must be grounded. Also, grounding at a separate grounding point and bonding are separate grounding point and bonding are required for support equipment connected required for support equipment connected to the aircraft and for any other operations to the aircraft and for any other operations requiring electrical earthing.requiring electrical earthing.

Page 29: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona
Page 30: POL SAFETY Army Aviation Support Facility #1 Phoenix, Arizona

QUIZQUIZ

Click on the link below to access theClick on the link below to access the

POL Safety QuizPOL Safety Quiz

http://ang.quizstarpro.com

Log-in and Click “Search” TabLog-in and Click “Search” Tab

Class Name = POL SafetyClass Name = POL Safety