28
1 POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE by Helena Tomczuk Grundtvig assistant 2011/2012

POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

  • Upload
    others

  • View
    11

  • Download
    1

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

1

POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE

by Helena Tomczuk

Grundtvig assistant 2011/2012

Page 2: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

2

Dear volunteers!

Here it is - a brand new Polish language brochure, prepared especially for you!

As Polish grammar is pretty complicated, I decided to concentrate on

vocabulary. The aim of the brochure is to give you ready-made and ready-to-

use language equivalents, things that you can actually use during your stay in

Poland. There are sections about Polish customs as well. I hope you’ll find

them useful and interesting too!

I would be more than happy to improve the brochure with your help. If there’s

anything you would add, please drop me a line!

I wish you an amazing time in my country and success with learning Polish!

Helena Tomczuk

Her&Der and Bouworde Grundtvig Assistant 2011/2012

Email address: [email protected]

Page 3: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

3

GENERAL FACTS ABOUT POLISH

o the official language of the Republic of Poland, and the first language of the vast majority

of its 39 million people

o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian)

o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United States and Canada

o Polish speakers can communicate fairly easily with Slovaks or speakers of Serbo-Croatian

o homogeneous – not too many dialects, however, there are some, but we are still able to

understand each other

o grammar is quite similar to Russian

o a highly inflected language, with relatively free word order, subject–verb–object is the

most common (SVO)

o no articles, and personal pronouns are often dropped

o nouns may belong to three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter

o seven cases: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, locative and vocative

o adjectives agree with nouns in terms of gender, case and number.

Page 4: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

4

I. HOW TO READ POLISH? ABC

This brochure doesn’t provide you with phonetic transcription of all the phrases – you don’t need

that. Everything is read the way it’s written, everything is written the way it’s read. All you need to

know is how to read our letters Here is our alphabet:

a [a] alfabet

ą [ ] ząb

b [b] but

c [ts]cebula

ć [ɕ] ćma

d [d] dom

e [e] elf

ę [ ] zęby

f [f] flaszka

g [ɡ] groch

h [x] hełm

i [i] Izabela

j [j]jagnię

k [k] krowa

l [l] lalka

ł [ɫ] łasica

m [m] mąka

n [n]nazwa

ń [ȵ] koń

o [o] ostry

ó [u] król

p [p] park

r [r] rower

s [s] spacer

ś [ɕ] śledź

t [t] trasa

u [u] ul

w [v] walc

y [ɨ] ty

z [z] zabawa

ż [ʒ] żaba

ź [ʑ] żrebak

ch = h [x] Chełm vs hełm

u = ó [u] kura / ósmy

ż = rz [ʒ] żaba / rzeka

cz [ ] czapka

sz [ʃ] szafa

dz [ ] dzwonek

dż [ ] dżdżownica

dź [ ] dźwig

As you have probably noticed, there are additional characters like: ą, ę, ć, ł, ń, ó, ś – you always read

them the way they are transcribed above. These are typically Polish letters, however, the sounds

appear in other languages as well. Most of the letters are read the way they are read ‘universally’,

like: b, d, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, t, u, z etc. Watch out with: f, g, h, j, w – their pronunciation may differ in

your language and Polish.

Page 5: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

5

There are 3 pairs of letters read the same way: ch & h, u & ó, and ż & rz – these 3 make our

orthography a nightmare, but you should not bother with that too much now. Finally, there are 5

pairs of letters read as one sound: cz, sz, dz, dż, dź.

If you are still pretty unsure how to read a certain letter, or even a whole word, I can recommend

Google translate – it will read the alphabet, words, and even whole sentences for you. Now that we

know the alphabet, we can move on to real-life Polish phrases!

II. BASIC EXPRESSIONS

In some cases you will see: (fem.) or (masc.) – it means that you should use only one form, suitable to

your sex Do not mix the forms, as it sounds really funny for Polish people, and they will laugh for

sure!

1. SAYING HELLO/GOODBYE – WITANIE SIĘ

Usually, when we say hello we raise our right hand – wave. If we know someone very well, we give

them a kiss on their cheek – always 3 times! When we meet someone for the first time, or under

official circumstances, we shake hands, both women and men. However, in the past, women didn’t

use to shake hands either with each other or with men – they were kissed on their hand instead.

Nowadays, it’s pretty old-fashioned, but still regarded as polite, as long as it’s done tactfully. It makes

a good impression at the 1st date! And if you bring a bouquet of flowers for your date, the number of

flowers must be uneven! Bouquets with even number of flowers are traditionally meant for funerals.

Witaj! / Welcome!

Dzień dobry! / Good morning! (you can use this expression all day long)

Dobry wieczór! / Good evening!

Cześć! / Hi!

Jak się masz? / Jak leci? / Jak życie? / How’s life/How are you?

U mnie wszystko dobrze, a u ciebie? / Fine, and you?

Rewelacyjnie! / Bardzo dobrze! / Nieźle. / Bywało lepiej. / Do niczego. // Great!/Very good!/Not

Bad./Used to be better./Bad.

Page 6: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

6

Dziękuję! /Thank you

Proszę. / Here you are./That’s ok.

Przepraszam. / I’m sorry/Excuse me.

Wybacz./Przykro mi. /I’m sorry.

Nic nie szkodzi. / That’s ok.

Smacznego! / Enjoy your meal!

Na zdrowie! / Enjoy! (when you drink)

Miłego dnia! / Have a nice day!

Do zobaczenia! / See you!

Widzimy się w sobotę / za tydzień. / See you on Saturday/next week.

Wszystkiego dobrego. / Best wishes.

Dobranoc! / Good night.

Pa! / Bye!

2. NUMBERS/SEASONS/MONTHS/DAYS OF THE WEEK – LICZBY/PORY ROKU/MIESIĄCE/DNI

TYGODNIA

Polish is a highly inflective language. We have 7 grammatical cases and 3 grammatical genders. Our

numerals inflect and change according to gender as well, but, to avoid confusion, I gave you just one

version: masculine. However, don’t be shocked if you hear: ‘jedna’ ( - a feminine ending), or ‘jedno’( -

a neuter ending) instead of ‘jeden’ (masc.).

Watch out with numbers over 20: it is just like English: twenty one, and unlike German or Dutch: one

and twenty!

CARDINAL NUMERALS / LICZEBNIKI GŁÓWNE:

1. jeden

2. dwa

3. trzy

4. cztery

5. pięć

6. sześć

Page 7: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

7

7. siedem

8. osiem

9. dziewięć

10. dziesięć

11. jedenaście

12. dwanaście

13. trzynaście

14. czternaście

15. piętnaście

16. szesnaście

17. siedemnaście

18. osiemnaście

19. dziewiętnaście

20. dwadzieścia

21. dwadzieścia jeden

30. trzydzieści

40. czterdzieści

50. pięćdziesiąt

60. sześcdziesiąt

70. siedemdziesiąt

80. osiemdziesiąt

90. dziewięćdzisiąt

100. sto

1000. tysiąć

2000. dwa tysiące

1000000 milion

e.g. Mam 16 lat. /I’m 16.

Kupiłam 4 pomarańcze. /I bought 4 oranges.

Wycieczka do Indii kosztowała nas 10 000 (dziesięć tysięcy) złotych. /Our India trip cost us 10 000

zlotys.

ORDINAL NUMERALS / LICZEBNIKI PORZĄDKOWE:

1. pierwszy

2. drugi

3. trzeci

4. czwarty

5. piąty

6. szósty

7. siódmy

8. ósmy

9. dziewiąty

10. dziesiąty

11. jedenasty

12. dwunasty

13. trzynasty

14. czternasty

15. piętnasty

16. szesnasty

17. siedemnasty

18. osiemnasty

Page 8: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

8

19. dziewiętnasty

20. dwudziesty

21. dwudziesty pierwszy

22. dwudziesty drugi etc.

30. trzydziesty

40. czterdziesty

50. pięćdziesiąty

60. sześćdziesiaty

70. siedemdziesiaty

80. osiemdziesiąty

90. dziewięćdziesiąty

100. setny

e.g. Dziś jest 21 (dwudziesty pierwszy) marca. / Today it’s 21st March.

Usually, we use an ordinal number to talk about time: both date and hour. When we write, we use

digits, however I decided to use words to show you how it works:

Która jest teraz godzina? /What’s the time?

Jest trzecia po południu. / It’s 3 p.m.

Jest pięć po trzeciej. 3.05 p.m.

Jest dziesięć po trzeciej. 3.10 p.m.

Jest piętnaście po trzeciej = Jest kwadrans po trzeciej. 3.15 p.m.

Jest dwadzieścia po trzeciej. 3.20 p.m.

Jest dwadzieścia pięć po trzeciej. 3.25 p.m.

Jest trzecia trzydzieści – Jest w pół do czwartej. 3.30 p.m.

Jest za dwadzieścia pięć czwarta. 3.35 p.m.

Jest za dwadzieścia czwarta. 3.40 p.m.

Jest za piętnaście czwarta – Jest za kwadrans czwarta. 3.45 p.m.

Jest za dziesięć czwarta. 3.50 p.m.

Jest za pięć czwarta. 4.00 p.m.

Page 9: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

9

Jest ósma rano. /It’s 8 in the morning.

Jest ósma wieczorem. / It’s 8 in the evening.

Jest trzecia po południu. / It’s 3 in the afternoon.

Jest południe. / It’s midday.

Jest północ. / It’s midnight.

SEASONS / PORY ROKU:

What is the weather like in Poland in spring, summer, autumn and winter? Each and every season is

beautiful.

Our spring is green, joyful. On the first day of spring school kids always drown ‘Marzanna’ (a straw

doll symbolizing winter, they usually set it on fire as well – just to be sure winter’s gone), everyone is

waiting for Easter holidays, picnics, long weekend in May (1st and 3rd May – bank holidays in Poland)

etc.

Summer can be really hot, sometimes up to 30 Celsius degrees. It can be rainy, but it can be really

dry as well. Usually June, July and August are pretty and very warm.

Autumn – people say that’s the most beautiful season in Poland. We call it: ‘złota polska jesień’

(golden Polish autumn) referring to the color of the leaves. I recommend a stroll in a park then.

Wintertime is perfect as well. We have mountains, so we ski a lot there. However, if we happen to

live somewhere far from out mountains we just turn to sled – kids love it!

wiosna – spring

lato – summer

jesień – autumn

zima – winter

e.g. Wiosną lubię spacerować. / I like taking strolls in the spring time.

Nie lubię zimy. / I don’t like winter.

Page 10: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

10

MONTHS / MIESIĄCE:

1. styczeń – January

2. luty – February

3. marzec – March

4. kwiecień – April

5. maj – May

6. czerwiec – June

7. lipiec – July

8. sierpień – August

9. wrzesień – September

10. październik – October

11. listopad – November

12. grudzień - December

e.g. Urodziłam się w styczniu. /I was born in January.

Moim ulubionym miesiącem jest lipiec. /June is my favourite month.

DAYS OF WEEK / DNI TYGODNIA:

Practical tip: from Monday till Friday shops in Poland are usually open till 5 p.m. On Saturday they

close a little bit sooner, as well as on Sunday – yes, usually supermarkets and shopping centres are

open on Sundays as well. There was a big fight over closing all shops on Sundays, but nothing

changed as, for many people, Sunday is the only day when they have actually time to shop.

1. poniedziałek – Monday

2. wtorek – Tuesday

3. środa – Wednesday

4. czwartek – Thursday

5. piątek – Friday

6. sobota – Saturday

7. niedziela – Sunday

w poniedziałek – on Monday

we wtorek – on Tuesday

w środę - on Wednesday

w czwartek – on Thursday

w piątek – on Friday

w sobotę – on Saturday

w niedzielę – on Sunday

e.g. W piątek chodzę na kurs niderlandzkiego. /On Friday I attend Dutch clases.

Page 11: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

11

3. QUESTION WORDS & NOTICES / PYTANIA I OGŁOSZENIA

QUESTION WORDS:

Jak? How?

Co? What?

Jak dużo? How much/many?

Ile? How much/many?

Kto? Who?

Gdzie? Where?

Kiedy? When?

Dlaczego? Why?

Który/która/które (masc./fem./neuter or plural) – Which?

e.g.

Jak się czujesz? /How are you?

Co się stało? / What happend?

Jak dużo pieniędzy masz w kieszeni? / How much money have you got in your pocket?

Kto zjadł wszystkie naleśniki? / Who has eaten all the pancakes?

Gdzie jest najbliższa toaleta? / Where is the nearest toilet?

Kiedy mamy przerwę? / When are we going to have a break?

Dlaczego zjadłeś wszystkie naleśniki? / Why have you eaten all thepancakes?

Który to nasz bus? / Which bus is ours?

Która godzina? / What’s the time?

Które zabytki chcecie dziś zobaczyć? /Which monuments would you like to see today?

Page 12: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

12

This is what you are going to see at doors and signboards:

PCHAĆ – PUSH

CIĄGNĄĆ – PULL

WEJŚCIE – ENTRANCE

WYJŚCIE – EXIT

ZAKAZ PALENIA – NO SMOKING

ZAKAZ PARKOWANIA – NO PARKING

ZAKAZ WSTĘPU – NO ENTRANCE

CISZA – SILENCE

WYJŚCIE EWAKUACYJNE – EMERGENCY

EXIT

4. INTRODUCING YOURSELF / PRZEDSTAWIANIE SIĘ

We introduce ourselves in the same way as everybody else: name, profession etc. However, be

careful with being too straightforward when it comes to asking women’s age – it is perceived to be

very rude. Polish women are pretty sensitive about that, that’s why we are all always 18! At certain

point unofficially we turn to celebrating our name days rather than birthdays (take a look at our

calendar, there are patrons for each and every day of the year).

Jak się nazywasz? / What’s your name?

Nazywam się Helena. / My name is Helena.

Miło mi Cię poznać. / Pleased to meet you.

Skąd jesteś? / Where are you from?

Jestem z Polski. / I’m from Poland.

Ile masz lat? /How old are you?

Mam 27 lat. / I’m 27.

Czym się zajmujesz? / What do you do?

Jestem studentką / studentem. / I am a student (fem.)/(masc.)

Pracuję w biurze. / I work at an office.

Page 13: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

13

Gdzie mieszkasz? / Where do you live?

Mieszkam w Leuven, w Belgii. / I live In Leuven, Belgium.

Co robisz w Polsce? / What’s the purpose of your visit in Poland?

Przyjechałam do Polski jako wolontariuszka / wolontariusz. /I came to Poland as a volunteer

(fem.)/(masc.)

Jak masz na nazwisko? / What is your surname?

Czy masz dziewczynę/chłopaka? / Have you got a girlfriend/boyfriend?

Lubię czekoladę. / I like chocolate.

Czy mówisz po angielsku? /Do you speak English? (informal)

Czy masz rodzeństwo? / Have you got brothers or sisters?

Czy mówi Pan(masc.)/Pani(fem.) po angielsku? /Do you speak English? (formal)

Nie mówię dobrze po polsku. /I don’t speak Polish.

Proszę mówić powoli. Speak slowly, please.

Czy możesz powtórzyć? / Could you repeat, please? (formal)

Czy może Pan/Pani powtórzyć? / Could you repeat, please? (formal)

Nie rozumiem. / I don’t understand.

Nie wiem. / I don’t know.

Czy możesz to zapisać? / Could you write it down for me, please? (informal)

Czy może Pan/Pani to zapisać? / Could you write it down for me, please? (formal)

Dziękuję za pomoc. / Thank you for your help.

mężczyna - man

kobieta – woman

dziewczyna – girl

chłopak – boy

ludzie – people

dorosły – adult

Page 14: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

14

starszy – older

młodszy – younger

rodzina – family

matka – mother

ojciec – father

babcia – grandma

dziadek – grandpa

siostra – sister

brat – brother

imię – name

nazwisko – surname

wiek – age

narodowość – nationality

5. FOOD & EATING / JEDZENIE

Jestem głodna/głodny. / I’m hungry (fem.)/(masc.)

Co dziś na obiad? / What’s for lunch today?

Co dziś jemy? / What are we going to eat today?

Poproszę pierogi. / I’ll take dumplings.

Czy mogę poprosić o więcej? / Can I ask for more?

Czy chcesz dokładkę? Nie, dziękuję. Najadłam się. / Do you want more? No, thank you. I’m full.

To bardzo smaczne. / It’s very tasty.

To niedobre. / It’s awful (not tasty).

To obrzydliwe. / It’s disgusting.

AT A RESTAURANT / W RESTAURACJI

There is no official rule about tips in Poland. Usually, mean Polish people refuse to leave a tip, but

more and more people do that – fortunately, not everybody is stingy. Another thing is that when a

man asks a woman out, he usually pays, that’s the tradition, not only Polish, I think. Younger

Page 15: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

15

generation seems to change the rule, and we turn to splitting the bill, however it is still perceived to

be very polite on your part to pay, if you are male.

Waiter: Dzień dobry, w czym mogę pomóc? / Hello. How can I help?

You: Dzień dobry. Chielibyśmy zjeść coś polskiego. Co pan poleca? / Hello. We would like to eat

something Polish. What do you recommend?

Waiter: Polecam naszą specjalnośc kuchni: pierogi z soczewicą. / I recommend our specialty:

dumplings with lentils.

You: Świetnie. Mam jeszcze ochotę na zupę./ Great. I feel like soup as well.

Waiter: Polecam pomidorową lub ogórkową. / I can recommend tomato soup and cucumber soup.

You: Ogórkową poproszę. / Cucumber soup, please.

Waiter: Czy podac coś do picia? / Anything to drink?

You: Tak, poprosze jakieś polskie piwo. / Yes, I’ll take some Polish beer.

Waiter: Mamy Lecha, Tyskie, Żywiec. / We’ve got: Lech, Tyskie and Żywiec.

You: Poproszę Żywca. / Żywiec, please.

Waiter: Oczywiście. Jakiś deser? / Certainly, any dessert?

You: Nie, dziękuję. / No, thank you.

Waiter: Oczywiście. / Of course.

You: Jak długo czekam? / How long am I supposed to wait?

Waiter: Około 15 minut. / More or less 15 minutes.

You: Dobrze. Dziękuję. / Ok, thank you.

~~~~

Waiter: Czy podać coś jeszcze? / Anything else?

You: Nie, dziękuję. Poproszę rachunek. / No, thank you. The bill please.

Page 16: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

16

Waiter: Dziękuję i zapraszam ponownie. / Thank you. Hope to see you again.

You: Miłego dnia! / Enjoy your day!

AT A SHOP / W SKLEPIE

- Dzień dobry. Czy mogę w czymś pomóc? / Hello. Can I help?

- Tak, poproszę jogurt i bułkę. / Yes, I would like to buy a youghurt and a roll.

- Coś jeszcze? / Anything else?

- Tak, jeszcze sok pomarańczowy. / Yes, orange juice, please.

- Czy to wszystko? / Is that all?

- Tak. Ile płacę? / Yes. How much is that?

- 5 złotych poproszę. / 5 zlotys, please.

- Proszę. Dziękuję i do widzenia. / Here you are. Thank you and goodbye!

- Do widzenia. / Goodbye!

jeść – to eat

pić – to drink

posiłek – meal

śniadanie – breakfast

obiad – lunch/supper

kolacja – dinner

zupa – soup

danie główne – the main course

deser – dessert

stolik – table

krzesło - chair

widelec – fork

nóż – knife

łyżka – soup spoon

łyżeczka – coffee spoon

szklanka – glass

kubek – mug

talerz – plate

serwetka - napkin

cukier – sugar

mąka - flour

makaron - pasta

sól - salt

pieprz – pepper

Page 17: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

17

słodki - sweet

gorzki - bitter

kwaśny - sour

słony – salty

ostry – spicy

łagodny - mild

MEAT – MIĘSO

wołowina - beef

wieprzowina - pork

kurczak - chicken

kaczka – duck

indyk – turkey

kiełbasa – sausage

kotlet mielony – minced chop

kotlet schabowy – pork chop

DAIRY – NABIAŁ

jaja – eggs

ser biały – white cheese/cottage cheese

ser żółty - cheese

ser topiony – cream cheese

serek wiejski – cottage cheese (white cheese +

carem)

mleko – milk

śmietana - cream

jogurt – youghurt

masło – butter

ryba – fish

BREAD – PIECZYWO

bułka – roll

chleb – bread

kromka chleba – a slice of bread

bagietka – French bread

Page 18: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

18

drożdżówka – sweet roll with filling

FRUIT - OWOCE

jabłko – apple

pomarańcza – orange

gruszka – pear

winogrono – grape

śliwka – plum

truskawka – strawberry

malina – raspberry

czarna porzeczka – blackcurrant

wiśnia – cherry

banan – banana

VEGETABLES – WARZYWA

marchew – carrot

kapusta – cabbage

cebula – onion

szczypiorek - chive

pomidor – tomato

ogórek – cucumber

sałata – lettuce

kalafior – cauliflower

brokuł – broccoli

ziemniak – potato

TRADITIONAL POLISH DISHES – TRADYCYJNE DANIA POLSKIE

Traditional Polish cuisine kills our stomachs and livers. It is pretty hard to digest, but, on the other

hand, it is full of original tastes our foreign guests appreciate. Do not miss:

kapusta kiszona – sauerkraut

ogórek kiszony – pickled cucumber (in salty water)

ogórek korniszony – pickled cucumber (in vinegar)

ćwikła – beetroot salad: grated beetroots + vinegar, or horseradish cream, salt, sugar

etc.

surówka z marchewki – grated carrots + horseradish cream

salceson – brawn

Page 19: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

19

kaszanka – black brawn (made of pig’s blood)

Our meals usually consist of 3 courses: soup, main course, dessert. We eat our lunch/dinner at 2, or

after work, around 5 p.m. We eat a lot of pork and chicken.

SOUPS – ZUPY

Our soups often contain pasta, potatoes and many other vegetables. Usually the ingredients are not

mashed and you can easily tell what’s inside.

rosół – chicken broth

flaki - tripes (made of pig’s stomach – sounds disgusting, but it’s really good)

pomidorowa – tomato soup (Server with pasta or rice)

ogórkowa – cucumber soup

żur – sour rye soup

barszcz biały – sour rye soup (with a boiled sliced egg)

barszcz czerwony – beetroot soup

zupa grzybowa – mushroom soup

zupa owocowa – fruit soup

krupnik – traditional Polish soup with pearl barley

MAIN COURSES – ZESTAWY OBIADOWE

The base of our main course are usually:

o ziemniaki/kartofle – potatoes

o kasza gryczana - buckwheat

o kasza jęczmienna – pearl barley

o makaron – pasta

o ryż – rice (not too often, not in traditional Polish cuisine)

Page 20: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

20

schabowy – pork chop

mielony – minced meat chop

gołąbki – cabbage leaves stuffed with meat and rice

bigos – traditional Polish dish made of sauerkraut and meat

pierogi ruskie – dumplings with white cheese and potatoes filling

kopytka – dumplings (no filling)

pyzy – another type of dumplings

DESSERTS – DESERY

tort – layer cake

makowiec – poppy seed roll

szarlotka – apple pie

drożdżówka - bun

lody – ice cream

truskawki ze śmietaną – mashed strawberries

with carem

naleśniki – pancakes

pączki – doughnuts

chrust – Angel wings

SOFT DRINKS – NAPOJE BEZALKOHOLOWE

kawa - coffee

herbata – tea (we drink tea with lemon and sugar/honey)

sok pomarańczowy/jabłkowy/winogronowy – orange/apple/grapes juice

woda mineralna – mineral water

woda gazowana – sparking water

woda niegazowana – still water

Page 21: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

21

ALCOHOLIC DRINKS – ALKOHOLE

piwo – beer (Polish can of beer is 0.5 liter)

wino białe/czerwone/różowe – white/red/rose wine

wódka – vodka

bimber – moonshine

miód pitny – mead/honey wine

grzaniec z wina – hot wine + spices

grzaniec z piwa – hot beer + spices, a slice of orange (good if you’re a little bit ill, usually available

only in autumn & winter)

A piece of advice: if you drink at a party with Polish people, eat as they do. That is how you can avoid

missing the party (passing out) and/or spending it in the toilet. Yes, Poles can drink a lot, but it is not

biologically-conditioned, it’s just ‘zagrycha’ (that’s how we call a snack during drinking vodka, usually

it’s bread and meat, good to have pickled cucumbers as well – typically Polish).

Good to know at a party:

EAT – a lot of foreigners forget about that, and if it’s a wedding party – dance, it will be

better for digesting all the things you’ve eaten and drunk

our glasses must be full – if they aren’t the host is no good, not hospitable enough; it’s not

about forcing you to empty another glass even if you don’t feel like, it’s about hospitality

tradition

girls (usually) don’t fill their glasses on their own, if they are at a wedding or at any other

party, usually men turn into hosts and they keep an eye on everybody’s glasses

after party – drink a lot of water before you go to sleep = no hangover (but don’t treat is as a

promise;0)

Page 22: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

22

6. WORK AT A PROJECT– PRACA NA PROJEKCIE

Co dziś robimy? / What are we going to do today?

Gdzie mój młotek? / Where is my hammer?

Jak powinnam (fem.)/powinieniem (masc.) to zrobić? / How should I do it?

Dziś malujemy ściany. / Today we are painting the walls.

Kiedy mamy przerwę? / When is the break time?

Masz coś do picia? / Have you got anything to drink?

obcęgi –pincers/nail drawers

młotek – hammer

gwóźdź - nail

deska - plank

ołówek - pencil

klej- glue

śruba - screw

śrubokręt - screwdriver

papier ścierny - sandpaper

pilnik - file

piła - saw

zaprawa murarska/cement - cement

piasek - sand

kamień - stone

cegła - brick

tynk - plaster

malować - to paint

farba - paint

rozcieńczać – dilute

rozpuszczać - dissolve

pędzel - brush

wałek – paint roller

kopać – to dig

dół - hole

kanalizacja – plum bing system

skala - scale

łopata - shovel

opiekować się dziećmi/osobami starszymi –

take care of childern

dom dziecka – orphanage

Page 23: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

23

dom spokojnej starości – nursing home

ośrodek dla niepełnosprawnych – center for

disabled

pomagać – to help

karmić – to feed

7. TRAVELING – PODRÓŻOWANIE

Be careful when it comes to trains. It’s a little bit different than e.g. Belgium. If you buy a ticket

for Inter City train it is a 24-hour pass, you can take whatever train you want, as long as it is Inter

City train. If you buy a ticket for Inter Reggio train (another company) it is not a pass, it’s a ticket

for a specified hour, you cannot take another train then.

Another thing that makes traveling around Poland a little bit harder for foreigner is that nothing

is announced in English, or any other language than Polish (to tell you the truth, sometimes even

I don’t understand what the lady is talking about), so please have your eyes open, and it’s good

to take a Polish-speakingfriend with you – but it’s not a must, of course. You can perfectly do

without it as well.

Remember as well that some parts of Poland can be reached thanks to private bus companies

rather than to trains.

ASKING FOR DIRECTIONS DIALOGUE – DIALOG: PYTANIE O DROGĘ

- Przepraszam, chyba się zgubiłam. Szukam ulicy Chopina. /Excuse me, I think I got lost. I’m

looking for Chopin street.

- Chopina? To blisko. Proszę iść prosto i skręcić w pierwszą ulicę w prawo, a potem w

pierwszą ulicę w lewo – to będzie ulica Chopina. / Chopin street? That’s close. Go straight

ahead and take the first street to the right, and then the first street to the left – that will

be Chopin street.

- Dziękuję serdecznie. / Thank you very much.

- Nie ma za co. Miłego dnia. / No problem. Have a nice day!

- Dziękuję, wzajemnie. / Thank you, same to you.

idź prosto – go straight on skręć w lewo – turn left

Page 24: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

24

skręć w prawo – turn right

obok – next to

naprzeciw – facing

blisko – close

daleko – far away

za rogiem – behind the corner

miasto – city

ulica – street

droga – road

adres – address

plac – square

światła uliczne – traffic lights

korek – traffic jam

centrum – city centre

pociąg – train

autobus – bus

metro – subway

przystanek autobusowy – bus stop

dworzec PKP – train station

peron - platform

dworzec PKS – bus station

stanowisko – bus platform (at bus stations)

informacja turystyczna – tourist info

DIALOGUE: BUYING A TRAIN TICKET – DIALOG: KUPUJEMY BILET NA POCIĄG

- Dzień dobry. Potrzebuję biletu na pociąg ze Strzelina do Wrocławia. / Good afternoon. I need a

ticket from Strzelin to Wrocław.

- Na którą godzinę? / What time do you want to travel?

- A o której godzinie jest najbliższy pociąg? / When is the nearest train?

- Najbliższy pociąg odjeżdża o 15.30, za 20 minut. / It deprats at 15.30, in 20 minutes’ time.

- Idealnie. Poproszę 1 bilet studencki. / Great. I would like to have 1 student ticket.

- 10 złotych poproszę. / 10 zlotys, please.

- Proszę. Dziękuję i do widzenia. / Here you are. Thank you and goodbye.

- Do widzenia. / Goodbye.

Page 25: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

25

8. FREE TIME – CZAS WOLNY

‘Morze – góry – mazury’ (Sea, mountains, Masuria region – lakes): this is the slogan of

Poland. You can practise each and every sport you can imagine: skiing, kayaking, sailing etc.

There are many regions of Poland still unspoiled by any industry or any other human action,

like: Roztocze – I can recommend that for bike trips and trekking.

If you feel like sightseeing at a city – no problem: Cracow, Wroclaw, Poznan, Warsaw, Lublin

and many more places, big and small have a lot to offer. Remember: Poland is Europe’s best

kept secret. Yes, it’s still a secret because we are not too good at advertising what we have

and in investing into infrastructure – however, this seems to be changing rapidly!

Chodźmy na spacer! /Let’s go for a walk!

Obejrzyjmy jakiś film! / Let’s watch a movie!

Nie poszłabyś (fem.) / poszedłbyś (masc.) na piwo? / Why don’t we have a beer?

Świetny pomysł! / Great idea!

Chętnie. / With pleasure.

Dziś nie mogę. / Today I can’t.

Przepraszam, ale nie chce mi się. Innym razem. / I’m sorry, but today I don’t feel like it. Some other

time.

Jedziemy do Wrocławia na weekendzie? / Are we going to Wrocław this weekend?

Zwiedzimy miasto. / We’ll visit the city.

Kupimy pamiątki. / We’ll buy some gifts.

kino - cinema

seans – a movie at the cinema

komedia – comedy

bar/pub – pub

restauracja – restaurant

pizzeria – pizzeria

wycieczka – trip

zwiedzanie – sightseeing

museum – museum

zakupy – shopping

prezenty – gifts

pamiątki – souvenirs

Page 26: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

26

spacer – walk

wakacje – holidays

aktywne wakacje – active holidays

opalać się – sunbathe

uprawiać sport – practice sport

biegać - jog

pływać – swim

oglądać telewizję – watch TV

przeglądać strony internetowe – surf the net

słuchać muzyki – listen to the music

ładna pogoda – nice weather

brzydka pogoda – bad weather

deszcz – rain

burza – storm

gorąco – hot

zimno – cold

9. EMERGENCIES – PROBLEMY

Dutch Flemish people: avoid the word ‘goede’ in Poland, the word is highly offensive.

All people: avoid bald guys wearing tracksuit. I don’t know how to explain it but 90% of them seem to

be unkind. Let’s skip going into details, just take my advice;0)

Emergency number is: 112, but it may be hard to communicate in other language than Polish. Of

course, I’m not saying it’s impossible, but if you’re unlucky enough to talk someone ‘older’, like over

40, you might be unable to communicate. Young Polish usually speak English, that’s why if you need

help, find someone young and ask.

Nie jestem stąd, proszę o pomoc. / I’m not from here (foreign er). I need help.

Zgubiłam (fem.)/ zgubiłem (masc.) się. /I got lost.

Zgubiłam portfel z dokumentami i pieniędzmi. / I lost my wallet with money and documents.

Zgubiłam (fem.)/zgubiłem (masc.) telefon. / I lost my mobile phone.

Okradziono mnie. / I’ve been robbed.

Przepraszam, czy może mi Pani (fem.)/Pan (masc.) pomóc? Szukam tego adresu. / Excuse me. Could

you help me? I’m looking for this address.

Gdzie jest najbliższy komisariat policji? / Where is the nearest Police stadion?

Czy może Pani/Pan wezwać karetkę? Mój przyjaciel zasłabł. / Could you call the ambulance? My

friend has fainted.

Page 27: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

27

Przepraszam, nie mam zasięgu. Czy mogę skorzystać z pańskiego telefonu? / Excuse me, I’ve got no

network coverage. May I use your mobile?

Przepraszam, rozładował mi się telefon. Czy mogę skorzystać z pańskiego telefonu? / Excuse me, my

battery is dead. May I use your mobile?

Gdzie jest najbliższy sklep spożywczy? / Where is the nearest convenience store?

Jestem chora (fem.)/chory (masc.). Potrzebuję lekarza. / I’m ill. I need a doctor.

Źle się czuję. / I feel bad/sick.

Jestem uczulona (fem.)/uczulony (masc.) na ten lek. / I’m allergic to this medication.

Był wypadek. Prosze zadzwonić na policję/po pogotowie. / There was an accident. Please call the

police/an ambulance.

Pali się! / Fire!

lekarz - doctor

biegunka – diarrhea

ból głowy – headache

lek przeciwbólowy – painkiller

dentysta – dentist

ząb – tooth

ubezpieczenie – insurance

opatrunek – bandage

rana – injury/hurt

skaleczenie - cut

zakażenie/infekcja – infection

zastrzyk – injection

lek - medication

gaśnica – fire extinguisher

złodziej – thief

policjant – policeman

Page 28: POLISH LANGUAGE BROCHURE - Grundtvig · o 2nd widely spoken Slavonic language (1st: Russian, 3rd: Ukrainian) o over 14 million people living abroad speak Polish, mostly in the United

28

TABLE OF CONTENTS

GENERAL FACTS ABOUT POLAND & POLISH……………………………………………………………………………….3

I. HOW TO READ POLISH…………………………………………………………………………………………...4

II. BASIC EXPRESSIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………….5

1. SAYING HELLO/GOODBYE…………………………………………………………………………….….5

2. NUMBERS/SEASONS/MONTHS/DAYS OF THE WEEK………………………………………..6

3. QUESTION WORDS & NOTICES…………………………………………………………….…………11

4. PRESENT YOURSELF………………………………………………………………………………..………12

5. FOOD & EATING……………………………………………………………………………………….…….14

6. WORK………………………………………………………………………………………………..…………..21

7. TRAVELLING ………………………………………………………………………………………………..…23

8. FREE TIME ………………………………………………………………………………………………………25

9. EMERGENCIES ………………………………………………………………………………………..………26