Poljoprivreda 2003 Br.1

UDK 63 ISSN 1330-7142

PO L JOPR I V R E DAznanstveno - stru~ni ~asopis

Svezak 9; Broj 1; Lipanj, 2003.

SADR@AJ

Z. Zduni}, D. [imi}, I. Brki}, A. Jambrovi}, Renata Zduni}, Tatjana Leden~an PROCJENA GENETSKIH EFEKATA ZA VISINU BILJKE NA DVA SPECIFI^NA PARA INBRED LINIJA KUKURUZA I [EST GENERACIJA KRI@ANJA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Manda Antunovi}, V. Kova~evi}, Mirta Rastija, Z. Zduni}UTJECAJ TLA I GENOTIPA NA SADR@AJ MIKROELEMENATA U KUKURUZU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

V. Kova~evi}, I. Brki}UTJECAJ KALIJEVA KLORIDA NA PRINOS I STANJE ISHRANE U DVA HIBRIDA KUKURUZA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

B. [imi}, V. Kova~evi}, Zorica Jurkovi}REAKCIJA GENOTIPOVA KUKURUZA NA GNOJIDBU NA HIDROMORFNOM TLU POSAVINE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Mira Kneèvi}, Marija \urki}, I. Kneèvi}, K. HajbaUTJECAJ OBRADE TLA I NISKIH HERBICIDNIH DOZA NA KOROVNU POPULACIJU I PRINOS JAROG JE^MA . . . 25

A. Kristek, Zvjezdana Magud, Manda Antunovi}, Suzana KristekPRODUKTIVNOST MONOGERMNIH LINIJA [E]ERNE REPE U ZAVISNOSTI OD OSJETLJIVOSTI NA CERKOSPORU (Cercospora beticola Sacc.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

T. ûpi}, S. Popovi}, Marijana Tucak, M. Stjepanovi}, Sonja Grlju{i}PROCJENA STABILNOSTI PRINOSA ZRNA GRA[KA (Pisum sativum L.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

T. Karadeniz, A. Kazankaya, T. YarilgaçODRE\IVANJE POMOLO[KIH ZNAÂJKI BADEMA (Prunus amygdalus Batsh) U MALATYI (TURSKA) . . . . . . . . 42

M.Yercan, S. EngindenizPROFITABILNOST PROIZVODNJE SUHIH SMOKAVA (PRIMJER U TURSKOJ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

P. Miji}, I. Kneèvi}NOVI NAÎN VREDNOVANJA KRAVLJEG MLIJEKA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

\. Sen~i}, Marcela [peranda, Z. Antunovi}, T. [perandaTOVNOST I MESNATOST SVINJA NEKIH DVOPASMINSKIH KRI@ANACA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

T. Rastija, Z. Antunovi}, Mirjana Baban, I. Mandi} RAZVIJENOST I KORELACIJSKA POVEZANOST SEDMODNEVNE I [ESTOMJESE^NE LIPICANSKE @DREBADI . . 60

1OSIJEK2003.Sv. 9

Glavni i odgovorni urednik Editor-in-Chief

Draènka Jurkovi}Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Hrvatska

Ure|iva~ki odborEditorial Board

Franc Habe, University of Ljubljana, BiotechnicalFaculty, Domàle, SloveniaViktor Jej~i}, Agricultural Institute, Ljubljana,SloveniaGeza Kuroli, University of West Hungary Faculty ofAgricultural and Food Sciences, Mosonmagyarovar,HungaryIstvan Rajcan, University of Guelph, Ontario,CanadaZdenko Rengel, University of Western AustraliaFaculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences,Crawley, AustraliaJon Tollefson, Iowa State University, Ames, USAIvan Brki}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek, HrvatskaMarija Ivezi}, Sveu~ili{te Josipa JurjaStrossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet uOsijeku, Hrvatska

Sonja Jovanovac, Sveu~ili{te Josipa JurjaStrossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet uOsijeku, Hrvatska

Zorica Jurkovi}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek

Goran Ku{ec, Sveu~ili{te Josipa JurjaStrossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet uOsijeku, Hrvatska

Alojzije Lali}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek, Hrvatska

Svetislav Popovi}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek,Hrvatska

Tihana Tekli}, Sveu~ili{te Josipa JurjaStrossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet uOsijeku, Hrvatska

Marija Vratari}, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek,Hrvatska

Mate Vuj~i}, Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja Strossmayerau Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Hrvatska

Tehni~ki uredniciTechnical Editors

Manda Antunovi}Danica Hanèk

LekturaLanguage Editing

Branka HorvatAnica Perkovi}

PrijevodiTranslation

Anica Perkovi}

TisakPrint

Grafika d.o.o. Osijek

UDK 63 ISSN 1330-7142

POLJOPRIVREDAznanstveno - stru~ni ~asopis

Svezak 9; Broj 1; Lipanj, 2003.

Izdava~iPublished by

Poljoprivredni fakultet u OsijekuThe Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek31000 Osijek, Trg Sv.Trojstva 3Republika Hrvatska / The Republic of CroatiaTel. ++385 31 224 200 Fax: ++385 31 207 017

Poljoprivredni institut OsijekAgricultural Institute Osijek31000 Osijek, Ju`no predgra|e 17Republika Hrvatska / The Republic of CroatiaTel. ++385 31 500 685 Fax: ++385 31 503 404

Osijek, 2003.

Poljoprivreda 9 (2003)

"POLJOPRIVREDA znanstveno-stru~ni ~asopis" je sljedbenik ~asopisa »ZNANOST I PRAKSA U POLJOPRIVREDII PREHRAMBENOJ TEHNOLOGIJI«, koji je izlazio od 1975. do 1994. godine / The Journal of «AGRICULTUREScientific and Professional Review» is continuator the Journal of «RESEARCH AND PRACTICE IN AGRICULTURE ANDFOOD TECHNOLOGY» that has been published from 1975 to 1994 year.

âsopis izlazi dva puta godi{nje u nakladi od 300 primjeraka / The Review is published twice a year in 300 copies.

"POLJOPRIVREDA znanstveno-stru~ni ~asopis" citira se u sljede}im bazama podataka / "AGRICULTURE Scientificand Professional Review" is cited by the database:

1. CAB International3. Nacionalna i sveu~ili{na hrvatska biblioteka / National and University Croatian Library

UVOD

U oplemenjivanju sila`nog kukuruza visina biljkepredstavlja va`no kvantitativno svojstvo, ~ija je ekspre-sija uvjetovana razli~itim djelovanjem poligena, njiho-vom interakcijom s okolinom i okolinskim utjecajem.Melchinger, Geiger i Schnell (1986.) opisuju kako poz-navanje prirode aktivnosti gena otvara mogu}nost ople-menjiva~ima kukuruza za bolje optimiziranje oplemenji-va~kih programa.

Procjena genetskih efekata koji su uklju~eni u kon-troliranje visine biljke moè se izvr{iti pomo}u analizesrednjih vrijednosti generacija (generation means analy-sis), Hayman (1958.). Budu}i da se ta analiza zasnivana srednjim vrijednostima svojstva od interesa, a nevarijancama, njezina osjetljivost i preciznost mogu imatiizvjestan utjecaj na oplemenjiva~ke programe. Za detek-tiranje epistati~kih efekata, me|utim, ta analiza pred-stavlja bolji test od ispitivanja komponenata varijanci(Fenster i sur., 1997.). Kumar i Gangashetti (1998.)

utvrdili su kod pet prou~avanih genotipova zna~ajne adi-tivne i neaditivne genetske efekte za visinu biljke. Mahtoi Ganguli (2001.) procijenili su zna~ajne i ve}e domi-nantne nego aditivne efekte, kao i zna~ajne aditivne adi-tivne i dominantne dominantne digenetske epistatskeinterakcije. Procjena aditivnih aditivnih i dominant-nih dominantnih interakcija bila je ve}a nego aditiv-nih dominantnih interakcija.

Nedostatak genetskih informacija o visini biljke udoma}oj literaturi bio je dodatni motiv za to istraìvanje.Cilj ovog istraìvanja bio je procijeniti i usporediti genet-ske efekte uklju~uju}i i digenetske nealelne interakcije(epistaze) za visinu biljke kod dva specifi~na para inbredlinija i njihovih {est osnovnih generacija.


ISSN 1330-7142UDK = 631.524.5+631.527.5:633.15

PROCJENA GENETSKIH EFEKATA ZA VISINU BILJKE NA DVASPECIFI^NA PARA INBRED LINIJA KUKURUZA I [EST

GENERACIJA KRI@ANJA

Z. Zduni} (1), D. [imi} (1), I. Brki} (1), A. Jambrovi} (1),

Renata Zduni} (2), Tatjana Leden~an (1)

Izvorni znanstveni ~lanakOriginal scientific paper

SA@ETAK

Procjena genetskih efekata za svojstva od interesa sastavni je dio ve}ine oplemenji-va~kih programa na Poljoprivrednom institutu Osijek. Ovaj se rad bavi procjenom prih-vatljivosti (adequacy) aditivno/dominantnog modela naslje|ivanja te procjenom i uspo-redbom genetskih efekata za visinu biljke na dva odabrana specifi~na para inbred linija(A672´Va99 i A672Ós6-2) i njihovih {est osnovnih generacija kriànja (P1, P2, F1, F2,BCP1 i BCP2). Provedena su dvogodi{nja istraìvanja na dva lokaliteta u isto~nojHrvatskoj. Pokusi su se sastojali od 121 ~lana razli~itog stupnja inbridinga dobivenihparcijalnim dialelnim kriànjem, zatim samooplodnjom i povratnim kriànjem. U objegodine istraìvanja kori{ten je nepotpuni blokni (jednostavni latis - lattice) raspored.Rezultati goodnes of fit testa ukazali su da aditivno/dominantni model nije mogao obja-sniti sva variranja me|u srednjim vrijednostima istraìvanih generacija. Digeni epistat-ski model pokazao se prihvatljivim kod oba para barem u jednoj godini istraìvanja.Procjene i usporedbe genetskih efekata za izdvojene specifi~ne parove i {est generaci-ja kriànja otkrili su prevladavaju}e dominantne u~inke gena u odnosu na aditivne.

Klju~ne rije~i: kukuruz, visina biljke, analiza srednjih vrijednosti generacija, genetski efekti

(1) Dr.sc. Zvonimir Zduni}, dr.sc. Domagoj [imi}, dr.sc. Ivan Brki}, dr.sc.Antun Jambrovi} i dr.sc. Tatjana Leden~an – Odjel za oplemenjivanje igenetiku kukuruza, Poljoprivredni institut Osijek, Ju`no predgra|e 17,31000 Osijek, (2) Renata Zduni}, dipl. ing., zn. novak – Sveu~ili{teJosipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku,Zavod za za{titu bilja, Trg Svetog Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek

MATERIJAL I METODE

Provedeno je dvogodi{nje istraìvanje na dva loka-liteta u isto~noj Hrvatskoj. Kriànci uklju~eni uistraìvanje izabrani su iz seta od ukupno 28 kriànaca,stvorenih 8 8 polovi~nim dialelnim planom kriànja(Zduni}, 2001.). Oni predstavljaju najvi{e kori{ten hete-roti~ni koncept BSSS × Lancaster u klasi~nom ople-menjivanju kukuruza. [est osnovnih generacija kriànja(P1, P2, F1, F2, BCP1 i BCP2) posijane su prema jed-nostavnom latis (lattice) planu pokusa. Za sve genera-cije i na svakom lokalitetu podaci su uzimani na indivi-dualnoj osnovi (po biljci), s veli~inom uzorka od naj-manje 80 biljaka za uniformne generacije i 240 biljakaza segregiraju}e generacije kriànja. Da bi se izbjegaoefekt kompeticije redova me|u generacijama srazli~itim stupnjem inbridinga, podaci nisu uzimani izdva rubna reda svake parcelice. Za odabrane kriànceprovedena je analiza srednjih vrijednosti generacijâ,koriste}i model koji su detaljno opisali Mather i Jinks(1982.). Notacija genetskih efekata m, a, d, aa, dd, i adpreuzeta je od Gamblea (1962.). Prikladnost (ade-quacy) additivno/dominantnog modela naslje|ivanjatestirana je 2 testom (goodness of fit test), azna~ajnost genetskih parametara t-testom.

REZULTATI I RASPRAVA

Srednje vrijednosti visine biljke sa standardnimpogre{kama (SE) kroz {est generacija kriànja za dvakriànca i dvije godine istraìvanja prikazani su u Tablici1. Roditeljske generacije razlikovale su se u visini biljkekod oba istraìvana kriànca i u obje godine. F1 genera-cija kriànja je zbog ekspresije heterozisa o~ekivanoostvarila najvi{e prosjeke kod oba kriànca u obje godi-ne istraìvanja. Promatraju}i segregiraju}e generacije,F2 generacija je ostvarila najvi{e prosjeke kodA672×Va99 kriànca u obje godine, dok je kodA672×Os6-2 kriànca F2 generacija bila najvi{a u1998., a BCP2 generacija u 1999. godini istraìvanja.

Kod procjene prikladnosti odre|enog modela nasl-je|ivanja, 2 test pokazao se signifikantnim kod obakriànca u najmanje jednoj godini istraìvanja, {to uka-zuje da glavni efekti nisu mogli u potpunosti objasnitivariranja me|u prosjecima generacija kriànja (podacinisu prikazani). Lamkey et al. (1995.) nagla{avaju dauvo|enje digenih epistatskih efekata u nekim slu~ajevi-ma moè pobolj{ati fit modela za odre|ena svojstva ~aki kada c2 ostaje signifikantan. Prema rezultatima good-nes of fit testa u ovom istraìvanju, kod prvog istraìva-nog kriànca A672×Va99 aditivno/dominantni modelnaslje|ivanja nije uspio objasniti variranja u visini biljkekod razli~itih generacija kriànja u 1998. godini.Me|utim, model se pokazao adekvatnim u 1999. godi-ni. Nasuprot tomu, kod A672×Os6-2 kriànca additiv-no/dominantni model nije bio zadovoljavaju}i niti u jed-noj godini istraìvanja.

U 1998. godini rezultati procjene glavnih i interak-cijskih (epistatskih) efekata kod prvog istraìvanogkriànca A672×Va99 ukazuju na pozitivne signifikantneaditivne efekte, dok su dominantni efekti bili pozitivni inesignifikantni (Tablica 2.). Procjenjeni su i negativnisignifikantni dominantni dominantni interakcijski efekti(epistaze), kao i negativni nesignifikantni additivni addi-tivni i additivni dominantni efekti (Tablica 2.). Takvirezultati ukazuju da su ovdje interalelne interakcije (epi-staze) odigrale va`nu ulogu u naslje|ivanju visine biljke.Pozitivne odnosno negativne procjene dominantnih iaditivno×dominantnih efekata nisu bile zna~ajne. U1999. godini procijenjeni su pozitivni nesignifikantni adi-tivni te signifikantni dominantni efekti (Tablica 3.).

Kod A672×Os6-2 kriànca u obje godineistraìvanja procjenjeni su pozitivni signifikantni aditivniefekti (Tablice 2 i 3). Procjene additivnih additivnih, kaoi dominantnih ×dominantnih interakcijskih efekata bilesu negativne i signifikantne u 1998. godini (Tablica 2.). U1999. godini procjenjeni su i pozitivni dominantni efekti,dok su kod samo dominantni ×dominantni interakcijskiefekti bili zna~ajni i negativni (Tablica 3.). Iz navedenih jerezultata vidljivo da su kod oba istraìvana specifi~na

6


Z. Zduni} i sur.: PROCJENA GENETSKIH EFEKATA ZA VISINU BILJKE NA DVA SPECIFIÈNA PARA ...

Tablica 1. Srednje vrijednosti i standardne pogre{ke (cm) u 1998. i 1999. godiniTable 1. Means and standard errors for plant height (cm) in 1998 and 1999

kriànca u obje godine istraìvanja barem jedan od glav-nih i jedan od interakcijskih efekata bili zna~ajni. To uka-zuje da su razlike izme|u srednjih vrijednosti {est osnov-nih generacija kod istraìvanih kriànaca uvjetovanesloènim mehanizmima genetske kontrole visine biljke,koji se vrlo ~esto ne mogu precizno objasniti aditivno-dominantnim modelom naslje|ivanja.

Zbog procjenjenih naj~e{}e vi{ih vrijednosti domi-nantnih efekata u odnosu na aditivne (osim kod kriàncaA672×Os6-2 u 1998.godini) u svim istraìvanimslu~ajevima, moè se zaklju~iti da su dominantni efektiimali ve}u va`nost od aditivnih. To je u skladu s Hallaueri sur. (1988.), koji nagla{avaju da su kod svojstava koja

su pod jakim utjecajem heterozisa ~esto dominantni efek-ti va`niji od aditivnih. Visoke vrijednosti dominantnih efe-kata javljaju se zbog heterozigotnosti onih gena po kojimase roditelji jasno razlikuju (Kearsey and Pooni, 1996.).

ZAKLJUÂK

Na temelju dvogodi{njeg istraìvanja genetskih efe-kata za visinu biljke provedenog za dva specifi~na parainbred linija kukuruza i njihovih {est osnovnih generaci-ja kriànja, moè se zaklju~iti:

Prihvatljivost aditivno/dominantnog ili digenog epi-statskog modela naslje|ivanja za visinu biljke ovisila jeo odabranom kriàncu i godini istraìvanja.

Kod A672 Va99 kriànca digeni epistatski modelpokazao se prihvatljivim u 1998.godini. U 1999. godi-ni prihvatljiv je bio additivno/dominantni model nasl-je|ivanja. Kod A672 Os6-2 kriànca additivno/do-minantni model nije uspje{no objasnio razlike u visini

biljke izme|u {est osnovnih generacija u obje godineistraìvanja. Tu se uspje{nijim pokazao digeni epistat-ski model. Lübberstedt i sur. (1997.) su, uspore|uju}isrednje vrijednosti testkriànaca, ukazali na postojan-je signifikantne epistaze, me|utim analiza lokusakvantitativnih svojstava (QTL) za visinu biljke je detek-tirala samo sporadi~ne signifikantne interalelne inte-rakcije.

Dominantni genetski efekti bili su gotovo uvijekva`niji od aditivnih. Procjenjena vrijednost i zna~ajnostglavnih i epistatskih efekata tako|er su ovisile o odabra-nom kriàncu i godini istraìvanja.

LITERATURA1. Fenster, C.B., Galloway, L.F., Chao, L. (1997): Epistasis

and its consequences for the evolution of natural popu-lations. Trends Ecol. Evol. 12:282–286.

2. Gamble, E.E. (1962): Gene effects in corn. Part 1.Separation and relative importance of gene effects foryield. Can. J. Plant Sci. 42:339-348.

3. Hallauer, A.R., Miranda, J.B. Fo. (1988): Quantitativegenetics in maize breeding. 2nd ed. Iowa St. Univ.Press.

4. Hayman, B.I. (1958): The separation of epistatic fromadditive and dominance variation in generation means.Heredity 12:371–390.

5. Kearsey, M.J., Pooni, H.S. (1996): The GeneticalAnalysis of Quantitative Traits. Chapman Hall,London.

6. Kumar, A., Gangashetti, M.G. (1998): Gene effects forsome metric traits of maize. Annals of Agri BioResearch, Vol. 3, No. 2, 139-143.


7Z. Zduni} i sur.: PROCJENA GENETSKIH EFEKATA ZA VISINU BILJKE NA DVA SPECIFIÈNA PARA ...

Tablica 2. Procjene genetskih efekata i njihove standardne pogre{ke u 1998. godiniTable 2. Estimates of genetic effects with their standard errors for plant height in 1998

Tablica 3. Procjene genetskih efekata i njihove standardne pogre{ke u 1999. godiniTable 3. Estimates of genetic effects with their standard errors for plant height in 1999

ns = nesignifikantno - no significant, ** signifikantno na razini vjerojatnosti 0,01*, ** t-test significant at P<0,05 and P<0,01 level, respectively

ns nesignifikantno – no significant, ** signifikantno na razini vjerojatnosti 0,01 *, ** t-test significant at P<0,05 and P<0,01 level, respectively

7. Lamkey, K.R., Schnicker, B.J., Melchinger, A.E. (1995):Epistasis in an Elite Maize Hybrid and Choice ofGeneration for Inbred Line Development. Crop Sci. 35:1272-1281.

8. Lübberstedt, T., Melchinger, A.E., Schön, C.C., Utz, H.F.,Klein, D. (1997): QTL mapping in testcrosses ofEuropean flint lines of maize .1. Comparison of differenttesters for forage yield traits Crop Sci. 37(3):921-931.

9. Mahto, R.N., Ganguli, D.K. (2001): Generation meansanalysis for grain yield and its components in maize.Indian Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding,61(2):165-166.

10. Mather, K., Jinks, J.L. (1982): Biometrical Genetics.Chapman Hall, London.

11. Melchinger, A.E., Geiger, H.H., Schnell, F.W. (1986):Epistasis in maize. 2. Genetic effects in crosses amongearly flint and dent inbred lines determined by threemethods. Theor. Appl. Genet. 72: 231-239.

12. Zduni}, Z. (2001.): Optimalna procjena oplemenjiva~kevrijednosti linija kukuruza (Zea mays L.). Doktorskadisertacija. Agronomski fakultet Sveu~ili{ta u Zagrebu.

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Z. Zduni} i sur.: PROCJENA GENETSKIH EFEKATA ZA VISINU BILJKE NA DVA SPECIFIÈNA PARA ...

ESTIMATION OF GENETIC EFFECTS ON PLANT HEIGHT IN TWO SPECIFIC PAIRS OF INBRED LINES AND ITS SIX BASIC GENERATIONS

SUMMARY

Estimation of genetic effects on economically important traits is a common procedure in the most breeding pro-grammes at Agricultural Institute Osijek. This paper deals with estimation of adequacy over additive/dominancemodel of inheritance as well as estimation and comparison of genetic effects on plant height for two specific pairsof inbreds (A672 Va99; A672 Os6-2), and its six basic generations (P2, F1, F2, BCP1 and BCP2). Two year investi-gation was carried out at two locations in eastern Croatia. The trails consisted of 121 entries of different inbreedinglevel derived by partial diallel mating design followed by selfing and back crossing. Simple lattice experimentaldesign was used in both investigated years. Goodness of fit test results indicated the additive/dominance model fai-led to explain all differences among generation means. Digenic epistatic model appeared to be adequate in bothinvestigated pairs of inbreds at least in one of the investigated years. Estimations and comparisons of genetic effectsfor selected pairs of inbreds and basic generations revealed prevailing dominance effects when compared to addi-tive.

Key words: maize, plant height, Generation mean analysis, genetic effects

(Primljeno 9. travnja 2003.; prihva}eno 16. svibnja 2003. - Received on 9 April 2003; accepted on 16 May 2003)

INTRODUCTION

Soils in the Eastern Croatia have very different pro-perties including nutritional status. Calcaric chernozemand eutric cambisol are major soil types in Vukovar andOsijek area, while pseudogley prevails in Donji Miholjacand Slatina area, near the Drava bank, the Sava and theDanube river have more fertile alluvial soils (Kova~evi}and Ba{i}, 1997). In general, usual fertilization practiceincludes application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potas-sium fertilizers, while micronutrients supplies are mainlyadequate for normal growth of field crops although itsavailability is related to soil pH reaction. However, underconditions of the Eastern Croatia sporadically have beenfound examples of zinc (Zn) deficiencies in maize(Kova~evi} et al. 1986, 1988, 1989, 1998). Zn availabi-lity was reduced affected by liming (Mu{ac et al., 1974,

1976, 1982). Effects of Zn fertilization on corn yieldswere different depending on soil and growing seasoncharacteristics (Josipovi} et al., 1998; Kova~evi} et al.,1998; Rastija, 2001). Also considerable influences ofinheritance on Zn status in corn were found. Generalaspects of factors promoting micronutrient deficiencieswere reported by Lucas and Knezek (1972), Bergmann(1992), Mengel and Kirkby (2001). As micronutrient pro-blems could become a limiting factor of some field cropsgrowing, we tested zinc, manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe)status in ten maize hybrids grown on two soil types.


ISSN 1330-7142UDK = 633.15:631.524.6

INFLUENCES OF SOIL AND GENOTYPES ON MICRONUTRIENTS STATUS IN MAIZE PLANTS

Manda Antunovi} (1), V. Kova~evi} (1), Mirta Rastija (1), Z. Zduni} (2)

Original scientific paperIzvorni znanstveni ~lanak

SUMMARY

Ten corn hybrids were grown on two soil types of Drava Valley in Slatina area (alluvialsoil and pseudogley) during two growing seasons (1998 and 1999). The ear-leaf at thebeginning of silking stage was taken for chemical analysis. Micronutrient concentrationsin corn leave samples were measured by ICP-AES after their microwave digestion usingconcentrated HNO3+H2O2. Mobile fraction of these elements in soils was also determi-ned by ICP-AES after their extraction by ammonium acetate-EDTA. In both year of thetesting, corn yields on acid soil were about 25% lower in comparison with alluvial soil.Mean concentrations of tested elements in corn leaves found in our investigations (mgkg-1) were 30.4 (Zn), 129.4 (Mn) and 190.0 (Fe), respectively. In general, significantinfluences of growing season, soil type and genotype on Zn, Mn and Fe status in cornwere found. For example, in the first year of testing higher Zn and Mn were found, aswell as lower Fe concentrations in comparison with the second year. Corn growing onalluvial soil occurred due to lower Zn and Mn as well as higher Fe concentrations inplants compared to growing on pseudogley. However, these findings are not in coinci-dence with status of mobile fractions of Zn and Mn in the experimental plots. We presu-me that pH value near to neutral on alluvial soil could be responsible factor because lowavailability of Zn and Mn for plants occured under these conditions. An important role ofheredity factors on Zn, Mn and Fe status in corn was found in our study because diffe-rences among the hybrids (mean values for two growing seasons and two soil types)under identical environmental conditions were in ranges (mg kg-1) from 26.8 to 36.0(Zn), from 98.6 to 150.4 (Mn) and from 168.2 to 222.4 (Fe), respectively. It is very indi-cative that the first-ranged hybrid concerning grain yield (OsSK458exp: 12.34 t ha-1) isin the group characterizing low concentrations of Zn, Mn and Fe in leaves.

Key-words: corn hybrid, zinc, manganese, iron, pseudogley, alluvial soil, yield

(1) Ph.D Manda Antunovi}, Associate Professor, Ph.D Vlado Kova~evi},Full Professor, MSc Mirta Rastija - Josip Juraj Strossmayer University ofOsijek, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek; (2) Ph.D.Zvonimir Zduni} - Agricultural Institute, Ju`no predgra|e 17, 31000Osijek

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The field experiments

Ten corn hybrids were grown on two soil types ofDrava Valley in Slatina area during two growing seasons(1998 and 1999). The field trials were sown by pneu-matic sowing machine in four replicates (exp. plot 14m2). Planned plant density (PPD) depended on thehybrids and it was 71428, 63493 or 58310 plants ha-1

(seed distance in row: 20.0, 22.5, or 24.5 cm: inter-rowspacing 70 cm). The remaining soil crop managementpractices were in competency of own choice of farmer.Fertilisation was the same on both localities: 120 kg ha-1 N, 80 kg ha-1 P2O5, 120 kg ha-1 K2O (200 kg ha-1 UREAand 400 kg ha-1 NPK- 10:20:30). For this reason,results of these trials are reflection of the real status infields. Corn was harvested by hand in the first decade

of October. Grain yields were calculated for 14% moi-sture and 90% realization of PPD basis.

The ear-leaf at the beginning of silking stage (thesecond decade of July) was taken for chemical analysis(about 25 leaves in the mean sample) from each plot.Mean soil sample was taken by auger to 30 cm depthfrom each experimental plot in autumn 1997. The totalamount of Zn, Mn and Fe in corn leaves and soil sam-ples was measured by ICP-AES technique after theirmicrowave digestion using concentrated HNO3+H2O2.Mobile fraction of these elements in soils was alsodetermined by ICP-AES technique after their extractionby ammonium acetate-EDTA (pH 4.65) solution byLakanen and Ervio method (1971). Plant and soil analy-sis was made in the laboratory of Research Institute forSoil Science and Agricultural Chemistry (RISSAC),Budapest.

10


M. Antunoviæ et al.: INFLUENCES OF SOIL AND GENOTYPES ON MICRONUTRIENTS STATUS ...

Table 1. Some soil properties of the Sopje experimental fields Tablica 1. Svojstva tla pokusnih parcela u Sopju

Table 2. Weather data for Slatina Tablica 2. Vremenske prilike u Slatini

1 approx. air - distance from Sopje: 10 km toward south – zra~ne linije od Sopja: 10 km ju`no

Characteristics of the Experimental Fields

Choice of two typical soils of the Slatina area wasmade for experimentation. Alluvial soils are mainlysituated near the river Drava bank, while pseudogley isdominant soil type in the remaining part of the area. Ingeneral, alluvial soil is more fertile in comparison withpseudogley. Both soils are near Sopje village and theyare about 2 km apart from each other. Alluvial soil reac-tion is neutral and contains considerable higher levels oftotal and mobile fractions of calcium (Ca), magnesium(Mg) and phosphorus (P), as well as lower levels ofpotassium in comparison with pseudogley (Table 1).

Weather Characteristics

The growing seasons 1998 and 1999 were favou-rable for corn growing under Eastern Croatia conditions(Table 2). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Considerable influences of the growing season,soil and heredity on yields and ear-leaf composition ofmaize were found by our investigations (Table 3 and 4).

Mean grain yield was 11.71 and 10.86 t ha-1, forthe 1998 and 1999 growing season, respectively. Inboth year of testing, corn yields on acid soil wereabout 25% lower in comparison with alluvial soil.


11M. Antunoviæ et al.: INFLUENCES OF SOIL AND GENOTYPES ON MICRONUTRIENTS STATUS ...

Table 3. Influences of the growing season, soil and hybrids on corn propertiesTablica 3. Utjecaj godine, tla i hibrida na svojstva kukuruza

12



Higher yields (2-year means) on alluvial soil wereobtained by 3 hybrids (OsSK554, OsSK458 andOsSK568exp.: mean 14,01 t ha-1), while OsSK444yielded only 11,31 t ha-1. The high yields (above 10 tha-1) on acid soil were obtain by four corn hybrids(OsSK 332, OsSK 444, OsSK458 and OsSK490exp.(mean 10,84 t ha-1), while under 9 t ha-1 yieldedOsSK413, OsSK382, OsSK425exp. and OsS425exp.(mean 8,76 t ha-1).

Mean concentrations of tested elements in cornleaves found in our investigations (mg kg-1) were 30.4(Zn), 129.4 (Mn) and 190.0 (Fe), respectively. In gene-ral, significant influences of growing season, soil typeand genotype on Zn, Mn and Fe status in corn werefound (Tables 3 and 4). For example, in the first year oftesting higher Zn and Mn, as well as lower Fe concen-trations were found in comparison with the second year.

Growing of maize on pseudogley soil resulted in56% higher ear-leaf Zn concentrations and more thandouble higher Mn concentrations in comparison withplants on alluvial soil. At the same time, differences inear-leaf Fe concentrations were only about 10%.

However, these findings were not in accordance withstatus of total and mobile fractions of these elements intested soils. We presume that acid reaction and lowerCa and Mg in pseudogley (Table 1) could be responsi-ble factors for these differences.

In our study an important role of heredity factorswas found on Zn, Mn and Fe status in corn because dif-ferences among the hybrids (mean values for two gro-wing seasons and two soil types) under identical envi-ronmental conditions were in ranges (mg kg-1) from26.8 to 36.0 (Zn), from 98.6 to 150.4 (Mn) and from168.2 to 222.4 (Fe), respectively (Table 3). It is veryindicative that the first-ranged hybrid concerning grainyield (OsSK458exp: 12.34 t ha-1) is in the group cha-racterizing low concentrations of Zn, Mn and Fe in lea-ves (Table 3).

Mengel and Kirkby (2001) cited data concerningappraisal of the nutrient status of the ear-leaf at flowe-ring stage of corn: adequate status (mg kg-1) are from20 to 70 (zinc), from 20 to 200 (manganese) and from10 to 300 (iron), respectively. Bergmann (1992) repor-ted adequate nutritional status (mg kg-1) of corn (leaves

Table 4. Influences of the growing season, soil and hybrids on corn properties - AC and BC interactionsTablica 4. Utjecaj godine, tla i hibrida na svojstva kukuruza – interakcije AC i BC

opposite ear) from 25 to 70 (zinc) and from 40 to 200(manganese). Based on these criterions normal statusof zinc, manganese and iron were found in our investi-gations in corn.

Zn deficiency mainly occurs on soils with high pH,especially calcareous soils (Kova~evi} et al., 1986;Rastija et al., 2002). Also, cultivars of the same speciesmay differ markedly in their potential to exploit soil Zn(Cakmak et al., 1996). Similar findings are achieved forMn and Fe availabilities (Bergmann, 1992; Mangel andKirkby, 2001).

CONCLUSION

Mainly considerable influences of growing season,soil type and inheritance on corn yields and the ear-leafmicronutrients (Zn, Mn and Fe) status were found by ourstudy. However, low connection was found between yieldsand nutritional status of corn probably because concen-trations of these elements in corn leaves were in an ade-quate range. The first-ranged hybrid concerning grain yield(OsSK458exp: 12.34 t ha-1) is in the group characterisedby low concentrations of Zn, Mn and Fe in leaves.

REFERENCES1. Bergmann, W. (1992): Nutritional disorders of plants -

development, visual and analytical diagnosis. GustavFischer Verlag Jena, Stuttgart, New York.

2. Cakmak, I., Sari, N., Marschner, H., Ekiz, H., Kalayci, M.,Yilmaz, A., Braun, H.J. (1996): Phytosiderofore releasein bread wheat and durum wheat genotypes differing inzinc efficiency. Plant and Soil 180,183-189.

3. Josipovi}, M., Kova~evi}, V., Bavec, F. (1998):Response of maize genotypes to foliar fertilization withzinc sulphate. In “Fertilization for Sustainable PlantProduction and Soil Fertility” (Editors: O. van Cleemput,S. Haneklaus, G. Hofman, E. Schnug and A.Vermoesen), Proceedings of the 11th World FertilizerCongress of CIEC (International Scientific Centre ofFertilizers), 7-13 September 1997, Ghent, Belgium ,Volume I, p. 270-276.

4. Kova~evi}, V., @ugec I., Berti}, B. (1986.): Poreme}ajimineralne ishrane biljaka na tlima Slavonije. Savremenapoljoprivreda 34(3-4):133-150.

5. Kova~evi}, V., @ugec, I., Berti}, B., Katu{i}, V. (1988):Growth retardation and chlorosis due to zinc deficiencyunder the conditions of Eastern Croatia. Tagungsbericht- Akademie der Landwirtschaftswissenschaften derDDR, No. 267, p.379-386.

6. Kova~evi}, V. (1989.): Pregled poreme}aja mineralneishrane kukuruza na tlima Slavonije i njihovo rje{avanje.Zbornik referata XXIII seminara agronoma, Kupari, 10.-18.02., Poljoprivredni fakultet, Institut za ratarstvo ipovrtlarstvo Novi Sad, str. 181.-189.

7. Kova~evi}, V., Ba{i}, F. (1997): The soil potassiumresources and the efficiency of potassium fertilizers inCroatia (Country Report 10). International PotashInstitute, Coordinator Central/Eastern Europe, CH-4001Basel/Switzerland.

8. Kova~evi}, V., Kadar, I., Brki}, I., Marketi}, M. (1998):Influence of inheritance and potash fertilization on zinc,manganese and iron status in corn (Zea mays L.). In:“Fifth Congress of ESA (European Society forAgronomy), 28 June - 2 July, 1998, Nitra, The SlovakRepublic. Short Communications, Volume I (M. Zimaand M. L. Bartosova, Editors), p. 191-192.

9. Mengel, K., Kirkby, E.A. (1987): Principles of plant nutri-tion. Publ. International Potash Institute Bern, Schweiz,4. Auflage.

10. Mu{ac, I., Juri}, I., Kova~evi}, V. (1974.): Utjecaj zahva-ta melioracijske obrade na promjene kemijskih svojsta-va sekundarnog pseudogleja isto~ne Slavonije. Zbornikradova Poljopr.inst.Osijek IV (1):101.-114.

11. Mu{ac, I., Juri}, I., Kova~evi}, V., @ugec I. (1976.):Utjecaj agromeliorativne obrade tla Slavonije s nereguli-ranim vodozra~nim reìmom na kemijske promjenepovr{inskog sloja i prinos kukuruza. Simpozij “Ure|enjezemlji{ta - osnova za intenzivnu proizvodnju kukuruza”,Osijek 18. i 19.10.1976, str. 227.-234.

12. Mu{ac, I., Juri}, I., Kova~evi}, V., @ugec, I., Ma|ar, S.(1982): The productivity of pseudoglay in Slavonia andthe chemical changes which occur in the surface layerafter meliorative tillage. In: “Proceedings ISTRO” NinthConference of the International Soil Tillage ResearchOrganization, Osijek, June 21, p. 26-32.

13. Lucas, R.E., Knezek, B.D. (1972): Climatic and soil con-ditions promoting micronutrient deficiencies in plants.In: Micronutrients in Agriculture (Mortvedt J. J.,Giordano P. M. anf Lindsay W. L. editors). Soil Scie. Soc.America, Madison, p. 265-288.

14. Rastija, M. (2001.): Reakcija samooplodnihg linija kuku-ruza na gnojidbu cinkovim sulfatom (magistarski rad).Poljoprivredni fakultet Sveu~ili{ta J. J. Strossmayera uOsijeku, Osijek.

15. Rastija, M., Bukvi}, G., Josipovi}, M. (2002): Responseof corn to zinc fertzilization. International ScientificConference “Energy efficiency and agricultural enginee-ring” 4-6 April 2002, Rousse, Bulgaria (ConferenceProceedings, Volume 1). p. 131-136.


13M. Antunoviæ et al.: INFLUENCES OF SOIL AND GENOTYPES ON MICRONUTRIENTS STATUS ...

14



UTJECAJ TLA I GENOTIPA NA SADR@AJ MIKROELEMENATA U KUKURUZU

SA@ETAK

Deset hibrida kukuruza uzgajano je na dva tipa tla (aluvijalno tlo i pseudoglej) slatinske Podravine tijekom dvije godi-ne (1998. i 1999.). List ispod klipa u fazi svilanja uzet je za kemijske analize. Pristupa~na frakcija elemenata u tluodre|ena je, tako|er, pomo}u ICP-AES nakon ekstrakcije otopinom amonijevog acetata-EDTA. Godine 1998. i 1999.bile su povoljne za uzgoj kukuruza u isto~noj Hrvatskoj. U obje godine istraìvanja prinosi kukuruza na pseudoglejubili su za oko 25% niì od prinosa na aluvijalnom tlu. Prosje~ne koncentracije analiziranih elemenata u listu kukuru-za dobivene na{im istraìvanjima (mg kg-1) bile su 30,4 (Zn), 129,4 (Mn), odnosno 190,0 (Fe). Op}enito, ustanovl-jen je signifikantan utjecaj godine, tipa tla i genotipa na koncentracije Zn, Mn i Fe u listu. Tako su u prvoj godiniistraìvanja ustanovljene ve}e koncentracije Zn i Mn, a manje koncentracije Fe nego u sljede}oj godini. Uzgoj kuku-ruza na aluvijalnom tlu rezultirao je manjim koncentracijama Zn i Mn te ve}im koncentracijama Fe nego na kiselomtlu. Me|utim, takvo stanje nije u skladu s razinama mobilne frakcije tih elemenata u ta dva tla. Pretpostavljamo dabi reakcija tla blizu neutralne vrijednosti mogla biti odgovorna za slabije primanje Zn i Mn. Tako|er, u na{imistraìvanjima ustanovljena je zna~ajna uloga nasljednih faktora na stanje tih elemenata, jer su razlike izme|u hibri-da uzgajanih u identi~nim uvjetima u rasponima (mg kg-1) od 26,8 do 36,0 (Zn), od 98,6 do 150,4 (Mn), odnosno od168,2 do 222,4 (Fe). Vrlo je indikativno da je hibrid s najvi{im ostvarenim prinosom (OsSK458 exp.: 12,34 t ha-1) ugrupi hibrida s niskim koncentracijama Zn, Mn i Fe u listu.

Klju~ne rije~i: hibridi kukuruza, cink, mangan, èljezo, pseudoglej, aluvijalno tlo, prinos

(Received on 20 March 2003; accepted on 21 May 2003 – Primljeno 20. oùjka 2003.; prihva}eno 21. svibnja 2003.)

INTRODUCTION

Potassium deficiency in connections with K-fixa-tion and magnesium excess are main reasons for redu-ced soil fertility of some gleysols of Croatia concerningcorn growth (Kova~evi} and Ba{i}, 1997). Similar phe-nomenon is found in Hungary (Kadar et al., 1991).Fertilization by the enormous quantities of K was shownas acceptable solution, but by choice of more tolerantgenotypes it is possible to contribute to overcoming ofthis problem (Kova~evi} and Vujevi}, 1994). Influenc ofthis fertilization on yield, potassium (K) and magnesium(Mg) status were elaborated in the previous study(Kova~evi} et al., 1996). As nutritional unbalances arepossible due to ameliorative fertilization, we tested zinc(Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) statusin six corn hybrids affected by KCl application on strongK-fixing soil. General aspects of Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu nutri-tion of plants were showed by Bergmann (1992),Mengel and Kirkby (2001), etc.


The field trial with increased K fertilization (in KClform up to level of 3250 kg K2O ha-1) was conducted onstrong K-fixing soil in spring of 1990. It was conductedby randomized block design in four replications. In thenext three years, the trial was fertilized uniformly (ordi-nary fertilization related to soil nutrient status). In thefourth year of testing (the growing season of 1993) intotal 12 corn hybrids grown on this field ordinary fertili-zation practice was applied as follows (kg ha-1): 240 N+ 125 P2O5 + 150 K2O. Six corn hybrids (OsSK377,OsSK382, OsSK407, OsSK552, OsSK644 and Bc66-61) and four rates of KCl fertilization (150, 1000, 1900and 3250 kg K2O ha-1) were chosen for leaf analyses(the ear-leaf at the beginning of silking stage: 30 leaves


ISSN 1330-7142UDK = 631.526.325:633.15:631.832

INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ON YIELD AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN CORN HYBRIDS

V. Kova~evi} (1), I. Brki} (2)

Preliminary communicationPrethodno priop}enje

ABSTRACT

Six corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids (OsSK 377; OsSK 382; OsSK 407; OsSK 552; OsSK 644and Bc 66-61) were grown on strong K-fixing soil during the growing season 1993.Increased K fertilization in KCl form was applied in spring of 1990 to level of 3250 kgK2O ha-1. Four rates were used for testing corn hybrids response (150, 1000, 1900 and3250 kg K2O ha-1). Response of corn to K fertilization was very pronounced: grain yieldswere in range from 1.83 t h-1 (150 kg K2O ha-1) to 7.04 t ha-1 (3250 K2O ha-1). Differencesof grain yields among corn hybrids were from 4.35 t ha-1 (Bc 66-61) to 5.31 t ha-1 (OsSK407). Significant differences of nutritional status among the hybrids were found as fol-lows (mg kg-1): 18.9-26.5 (zinc), 14.4-17.4 (manganese), 120-144 (iron) and 18.2-23.2(copper), respectively. Zinc status in corn leaves was independent on applied fertiliza-tion, while the concentration of manganese, iron and copper was significantly decreasedby application of the highest KCl rate (mg kg-1: 17.4 and 12.6 Mn, 150 and 120 Fe, 21.5and 18.5 Cu, for the control and 3250 kg K2O ha-1, respectively). As affected by KCl fer-tilization there were found considerable differences in K and Mg status of corn leaves asfollows: 0.31% K (acute K deficiency) and 1.18% K, as well as 1.08% Mg and 0.47% Mg,for the control and 3250 kg K2O ha-1, respectively.

Key- words: corn, yield, hybrids, fertilization, potassium, magnesium, zinc, manganese,iron, copper, ear-leaf status

(1) Ph.D Vlado Kova~evi}, Full Professor – J.J. Strossmayer University ofOsijek, Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, HR-31000Osijek Croatia, (2) Ph.D Ivan Brki} - Agricultural Institute in Osijek, Ju`nopredgra|e 17, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia

in mean sample, total 96 samples). Corn was sown inApril 28, and it was harvested in September 24, 1993.Grain yields were expressed on the realized plant den-sity with corrections for contribution of the female-ste-rile plants and 14 % moisture basis.

Chemical analyses were made by ICP technique inthe Research Institute for Soil Science and AgriculturalChemistry of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences,Budapest, Hungary.

Soil was classified as drained gleysol on calca-reous loess substrate. By the soil analyses (0-30 cm ofdepth) of the control treatment (ordinary K fertilization)values were found as follows: pH in 0.1 m KCl = 7.3;organic matter content = 2.4 %; carbonate content =14.9 %; exchangeable K by 1n NH4-Acetate (pH = 7.0)solution = 5.6 mg K 100 g-1; lightly exchangeable Mg(CaCl2-method) = 37.6 mg Mg 100 g-1; exchangeablecalcium (NH4-Acetate) = 603 mg Ca 100 g-1.Micronutrient status in the soil sample was determinedby extraction with NH4-Acetate +EDTA (pH 4,65)according to Lakanen-Ervio (1971) method (mg kg-1:0.57 Zn, 57 Mn, 305 Fe and 5.2 Cu, respectively).

Weather conditions in the growing season of 1993were less favourable for corn growing mainly becauseof drought stress during the two-month period (July andAugust).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONMean concentrations of tested nutrients found by

our study were as follows (mg kg-1): 23.4 (zinc), 16.0(manganese), 131 (iron) and 19.8 (copper), respecti-vely (Table 1). Golmick et al. (1970) reported appraisalof the nutrient status in the ear-leaf of corn at floweringstage and ranges (mg kg-1) from 20 to 70 (zinc), from20 to 200 (manganese) from 10 to 300 (iron) and from6 to 50 (copper) as adequate for normal growth of corn.According to this criterion low concentrations of Mn andmoderate concentrations of Zn were found by ourtesting.

As affected by applied KCl fertilization, the concen-trations of Mn, Fe and Cu decreased in comparison tothe control by 28%, 20% and 14%, respectively, whileZn concentrations were independent on applied fertiliza-

16


V. Kovaèevi} et al.: INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ON YIELD AND NUTRITIONAL ...

Table 1. Residual effects of ameliorative fertilization with KCl (spring 1990) on Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu status in corn forthe growing season 1993

Tablica 1. Naknadni u~inci melioracijske gnojidbe s KCl (prolje}e 1990.) na sadràj Zn, Mn, Fe i Cu u kukuruzu vegetacije

1993.

tion treatments (Table 1). We presume that foliar spra-ying of corn with manganese and zinc (for example, twotime application 0.75% solution of manganese- and zincsulphate in early growth stage and about ten-day inter-val) could be a contribution to normalization of cornsupplies with these elements.

Also, considerable role of genotype on Zn, Mn, Feand Cu status in corn was found by our study becausethe significant differences (mg kg-1) were found amongthe hybrids under identical environmental conditions:18.9-26.5 (zinc), 14.4-17.4 (manganese), 120-144(iron) and 18.2-23.2 (copper), respectively (Table 1).


17V. Kovaèevi} et al.: INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ON YIELD AND NUTRITIONAL ...

Table 2. Residual effects of ameliorative fertilization with KCl (spring 1990) on corn properties for the growing sea-son 1993 (Kova~evi} et al., 1996)

Tablica 2. Naknadni u~inci melioracijske gnojidbe s KCl (prolje}e 1990.g) na svojstva kukuruza u vegetaciji 1993.

(Kova~evi} i sur., 1996.)

*100% (plants ha-1) = 68027 (OsSK377); 63492 (OsSK382, OsSK407 and OsSK552) and 54945 (OsSK644 and Bc66-61)* 100% (biljaka ha-1) = 68027 (OsSK377); 63492 (OsSK382, OsSK407 i OsSK552) i 54945 (OsSK644 i Bc66-61)

Three hybrids had considerably lower Zn concen-trations (OsSK377, OsSK382 and OsSK407: mean21.0 mg Zn kg-1) in comparison with remaining threetested hybrids (mean 25.6 mg Zn kg-1). Especially lowMn concentrations were found in two hybrids(OsSK407 and OsSK552: mean 14.8 mg Zn kg-1),while in the other four hybrids they were higher (mean16.5 mg Zn kg-1). The hybrids Os377, Os382 andBc66-61 had higher Fe concentrations (mean 140 mgFe kg-1) than remaining three tested hybrids (mean 122mg Fe kg-1). Two hybrids (Os382 and OsSK552) wereseparated by higher Cu concentrations (mean 21.8 mgCu kg-1) from the remaining hybrids (mean 18.7 mg Cukg-1).

However, K deficiency in corn was the main reasonfor application ameliorative rates of KCl in this experi-ment. As affected by ameliorative K fertilization, grainyield increased near fourfold in comparison with ordi-nary fertilization (Table 2). Differences of grain yieldsamong the hybrids were in range from 4.35 t ha-1 (Bc66-61) to 5.31 t ha-1 (OsSK407). Degree of tolerance tosoil stress conditions was estimated throughout grainyields achieved on the control. Corn hybrids OsSK377and OsSK382 could be designated as something moretolerant because their yield (on the average 2.31 t ha-1)is on the average 44% higher compared to the other fourtested hybrids (on the average 1.60 t ha-1). Potassiumfertilization has been a factor of stabilization of grainyield in genotype function. For example, yield differen-ces among corn hybrids were relatively higher whengrown on the control treatment (range from 1.54 t ha-1

to 2.47 t ha-1) compared to the highest rate of K fertili-zation (range from 6.56 t ha-1 to 7.73 t ha-1).

Normalization of K nutrition was a considerablefactor of plant density realization. For example, undersoil stress conditions (the control treatment) plant den-sity realization was on the average 32% lower in com-parison with plan (theoretical plant density), while undernormal conditions this reduction was on the averageabout 6% only (Table 2). We presume that dynamics ofthe early growth (especially root development) andovercoming of drought stress at the beginning of theplant development could be in connection with differen-ces of plant density realization under different K suppliesdegrees. Connection between drought resistance and Knutrition was also found in corn by Mukherje (1982).

Lodging at maturity stage is in close connectionwith soil K status. For example, it was on the average27% and 4% under soil stress and normal soil condi-tion, respectively. However, considerable differences oflodging incidences were found among tested cornhybrids. Hybrids OsSK644 and Bc66-61 are more tole-rant to lodging under soil stress conditions compared toOsSK382 and OsSK377 ones (Table 2). Also, grain moi-sture was 34% on the average at harvest time under soilstress conditions, while under normal conditions about25% only. Close relationship between corn status andlodging tolerance (disease resistance) was also found

by other studies (Liebhardt and Murdock, 1965;Kova~evi} and Vukadinovi}, 1992).

Acute K deficiency and oversupply of Mg(Bergmann, 1992) were found in corn under soil stressconditions. Also, antagonism between K and Mg (Ca)uptake was very expressed. Influences of KCl fertiliza-tion on K and Mg status in corn were elaborated in detailby Kova~evi} et al. (1996).

CONCLUSIONS

Ameliorative fertilization with KCl influenced consi-derably decreasing Mn, Fe and Cu concentrations incorn leaves, while Zn concentrations were similar to thecontrol. Also, considerable differences in Zn, Mn, Fe andCu status in corn were found among the hybrids. Ingeneral, under soil stress conditions induced by K defi-ciency and Mg oversupply, corn grain yields were on theaverage 75% lower. Relations between K and Mg upta-ke by plants were normalized by the ameliorative K fer-tilization. As Mn concentrations in corn leaves were low,while concentrations of Zn were moderate, we presumethat foliar application of these nutrients could be contri-bution to the higher efficiency of applied KCl fertilizer.

REFERENCES1. Bergmann, W. (1992): Nutritional disorders of plants -

Development, visual and analytical diagnosis. GustavFischer Verlag Jena.

2. Golmick, F., Neubert P., Vielemayer H. P. (1970):Possibilities and limitations of plant analysis in estima-ting the nutrient requirement of crops.For tschrittsberichte f. d. Landw. U.Nahrungsguterwirtschaft 8, H. 4, Berlin.

3. Kadar, I., Csatho, P., Sarkadi, J. (1991): Potassium ferti-lization in Hungary - responses in maize and othercrops. Acta Agron. Hung. 40, 295-317.

4. Kova~evi}, V., Ba{i}, F. (1997): The soil potassiumresources and the efficiency of potassium fertilizers inCroatia (Country Report 10). International PotashInstitute, Coordinator Central/Eastern Europe, CH-4001Basel/Switzerland.

5. Kova~evi}, V., Kadar, I., Brki}, I., Josipovi}, M. (1996):Response of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids to potassiumfertilization on strong K-fixing soil. In: Proceedings of theIX Intern. Coll. for Optimization of Plant nutrition(IAOPN), Prague, Czech Republic, 8-15 September1996, p. 458-461.

6. Kova~evi}, V., Vukadinovi}, V. (1992): The potassiumrequirements of maize and soybean on a high K-fixingsoil. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 9, 10-13.

7. Lakanen, E., Ervio, R. (1971): A comparison of eightextractans for the determination of plant available micro-nutrients in soils. Acta Agr. Fenn. 123:223-232.

8. Liebhardt, W.C., Murdock, J.T. (1965): Effect of potas-sium on morphology and lodging of corn. AgronomyJournal. 57, 325-328.

18


V. Kovaèevi} et al.: INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ON YIELD AND NUTRITIONAL ...

9. Mengel, K., Kirkby, E.A. (2001): Principles of plant nutri-tion. Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht/Boston/London.

10. Mukherjee, I. (1982.): Genotipische Unterschiede in derReaktion auf Kalium und in der Anreicherung von Prolinin Mais im Verlauf des Welkens. Inter. Kali-Briefe, Fachg.9, Folge 49, 1.-5.


19V. Kovaèevi} et al.: INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ON YIELD AND NUTRITIONAL ...

UTJECAJ KALIJEVA KLORIDA NA PRINOS I STANJE ISHRANE U DVA HIBRIDA KUKURUZA

SA@ETAK

[est hibrida kukuruza (Zea mays L.: OsSK 377; OsSK 382; OsSK 407; OsSK 552; OsSK 644 i Bc 66-61) uzgajano jena tlu sa sna`nom fiksacijom kalija tijekom vegetacije 1993. godine. Rastu}e koli~ine kalijevog klorida (KCl) doda-ne su u prolje}e 1990. do razine 3250 kg K2O ha-1. êtiri varijante (150, 1000, 1900 i 3250 kg K2O ha-1) kori{tene suza testiranje reakcije kukuruza na gnojidbu. Reakcija hibrida kukuruza na gnojidbu bila je vrlo izraèna, jer su pri-nosi zrna bili u rasponu od 1,83 t ha-1 (150 kg K2O ha-1) do 7,04 t ha-1 (3250 K2O ha-1). Razlike prinosa izme|u hibri-da bile su od 4,35 t ha-1 (Bc 66-61) do 5,31 t ha-1 (OsSK 407). Utvr|ene su i signifikantne razlike izme|u hibrida ukoncentracijama mikroelemenata (mg kg-1): od 18,9 do 26,5 (cink), od 14,4 do 17,4 (mangan), od 120 do 144 (èlje-zo) i od 18,2 do 23,2 (bakar). Koncentracije cinka u listu kukuruza bile su neovisne o primijenjenoj gnojidbi, dok sukoncentracije mangana, èljeza i bakra zna~ajno smanjene primjenom najve}e koli~ine gnojiva (mg kg-1: 17,4 i 12,6Mn, 150 i 120 Fe, 21,5 i 18,5 Cu, za kontrolu, odnosno 3250 kg K2O ha-1). Tako|er, utvr|en je zna~ajan utjecaj KClgnojidbe na koncentracije kalija i magnezija: 0,31% K (akutan nedostatak kalija) i 1,18% K, 1,08% Mg i 0,47% Mgna kontroli, odnosno varijanti s 3250 kg K2O ha-1).

Klju~ne rije~i: kukuruz, prinos, gnojidba, kalij, magnezij, cink, mangan, èljezo, bakar, list ispod klipa

(Received on 4 April 2003; accepted on 19 May 2003 - Primljeno 4. travnja 2003.; prihva}eno 19. svibnja 2003.)

INTRODUCTIONEnvironmental conditions for maize growing in

Croatia, especially in the Eastern Croatia, are generallyfavourable. Possible problems in some growing sea-sons are connected with water shortage (Kovaèeviæ andJosipoviæ, 1998). In addition, low phosphorus andpotassium supplies are limiting maize growth on somegleysols of Sava valley area (Kovaèeviæ andVukadinoviæ, 1992; Kovaèeviæ et al., 1996). In general,it is more profitable to grow seed-maize than mercanti-le maize. However, growing seed-maize is accompaniedby more risks in comparison with growing mercantilemaize (hybrids) since parents of maize hybrids compa-red to their progenies are less tolerant to environmentalstresses, including drought and unfavourable soil pro-perties, mainly low pH and nutritional disorders. For thisreason, we conducted the field experiment withincreased rates of P and K fertilization and differentmaize genotypes (parents of seed-maize) on soil cha-racterized by moderate K and P supplies. Country needsfor maize seed stock has been covered by own seed-maize production. For example, seed-maize productionin Croatia (Pucariæ, 1992) for the 10-year period (1981-1990) was 14 894 t annually (domestic consumption8503 t and export 6391 t).


The field experiment

Seven maize (Zea mays L.) parents of hybrids(inbred lines: Os36-16, Os2-48, Os84-44, Os138-9,Os89-9 Os84-49 and Os86-39) were grown under fieldconditions for three growing seasons (1993, 1994 and1995) on Orubica eutric gleysol. Fertilization treatmentswere as follows: a) control (standard fertilization: 180kg N + 52 kg P and 133 kg K ha-1), b) a + 382 kg Pha-1 as monoammonium phosphate (MAP: 23% P and12% N), c) a + 726 kg K ha-1 as KCl (50% K), d) a +382 kg P ha-1 + 726 kg K ha-1. Ameliorative fertilizationwith phosphorus and potassium was made beforemaize was sown in the first trial year (March 22, 1993),while for the second and third year at the field trial thestandard fertilization was applied (kg ha-1): 180 kg N +52 P + 133 K ha-1 (before sowing 200 kg ha-1 ureaand 400 kg ha-1 NPK 10:20:30; top dressing with 200kg ha-1 calcium ammonium nitrate).


ISSN 1330-7142UDK = 631.524.01:633.15:631.811+631.445.1

RESPONSE OF MAIZE GENOTYPES TO FERTILIZATION ONHYDROMORPHIC SOIL OF SAVA VALLEY

B. Šimiæ (1), V. Kovaèeviæ (2) , Zorica Jurkoviæ (1)

Original scientific paperIzvorni znanstveni èlanak

ABSTRACT

Growing seed-maize is more profitable than mercantile maize, but also riskier, espe-cially under less favourable soil conditions because parents of maize hybrids are lesstolerant than their progeny to environmental stress, including plant nutrition problems.For this reason, we conducted the field experiment with P and K fertilization and a rangeof maize genotypes (parents of seed-maize) on soil with moderate P and K supplies.Following application of 382 kg P and 726 kg K ha-1, maize grain yields increased from1.93 t ha-1 to 2.86 t ha-1 (3-year means). High correlations were found between grainyields of maize genotypes and nutrient concentrations in ear-leaf at silking stage (r =0.82** for P and r = 0.90** for K). Based on these results, we could recommend thehigher P and K fertilization of seed-maize crops on soils of similar chemical properties.

Key-words: fertilization, maize, nutritional status, phosphorus, potassium, yield

(1) Ph.D Branimir [imi} and Ph.D Zorica Jurkovi} - Agricultural Institute,Ju`no predgra|e 17, 31000 Osijek, Croatia, (2) Ph.D Vlado Kova~evi},Full Professor - J.J. Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty ofAgriculture, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, Croatia


21B. Šimi} et al.: RESPONSE OF MAIZE GENOTYPES TO FERTILIZATION ON HYDROMORPHIC SOIL ...

Additional quantities of urea (192 kg N ha-1) wereused during ameliorative fertilization for the a and c treat-ments for equalization of nitrogen application. For thisreason, total N quantity for ordinary fertilization in the firstyear of testing was 372 kg N ha-1. The field experimentwas set up in the split-plot design with four replicatesthen main plot (fertilization treatment) 300 m2 and sub-plot (genotypes) 40 m2. Maize was sown at the end ofApril/beginning of May. Grain yields were calculated ontheoretical plant density (66,027 plant ha-1) reduced by25% (49,520 plants ha-1 = share of mother parent in theseed-maize crop) and 14% grain moisture basis.

Sampling and sample analysis

Maize ear-leaf samples were collected at the startof silking (the middle of July) from each plot (25 leavesper sample). They were prepared for chemical analysisby drying (70oC) and grinding. Plant material was dige-sted using the wet-ashing procedure by concentratedsulfuric acid and catalyst Se (Holz, 1973). Potassiumwas determined by flame emission spectrometry, and Pspectrophometricaly by molybdenum-vanadium com-plex. For soil analysis we used the surface soil layer (30cm deep) (soil sampling before ameliorative fertilization- March 10, 1993). Soil test was done by the EUF-method (Nemeth, 1982).

Soil properties

Orubica eutric gleysol (before the trial: pH 1 N KCl= 5.30; humus 1.75% g) is located near NovaGradiška, Eastern Croatia. Soil test (EUF method) sho-wed low plant available phosphorus and potassium (mgkg -1) as follows: 5.28 and 4.18 P content; and 40.4 and

50.6 K content for extraction at 20 and 80oC, respecti-vely (Table 1). The soil contain in the large proportion ofclay (51.3%) is highly compacted. Lowland position inthe landscape was disadvantageous during the period ofwater excess.

Weather conditions

In general, weather conditions during the three gro-wing seasons were favourable for maize, with exceptionof 1995 when excess of water occurred at the earlygrowth stage (194 mm in the May/June period). Rainfall

in the 7-month period April-October (Nova GradiškaWeather Bureau) was 490 mm, 752 mm and 486 mm,for the growing seasons 1993, 1994 and 1995, respec-tively. Rainfall and mean air-temperatures in the criticalperiod for maize (July + August) were adequate (total190 mm, 282 mm and 143 mm, as well as 22.7oC,22.6oC and 22.5oC, for the 1993, 1994 and 1995,respectively). Excess rainfall in June and July 1994(total 390 mm) was useful for maize because of itsincreased needs for water in this period.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Our results confirmed considerable influences of thegrowing season, fertilization and genotype on maize yieldsand its nutritional status (Table 2). For example, dependingon the growing season mean grain yields ranged from1.33 t ha-1 to 3.40 t ha-1. Especially low yields in the 1995growing season could be in connection with lowland posi-tion of the soil and excess of rainfall the beginning ofmaize growth (May and June rainfall 194 mm). In the pre-

Table 1. Chemical and physical properties of the Orubica soilTablica 1. Kemijska i fizikalna svojstva tla kod Orubice

Comment: very compacted clay soil - Komentar: jako zbijeno glinasto tlo

vious years of testing, grain yields were similar and consi-derably higher (2-year mean 3.29 t ha-1).

In general, ear-leaf P and K status were conside-rably different among the growing seasons, applied fer-tilization and genotype (Table 2)

As affected by ameliorative fertilization, maizegrain yields were almost increased by 50% (3-yearmeans: 1.93 t ha-1 and 2.86 t ha-1, for the control and

ameliorative fer tilization, respectively). Analogousvalues for maize nutritional status (ear-leaf P and K con-centrations at beginning of silking stage) were as fol-lows: 0.29% P and .43% P, 0.86% K and 2.04% K,respectively. Application of both elements in ameliora-tive quantities resulted by 56% increase of maize yield,while by individual addition of these elements yieldincreases were similar (for 45%).

22


B. Šimi} et al.: RESPONSE OF MAIZE GENOTYPES TO FERTILIZATION ON HYDROMORPHIC SOIL ...

Table 2. Influences of the growing seasons, fertilization and genotype on maize propertiesTablica 2. Utjecaj godine, gnojidbe i genotipa na svojstva kukuruza

*for the 1993 growing season: a = control (372 kg N + 52 kg P and 133 kg K ha-1), b = a + 382 kg P ha-1 , c = a +726 kg K ha-1, d = a + 382 kg P ha-1 + 726 kg K ha-1. For the 1994 and 1995 growing seasons all treatments were fertilized uni-formly in range of the control (nitrogen 180 kg N ha-1).** za 1993. godinu: a = kontrola (372 kg N + 52 kg P i 133 kg K ha-1), b = a + 382 kg P ha-1 , c = a + 726 kg K ha-1, d = a + 382kg P ha-1 + 726 kg K ha-1. Za 1994. i 1995. godinu svi tretmani gnojeni su jednako na razini kontrole (dušik 180 kg N ha-1).

For estimation of nutritional status of maize plants,as reliable criterion is nutrient concentrations in ear-leafat the beginning of silking stage. For example, criticalconcentrations (on dry matter basis) for high yields ofmaize are 0.25% P and 1.90% K (Melsted et al., 1969),while adequate ranges are from 0.25% to 0.35% P andfrom 1.75% to 2.25% K (Barber and Olson, 1968). Bythe other study, adequate ranges (leaf situated oppositethe cob at the beginning of silking stage) are as follows:from 0.25% to 0.50% P and from 3.00 % to 4.50% K(Bergmann, 1992). In general, according to these crite-ria, potassium status of maize in our testing could bedesignated as moderate and phosphorus as adequatefor maize growth. Also, acute K deficiency (less than1.0% K) and low P contents (less than 0.30% P) werefound by maize growing on the control treatment, whileameliorative fertilization considerably improved both Pand K status to normal levels.

Nutritional status of maize is also under considera-ble influences of heredity because under identical envi-ronmental conditions differences were found amongcultivars and hybrids (3, 7, 8). By our testing differen-ces were found concerning genotype influences (3-yearmeans) from 0.38 to 0.42% P and from 1.72 to 1.80%K and being highly significant. The highest concentra-tions of tested elements were found in the genotypes asfollows: Os86-39 (phosphorus), Os84-44 and Os89-9(potassium).

Considerably higher yields (mean 2.86 t ha-1) werefound by the Os84-44 and Os138-9 genotypes compa-red to Os2-48 and Os84-49 (mean 2.42 t ha-1).

Three year means of maize properties (genotype xfertilization) were tested by correlations (total 28 pairs)whereas very high connections between grain yieldsand ear-leaf composition were found as follows: r =0.82** (phosphorus) and r = 0.90** (potassium).

Residual effects of application of high levels of fer-tilizer were also found by other investigations. For exam-ple, application of 130 kg P ha-1 in form of calciumsuperphosphate on calcareous soils resulted in wheatyield increase for 16% in the fourth testing year(Shaoling, 2000).

CONCLUSIONAlthough environmental conditions in the eastern

Croatia are mainly favourable for seed-maize growing,phosphorus and potassium nutritional problems couldbe a limiting factor of profitable yields. Considerable dif-ferences of maize yields depending on the growing sea-son, applied fertilization and tested genotypes werefound by our testing. As nutritional status of maize (ear-leaf P and K status) were in close connection with grainyields, based on our investigations, we could recom-mend application of more P and K fertilizers for seed-maize growing, especially on less favourable soils.Increased inputs as affected by recommend fertilizationare covered by the higher yields of seed.

REFERENCES1. Barber, S.A, Olson, R.A. (1968): Fertilizer use in corn. In

Changing patterns in fertilizer use (Nelson L.B. Ed.). SoilScience Society of America, Madison, Wisconsinpp.163-188.

2. Bergmann, W. (1992): Nutritional disorders of plants –development, visual and analytical diagnosis. GustavFischer Verlag Jena – Stuttgart – New York pp.343-362.

3. Brkiæ, I., Kovaèeviæ, V., Vujeviæ, S., Kozumplik, V.(1997): Inheritance of potassium, calcium and magne-sium status in maize (Zea mays L.) plants. In PlantNutrition for Sustainable Food Production andEnvironment (Ando T., Fujita K., Mae T., Matsumoto H.,Mori S. and Sekiya J. Eds). Developments in Plant andSoil Sciences, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Printed inJapan, Vol. 78, pp.163-164.

4. Holz, F. (1973): Die automatische Bestimmung desStickstoffs als Indophenolgrun in Boden und Pflanzen.Landwirtsch. Forsch. 26:177.-192.

5. Kovaèeviæ, V., Vukadinoviæ, V. (1992): The potassiumrequirements of maize and soyabeans on a high K-fixingsoil. South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 9(1):10-13.

6. Kovaèeviæ, V. (1994): Investigation of genetic aspects ofcorn mineral nutrition in Agricultural Institute Osijek(1971-1992). Sjemenarstvo, 5: 327-349.

7. Kovaèeviæ, V., Kadar, I., Brkiæ, I., Josipoviæ, M. (1996):Response of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids to potassiumfertilization on strong K-fixing soil, IXth InternationalColloquium for the Optimization of Plant Nutrition,Prague, Czech Republic, Sept 8-15, 1996, Prague,Czech Republic, pp.458-461.

8. Kovaèeviæ, V., Josipoviæ, M. (1998): Weather and soillimitations for maize growing in the Eastern Croatia, In:Fifth Congress of European Society for Agronomy (ESA)Nitra, The Slovak Republic, June 28 – July 2, 1998; M.Zima and Bartosova M.L. Eds.; Short Communications,Volume II, pp.157-158.

9. Melsted, S.W., Motto, H.L., Peck, T.R. (1969): Criticalnutrient composition values useful in interpretation plantanalysis data. Agronomy J. 61:17-20.

10. Nemeth, K. (1982): Odreðivanje stvarne i potencijalneraspoloìvosti hranjivih elemenata u zemljištu pomoæumetode elektroultrafiltracije (EUF). Jugoslavenski poljo-privredno šumarski centar Beograd.

11. Pucariæ, A. (1992): Proizvodnja sjemena hibrida kukuru-za, Institut za oplemenjivanje i proizvodnju bilja, Zagreb.

12. Shaoling, J. (2000): Study on the residual effects ofphosphatic fertilizer on calacareous soils. Volume ofAbstracts, International Symposium on Phosphorus inthe Soil-Plant Continuum, Beijing, China, Sept 17-23,2000; Fusuo Zhang, Ed., pp.37.


23B. Šimi} et al.: RESPONSE OF MAIZE GENOTYPES TO FERTILIZATION ON HYDROMORPHIC SOIL ...

24


B. Šimi} et al.: RESPONSE OF MAIZE GENOTYPES TO FERTILIZATION ON HYDROMORPHIC SOIL ...

REAKCIJA GENOTIPOVA KUKURUZA NA GNOJIDBU NA HIDROMORFNOM TLU POSAVINE

SA@ETAK

Uzgoj sjemenskog kukuruza profitabilniji je od uzgoja merkantilnoga kukuruza, ali i više riskantan, osobito na tlimaslabije plodnosti. Razlog tome je u èinjenici da su roditelji hibrida kukuruza manje tolerantni od svoga potomstvaprema stresu izazvanog okolišem, ukljuèujuæi i probleme s ishranom. Zato smo postavili poljski pokus gnojidbe fosfo-rom (P) i kalijem (K) i genotipovima kukuruza (roditelji sjemenskog kukuruza) na tlu umjereno opskrbljenom s P i K.Primjenom 382 kg P i 726 kg K ha-1, prinos kukuruza je poveæan od 1,93 t ha-1 do 2,86 t ha-1 (3-god. prosjeci).Visoke su korelacije ustanovljene izmeðu prinosa zrna genotipova kukuruza i koncentracija P i K u listu ispod klipau fazi svilanja (r = 0,82** za P and r = 0,90** za K). Na osnovu takvih rezultat, mogli bismo predloìti jaèe naglaše-nu gnojidbu fosforom i kalijem od uobièajene za sjemenski kukuruz na tlima sliènih kemijskih svojstava.

Kljuène rijeèi: gnojidba, kukuruz, stanje hraniva, fosfor, kalij, prinos

(Received on 25 February 2003; accepted on 7 April 2003 – Primljeno 25. veljaèe 2003.; prihvaæeno 7. travnja 2003.)

INTRODUCTION

Rational tillage systems and usage of low rates ofenvironmentally safe herbicides are of the most impor-tance in the development of integrated weed manage-ment systems (Swanton & Weise, 1991). Reducing thetillage practices for cereal crops under different environ-mental conditions is a general trend ( cf. Cannell, 1985;Butorac et al., 1986; Ko{uti} et al., 1998).

The effects of tillage on weed population and cropperformance were reported for spring barley on a clayand loam soil by Legere et al., 1990. The response ofthe weed flora in spring barley on three soil types(sandy loam, clay loam and silt loam) was described byPollard and Cussans (1976) and discussed by Cussans(1976). The results of low herbicide doses application inspring cereals under Danish, Finnish, and Scottish con-ditions showed that a reduction of herbicide dose is fea-sible and successful with considerable economic andenvironmental influence (Kudsk, 1989; Salonen, 1992;Fisher et al., 1993).

In total arable land of cereals in Croatia, barleycovers about 45.000 ha or 7%, and grain production is125.000 t per year (Statisti~ki ljetopis, 2000). In mostbarley fields, chemical weed control is obtained by tria-sulfuron & chlortoluron mixture (Dicuran forte 80 WP)which is registered for broad-leaved weeds and somegrasses at the rate of 15 g a. i. ha-1 at the pre-emer-gence or 11 g a. i. ha-1 at the post-emergence applica-tion (Maceljski et al., 2002).

This paper reports the influence of different tillagepractices and herbicide doses of triasulfuron & chlorto-luron herbicide mixture lower than recommended, aswell as their interaction on weed population and springbarley yield on a lessive pseudogley soil in north-eastern Croatia.


ISSN 1330-7142UDK = 631.51.023+632.954:632.51:633.16

INFLUENCE OF SOIL TILLAGE AND LOW HERBICIDE DOSESON WEED POPULATIONS AND SPRING BARLEY YIELD

Mira Kneèvi} (1), Marija \urki} (1), I. Kneèvi} (1), K. Hajba (2)

Original scientific paperIzvorni znanstveni ~lanak

SUMMARY

The influence of different tillage variants and low herbicide doses of triasulfuron &chlortoluron mixture (Dicuran forte 80 WP) on weed populations and crop yield werestudied in spring barley on lessive pseudogley soil in North-Eastern Croatia at theâ~inci locality in 1999. Tillage had no significant influence on annual broad-leavedweed biomass production, which was 22 kg ha-1, on the average. Chisel ploughing anddisk harrowing significantly increased perennial weed biomass by 21 and 44 times,respectively compared to mouldboard ploughing. The average efficacy of total weed bio-mass control was 95, 89 and 81% at full, one-half and one-quarter of the recommendedherbicide dose, respectively and did not differ very much between tillage treatments.Both reduced herbicide doses ensured very good biomass control of the most abundantweed populations such as Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Chenopodium album L., Ch. poly-spermum L. and Polygonum lapathifolium L. No significant tillage and herbicide doseeffects were recorded in barley yields, which ranked from 4.93 t ha-1 in chisel ploughingto 4.48 t ha-1 in disk harrowing. These results suggested a possibility of mouldboardploughing substitution with reduced tillage practices on lessive pseudogley soil andherbicide dose reduction of triasulfuron & chlortoluron mixture to 50% or more in springbarley.

Key words: Spring barley, soil tillage, weed populations, weed dry biomass, crop yield

(1) Ph.D Mira Kneèviæ, Full Professor, Ph.D Marija Ðurkiæ, AssistantProfessor and Ph.D Ivan Kneèviæ, Full Professor – Josip JurajStrossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg sv. Trojstva3, 31000 Osijek, (2) Kazimir Hajba, B.Sc. – P.P. Orahovica d.d., R.J.Èaèinci, Croatia


The stationary field trials started in the autumn of1996 on lessive pseudogley soil at the â~inci localityin north-eastern Croatia with a winter wheat - maizerotation. The experimental design was a split-plot withtillage as the main factor (T) and weed control as thesub-factor (W). Weed control plots (3.5 x 9 m) werereplicated four times within each tillage plot. Soil tillagehad been performed continuously during 1996-1999 infive treatments: MP - continuous mouldboard ploughingto 30-35 depth, disk harrowing, standard sowing; MP-DH - mouldboard ploughing every second year alterna-ting with disk harrowing; DH-MP - disk harrowing everysecond year alternating with mouldboard ploughing; CP-loosening with a chisel plough to 15-20 cm depth, diskharrowing ; DH - continuous disk harrowing to 8-10 cmdepth. Spring barley (cv. Jaran) was sown on March 13,1999 after maize (instead of winter wheat, that couldnot be sown in the third year due to the wet Autumn of1998). Fertilisation was based on 120 kg ha-1 of N, 150kg ha-1 of P2O5 and 100 kg ha-1 of K2O. The top dressingwith 27 kg N ha-1 was accomplished in April at thebeginning of the forking stage of crop.

Chemical weed control was subjected to herbicidetreatments with triasulfuron & chlortoluron mixture withthree ascending dose rates up to the highest recom-mended dose, which corresponded to 11.3 g & 1185 ga. i. ha-1 or 1.5 kg ha-1 of commercial herbicide ofDicuran forte 80 WP. Sub-plot treatments were: W0 =untreated control: W1 = one-quarter dose; W2 = one-half dose; W3 = full recommended dose. The post-emergence application of herbicide mixture was made

when spring barley was at the tillering stage, corre-sponded to Zadoks scale 25-29. The time interval bet-ween sowing and herbicide spraying was 25 days.Herbicide was applied by knapsack sprayer “Solo” in300 l ha-1 of water volume at a pressure of 300 kPa.Weed samples were collected 54 days after the herbici-de application by counting plant numbers and recordingthe air dry biomass of each weed species in a 0.25 m2

circle replicated four times per each sub-plot, i. e. 16replications totally per each weed control treatment. Thephytotoxic effect of herbicides on crop plants was eva-luated using the 1-9 scale. Spring barley was harvestedon June 17, 1999. The crop yield was adjusted to 14%of the moisture content.

The analysis of variance was used for testing theunivariate differences between independent groups ofobservations. Dependent variables were: weed dryweight of botanical groups (annual broad-leaved weeds,perennial weeds, and total weeds), crop density andcrop yield. Tillage and weed control treatments, as wellas their interaction were groups in separate varianceanalyses. Particular group-to group differences weretested by the Fisher’s test (Ott, 1993) using the proba-bility level of P=0.05. Linear regression analyses wereperformed to evaluate univariate correlations betweenweed dry weight, crop density and crop yield.Correlated values were sub-plot averages of repetitionsof the respective variable. Correlation analyses wereperformed for total sample and for the each tillage treat-ment and each weed control treatments separately.Weather conditions during the experiment are presentedin the Table 1.

26


M. Kneèviæ et al.: INFLUENCE OF SOIL TILLAGE AND LOW HERBICIDE DOSES ON WEED ...

Table 1. Weather conditions during spring barley growing season in 1999 and the 10-year average (1991-2000) forthe â~inci locality

Tablica 1. Vremenske prilike u vegetacijskom periodu jarog je~ma u 1999. godini i u 10-godi{njem razdoblju(1999.-2000.) za lokalitet â~inci

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA total of 20 weed species were recorded in barley

weed community, of which 7 were species in mould-board ploughing (MP), 11 species were in both alterna-ting tillage treatments with mouldboard ploughing anddisk harrowing (MP-DH, DH-MP), 9 species in chiselploughing (CP) and 17 species in disk harrowing (DH).Annual broad-leaved species dominated the weed florawith 12 species, compared to 8 perennials. Speciescomposition and their dry weight in different tillagetreatments are shown in Table 2.

The proportion of annual broad-leaved weeds intotal weed dry weight was the highest in MP (95%),medium and similar in MP-DH and DH-MP (76 and 80%,respectively), still lower in CP (60%) and the lowest inDH (49%). On the contrary, perennial weeds significantlyincreased their biomass proportion in DH-MP, CP and DHby 10, 41 and 54 times, respectively compared to MP.Several reports suggested differences in the weed com-munity under deep mouldboard ploughing and shallow

tillage practices. The reduced tillage generally favouredperennial species over annual broad-leaved species(Froud-Williams, 1988; Archad et al., 1995). However, insome studies, tillage had no influence on selectivity ofthe weed flora (Swanton et al., 1993).

Chenopodium album, the characteristic species inmouldboard ploughing (Froud-Williams et al., 1988) in ourtrial had a higher biomass production in DH than in MPwith the biomass reaching 22 kg and 4 kg ha-1, respecti-vely. Biomass responses of annual species of Ambrosiaartemisiifolia and Polygonum lapathifolium to tillage inten-sity were inconsistent. On the other hand, Anagallis arven-sis, Chenopodium polyspermum, Erigeron annuus andMatricaria inodora showed the tendency to increase plantdensities and dry weight in CP, DH-MP and DH. Perennialweed species such as Plantago major, Equisetum arven-se and Convolvulus arvensis clearly increased their dryweight in disk harrowing, whereas Sonchus arvensis spe-cies was associated only with CP. It is known that soilcompaction increases the abundance of some perennial


27M. Kneèviæ et al.: INFLUENCE OF SOIL TILLAGE AND LOW HERBICIDE DOSES ON WEED ...

Table 2. Weed species composition and weed dry weight on untreated plots in spring barley after 3 years of thecontinuous tillage practices (1999, June)

Tablica 2. Floristi~ki sastav i suha masa korova u netretiranom jarom je~mu nakon tri godine kontinuirane obrade tla

(lipanj, 1999.)

MP = mouldboard ploughing; MP-DH and DH-MP = tillage treatments in alternation every second year; CP = chisel ploughing; DH =disk harrowing; + = weed dry weight < 0.01 g m-2MP = obrada leme{nim plugom; MP-DH i DH-MP = obrada u alternaciji svake druge godine; CP = obrada chisel plugom; DH = tan-juranje; + = suha masa korova < 0,01 g m-2

weeds such as E. arvense (Bachthaler, 1985), but in ourstudy it was a less competitive weed species.

After three years of continuous tillage trials, theresults indicated that tillage effect caused some chan-ges in weed abundance and selection of weed species,but the time interval was still too short for the record ofdirectional shifts and the selective tillage effects onweed composition in spring barley. The analysis ofvariance shows significant tillage effect only in DH withthe highest total weed biomass of 57 kg ha-1, corre-sponding to an increase of 149%, compared to MP.

The herbicide efficacy, measured as a relativereduction in weed dry weight compared to untreatedplots within each tillage, did not differ significantly bet-

ween tillage treatments, with the exception of DH tillage.The average dry weight of total weeds was 108 kg inuntreated and 13 kg in treated plots, respectively (Table4). Thus, the average control efficacy with this herbici-de mixture was 88%. The best average herbicide effi-cacy occurred with the full recommended herbicidedose, which corresponded to 95% control. One-half andone-quarter of the recommended dose provided 89 and81% of the total biomass control, respectively, but stillprovided very good biomass control of dominant annualbroad-leaved weeds (94-95%).

The susceptibility of the annual broad-leavedweeds to low herbicide doses varied among species(Table 3). The best control efficacy with one-quarter andone-half herbicide doses were achieved againstAmbrosia artemisiifolia (94-96%), Polygonum. lapathi-folium (93-95%), Chenopodium polyspermum (88-93%), whereas herbicide efficacy against Matricariainodora (79-84%) was improved by increasing thedose. In contrast, all three herbicide doses were unsuc-cessful in perennial weed control, as was anticipatedconsidering the weed control spectrum of triasulfuron &chlortoluron mixture. No crop plant injury by this herbi-cide mixture has been observed.

The analyses of variance detected a significant til-lage x herbicide dose (T x W) interaction in DH tillagewith one-quarter herbicide dose by 53 % of control effi-cacy. This result is due to an increase of perennial weedbiomass on these tilled plots. Correlations between totalweed biomass and barley yield were negative and poorin DH tillage (r2 = -0.1978) and with one-quarter herbi-cide dose (r2 = -0.0964). This suggested that weedsdid not have any influence on barley yields.

The groups are: tillage (T), weed control (W) andinteraction of tillage and weed control (T x W). N is num-ber of observations in the group, F is proportion of bet-ween- group and within group variance. The means, fol-lowed by the same letter within a column, are not signi-ficantly different at the 5% level.

Barley yields were influenced by crop density,expressed in ears number m-2. The ear numbers variedfrom 600 ears m-2 in CP to 573 ears m-2 in DH, withsignificant differences (Table 4). Correlations betweencrop density and crop yield have been strong, positiveand significant in untreated crop (r2 = 0.9235*) and intreated crop with one-quarter herbicide dose (r2 =0.8948*). Weak crop competition in DH due to lowercrop density probably influence on the inadequate effi-ciency of the lowest herbicide dose as was reported byCourtney (1991), Richards and Davies (1991) and Pallutt(1999). This was caused by unfavourable weather condi-tions in 1999. Namely, the barley growing season wasextremely wet with 138 mm more precipitation in June,than the average of 89 mm in 1991-2000 (Table 1).

In spite of that, tillage had no significant effect onbarley yields, which ranked from 4.93 t to 4.72 t and4.48 t ha-1 in CP, MP and DH, respectively (Table 4).This result concurs with some earlier finding by otherauthors (Brown and North, 1984; Butorac et al., 1986;Ko{uti} et al., 1998) that suggested that reduction of til-lage was not always associated with significant cropyield reduction. The same conclusion can be drawnregarding the influence of herbicide doses on barley

28



Table 3. Weed density (plants m-2) of selected annual broad-leaved species on untreated plots and efficacy oftriasulfuron & chlortoluron mixture at reduced herbicide dose in spring barley (averaged over all tilla-ge treatments according to an assessment in June 1999)

Tablica 3. Broj biljaka m-2 nekih jednogodi{njih {irokolisnih korovnih vrsta u netretiranom je~mu i u~inkovitost tria-sulfuron & klortoluron herbicida u smanjenim dozama (prosjek od svih obrada prema ocjeni zakorovlje-nosti u lipnju, 1999. godine)

yields, which did not differ either between the treat-ments with the recommended and reduced doses oreven between untreated controls.

In conclusion, the results suggested a possibility ofmouldboard ploughing substitution with reduced tillagepractices on lessive pseudogley soil for spring barley.The reduced herbicide doses of triasulfuron & chlorto-luron mixture to 50% or more provided adequate controlof annual broad-leaved weeds in terms of barley yield,although the efficacy was lower than that obtained bythe recommended doses. The efficacy of one quarterherbicide dose was not successful in controlling ofperennial weed biomass after disk harrowing tillage butit had no influence on barley yields.

REFERENCES1. Arshad, M.A., Gill, K. S., Coy, G. R. (1995): Barley,

canola, and weed growth with decreasing tillage in acold, semiarid climate. Agron. J. 87, 49-55.

2. Bachthaler, G. (1985): Changes in the weed populationof Bavaria. Comparison of the results of regional evalua-tions for survey periods 1948 -1955 and 1979-1980.Bayer. Landwirtsch. Jahrb. 62, 60-75.

3. Brown, N.J., North, P.F. (1984): Tillage under controlledconditions its effect on emergence and yield of springbarley. J. Agric. Sci. 102, 181-189.

4. Butorac, A., @ugec, I., Ba{i}, F. (1986.): Stanje i per-spektive reducirane obrade tla u svijetu i u nas.Poljoprivredne aktualnosti 25, 159.-262.

5. Cannell, R.Q. (1985): Reduced tillage in northwest


29M. Kneèviæ et al.: INFLUENCE OF SOIL TILLAGE AND LOW HERBICIDE DOSES ON WEED ...

Table 4. Influence of tillage, the herbicide doses and tillage x weed control interaction on weed biomass, crop den-sity and grain yield of spring barley in 1999

Tablica 4. Utjecaj obrade tla, herbicidnih doza i njihova interakcija na suhu masu korova, sklop i prinos jarog je~ma u

1999. godini

Europe: a review. Soil Tillage Res, 5, 129-177.6. Courtney, A.D. (1991): The role of competition in deve-

loping an appropriate rate strategy for weed control inspring barley. Proc. Brighton Crop Protec. Conf.–Weeds, 1217-1224.

7. Cussans, G.W. (1976): The influence of changinghusbandry on weeds and weed control in arable crops.Proc. Brighton Crop Protec. Conf.- Weeds, 1001-1008.

8. Fischer, N.M., Davies, D.H.K., Whytock, G.P. (1993):Reliability of broad-leaved weed control in cereals usinglow doses of herbicide. Proc. Brighton Crop Protec.Conf.- Weeds, 1223-1228.

9. Froud-Williams, R.J., (1988): Changes in weed florawith different tillage and agronomic managementsystems. In (eds. Altieri M.A. & Liebman, M.) WeedManagement in Agroecosystems: EcologicalApproaches, pp. 213-236. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

10. Ko{uti}, S., Filipovi}, D., Gospodari}, Z. (1998):Influence of different soil tillage systems on yield, energyand lobour requirement in spring barley production.Poljoprivreda 4, 67-75.

11. Kudsk, P. (1989): Experiences with reduced herbicidedoses in Denmark and development of the concept offactor adjusted doses. Proc. Brighton Crop Protec.Conf.- Weeds, 545-554.

12. Légère A., Samson, N., Lemieux, C., Rioux, R. (1990):Effects of weed management and reduced tillage onweed populations and barley yields. Proc.7th EWRSSymp. Integrated Weed Management in Cereals, 111-118.

13. Maceljski, M., Hrlec, G., Ostoji}, Z., Cvjetkovi}, B.(2002.): Pregled sredstava za za{titu bilja u Hrvatskoj.Glasilo biljne za{tite 2-3, 61.-177.

14. Ott, R.L. (1993): An introduction to statistical methodsand data analysis. Duxbury Press, Belmont, 1051 p.

15. Pallutt, B. (1999): Possibilities and limits of using seedrate and nitrogen fertilisation to decrease weed infesta-tion and herbicide input in cereals. Proc. 11th EWRSSymp., 114.

16. Pollard, F., Cussans, G.W. (1976): The influence of tilla-ge on the weed flora of four sites sown to successivecrops of spring barley. Proc. Brighton Crop Protec.Conf.-Weeds, 1019-1028.

17. Richards, M.C., Davies, D.H.K. (1991): Potential forreducing herbicide inputs/rates with more competitivecereal cultivars. Proc. Brighton Crop Prot. Conf. -Weeds,1233-1240.

18. Salonen, J. (1992): Efficacy of reduced herbicide dosesin spring cereals of different competitive ability. WeedRes. 32, 483-491.

19. Swanton, C.J., Weise, S.F. (1991): Integrated weedmanagement: The rationale and approach. Weed Tech.5, 567-663.

20. Swanton, C.J., Clements, D.R., Derksen, D.A. (1993):Weed succession under conservation tillage: a hierar-chical framework for research and management. WeedTech. 7, 286-297.

21. ............ Statisti~ki ljetopis (2000.): Poljoprivreda, lov i{umarstvo R. Hrvatske, 540 p.

30



UTJECAJ OBRADE TLA I NISKIH HERBICIDNIH DOZA NA KOROVNU POPULACIJU IPRINOS JAROG JE^MA

SA@ETAK

Utjecaj nekih varijanta reduciranih obrada tla i smanjenih doza herbicidnog pripravka Dicurana forte 80 WP nakorovnu populaciju i prinos jarog je~ma ispitivan je na lesiviranom pseudogleju na lokalitetu â~inci u 1999. godi-ni. Najbrojnije korovne vrste bile su iz skupine jednogodi{njih dvosupnica: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L., Chenopodiumalbum L., Chenopodium polyspermum L. i Polygonum lapathifolium L. Obrada tla nije zna~ajno utjecala na produkci-ju suhe mase te korovne skupine, ~ija je prosje~na masa iznosila 22 kg ha-1. Reducirane obrade tla (tanjuranje svakedruge godine u izmjeni s oranjem, oranje s chisel plugom i kontinuirano tanjuranje) pove}ale su masu vi{egodi{njihkorova za 10 do 54 puta prema konvencionalnoj obradi. Herbicidni pripravak u dozama od 100%, 50% i 25% prepo-ru~ene doze postigao je dobru prosje~nu u~inkovitost od 95, 89 i 81%. Obrada tla i smanjenje herbicidnih doza nisuzna~ajno utjecali na prinose usjeva, koji su varirali u prosjeku od 4,93 t ha-1 u obradi s chisel plugom do 4,48 t ha-1

u obradi kontinuiranim tanjuranjem, bez statisti~kih razlika. Rezultati su pokazali mogu}nost zamjene konvencional-ne obrade s reduciranim oblicima obrada na pseudogleju uz uporabu smanjenih doza herbicidnog pripravkaDicurana forte 80 WP za 50% i vi{e u proizvodnji jarog je~ma.

Klju~ne rije~i: jari je~am, obrada tla, korovne populacije, suha masa korova, prinos je~ma

(Received on 19 March 2003; accepted on 30 April 2003 - Primljeno 19. oùjka 2003.; prihva}eno 30. travnja 2003.)


UVOD

Kontinuirana testiranja i ocjene stvorenih selekcij-skih materijala šeæerne repe nuàn su put kojim nastoji-mo dostiæi oplemenjivaèke ciljeve. Za uspješnost selek-cijskog postupka potrebno je utvrditi genetske parame-tre koji daju uvid u prirodu genetske varijabilnosti raz-lièitih selekcijskih materijala. Osim prinosa korijena,sadràja šeæera, kalija, natrija, alfa amino dušika, znaèa-jan interes oplemenjivaèa šeæerne repe predstavljaotpornost prema pjegavosti lista koju izazivaCercospora beticola Saac. Ta bolest zastupljena je usvim proizvodnim podruèjima naše zemlje i redovito sejavlja svake godine. Bolest ošteæuje listove, smanjujelisnu površinu i asimilaciju CO2 (Nagel i Leonard,1940.), zbog èega opada prinos korijena i do 60%,sadràj šeæera moè biti niì 3-7%, a poveæava se udioštetnih elemenata (K, Na, AmN) u korijenu repe (Mariæ,1969., 1974.; Matiæ i Ðurðeviæ, 1970.; Smith i Ruppel,1973.; Yoshimura et al. 1992.; Smith i Campbell, 1996.;Lioviæ i sur., 1998.). Jaka epidemija moè izazvati gubi-tak prinosa šeæera i preko 42% (Smith i Ruppel, 1971.).Osim toga, korijen zaraènih biljaka teè se èuva odkorijena zdravih biljaka (Smith i Ruppel, 1971.).

Smanjenje gubitaka izazvanih pjegavošæu lišæašeæerne repe moè se postiæi korištenjem otpornihsorata i primjenom fungicida. Kao izvori otpornostiprema tom patogenu uglavnom se koriste sorte i linijestvorene u SAD i Italiji, koje su nastale kriànjem šeæer-ne repe Beta vulgaris var. altisima s divljom repom Betavulgaris ssp. maritima. Te sorte i linije posjeduju razlièi-ti stupanj otpornosti, a izvor imuniteta pronaðen je urepama iz sekcije Patellares. Meðutim, kriànje tih bilja-ka s biljkama Beta vulgaris vrlo je teško, a i povezano sunošenjem velikog broja negativnih osobina, koje setijekom selekcije teško eliminiraju.

Prouèavajuæi genetsku osnovu otpornosti na C.beticolu, razni istraìvaèi dobili su vrlo nejednake podat-ke. Tako Smith i Gaskill (1970.) navode da otpornostprema C. beticoli kontrolira veæi broj gena (4-5), aLewelen i Whithney (1976.) jedan gen kod rase C2

ISSN 1330-7142UDK = 631.111.2:633.63:632.26

PRODUKTIVNOST MONOGERMNIH LINIJA ŠEÆERNE REPE U ZAVISNOSTI OD OSJETLJIVOSTI NA CERKOSPORU

(Cercospora beticola Sacc.)

A. Kristek (1), Zvjezdana Magud (2), Manda Antunoviæ (1), Suzana Kristek (1)

Izvorni znanstveni èlanakOriginal scientific paper

SA@ETAK

Proizvodne vrijednosti monogermnih CMS linija šeæerne repe i njihovu otpornost na C.beticolu istraìvali smo u Osijeku tijekom dvije godine (2001., 2002.) u uvjetima prirod-ne infekcije i potpune zaštite fungicidima. Vrednovanje je izvršeno preko pokazatelja pri-nosa i kvalitete korijena te vizualnom ocjenom ošteæenja listova. U istraìvanju je bilo 28CMS genetski divergentnih linija i 2 standarda. Rezultati istraìvanja ukazuju na posti-gnuti napredak u oplemenjivanju i obeæavajuæu vrijednost monogermnih CMS linija, kojeje moguæe koristiti za dobivanje novih hibrida i daljnje genetsko unapreðenje. Tri ispiti-vane linije postigle su visok prinos korijena na razini standarda, a èak deset linija imaloje istu ili veæu digestiju od boljeg standarda. Utvrðeno je da je upotrebom fungicida uodnosu na nezaštiæene varijante prosjeèno poveæan prinos korijena za 7,09 t/ha (16%),digestija za 0,81% (rel. 5%) i prinos šeæera za 1,38 t/ha (22,8%). Mjere zaštite fungici-dima više su utjecale na proizvodni rezultat kod osjetljivih linija na C. beticolu, a manjekod otpornijih linija.

Kljuène rijeèi: šeæerna repa, prinos, kvaliteta korijena, Cercospora beticola

(1) Dr.sc. Andrija Kristek, red. prof., dr.sc. Manda Antunoviæ, izv.prof.,dr.sc. Suzana Kristek - Sveuèilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku,Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, (2)Zvjezdana Magud, dipl.in`. - Institut za šeæernu repu d.d., M. Divalta 320,31000 Osijek

Cercospora beticola, uz napomenu da taj gen nije efika-san prema rasi C1. Kako genetska osnova, tako se irezultati o naèinu nasljeðivanja otpornosti prema pjega-vosti lišæa šeæerne repe znaèajno razlikuju kod pojedinihistraìvaèa. Lewelen i Whithney (1976.) opisuju da seotpornost u F1 generaciji nasljeðuje dominantno, aKohls (1950.) recesivno. Hasegawa et al. (Kovaèev,1982.) navode da je nasljeðivanje po tipu nepotpunedominacije recesivnog roditelja, dok Smith i Gaskill(1970.) te Kovaèev (1982) naèin nasljeðivanja opisujukao intermedijalni.

U ovom radu analiziraju se vrijednosti stvorenihCMS monogermnih linija preko kvantitativnih i kvalitativ-nih pokazatelja (prinos korijena i šeæera, sadràj šeæera,K, Na, AmN), uzimajuæi u obzir otpornost na C. beticolukao znaèajno svojstvo, va`no u proizvodnji te kulture.Na takav naèin dobit æe se va`ne informacije, koje æeposluìti pri izboru linija kao komponente za dobivanjeF1 triploidnih hibrida.

MATERIJAL I METODE

Kako bismo utvrdili proizvodnu vrijednost i otpornostmonogermnih CMS linija šeæerne repe na C. beticolu, u2001. i 2002. godini postavili smo poljske pokuse uOsijeku. U pokusima se nalazilo 28 CMS monogermnihgenetski divergentnih novostvorenih linija šeæerne repeInstituta za šeæernu repu i 2 hibrida, Os Sana i Kristal, kaostandard. Istraìvane linije izdvojene su kao bolji selekcij-ski materijal u preliminarnim istraìvanjima na najva`nijaproizvodna svojstva (prinos korijena i šeæera, sadràjšeæera). Najbolje linije posluìt æe kao majèinska kompo-nenta za dobivanje F1 triploidnih hibrida.

Istraìvanja su vršena u uvjetima prirodne infekcijecerkosporom, bez zaštite i potpune zaštite od cerkospo-re fungicidima. Ocjena proizvodnih vrijednosti i otporno-sti prema pjegavosti lišæa šeæerne repe izvršena je prekopokazatelja prinosa i kvalitete korijena te vizualnom

ocjenom ošteæenja listova, koristeæi skalu od 0 (nemabolesti) do 10 (potpuno sušenje lišæa).

Izabrani genotipovi posijani su u dva odvojena polj-ska pokusa (tretirano i netretirano), prema shemi sluèaj-nog bloknog rasporeda u 6 ponavljanja, s velièinomosnovne parcele od 10 m2 u vaðenju. Tretiranje fungici-dima obavljeno je u obje godine sredinom srpnja prviputa (Brestanid 0,6 l/ha + Duet 0,7 l/ha), krajemsrpnja/poèetkom kolovoza drugi puta (Brestanid 0,6 l/ha+ Rias 300 EC 0,5 l/ha) i u drugoj dekadi kolovoza treæiputa (Alto combi 0,4 l/ha). Završna vizualna ocjena cer-kospore izvršena je u drugoj dekadi rujna, a vaðenjepokusa u zadnjoj dekadi listopada.

Vremenske prilike u godinama izvoðenja pokusarazlikovale su se i utjecale su na tok porasta šeæernerepe i na razvoj C. beticole. Godinu 2001. u vegetacijikarakteriziraju prosjeène mjeseène temperature zraka(17,70 C) za ovo podruèje i poveæana kolièina oborinau vegetaciji. Meðutim, raspored oborina bio je nepovol-jan, zbog izmjene suhih i vla`nih razdoblja. Tako je ukolovozu palo 7,1 mm kiše, a u lipnju èak 238,9 mm.Takve vremenske prilike pruàle su uvjete za postizanjezadovoljavajuæe kvalitete, ali ne i prinosa korijena, dokoptimalni uvjeti za razvoj C. beticole u drugom dijeluvegetacije nisu bili ispunjeni. Za 2002. godinu moè seukratko reæi da je bila topla i vla`na, povoljna za dobarprinos korijena, ali i za razvoj C. beticole. Istovremeno,takvi uvjeti bili su nepovoljni za nakupljanje šeæera ukorijenu repe - digestiju. U ovoj godini temperatura zrakaje tijekom vegetacije bila prosjeèno za 1 0 C viša oddugogodišnjeg prosjeka, a mjeseèna kolièina oborina uvegetaciji iznosila je 50-70 mm, s izuzetkom svibnja, ukojem je palo 155,6 mm kiše.


Rezultati provedenih poljskih pokusa, laboratorij-skih analiza korijena šeæerne repe i statistièke obrade

32


A. Kristek i sur.: PRODUKTIVNOST MONOGERMNIH LINIJA ŠEÆERNE REPE U ZAVISNOSTI OD ...

Tablica 1. Prinos i kvaliteta korijena šeæerne repe u uvjetima potpune zaštite od cerkospore i prirodne infekcijeTable 1. Yield and quality of sugar beet root in the conditions of full Cercospora protection and natural infection

** Signifikantno na razini P<1% - Significant at level P<1%

podataka izneseni su u Tablici 1. Iz prikazanih rezultatazapaàmo signifikantne vrlo znaèajne razlike u primjenizaštite od C. beticole u svim ispitivanim svojstvimakorijena šeæerne repe. Veæi prinosi korijena (51,43t/ha), veæa digestija (16,98%) i veæi prinosa šeæera(7,44 t/ha) ostvareni su pri potpunoj zaštiti šeæernerepe od C. beticole. Razlika izmeðu netretiranih i tretira-nih varijanti iznosi u prinosu korijena 7,09 t/ha (16%),u sadràju šeæera 0,81% (rel. 5%) te u prinosu šeæera1,38 t/ha (22,8%). U uvjetima prirodne infekcije cerko-sporom bez zaštite, prosjeèna ocjena napada bolestibila je 7,4, što je visoko signifikantno više u odnosu nauvjete potpune zaštite fungicidima (1,9). Utvrðene su statistièki vrlo znaèajne razlike u rezultatima i izmeðugodina istraìvanja. Znaèajno veæi prinos korijena(57,82 t/ha) i šeæera (7,79 t/ha) na razini P-0,01 dobi-ven je u 2002. godini, a veæa digestija (17,37%) i isko-rištenje šeæera na repu (14,58%) u 2001. godini.

Prosjeèna ocjena napada lišæa šeæerne repe cerkospo-rom u prvoj godini iznosila je 3,7, a u drugoj 5,6.

Prinos korijena. Osim primjene fungicida i godine,prinos korijena zavisio je od istraìvanih genotipova(Tablica 1. i 2.). Najveæi prinos (55,85 t/ha) u varijantibez zaštite i 63,11 t/ha uz zaštitu od C. beticole, posti-gnut je sa standardom Os Sana. Gotovo isti prinos bezstatistièki opravdanih razlika dobiven je kod linije 25 (MS1028), linije 20 (MS 1461) i linije 21 (MS 864). Iako jezaštita od C. beticole znaèajno utjecala na prinos korije-na (prosjeèno 16%), rang vrijednosti linija po prinosukorijena nije se znaèajnije mijenjao u varijantama sa i bezzaštite. Tako su najbolje tri linije dale najveæi prinos uvarijantama bez zaštite i sa zaštitom šeæerne repe od C.beticole. Treba ipak istaknuti razlièito poveæanje prinosakorijena korištenjem fungicida, ovisno o osjetljivostigenotipova. Tako je najveæi porast prinosa kod primjenefungicida utvrðen kod linija osjetljivijih na C. beticolu.


33A. Kristek i sur.: PRODUKTIVNOST MONOGERMNIH LINIJA ŠEÆERNE REPE U ZAVISNOSTI OD ...

Tablica 2. Prinos i kvaliteta korijena šeæerne repe (prosjek 2001. i 2002.) u uvjetima prirodne infekcije cerko-sporom bez zaštite

Table 2. Yield and quality of sugar beet root (average 2001. and 2002.) in the conditions of Cercospora naturalinfection without protection

Utvrðeno je da je kod osjetljive linije 1 poveæanje prinosaiznosilo 20% (s 39,02 t/ha bez zaštite na 46,82 t/ha uzzaštitu), odnosno 19% kod linije 16 te 18% kod linije 27.Kod najotpornijih linija na C. beticolu poveæanje prinosaiznosilo je 12% (od 38,65 t/ha na 43,29 t/ha) kod linije4, odnosno 13% kod linija 3, 8 i 25.

Sadràj šeæera. Vrlo znaèajna osobina šeæernerepe, pored prinosa korijena, je sadràj šeæera, buduæi daod ta dva elemenata najviše zavisi prinos šeæera. Poredistaknute zavisnosti digestije od tretmana fungicidima igodine, iz podataka Tablice 2. i 3. uoèavamo zavisnost iod genotipa. Najveæa digestija iznosila je 16,66% bezzaštite i 17,65% uz zaštitu od C. beticole. Najmanja dige-stija bila je kod varijanata bez zaštite – 15,53%, a kodprimjene fungicida 16,11%. Deset linija (18, 1, 17, 22,20, 21, 26, 27, 3, 2) imalo je veæu digestiju od boljegstandarda sorte Kristal. Meðutim, treba istaknuti da su uuvjetima bez zaštite razlike izmeðu veæine genotipovastatistièki neopravdane. Samo dvije linije (25 i 8) te stan-

dard 29 imali su statistièki znaèajno niù digestiju. Kodvarijante zaštite od cerkospore, razlike izmeðu genotipo-va su veæe, pa je èetrnaest linija imalo znaèajno niùdigestiju, na razini P-0,01. Tretiranje fungicidima doprini-jelo je poveæanju digestije, osobito kod genotipovaosjetljivih na C. beticolu. Tako razlike izmeðu tretiranih inetretiranih varijanti iznose od 0,54% (linija 8 – s 15,57na 16,11% i linija 13 – s 15,93 na 16,49%) kod otpornihlinija na C. beticolu, do 1,08 (linija 1 – s 16,65 na17,37%) kod osjetljivih linija. Prosjeèna razlika usadràju šeæera izmeðu tretiranih i netretiranih varijantiiznosi 0,81%.

Prinos šeæera. Uzimajuæi u obzir èinjenicu da suistraìvanja vršena s monogermnim linijama šeæernerepe, moè se istaknuti da je ostvaren visok prosjeèniprinos šeæera od 6,74 t/ha. Na visinu prinosa šeæeravisoko signifikantan utjecaj imao je i genotip. Najveæiprinos u varijantama sa zaštitom od C. beticole (8,87t/ha) ostvarila je linija 20 (MS 1461). Nešto niì prinos,

34



Tablica 3. Prinos i kvaliteta korijena šeæerne repe (prosjek 2001. i 2002.) u uvjetima potpune zaštite fungicidimaTable 3. Yield and quality of sugar beet root (average 2001. and 2002.) in the conditions of full protection by fun-

gicides

ali bez statistièki opravdanih razlika za razinu P-0,01ostvarilo je još 10 linija (21, 25, 18, 13, 7, 24, 26, 12,17, 22) i dva standarda. Ostale linije postigle su stati-stièki opravdano niì prinos šeæera, a najniì prinos jeiznosio 6,18 t/ha i postignut je kod linije 3 (MS 1281).U varijantama s prirodnom infekcijom bez zaštite od C.beticole, najveæi prinos šeæera (7,2 t/ha) dao je standardOs Sana, a zatim linija 20. Niì prinos, ali bez statistièkiznaèajnih razlika na razini P-0,01 postignut je još s 14linija i drugim standardom (Kristal). Najniì prinos ost-varen je opet kod linije 3 i iznosio je 5,17 t/ha. Tretiranjefungicidima dalo je veæi uèinak u vidu poveæanja prino-sa šeæera kod genotipova osjetljivih na C. beticolu.Najveæa utvrðena razlika iznosila je 27,3% kod linije 20(MS 1461). Najmanji uèinak zaštite od C. beticole, uvisini od 18,7% dobiven je kod linije 8, koja je pokaziva-la veæu otpornost na C. beticolu.

Pjegavost lišæa šeæerne repe. Ocjena otpornostigenotipova prema uzroèniku pjegavosti lista šeæernerepe (Cercospora beticola Sacc.) izvršena je vizualnopo skali 0 (nema ošteæenja) do 10 (potpuno sušenjelišæa). U uvjetima prirodne infekcije, bez zaštite, jaèi-na zaraze na listovima ocijenjena je ocjenom 7,4, a uzpotpunu zaštitu fungicidima 1,9. Meðu istraìvanimlinijama u uvjetima bez zaštite najosjetljivije linije oci-jenjene su ocjenom 9,8 (linija 1); 9,6 (linija 27); 9,5(linija 19) i 9,3 (linija 18). Te linije prema ispitivanimkvalitativnim osobinama pripadaju grupi s veæimsadràjem šeæera, a s obzirom na prinos korijena, raz-lièito su rangirane. Linija 18 pripada najrodnijoj grupi,a linija 1 grupi s najniìm prinosom korijena. U varijan-ti bez zaštite fungicidima, najotpornija na C. beticolu, socjenom 4,2, bila je linija 8 i s 4,5 linija 25. Ti genoti-povi po sadràju šeæera pripadaju lošijoj, a po prinosukorijena boljoj – rodnijoj grupi. U uvjetima potpunezaštite fungicidima, jaèina zaraze lišæa ocijenjena naj-veæom ocjenom zabiljeèna je kod linija 1 (4,2) i 20(4,0), dok je najzdravije lišæe, s vrlo malo ošteæenja,utvrðeno kod linije 8 (0,1) i 25 (0,2). Kod standarda 29(Os Sana) otpornost na C. beticolu bila je na raziniprosjeka pokusa (1,8), a kod standarda 30 (Kristal)utvrðena je veæa osjetljivost (2,9).

ZAKLJUÈAK

Na temelju dobivenih rezultata istraìvanja vrijed-nosti genetski divergentnih genotipova šeæerne repe(28 monogermnih linija i 2 standarda), u uvjetimaprirodne infekcije cerkosporom bez zaštite i uz zašti-tu fungicidima, na lokaciji Osijek, u 2001. i 2002.godini, mogu se donijeti sljedeæi zakljuèci:

- prinos korijena i šeæera, sadràj i iskorištenješeæera zavisili su od genotipa, uvjeta proiz-vodnje i zaštite od C. beticole;

- statistièki znaèajno niì prinos i kvaliteta korijenaostvareni su u uvjetima bez zaštite od C. betico-le. Primjenom fungicida poveæan je prinos kori-jena za 7,09 t/ha (16%), digestija za 0,81% (rel.

5%), iskorištenje za 0,78% (rel. 5,7%) te prinosšeæera za 1,38 t/ha (22,8%). Zaštita fungicidimaviše je utjecala na prinos i kvalitativna svojstvaosjetljivih, a manje na ista svojstva kod genoti-pova otpornih na C. beticolu.

- prema vizualnoj ocjeni, prosjeèno ošteæenjelistova pjegavošæu lišæa šeæerne repe u uvjeti-ma prirodne infekcije bez zaštite iznosilo je 7,4,a uz zaštitu fungicidima 1,9

- od 28 istraìvanih linija, izdvaja se deset s viso-kim sadràjem i iskorištenjem šeæera, tri svisokim prinosom, a po otpornosti na C. beti-colu dvije. Najbolje linije bit æe ukljuèene udaljnji proces oplemenjivanja šeæerne repe.

LITERATURA1. Kohls, H.L. (1950): A genetic study of 17 F1 hybrids and

their inbred patents. J. Amer. Soc. Sugar Beet Techn,165-170

2. Kovaèev, L. (1982.): Nasljeðivanje prema Cercosporabeticola Sacc. kod F1 triploidnih hibrida šeæerne repe.Zbornik «Matica srpska» 62, 151.-155.

3. Lioviæ, I., Kristek, A., Magud, Z., Mertz, R. (1998.):Osjetljivost linija i hibrida šeæerne repe u uvjetima umjet-ne i prirodne infekcije cerkosporom (Cercospora betico-la Sacc.). Sjemenarstvo, 15(5):269.-281

4. Lewellen R.T., Whitney, E.D. (1976): Inheritance ofresistance to rase C2 of Cercospora beticola Sacc. InSugar beet. Crop Sci., 16(4):558-561

5. Mariæ, A. (1969.): Pegavost lišæa šeæerne repe.«Zadru`na knjiga» Beograd.

6. Mariæ, A. (1974.): Bolesti šeæerne repe. Forum, NoviSad.

7. Matiæ, I., Ðurðeviæ, M. (1970.): Djelovanje jaèine napa-da cerkospore na sorte s razlièitom otpornošæu premaparazitu. Savremena poljoprivreda, 18:207.-214.

8. Nagel, C.M., Leonard, O.A. (1940): The effect ofCercospora beticola on the chemical composition andcarbon assimilation of Beta vulgaris. Phytopathology,30:659-666.

9. Smith, G.A., Gaskill, J.O. (1970): Inheritance ofResistance to Cercospora Leaf Spot in Sugarbeet. J.Am. Soc. Sugar Beet Technol. 16:172-180.

10. Smith, G.A., Ruppel, E.G. (1971): Cercospora Leaf Spotas a Predisposing Factor in Storage Rot of Sugar BeetRoots. Phytopathology, 61:1485-1487.

11. Smith, G.A., Ruppel, E.G. (1973): Association ofCercospora Leaf Spot, Gross Sucrose, PercentageSucrose, and Root Weight in Sugarbeet. Can. J. PlantSci. 53:695-696.

12. Smith, G.A., Campbell, L.G. (1996): Association bet-ween resistance to Cercospora and yield in commercialsugarbeet hybrids. Plant Breeding, 115:28-32.

13. Yoshimura, Y., Abe, H., Ohtuschi, K. (1992): VarietalDifference in the Susceptibility to Cercospora Leaf Spotsand its Effect on Yield and Quality of Sugar Beets. Proc.Japan soc. Sugar Beet Technol. 34: 112-116.


35A. Kristek i sur.: PRODUKTIVNOST MONOGERMNIH LINIJA ŠEÆERNE REPE U ZAVISNOSTI OD ...

36



THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SUGAR BEET MONOGERM LINES DEPENDING ON CERCOSPORA

(Cercospora beticola Sacc.) SUSCEPTIBILITY

SUMMARY

The producing values of monogerm CMS lines of sugar beet and their tolerance on cercospora leaf spot are investi-gated in Osijek during two years (2001, 2002) under the following conditions: natural infection and full protectionwith fungicides. The parameters for evaluation were root quality and yield, just as visual review of leaf damages.Twenty eight genetically divergent CMS lines and two standards were confirmed by the examinations. The test resultsindicate achieved progress in breeding and monogerm CMS lines value which can be used for obtaining new hybridsand further improvements. Three investigated lines achieved high root yield on the level of standards and even tenlines had the same or higher digestion than better standard. It was found out that in the case of fungicide apply, rootyield increased on the average by 7.09 t/ha (16%), sugar content by 0.81% (rel. 5%) and sugar yield by 1.38 t/ha(22.8%). Protection measures with fungicides had higher influence on production results of line being susceptible tocercospora and compared to cercospora tolerant lines.

Key-words: sugar beet, yield, root quality, Cercospora beticola Sacc.

(Primljeno 23. travnja 2003.; prihvaæeno 21. svibnja 2003. - Received on 23 April 2003; accepted on 21 May 2003)


UVOD

Jari sto~ni gra{ak (Pisum sativum L.) je kulturakoja se, zbog visoko vrijednih bjelan~evina u zrnu(Kolak, 1994.), ~esto koristi u hranidbi stoke (Kalivoda,1990.), a naro~ito svinja (êrny i sur., 1994.). Posadràju bjelan~evina u zrnu nalazi se izme|u soje i ìta-rica (Gatel i sur., 1990.).

Cilj ve}ine oplemenjiva~kih programa je kreiranjesorti visokog i stabilnog prinosa u razli~itim okolinama.

Vrijednost neke sorte u proizvodnji ne ovisi samo oekspresiji genetskog potencijala za prinos, ve} i o spo-sobnosti zadràvanja vrijednih svojstava u razli~itimuvjetima okoline. Rezultat interakcije genotipa (sorte) iokoline odraàva se u adaptabilnosti i stabilnosti sorte(Borojevi}, 1992.). Sorte {iroke adaptabilnosti daju sta-bilne prinose u {irokom uzgojnom podru~ju, dok oneuske adaptabilnosti ostvaruju visoke prinose u povolj-nim okolinama, a niske prinose u nepovoljnim (Oka,1967.). Postoji nekoliko metoda koje omogu}uju anali-zu prilagodljivosti genotipa okolinama (Linn i sur.,1986.), a temelje se na dva razli~ita koncepta stabilno-

sti (biolo{ki i agronomski), koje je definirao Becker(1981.). Stabilan genotip prema biolo{kom konceptuodlikuje se {to manjom varijancom u svim istraìvanimokolinama, tj. varijanca mu je nula. Prema agronom-skom konceptu, stabilan genotip odlikuje se {to manjimodstupanjem od prosje~ne reakcije okoline.

U Republici Hrvatskoj ve} nekoliko godina rasteinteres za proizvodnjom jarog sto~nog gra{ka zbog rela-tivno niskih tro{kova proizvodnje, kratke vegetacija izadovoljavaju}eg prinosa zrna (Popovi} i sur., 2002.).Na sortnoj listi RH sve priznate sorte su introdukcije(Sortna lista 2002.), a u {iroj proizvodnji najzastupljeni-ja je sorta Baccara. U 2002. godini prijavljena je proiz-vodnja sjemena te sorte na 95 ha (podaci Zavoda zasjemenarstvo i rasadni~arstvo RH). Klimatske prilike uisto~noj Hrvatskoj (regija uzgoja svinja) jako variraju, a

ISSN 1330-7142UDK = 635.07:633.358

PROCJENA STABILNOSTI PRINOSA ZRNA GRA[KA (Pisum sativum L.)

T. ûpi} (1), S. Popovi} (1), Marijana Tucak (1), M. Stjepanovi} (2), Sonja Grlju{i} (1)


SA@ETAK

Cilj rada bio je utvrditi prinos i procijeniti stabilnost prinosa zrna gra{ka novostvorenelinije JSG-1 (sorta u priznavanju) te je usporediti sa sortama stranog porijekla u agroe-kolo{kom podru~ju Isto~ne Hrvatske. Pokus je bio postavljen na pokusnom poljuPoljoprivrednog instituta Osijek po slu~ajnom blok rasporedu u ~etiri repeticije u raz-doblju od pet godina (1998. – 2002.). U pokusu je kori{teno {est (pet stranih i jednadoma}a) sorti : Eiffil, Erbi, JP-5, JSG-1(u priznavanju), Törsz i Baccara. Parametri sta-bilnosti izra~unati su primjenom metode grupiranja po Francisu i Kannenbergu (1978.) imodelom individualnih procjena stabilnosti po Eberhart i Russel (1966.) metodi. PoFrancis i Kannenberg metodi sorte Eiffil, Erbi, JSG-1 i Baccara bile su u grupi I, koja seodlikuje visokim prinosom i malim koeficijentom variranja svojstva te predstavljaju sortestabilnog prinosa. Prema koeficijentu regresije i varijanci odstupanja od regresije naj-stabilnija je bila sorta JSG-1 (bi=1,06 i S2

di=0,010), dok je najmanju stabilnost poka-zala sorta Törsz (bi=0,67 i S2

di=0,160). U skupinu nestabilnih sorti, adaptabilnih navisokoprinosne okoline, svrstana je Baccara (bi=1,22 i S2

di=0,034 ).

Klju~ne rije~i: gra{ak, prinos zrna, parametri stabilnosti

(1) Mr sc. Tihomir ûpi}, dr.sc. Svetislav Popovi}, mr.sc. Marijana Tucaki mr.sc. Sonja Grlju{i} - Poljoprivredni institut Osijek, Ju`no predgra|e17, 31000 Osijek, (2)Prof. dr.sc. Mirko Stjepanovi} – Sveu~ili{te JosipaJurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3,31000 Osijek

time utje~u na visinu prinosa zrna, koja se kre}e od1,164 do 4,630 kg/ha (Popovi} i sur., 1985. i 1992.,Stjepanovi} i sur., 1996.). Jedan od osnovnih ciljevaoplemenjivanja gra{ka je visok prinos, koji ovisi o genet-skom potencijalu sorte. Sorte najbolje iskori{tavajugenetski potencijal u uvjetima okoline kreiranja i selekci-je te se mogu ciljano kreirati za odre|eno agroekolo{kopodru~je. Stoga smo u okviru programa oplemenjivanjagra{ka u ranim fazama selekcije izdvojili i testirali naj-perspektivniju liniju (JSG-1).

Cilj ovoga rada bio je utvrditi visinu i stabilnost pri-nosa zrna gra{ka novostvorene linije i usporediti je sastandardom Baccara i drugim sortama stranog porijeklau klimatskim uvjetima isto~ne Hrvatske.

MATERIJAL I METODE

Istraìvanje je provedeno na pokusnom poljuPoljoprivrednog instituta Osijek (tip tla eutri~ni kambisol),po slu~ajnom blok rasporedu u ~etiri ponavljanja, a trajaloje pet godina (1998., 1999., 2000., 2001. i 2002. godine).Veli~ina osnovne parcele bila je 10 m2 (5 m x 2 m).

Istraìvano je {est sorti jarog sto~nog gra{ka izrazli~itih geografskih podru~ja. U pokusu su bile sorte:Eiffil (Francuska), Erbi (Austrija), JP-5 i Törsz(Ma|arska), JSG-1 (Hrvatska, u priznavanju) i Baccara(Francuska, standard u Hrvatskoj).

Prinos zrna istraènih sorti statisti~ki je obra|enanalizom varijance kombiniranom po godinamaistraìvanja. Zna~ajnosti razlika prinosa izme|u sorata igodina testirane su LSD testom. Za procjenu parameta-ra stabilnosti kori{tene su metoda grupiranja sorti poFrancisu i Kannenbergu (1978.) i analiza regresije (koe-ficijent regresije bi i varijanca odstupanja od regresijeS2

di) po modelu Eberharta i Russella (1966.). Stabilnesorte po metodi grupiranja nalaze se u grupi I, dok supo modelu koeficijenta regresije stabilne sorte, kod kojih

je bi =1, a odstupanje od regresije S2di = 0, uz {to ve}i

prosje~ni prinos sor te. Radi utvr|ivanja korelacijeistraìvanog svojstva i stabilnosti izra~unata je korelaci-ja ranga (r).

Klimatske prilike tijekom istraìvanja

Klimatski podaci (srednje mjese~ne temperature ikoli~ina oborine) za razdoblje od 1998.-2002. godine,tijekom vegetacije gra{ka, prikazane su u Tablici 1.Prosje~na mjese~na temperatura zraka u oùjku 2001.godine bila je vi{a nego u ostalim godinama, {to jeomogu}ilo pravovremeno i brzo nicanje gra{ka. Koli~inaoborina tijekom perioda vegetacije gra{ka po godinamaistraìvanja jako se razlikovala, a posebno se isticala2000. godina kao izrazito su{na. Najvi{e oborina bilo jeu 2001. godini, koja je ujedno imala i najbolji rasporedoborina tijekom vegetacije gra{ka.

38


T. Èupiæ i sur.: PROCJENA STABILNOSTI PRINOSA ZRNA GRAŠKA (Pisum stivum L.) ...

Tablica 1. Srednje mjese~ne temperature zraka ( °C) i koli~ina oborina (mm) po godinama istraìvanjaTable 1. Mean month air temperature ( °C) and rainfall amount (mm) for years

Tablica 2. Rezultati analiza varijance kombinirane za jednu lokaciju u pet godina Table 2. Results of combined analysis variance for one location in five year

*,** F-test zna~ajnosti na razini P=0,05, odnosno P=0,01. / *,** F- significancy test at P=0,05 and P=0,01 level


Analiza varijance (Tablica 2.) pokazala je zna~ajnufenotipsku varijabilnost za prinos zrna izme|u istraìva-nih sorti gra{ka. Zna~ajne razlike izme|u godina poka-zuju da su godine u kojima su provedena istraìvanjabile klimatski razli~ite. Analizom varijance utvr|eno jepostojanje interakcije izme|u prinosa sorata i godina teje bilo mogu}e analizirati stabilnost prinosa zrna i adap-tabilnost.

Prosje~an prinos (Tablica 3.) zrna gra{ka za svesorte u 1998. godini iznosio je 2,545 t/ha, a po sorta-ma se kretao od 1,410 t/ha (Törsz ) do 3.205 t/ha (Erbi).U 1999. godini prosje~an prinos zrna gra{ka iznosio je1,623 t/ha, dok je prinos sorti varirao od 0,990 t/ha(Törsz) do 1,895 t/ha (JSG-1). Prosje~an prinos zrna u2000. godini kretao se od 1,840 t/ha (JP-5) do 2,885t/ha (Erbi), odnosno u prosjeku 2,472 t/ha. U 2001.godini ostvaren je prosje~an prinos zrna gra{ka 5,410t/ha, dok je variranje po sortama iznosilo od 3,572-6,353 t/ha (Törsz – Baccara). Prosje~an prinos svihsorti u 2002. godini iznosio je 3,098 t/ha, dok se posortama kretao od 1,600 t/ha (JP-5) do 3,750 t/ha(Baccara). Razlike u prinosu po godinama istraìvanjabile su zna~ajne na razini P=0,01, a zna~ajno najvi{iprosje~an prinos zrna ostvaren je 2001. godine.Zna~ajno najniì prinos ostvaren je 1999. godine, dok jeprosjek za pet godina istraìvanja iznosio 3,030 t/ha.Dobivene razlike u prinosu zrna treba povezati srazli~itim klimatskim prilikama po godinama, a naro~itopri usporednoj analizi 1999. i 2001. godine, koje susli~ne po prosje~nim mjese~nim temperaturama i obo-rinama. Razlike u klimi izme|u navedenih godina moguse uo~iti tek pri analizi srednjih dnevnih i ekstremnihtemperatura.

U prosjeku pet godina prinos gra{ka po sortamaopravdano se razlikovao na razini P=0,01. Najvi{i pri-nos zrna ostvarila je sorta Erbi (3,493 t/ha), koji se nijezna~ajno razlikovao od prinosa sorti Baccara, JSG-1 iEiffil na razini P=0,01(Tablica 3.). Opravdano najniìprinos zrna na razini P=0,01 imao je Törsz (2,116 t/ha),osim u odnosu na sortu JP-5. Razlike izme|u sorata u

prinosu zrna su o~ekivane, jer se radi o materijalu(sorta) razli~itog geografskog porijekla. Razlozi ovojtvrdnji mogu se potkrijepiti i statisti~ki opravdanom inte-rakcijom sorta x godina na razini zna~ajnosti P=0,01.

Procjena stabilnosti sorti na prinos zrna gra{kaizvr{ena je metodom grupiranja testiranih materijala urazli~ite grupe stabilnosti, na osnovu prosje~ne vrijed-nosti i koeficijenta varijabilnosti sorata (Frances iKannenberg, 1978.). Prema dobivenim procjenama sta-bilnosti testirane sorte razlikuju se u prosje~noj visiniprinosa i stabilnosti te su na osnovu toga svrstane u~etiri grupe. Grupa I. karakterizira se kao najpoèljnija,tj. grupa visokog i stabilnog prinosa, a prema dobivenimrezultatima u nju svrstavamo sorte: Erbi, Eiffil, JSG-1 iBaccara (Dijagram 1.). Jedino se sorta JP-5 moè uvr-stiti u grupu IV., grupa vrlo velike varijabilnosti i niskogprinosa, tj. grupa niskog i nestabilnog prinosa. Grupa III.je postojana, ali prema navodima autora metode smatrase nestabilnom zbog toga {to je karakterizira nizak pri-nos u ve}ini okolina. U grupi III. prema dobivenim rezul-tatima nalazi se sorta Törsz. Ako promatramo indivi-dualne reakcije sorti gra{ka unutar grupe I., a posebnosorte JSG-1 i sorte Baccara, primje}ujemo male razli-ke izme|u prinosa zrna testiranih sorti bez obzira na


39T. Èupiæ i sur.: PROCJENA STABILNOSTI PRINOSA ZRNA GRAŠKA (Pisum stivum L.) ...

Tablica 3. Prosje~ni prinos zrna gra{ka (t/ha) po sortama i godinama istraìvanjaTable 3. Mean pea grain yield (t/ha ) per cultivars and years

Dijagram 1. Frances i Kannenberg dijagram stabilnostiza istraìvane sorte gra{ka

Diagram 1. Frances and Kannenberg stability diagram at

investigated Field pea cultivars

razli~itost okolina u kojima su testirane, {to je obilje`jesorti stabilnog prinosa i {iroke adaptabilnosti.

Promatranjem individualnih reakcija sorata gra{kana raznolike okoline, pomo}u koeficijenta regresije bi iodstupanja od regresije S2

di , moè se zapaziti da nekesorte imaju ve}u a neke manju stabilnost prinosa zrna(Grafikon 1.). Prema dobivenim prosje~nim vrijednosti-ma i parametrima stabilnosti, najstabilnija sorta po pri-nosu zrna bila je sorta JSG-1 (bi=1,06 i S2

di=0,010).Vrijednosti koeficijenta regresije bi>1 ukazuju na speci-fi~no adaptabilan genotip u povoljnim uvjetima okoline,tj. ispod prosje~nu stabilnost i ve}u prilagodljivosti viso-koprinosnim okolinama. Sorte Erbi (bi=1,12 iS2

di=0,034 ), Eiffil (bi=1,13 i S2di=0,025) i Baccara

(bi=1,22 i S2di=0,034 ) mogu se opisati kao sorte koje

daju izrazito visoke prinose u povoljnim uvjetima okoli-na, kao {to su bile 2001. i 2002. godina, ali ve} male

promjene uvjeta okoline utje~u na smanjenje prinosa(1998. i 1999. godina). U skupinu nestabilnih sorti, ilibolje re~eno specifi~no adaptabilnih na nepovoljne iniskoprinosne okoline, svrstane su sorte JP-5 (bi=0,80i S2

di=0,257) i Törsz (bi=0,67 i S2di=0,160). Iste ost-

varuju iznadprosje~ne prinose u niskoprinosnim okoli-nama, ali ostaju neosjetljive na promjene uvjeta okoline,te se pokazuju kao nestabilne promatraju}i oba parame-tra stabilnosti (Tablica 4.).

Izra~unata korelacija ranga bila je srednje jaka zaprinos zrna i iznosila je r= 0,457 n.s. ,ali nije bilazna~ajna, {to zna~i da sorte vi{eg prinosa nisu ispoljileve}u stabilnost za istraìvano svojstvo.

ZAKLJUÂKNa osnovu dobivenih rezultata prinosa zrna i anali-

ze stabilnosti {est sorata gra{ka na lokaciji Osijek u raz-doblju od pet divergentnih godina (1998.-2002.), moguse donijeti sljede}i zaklju~ci:

Zna~ajnost varijabilnosti prinosa zrna gra{ka uvje-tovana je varijabilno{}u sorte, varijabilno{}u godinaistraìvanja i varijabilno{}u interakcije sorte i godine.

Najvi{i prosje~an prinos imala je sorta Erbi (3,493t/ha), a najniì sorta Törsz (2,116 t/ha), dok je po godi-nama najvi{i prinos postignut u 2001. godini (5,401t/ha), a najniì u 1999. godini (1,623 t/ha).

Najstabilnije sorte za prinos zrna po biolo{komkonceptu (Fransis i Kannenberg metoda) bile su sorteErbi, Eiffil, JSG-1 i Baccara iz grupe I., dok se sortaTörsz pokazala nestabilnom (grupa IV.). Prema agro-nomskom konceptu (Eberhart i Russel model) sortaJSG-1 ispoljila je najve}u stabilnost (bi=1,06 iS2

di=0,010), a najve}u nestabilnost sor ta Törsz(bi=0,67 i S2

di=0,160).Korelacija ranga izme|u visine prinosa i stabilnosti

svojstva nije bila zna~ajna (r= 0,457n.s), {to pokazujeda sorte visokog prinosa nisu i najstabilnije.

40


T. Èupiæ i sur.: PROCJENA STABILNOSTI PRINOSA ZRNA GRAŠKA (Pisum stivum L.) ...

Grafikon 1. Odnos prosje~nog prinosa (t/ha) i parame-tara stabilnosti

Graph 1.The relation of average yield and stability

parameters

Tablica 4. Procijenjeni parametri stabilnosti i prosje~an prinos zrna za pet godina istraìvanjaTable 4. Estimated stability parameters and mean grain yield for five years investigations


41T. Èupiæ i sur.: PROCJENA STABILNOSTI PRINOSA ZRNA GRAŠKA (Pisum stivum L.) ...

Dobiveni rezultati ukazuju na visok i stabilan prinoszrna doma}e “sorte” JSG-1 (u priznavanju), {to ovojsorti otvara mogu}nost komercijalnog {irenja nakonpriznavanja.

LITERATURA1. Becker, H.C. (1981): Correlations Among Some

Statistical Measures of Phenotypic Stability. Euphytica30: 835-840.

2. Borojevi} , S. (1992.): Principi i metodi Oplemenjivanjabilja. Nau~na knjiga - Beograd.

3. êrny Tajana, êrny, Z., Grbe{a, D., Homen Biserka,Pintar, A. (1994.): Hranidbena vrijednost gra{ka u tovusvinja. Krmiva 36(5 ): 211.-216.

4. Eberhar t, S.A., Russell, W.A. (1966): StabilityParameters for Coparing Varieties. Crop Science, 6:36–40.

5. Francis, T.R., Kannenberg, L.W. (1978): Yield StabilityStudies in Short – Season Maize. I. A DescriptiveMethod for Grouping Genotypes. Canadian Journal ofPlant Science, Num. 58, 10291034.

6. Gatel, F., Grosjean, F. (1990): Composition and NutritiveValue of Peas for Pigs: A Review of Europiean Results.Livestock Prod. Sci., 26:155-175.

7. Kalivoda, M. (1990.): Krmiva. [kolska knjiga – Zagreb,40.

8. Kolak, I. (1994.): Sjemenarstvo ratarskih i krmnih kultu-ra. P.451, Zagreb.

9. Linn, C.S., Binns, M.R., Lefkovitch, L.P. ( 1986.): StabilityAnalysis: Where Do We Stand? Crop Sci. 26:894–900.

10. Oka, J.I. (1967): Adaptability for seasons and locationsand yield stability in crop varieties. Recent Adv. InBreeding (Tokyo) 8: 42-47.

11. Popovi}, S., Stjepanovi}, M., Bo{njak, D., Zori} J. (1985.): Bob, Slatka Lupina i Sto~ni Gra{ak u proizvodn-ji zrnenih proteinskih hranjiva. V. Jugoslavenski simpozi-jum o Krmnom Bilju, Banja Luka 5.- 8. juna. SinopsisiReferata knjiga I; 120.-123.

12. Popovi}, S., Stjepanovi}, M. (1992.): Genetski potenci-jal razli~itih sorti sto~nog gra{ka u proizvodnji zrna.Sjemenarstvo 9 (2-3):105.-110.

13. Popovi}, S., Stjepanovi}, M., Grlju{i} S., ûpi}, T.,Tucak, M., Bukvi}, G. (2002.): Prinos i kakvo}a zrnajarog sto~nog gra{ka. Krmiva 44 (4):191.-197.

14. Stjepanovi}, M., Popovi}, S., Grlju{i}, S., Bukvi}, G.(1996): Peas production and productions possibilities inCroatia. Szarvas 1996. Conference of the ProductionField Pea in Hungary May, 20. – 22. 1996. Oral pres-entation.

15. Sortna Lista za 2002. Godinu. Sto~ni gra{ak. Zavod zasjemenarstvo i rasadni~arstvo, str. 65, 2002.

ESTIMATION OF PEA GRAIN YIELD STABILITY (Pisum sativum L.)

SUMMARY

The paper aimed to determine yield and estimate pea grain yield stability of newly-created lines JSG-1 (cultivar inrecognition process) as well as compare with foreign origin cultivars in agroecological area of east Slavonia. Thetrial was set up by a randomized block design on the experimental field of Agricultural Institute Osijek in four repli-cates in the five-year period (1998 – 2002). Six (five foreign and one inland) cultivars were included by the trial:Eiffil, Erbi, JP-5, JSG-1 (in a recognition process), Torsz and Baccara. Stability parameters were calculated by thegrouping method after Francis and Kannenberg (1978) and by the model of individual stability estimation afterEberhart and Russel method (1966). According to Francis and Kannenberg, cultivars Eiffil, Erbi, JSG-1 and Baccarabelonged to group I known for high yield and low trait varying coefficient, thus, represent stabile yield cultivars.According to regression coefficient and regression deviation variance the most stabile cultivar appeared to be cul-tivar JSG-1 (bi =1.06 and S2

di=0.010) and the lowest one was Torsz (bi =0.67 and S2di =0.160). Cultivar Baccara

(bi = 1.22 and S2di =0.034) was comprised by the group of unstabile and adaptible for high-yielding environments.

Key- words: pea, grain yield, stability parameters

(Primljeno 12. velja~e 2003.; prihva}eno 4. travnja 2003. - Received on 12 February 2003; accepted on 4 April 2003)

INTRODUCTION

The commercial orchards have been planted inAnatolia for more than 4000 years. Almond is grown inalmost every region of Anatolia, except the North-Eastand higher elevations of Eastern Anatolia (Dokuzoðuzand Gülcan, 1973; Özbek, 1978). Although there is agreat diversity within these populations Turkey almondproduction is at present, 50000 tones of nuts from18000 ha area (Anonymous, 2002). Almond kernelsconcentrate energy sources due to their high oil content.The oil is primarily unsaturated, mostly oleic and lino-leic, fatty acid. The kernels also contain considerableprotein, minerals, and some vitamins (Kester and Asay,1975). The first attempt for the evaluation of seedlingpopulation of Turkey, a selection program was started in1966 covering the western part of the country. Similarselection studies were carried out in near last days bydifferent resources (Kalyoncu and Þen, 1990; Bostan etal., 1995; Aslantaþ and Güleryüz, 1995; Karadeniz et.al., 1996).

Aim of the study was to determine pomologicalcharacteristics of almonds grown in Malatya. Cultivationis usually extensive in this area most of trees are fromseedlings. Vegetative propagation by budding or graftingon almond seedlings are insufficient in the area.Therefore, the present study was undertaken for theselection of superior types.


This study was conducted in Malatya-Elazýð over-land route. About 500 types were evaluated in the twoyears (1996-1997). Pomological characteristics ofselected almond genotypes were examined for shellweight, kernel weight, kernel ratio, shell thickness, shellcolor, kernel color. After the investigations had beencompleted, 18 types were determined by some impor-tant quality characteristics as shown in Table 1 whereasfruit characteristics were evaluated based on theWeighted-Ranked Method (Karadeniz et al., 1996). Thetotal point of each genotype was recorded with multipli-cation of these values. In addition, estimated age oftrees and fruit maturity were determined. The measure-ments were realized on ten fruits randomly selected.


At the end of the study, fruit characteristics wereevaluated based on the Weighted–Ranked Method.Eighteen genotypes having a total of 360 points andwere selected for general nut quality and higher.Important fruit traits of these promising genotypes werepresented in Table 2, Weighted-Ranked Method scoreswere showed in Table 3.


ISSN 1330-7142UDK = 634.55(560)

DETERMINATION OF THE POMOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALMONDS (Prunus amygdalus Batsh)

GROWN IN MALATYA (TURKEY)

T. Karadeniz (1), A. Kazankaya (2), T. Yarilgaç (2)

Preliminary communicationPrethodno priopæenje

SUMMARY

About 500 types of Almond were taken under investigated with the view of fruit charac-teristics grown in Malatya. In these types, the nut shell weights between 2.73 and 10.74g, kernel weights were 0.71 and 1.40 g, the percentage of kernel 11.17 and 50.91 %, theshell thickness 3.5 and 8.1 mm, the nut width 12.0 and 28.6 mm, the nut length 18.2 and48.2 mm, the fruit hight 7.1 and 20.3 mm were determined.

Key-words: Prunus amygdalus, almond, pomological, Malatya

(1) Ph.D Turan Karadeniz, Assoc.Prof. - Karadeniz Technical University,Ordu Agricultural Faculty, Dept. Of Horticultural, Ordu-Turkey; (2) Ph.DAhmet Kazankaya, Assist.Prof., Ph.D Tarýk Yarilgaç, Asist.Prof. - YüzüncüYýl University, Agricultural Faculty, Dept. Of Horticultural, Van-Turkey

Nutshell weight of these types ranged between2.73 g and 10.74 g. The weight of nut in similar studieswere between 3.00-6.10 g (Cangi and en, 1991),3.37-5.24 g (Kalyoncu and en, 1990), 2.89-6.14 g(Aslanta and Güleryüz, 1995), 3.43-5.86 g (Bostan etal., 1995), 1.99-4.32 g (Martins et.al., 2000).

Kernel weight changed between 0.71 g and 1.40 g.According to the reported in similar study, these valuesevaluated between 0.60-1.40 g (Dokuzo uz and Gülcan,1973), 0.68-1.20 g (Cangi and en, 1991), 0.64-1.00

(Kalyoncu and en, 1990), 0.65-1.15 g (Aslanta andGüleryüz, 1995), 1.01-1.80 g (Karadeniz and Erman,1995), 0.45-1.20 g (Karadeniz et.al., 1995).

In the examined, kernel ratio was between 11.17 %and 50.91 %. It is understood that from kernel ratiostandpoint, these values are comparable to domesticand foreign literatures. These values in similar studieswere between 17.80-28.20% (Dokuzo uz and Gülcan,1973), 14.29-20.04% (Kalyoncu and en, 1990),14.61-24.28% (Bostan et.al., 1995), 14.20-22.76 %(Karadeniz et.al., 1995), 26.7-64.5% (Assaf, 2000). Theresults related to nut weight, kernel weight and kernelratio of the present study are in agreement with the fin-dings of previous reports.

Shell thickness ranged between 3.5 mm and 8.1mm in the selected types and shell colour was betweenextremely light and intermediate. Kernel colour intensitywas between light and dark.

Almond trees and nuts in this study were shown inPhotos 1-4.


43T. Karadeniz et al.: DETERMINATION OF THE POMOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALMONDS...

Table 1. The scores of the characteristics and their relative valuesTablica 1. Rezultati znaèajki i njihove relativne vrijednosti

Photo 1. The old almond tree Foto 1. Staro stablo badema

Photo 2. Almond nutsFoto 2. Plodovi badema

44


T. Karadeniz et al.: DETERMINATION OF THE POMOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALMONDS...

Table 2. Pomological characteristics of different almonds types grown in Malatya province (Turkey)Tablica 2. Pomološke znaèajke razlièitih tipova badema uzgojenih u provinciji Malatyai (Turska)

Photo 3. Almond trees in Malatya (Turkey) Foto 3. Stabla badema u Malatyai (Turska)

Photo 4. Almond orchard growing in Malatya (Turkey)Foto 4. Voænjak badema u Malatyai (Turska)



45T. Karadeniz et al.: DETERMINATION OF THE POMOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALMONDS...

CONCLUSION

In the investigation the pomological characteristicsof different types were determined and found very pro-spective from fruit characteristics standpoint. Almondselection studies in Malatya province was importantsince most of trees were grown from seedlings.

REFERENCES1. Anonymous (2002): Faostat Agriculture Database

Collections.htm.2. Aslanta , R., Güleryüz, M. (1995): Selection study on

native Almonds (Amygdalus communis L.) in KemaliyeDistrict of Erzincan. Second National AgriculturalCongress. Vol. I, 375-379, Adana.

3. Assaf, R. (2000): Increasing Yields and Profitability ofAlmond Culture in Israel. Information Bulletin of theResearch Network on Nuts (FAO-CIHEAM): Number: 9,pp.13-15.

4. Bostan, S.Z., Cangi, R., O uz, H.Ý. (1995): Research OnBreeding By Selection of Wild Almond Types (Amygdaluscommunis L.) In Akdamar Island (Van Lake). SecondNational Agricultural Congress. Vol. I, 370-374, Adana.

5. Cangi, R., en, S.M. (1991): The studies on BreedingAlmond (P. amygdalus L.) by The Selection inVezirköprü. Yüzüncü Yýl J. of Agric. Fac., 1(3):131-152.

6. Dokuzo uz, M., Gülcan, R. (1973): Researches onSelection and Adaptation of Almond (Amygdalus com-munis L.) in Aegean Region. TOAG, No: 22.

7. Kalyoncu, Ý.H., en, S.M. (1990): The Determination bySelection of Almond Types (Amygdalus communis L.) inApa Dam Lake (Konya). Ondokuzmayýs Univ. of Agric.Fac., M.S.Thesis, (In Turkish).

8. Karadeniz, T., Balta, F., Cangi, R., Yarýlgaç, T. (1996):Selection Study on Native Almonds (Amygdalus com-munis L.) in Adýr Island (Van Lake)-I. Symposium onHazelnut and Other Nuts. Ondokuzmayýs Univ. of Agric.Fac,. Symposium Book:338-343 (In Turkish).

9. Karadeniz, T., Erman, P. (1996): The selection of Almond(Amygdalus communis L.) Grown in Siirt. Symposiumon Hazelnut and Other Nuts. Ondokuzmayýs Univ. Agric.Fac, Symposium Book:324-331 (In Turkish).

10. Kester, D.E., Asay, R. (1975): Almonds. Advances inFruit Breeding. Purdue Univ. Press, West Lafayette,Indiana,387-419 p.

11. Martins, A.N., Gomes, C., Ferreira, L. (2000): AlmondProduction and Characteristics in Algarve, Portugal.Information Bulletin of the Research Network on Nuts(FAO-CIHEAM): Number:9, pp.6-9.

12. Özbek, S. (1978): Specific Fruit Growing. ÇukurovaUniv., J. of Agric. Fac., No:128, (In Turkish).

Table 3. Weighted-Ranked Method scores taken ofalmond types

Tablica 3. Rezultati dobiveni metodom vaganja za tipo-ve badema

ODREÐIVANJE POMOLOŠKIH ZNAÈAJKI BADEMA (Prunus amygdalus Batsh) U MALATYI (TURSKA)

SA@ETAK

Istraìvanje je obavljeno na 500 vrsta badema uzgojenih u Malatyai. Utvrðena je debljina ljuske od 2,73-10,74 g,teìna ljuske 0,71-1,40 g, postotak jezgre 11,17-50,91%, debljina ljuske 3,5-8,1 mm, širina badema 12,0-28,6 mm,duìna badema 18,2-48,2 mm i opseg badema od 7,1 do 20,3 mm.

Kljuène rijeèi: Prunus amygdalus, almond, pomological, Malatya

(Received on 11 October 2002; accepted on 27 March 2003 – Primljeno 11. listopada 2002.; prihvaæeno 27. oùjka 2003.)


INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is a primary sector in most developingcountries. Although the importance of agriculture inthese countries has relatively decreasing tendency. It isstill important in the fredd labor market, national inco-me, foreign trade and nutrition.

Fig - a tropic and subtropic plant produced in allMediterranean basin and countries has similar climateconditions like to USA, South America, Australia andSouth-west Asia. Annual average temperature must bewithin range of 18-20 C degree. And the temperaturemust not be less than -9 C degree. Fresh fruit must bedried under the sunshine up to 40 C degree. The artifi-cal dried methods are not used.

Turkey has a great share in the world dried fig pro-duction. Dried fig is an important export product forwestern part of Turkey. Turkey has 50% of total worldproduction of dried fig. In 1998, 72% of total dried figproduction (51 000 ton) was exported (ww.fao.org;www.tarim.gov.tr). Importing countries are Germany,France, Italy, Switzerland and England.The local con-sumption of this product is not so much common. Thevalue of exports was US $ 77.2 million in 1998. Valueof exported dried fig was 2.87 % in terms of total agri-cultural export in Turkey.

Dried fig production is an essential productionbranch in some area of western part of Turkey. Izmir,being the selected province is the second largest area forproducing fig in Turkey. Izmir has a great share of the figproduction in Turkey. It has 15.67 % of total fig produc-tion in Turkey and 13.71% of total fig plantations as well.

This paper argues how level of dried fig productionis profitable in Turkey. This is important for the produ-cers, exporters and policy makers whose product has acomparative advantages. Producers aim to get maxi-mum profit. Economic factors effect producers in thedecision making process as well as natural and politicsfactors in the area and the country. Relating with themany researches done for the subject of fig economicsimply that decision making is regarding mostly the mar-keting conditions of product and the supply conditionsof inputs (Aksoy and Anac, 1994; Ilgin and Küden,1997; Bülbül et al, 1998; Redonda, 2001).

The purpose of this study was to provide a guidefor dried fig growers to develop a budget identifies spe-

ISSN 1330-7142UDK = 634.55.003(560)

PROFITABILTY OF DRIED FIG PRODUCTION: A CASE STUDY OF TURKEY

M.Yercan (1), S. Engindeniz (2)

Scientific reviewPregledni znanstveni èlanak

SUMMARY

Dried fig production has a great important in the western part of Turkey in terms offoreign trade, farmers income and employment. In this paper, dried fig produced by far-mers has been analyzed to determine production costs and profitability level. For this,selected farmers had been interviewed to find out return, structure of costs and profita-bility level. This is an opportunity to make comparison between products and countries.This is also information for decision makers for subsidizing policies. The productioncosts and the net profit of dried fig was found to be US $ 1,428/hectar and US $ 372/hec-tar, respectively. Dried fig production was found more profitable comparing with someother dried fruits. Dried fig producers spend a unit of money and earn 1.25 unit of money.Profitability of dried fig was found to be 125%. This is an indicator for the farmers wil-ling to produce dried fig in their convenient conditions.

Key-words: dried fruit, fig, profitability, economic analysis, cost, Turkey

(1) Ph.D Murat Yercan, Asist. Prof., University of Ege, Faculty ofAgriculture, Dept. of Agricultural Economics, 35100 Bornova, Ýzmir,Turke,(2)Ph.D Sait Engindeniz - University of Ege, Faculty of Agriculture,Dept. of Agricultural Economics, 35100 Bornova, zmir, Turkey

cific cost categories and estimating a net profit for theproduction and sale of dried figs in Turkey.


Some economical aspects of dried fig productionin Turkey and World were collected and compared fromstatistical reports in time periods. A case study consi-sted of surveyed data from fig producers in a selectedarea. This area was selected according to the produc-tion share in Izmir province. Three villages were selec-ted from the province and data have been collected from52 producers by randomly sampling method. All thedata surveyed from the producers were the data of2000. Selected producers were determined by the fol-lowed formula (Günes and Arikan, 1988):

wheren = The number of sample fig orchards =52S = Standard deviation= 16.297Z = 1.96N = Total number of fig orchards=312e = error term = 4,054

The general cost items of dried fig production wereclassified as variable costs and fixed costs. The variablecosts associated with crop production were all inputsthat directly relate to the production and covered labor,machine costs, material costs (fertilizer, pesticide,wrapping, etc.) as well as transport costs. In this study,Variable costs were calculated by using current inputand labor wages.

Fixed costs are named as indirect costs, supple-mentary costs, i.e. The costs of production do not varysignificantly with the volume of output. Fixed costsincluded interest of total variable costs, managementcosts, annual depreciation costs and land rent. Interest

on total variable costs were calculated by charging asimple interest rate of 12 % (annual average nominalinterest rate) on one-half of the total variable costs.Management costs were estimated to be 3 % of the totalvariable costs. Annual depreciation cost was estimatedby using the straight-line method. Fig orchards areexempted from property tax and were not insured.

In this study, total production costs were subtrac-ted from gross income to calculate net profit.


Some Features of Fig Production

In this study, total and sample fig orchards weredetermined to be 843.3 ha and 133.9 ha, respectively.Maximum, minimum, and average fig orchards were 5.5ha, 0.3 ha, and 2.6 ha (Table 1).

The most convenient planting space in fig orchardswas 6 x 8 m (Kabasakal, 1990). It is preferred 6 x 6 min the condition of ordinary soil quality and 8x8 m in thecondition of extra-ordinary soil quality. This is alsodepends on the condition of climate and capacity of soil.The planting space is changeable by the orchards, too. Inthis research, the planting space was between 6 x 6 mand 9 x 9 m. The most common and preferable plantingspace is 7 x 7 m in the researched orchards (Table 2).

Establishment Costs

Establishment costs are spreading through eightyears in this production. The items of them were givenin Table 3. Establishment costs cover all the expensesrelating to the period of the trees having productivecapacity. These are generally related to the labor andmachines costs (maintenance, energy, etc.).

Production Costs

Production costs consist of both operating (varia-ble) and fixed cost. Productivity years of fig has beenaccepted 35-40 years. The labor costs rate on dried fig


47M. Yercan et al.: PROFITABILY OF DRIED FIG PRODUCTION: A CASE STUDY OF TURKEY

Table 1. Some Statistical Characteristics of Total and Sample Fig Orchards Tablica 1. Neke statisti~ke zna~ajke vo}njaka smokava (ukupno i uzorak)

48


M. Yercan et al.: PROFITABILY OF DRIED FIG PRODUCTION: A CASE STUDY OF TURKEY

is extremely high (Table 4). Labor is used for harve-stings, dreving and classification in this productionbranch (Altindisli and Ertem, 1998).

Yields

Yields of dried fig vary between 1,650 kg/hectarand 1,900 kg/hectar (Kabasakal, 1990). The averageyield of dried fig was found 1,860 kg per hectar and 9kg per tree in researched area. Fig tree is fertile from 9th

to 35th years (Graph 1). Yield of dried fig increases peryear up to 15th year. There is increase from 15th to 30th.After the 30th year, yield decreases rapidly.

Marketing and Pricing

Dried fig is marketed by the Sales Cooperatives,Whole salers, Comissioners, Companies and retailers inTurkey (Olgun and Akgüngör, 1998). Sales cooperativeshave 6-7% market share and 3-4% of total export in allTurkish economy. In the selected area, most of produ-cers are members of sales cooperative (TARIS), thusgenerally, the most of products are marketed by thiscooperative. TARIS is the first and biggest Union ofAgricultural Cooperatives in Turkey. TARIS carries on itsactivities with Fig, Raisin, Cotton, Olive and olive-oil

agricultural sales cooperatives in 65 locations in Aegeanand Marmara Region and more than 127 900 producermembers. Each product has separated agricultural salescooperative union under the TARIS authority such as FigUnion, Sultana Raisins Union, Cotton Union, Olive andolive-oil Union. Thus, TARIS is so effective for pricingpolicy in the competitive market. Producer price ofdried fig varied between US$ 0.6/kg and US$ 1.3/kg inresearch area.

Gross Income and Net profit

Gross income of fig orchards was shown in Table5. The gross income was US$ 1,860 per hectar and US$ 9 per tree. Gross income is expressed by the total pro-duct multiply the average price of dried fig.

Gross income and costs were as shown in graph 2per year. Net profit was taken after 8 years. Maximumnet profit has been realized between 15-30 year oldtrees.

Net profit is calculated by deduction from the totalgross income of all such costs within the productionperiod. This value is the income of fix assets. Net profitwas found US $ 372 /hectar and US $ 3/tree in exami-ned fig orchards (Table 6).

Table 2. The distribution of orchards by planting space in researched landTablica 2. Podjela voænjaka prema sklopu usjeva

Table 3. Structure of costs of fig orchards (US $/hectar)Tablica 3. Struktura tro{kova vo}njaka smokava (US $ / ha)

(*) Sapling, fertilizer, pesticide, etc. – Mladica, gnojivo, pesticid itd.

Comparative Results of Dried Fig

Comparative results for dried fig were given to becompared with other dried fruits. The results of driedsultana and apricot were derived from other researchpapers. Comparative results were expressed by the pro-

fitability criteria. This is the measure of profit betweentwo or more profit making alternatives. Profitability is arelative measure and must not be confused with profit,being an absolute measure. Profitability was expressedby the ratio of return (price of product) on total cost perkg of product. Dried fig is more profitable among thedried sultana and apricot. It means while farmers invest1 unit of capital for dried fig, they earn 1.25 unit of capi-

tal. However, earnings are 0.66 and 0.55 unit of moneyin dried sultana (Akgüngör, 1996) and apricot (Olgun etal., 2002).

CONCLUSION

In this paper, we presented explanatory informationfor the production economics of dried fig in Turkey. So,we presented the comparison opportunities for othercountries. This is completely related to comparativeadvantages between the countries.

Dried fig production seems more profitable amongthe some other dried fruits. Each product is strictlydependent on its own condition (soil, climate andothers). Dried fig production is almost organic. Using offertilizer and chemicals are extremely rare compared tosultanas and apricot. The variable costs are lower com-paring with other dried fruits. So, this is positive effectfor the dried fig. Also, fixed cost of sultanas and apricotis relatively higher than the fig, because of more valua-ble land comparing with fig orchard and land. Generally,fig is produced in the sloping land. This is the evalua-tion of one-year data analysis. Prices vary from year toyear depending on some other variables. The total costscover both direct and indirect costs. Farmer doesn’tcare about the indirect costs such as depreciation, inter-est of total variable cost.

According to this study, dried fig production maybe more profitable. Farmers should gather all the eco-



Table 4. Production costs of fig orchardsTablica 4. Tro{kovi proizvodnje voænjaka smokava

(*) The economic life of fig plantations was estimated as 35 years – Gospodarski vijek plantaà smokve je 35 godina

Graph 1. Relations between age and yieldGrafikon 1. Odnosi izmeðu dobi i prinosa

Table 5. Total gross income of fig orchardsTablica 5. Ukupan bruto prihod voænjaka smokava

nomic data they can have about the production andmarket conditions of dried fig. Although cost and returnestimates are believed to be typical and realistic.Individual farmers should adjust values to representtheir specific situation and circumstances.

REFERENCES1. Altindisli, A., Ertem, A. (1998): Organic Fig Production in

Turkey, ISHS Acta Horticulturae 480:227-232.2. Akgüngör, S. (1996): Yield, Costs and Marketing of

Organic Dried Sultanas In Turkey: A Case Study of salih-li and Kemalpaºa, Izmir, Turkey, 54 p.

3. Aksoy, U., Anac, D. (1994): Factors Affecting Quality ofFresh and Dried Fig Fruits, ISHS Acta Horticulturea 368:763-766.

4. Bülbül, S., Atil, H., Hepaksoy, S. (1998): A GeneralStudy of Commercial Dried Fig Production in the BigMeander Valley of Turkey, ISHS Acta Horticulturae 480:317-320.

5. Günes, T., Arikan, R. (1988): The Statistic of AgriculturalEconomics, The University of Ankara, The Publication ofFaculty of Agriculture, No. 1049, Ankara, 293 p.

6. Ilgin, M., Küden, A.B. (1997): Table Fig Selection Studyin the Kahramanmaras Province in Turkey, ISHS ActaHorticulturae 441: 351-358

7. Kabasakal, A. (1990): The Planting of Fig, TheFoundation of Development And Support of AgriculturalResearch, No:20, Yalova, Turkey, 35 p.

8. Olgun, A., Akgüngör, S. (1998): Fig Production andMarketing Policies in Turkey With Special Emphasis onAlternative Marketing Possibilities, ISHS ActaHorticulturae 480:321-323.

9. Olgun, A. K.Peker and H.Adanacýoglu, 2002, PoliciesDirected to Apricot Production In Turkey, Fifth TurkishAgricultural Economisc Congress, Erzurum, Turkey, pp:242-250.

10. Redonda, M., 2001, Economics and Marketing of DriedFig, Second International Symposium on Fig ( May 7-10, 2001), Caceres, Spain (http:// www.iamz.chiam.org/caceres2001.htm).

11. …… FAO Statistics. www.fao.org12. …… Turkish Republic Ministry of Agriculture

(www.tarim.gov.tr)

50


M. Yercan et al.: PROFITABILY OF DRIED FIG PRODUCTION: A CASE STUDY OF TURKEY

Graph 2. The changing of gross ýncome and costsper age in fig orchardsGrafikon 2. Promjene ukupnog prihoda i tro{kovaprema starosti voænjaka smokava

Table 6. Net profit of fig orchardsTablica 6. Neto dobit od vo}njaka smokava

Resource: derived from the survey – Izvor: Anketa



PROFITABILNOST PROIZVODNJE SUHIH SMOKAVA (PRIMJER U TURSKOJ)

SA@ETAK

Proizvodnja suhih smokava zna~ajna je za zapadni dio Turske glede inozemne trgovine, prihoda farmera i zaposle-nosti. U ovom radu govori se o suhim smokvama koje proizvode farmeri, a analizirane su kako bi se utvrdili tro{koviproizvodnje i razina profitabilnosti. To je prilika za one koji donose odluke o politici poticaja. Tro{kovi proizvodnje ineto dobit od suhih smokava iznosi 1428/ha i 372/ha USD, slijedom. Utvr|eno je da je proizvodnja suhih smokavaprofitabilnija u usporedbi s nekim drugim suhim vo}em. Proizvo|a~i suhih smokava potro{e jedinicu novca, a zara-de 1,25 jedinica. Procijenjeno je da dobit od suhih smokava iznosi 125%. To je pokazatelj farmerima koji èle proiz-voditi suhe smokve u svojim uvjetima.

Klju~ne rije~i: su{eno vo}e, smokva, profitabilnost, ekonomska analiza, tro{kovi, Turska

(Received on 19 December 2002; accepted on 21 March 2003 – Primljeno 19. prosinca 2002.; prihvaæeno 21. oùjka2003.)

UVOD

Va`nost govedarske proizvodnje je velika i u okvirusto~arske i u okviru ukupne poljoprivredne proizvodnje.Govedarska proizvodnja u RH temelj je razvoja ukupnesto~arske proizvodnje u kojoj sudjeluje s oko 40%. Naprimjeru Njema~ke ta je va`nost jo{ izraènija, jer gove-darska proizvodnja participira s 45% u vrijednosti ukup-ne poljoprivredne proizvodnje (Uremovi} i sur., 2002.).Zato moèmo s pravom re}i da je govedarstvo «genera-tor» sto~arske, odnosno cjelokupne poljoprivredneproizvodnje.

Proizvodnja mlijeka najzahtjevnija je proizvodnja ugovedarstvu, za koju je potrebno ostvariti niz preduvjeta(kvalitetno stado, osmi{ljene i efikasne objekte, dovolj-no obradive povr{ine i sl.). Proizvo|a~i mlijeka do sadanisu imali problema s plasmanom mlijeka. Razlog je unedostatnosti proizvedenog mlijeka. Postavlja se pitanjekolike su godi{nje potrebe RH za svjeìm mlijekom,odnosno koliki je biolo{ki prag zasi}enja? Prema navo-dima (Caput, 1998.), biolo{ki prag zasi}enja mlijekom uHrvatskoj je oko 250 litara. Kada tu koli~inu mlijekapomnoìmo s ukupnim brojem stanovnika, proizlazi dasu aktualne potrebe Hrvatske oko 1,2 milijarde litara mli-

jeka. U svjetskim razmjerima kravlje mlijeko predstavljaoko 91% ukupnog mlijeka, {to zna~i da su potrebe zasirovim kravljim mlijekom u RH oko 1 milijardu litara.

Prema slu`benim podacima za 2001. godinu, uHrvatskoj je proizvedeno oko 634 milijuna litara kravljegmlijeka (Statisti~ki ljetopis RH, 2002.), {to na temeljuprethodnog izra~una navodi na zaklju~ak da se u RH neproizvodi dovoljna koli~ina mlijeka.

NORMATIVI PRIHVA]ENI PRAVILNIKOM

Mlijeko i mlije~ni proizvodi svakodnevna su hranaljudi i njihova kontinuirana proizvodnja predstavlja jedanod strate{kih zadataka za svaku zemlju. Zahtjevi kupacai njihov pa`ljivi odabir, u prvi plan su stavili naglasak nakvalitetu mlijeka. Iz toga razloga, razvijene govedarskezemlje, kao i zemlje ~lanice EU, uvele su nove pravilnikekontrole i vrednovanja mlijeka i mlije~nih proizvoda.Kontrolira se cjelokupna proizvodnja mlijeka: od kontro-le broja somatskih stanica i broja mikroorganizama u


ISSN 1330-7142UDK = 637.12.04/.07(497.5)

NOVI NAÎN VREDNOVANJA KRAVLJEG MLIJEKA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ

P. Miji}, I. Kneèvi}Stru~ni ~lanak

Professional paperSA@ETAK

Va`nost govedarske proizvodnje u ukupnoj vrijednosti sto~arske i poljoprivredne proiz-vodnje vrlo je velika. Moè se s pravom re}i da je govedarstvo “generator” sto~arstva,odnosno cjelokupne poljoprivrede. Stavljanjem naglaska na kvalitetu proizvoda, razvije-ne govedarske zemlje, kao i zemlje ~lanice EU uvele su nove pravilnike kontrole i vred-novanja mlijeka i mlije~nih proizvoda. Broj somatskih stanica, broj mikroorganizama ifizikalno-kemijski parametri postali su vrlo bitni elementi u valorizaciji i klasifikaciji mli-jeka. Republika Hrvatska tako|er je usvojila novi “Pravilnik o kakvo}i svjeèg sirovogmlijeka” i “Uredbu o ciljnoj cijeni svjeèg sirovog mlijeka”. Zbog {irokog spektra para-metara koji se kontroliraju i pla}aju prema Pravilniku i Uredbi, svaka pogre{ka i nepra-vovremena reakcija proizvo|a~a ili veterinara u zdravstvenoj za{titi tijekom laktacijskogciklusa odrazit }e se i na krajnje financijsko poslovanje. Struka treba {to prije zapo~etis kori{tenjem doma}ih i svjetskih znanstvenih spoznaja u sto~arstvu, pri ~emu }e zdravl-je ìvotinje i kvaliteta mlijeka imati prioritetno mjesto.

Klju~ne rije~i: proizvodnja mlijeka, pravilnik, somatske stanice, fizikalno-kemijski para-metri

Mr.sc. Pero Miji}, asistent i dr.sc. Ivan Kneèvi}, red.prof. – Sveu~ili{teJosipa Jurja Strossmayera, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Zavod zazootehniku, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek

mlijeku neposredno pri samoj mu`nji, zatim prerada umljekari, pa do skladi{tenja i prodaje u trgovini.

Me|unarodno priznati parametar za ocjenuzdravstvenog stanja vimena krava je broj somatskih sta-nica u mlijeku. Prema zakonskim propisima donesenim1995. godine, u zemljama EU sirovo mlijeko krava nesmije sadràvati vi{e od 400.000 somatskih stanica/ml(Sarrazin i Scotti, 1995.). Sli~no pravilniku koji je vaè}iu zemljama EU i Ministarstvo poljoprivrede i {umarstvaRH 2000. godine usvojilo je novi “Pravilnik o kakvo}isvjeèg sirovog mlijeka” (Narodne novine, 102/2000.).Pravilnikom su navedeni sljede}i parametri koji }e sepratiti: mlije~na mast, mlije~ne bjelan~evine, suha tvarbez masti, gusto}a, kiselost, to~ka ledi{ta, alkoholnaproba sa 72% etil alkoholom te prisustvo inhibitornihtvari. Nakon uspostave rada Sredi{njeg dràvnog labo-ratorija u Krièvcima, koncem 2002. godine usvojena je“Uredba o ciljnoj cijeni svjeèg sirovog mlijeka”(Narodne novine, 156/2002.). Uredbom je utvr|eno mli-jeko standardne kvalitete, kao i cijena pojedinih kemij-skih parametara mlijeka. Pod mlijekom standardne kva-litete prema Uredbi smatra se ono koje ima najmanje3,7% mlije~ne masti, 3,2% bjelan~evina, do 100.000mikroorganizama/ml i do 400.000 somatskih stani-ca/ml. Obra~un pla}anja mlijeka proizvo|a~ima premaPravilniku i Uredbi primjenjuje se od 1. sije~nja 2003.godine i prili~no je kompliciran. Temelji se na vrijednostimlije~nih bjelan~evina i mlije~ne masti (omjer 55% :

45%), a zatim na klasifikaciji mlijeka prema brojusomatskih stanica i broju mikroorganizama u mlijeku. UTablicama 1. i 2. prikazani su parametri koji su prih-va}eni Pravilnikom te klasifikacija mlijeka prema Uredbitemeljena na broju mikroorganizama/ml i broju somat-skih stanica/ml mlijeka.

Prema prvim slu`benim izvje{}ima iz Sredi{njeglaboratorija u Krièvcima (Kuterovac i sur., 2002.),najve}i problem za proizvo|a~e predstavlja veliki brojmikroorganizama i somatskih stanica u mlijeku. Ostaliparametri (kemijsko-fizikalni pokazatelji) ve}im dijelomispunjavaju minimalne uvjete.

Po~etni rezultati analize mlijeka i nisu iznena|uju}i,jer su istraìvanja koja su do sada bila provedena namlije~nim govedarskim farmama i obiteljskim gospo-darstvima u Hrvatskoj upu}ivala na pove}ani broj somat-skih stanica u mlijeku (Kalit i Luka~-Havranek, 1998.;Miji} i sur., 2001.). Tako|er i zemlje EU u po~etku prim-jene sli~nog pravilnika imale su problema s pove}animbrojem somatskih stanica u mlijeku. Prema istraìvanji-ma (Emanuelson i Funke, 1991.) u [vedskoj je utvr|eno26,7% mastiti~nog mlijeka, dok su u Njema~koj (Roth isur., 1998.) ustanovili u 45% istraìvanih krava patogenemikroorganizme u najmanje jednoj ~etvrti vimena. Tirezultati pokazuju da je problem velikog broja somatskihstanica i mikroorganizama velik i zato je potreban dugo-trajan rad te kori{tenje svih mogu}nosti u pobolj{anjuzdravlja vimena: od selekcijskih do veterinarskih.


53P. Mijiæ i sur.: NOVI NAÈIN VREDNOVANJA KRAVLJEG MLIJEKA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ

Tablica 1. Minimalni kriteriji za kakvo}u svjeèg kravljeg mlijeka u Republici Hrvatskoj prema Pravilniku (Izvor:Narodne novine, 102/2000.)

Table 1. Minimal criterions for quality of fresh cow milk in Republic of Croatia by Book of regulations (Source:Narodne novine, 102/2000)

Tablica 2. Klasifikacija svjeèg kravljeg mlijeka u RH prema broju mikroorganizama i broju somatskih stanica mlije-ka (Izvor: Narodne novine, 156/2002.)

Table 2. The fresh cow’s milk classification in the Republic of Croatia according to the number of microorganisms and

somatic cells (Source: Narodne novine, 156/2002)

Mastiti~no mlijeko, pored financijskih gubitaka kojenanosi proizvo|a~u mlijeka, tako|er uzrokuje zna~ajnegubitke i prera|iva~u mlijeka. Prema literaturnim navo-dima (Antunac i sur., 1997.), mlijeko s velikim brojemsomatskih stanica najve}e gubitke nanosi industrijiproizvodnje sira, a gubici se o~ituju u nepovoljnimodnosima kazeinskih frakcija, pove}anju pH vrijednosti,promjeni koagulacijskih osobina, smanjenju randmana ikvalitete gotovog proizvoda. Zato je za proizvodnjuzdravstveno ispravnih mlije~nih proizvoda, od posebneva`nosti ~isto}a ruku muza~a, vimena krave, prostoraza mu`nju i ostalog mljekarskog pribora, zatim tehni~kaispravnost muzne opreme, obavezno lije~enje oboljelihìvotinja, odnosno potrebna je dosljedna edukacijuproizvo|a~a (Pavi~i} i Ha|ina, 2001.).

Zbog nepovoljnih gospodarskih prilika zadnjihdesetak godina i neadekvatnih tehnolo{ko-tehni~kihpostupaka na mnogim mlije~nim farmama u Hrvatskojtijekom pretvorbe poljoprivrednih kombinata u poljopri-vredna poduze}a, proizvodnja mlijeka nije se zna~ajnijepove}ala. Samim tim do{lo je i do odre|ene stagnacijeu kvaliteti mlijeka. Me|utim, proizvodnja kvalitetnog mli-jeka zbog nedostatnosti u Republici Hrvatskoj imat }ebrzi razvoj, ali samo uz uvjet da se proizvo|a~i prilago-de novim standardima kvalitete mlijeka.

ZAKLJUÂK

Proizvo|a~i }e trebati posvetiti vi{e vremenatehni~kim fazama proizvodnje mlijeka, pravilnoj hranidbii zdravstvenoj za{titi. Zbog {irokog spektra parametarakoji se mjere i kontroliraju po novom Pravilniku, svakapogre{ka i nepravovremena reakcija proizvo|a~a iliveterinara u zdravstvenoj za{titi tijekom laktacijskogciklusa, odrazit }e se i na krajnje financijsko poslovanje.

Nu`no je da se u Hrvatskoj {to prije izradi progra-me razvoja govedarstva na temelju zahtjeva trì{ta isuvremenih marketin{kih ciljeva, koriste}i vlastita isvjetska znanstvena dostignu}a u sto~arstvu, pri ~emu}e zdravlje ìvotinje i kvaliteta mlijeka imati va`no mje-sto.

LITERATURA1. Antunac, N., Luka~-Havranek J., Samarìja, D. (1998.):

Somatske stanice i njihov utjecaj na kakvo}u i preradumlijeka. Mljekarstvo, 47(3):183.-193.

2. Caput, P. (1998.): Aktualnosti u proizvodnji i plasmanusvjeèg kravljeg mlijeka u Hrvatskoj. Sto~arstvo,52(5):379-385.

3. Emanuelson, U., Funke, H. (1991): Effect of milk yieldon relationship between bulk milk somatic cell count andprevalence of mastitis. Journal of Dairy Science,74:2479-2483.

4. Kalit, S., Luka~-Havranek, Jasmina (1998): Current sta-tus of somatic cell count (SCC) in the milk from indivi-dual farms in Croatia. Milchwissenschaft, 53(4):183-184.

5. Kuterovac, K., Daki}, A., Draì}, M. (2002.): Prviizvje{taj o kvaliteti mlijeka u RH kontroliranog u HSSC-Sredi{njem laboratoriju za kontrolu mlijeka. 35. Hrvatskisimpozij mljekarskih stru~njaka s me|unarodnim sudje-lovanjem, Lovran, 13.-15. studeni, Zbornik saètaka.,str. 24.-26.

6. Miji}, P., Kneèvi}, I., Rimac, D., Doma}inovi}, M.,Kralik, D., Baban, Mirjana, Bagari}, D. (2001.):Usporedba parametara mlijeka s novim pravilnikom okakavo}i svjeèg sirovog mlijeka. Poljoprivreda,77(2):33.-38.

7. Pavi~i}, @., Ha|ina, S. (2001.): Zna~enje primijenjenedezinfekcije u higijenskoj kakvo}i mlijeka. Sto~arstvo,55(4):269.-280.

8. Roth, S., Reinsch, N., Nieland, G., Schallenberger, E.(1998.): Untersuchungen über Zusammenhänge zwi-schen Eutergesundheit, Melkbarkeitsparametern undMilchflußkurven an einer Hochleistungsrinderherde.Züchtungskunde, 70(4):242.-260.

9. Sarrazin, P., Scotti, O. (1995): Raw milk and Europe.Dairy Science Abstracts, 75(4):2091.

10. Uremovi}, Z., Uremovi}, M., Pavi}, V., Mio~, B., Muìc,S., Janje~i}, Z. (2002.): Sto~arstvo. Ud`benik, 91.Agronomski fakultet u Zagrebu.

11. ……… Pravilnik o kakvo}i svjeèg sirovog mlijeka.Narodne novine, 102/2000. od 17. listopada 2000.

12. ……… Statisti~ki ljetopis Republike Hrvatske (2002).Dràvni zavod za statistiku, 259. Zagreb.

13. ……… Uredba o ciljnoj cijeni svjeèg sirovog mlijeka.Narodne novine, 156/2002. od 24. prosinca 2002.

54


P. Mijiæ i sur.: NOVI NAÈIN VREDNOVANJA KRAVLJEG MLIJEKA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ


55P. Mijiæ i sur.: NOVI NAÈIN VREDNOVANJA KRAVLJEG MLIJEKA U REPUBLICI HRVATSKOJ

NEW WAY OF EVALUATING COW MILK IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA

SUMMARY

It can be rightfally said that cow breeding is the «generator» of livestock and therefore of the hole agronomy.Stressing the quality of the product developed countries as well as the EU countries have introduced the new con-trol regulations and evaluations of milk and dairy products. The number of somatic cells, microorganisms, proteinand milk fat contents have become very important elements in valorisation and classification of milk. The Republicof Croatia also has the «New standard of the Quality of Fresh and Raw Milk» and the «Regulation of the Target Priceof Fresh Raw Milk». Due to the wide spectre of the parameters controlled and paid by the new Standards andRegulations, every error and inadequate reaction of the manufacturer or the veterinarian during the health protec-tion over the lactation cycle will have a reflection on a financial aspect of the business. The branch should start asearlier as possible using the domestic and international knowledge about livestock thereby animal health and betterquality of milk will be in the priority.

Key-words: milk production, standard, somatic cells, physical and chemical parameters

(Primljeno 7. oùjka 2003.; prihva}eno 10. travnja 2003. - Received on 7 March 2003; accepted on 10 April 2003)


Uvod

Genotip svinja, uz hranidbu, najvi{e utje~e na nji-hovu tovnost i mesnatost. Kriànjem svinja nastoji seposti}i heterozis u~inak za va`na proizvodna svojstva.Iznalaènje najboljih kombinacija kriànja je neprekidanproces, s obzirom na to da se selekcijom frekvencijapojedinih gena neprekidno mijenja.

U ranijim istraìvanjima (Pellois i Runavot, 1991.;Demo i sur., 1994.; Sen~i} i sur., 2000.a i b; Sen~i} isur., 2002.), ukazano je na obilje`ja svinja tropasmin-skih kriànaca s njema~kim landrasom ili pietrenom kaoterminalnim pasminama. U ovom istraìvanju ukazujese na neka tovna i klaoni~ka svojstva svinja dvopasmin-skih kriànaca.

Materijal i metode

Istraìvanje je provedeno s kriàncima {vedskogladrasa i velikog jork{ira (n=21), s kriàncima {ved-

skog landrasa i pietrena (n=16) te s kriàncima velikogjork{ira i pietrena (n=27), na farmi «Caritas», kodOsijeka. Skupine svinja bile su ujedna~ene prema omje-ru spolova.

Svinje su tovljene istovremeno i u istim uvjetima,tijekom prolje}a i ljeta. Hranjene su ad libitum, krmnomsmjesom s 15,36% sir. bjelan~evina i 13,22 MJ ME/kgtijekom cijelog tova.

Na liniji klanja utvr|ena je masa toplih polovica injihova mesnatost prema Pravilniku (1999.) uz pomo}metode «dvije to~ke». Nakon 24 sata hla|enja polovicana +40C, odre|en je udjel (%) najvrijednijih dijelova(but, le|a i ple}ka) u desnim svinjskim polovicama,prema metodi Wenigera i sur. (1963.).

ISSN 1330-7142UDK = 636.033:636.4

TOVNOST I MESNATOST SVINJA NEKIH DVOPASMINSKIH KRI@ANACA

\. Sen~i} (1) Marcela [peranda (1), Z. Antunovi} (1), T. [peranda (2)


Saètak

Istraìvanje tovnih i klaoni~kih svojstava provedeno je na kriàncima izme|u {vedskoglandrasa i velikog jork{ira ([L x VJ), {vedskog landrasa i pietrena ([L x P) te velikogjork{ira i pietrena (VJ X P). Svinje su tovljene u istim uvjetima. Hranjene krmnom smje-som s 15,36% sirovih proteina i 13,22 MJ ME/kg. Vrijednost pH mesa odre|ena je pH-metrom Mettler Toledo, sposobnost vezanja vode mesa prema Grau-Hammu (1952.), aboja i mramoriranost mesa prema ameri~koj NPCC-metodi. Izme|u istraìvanih genoti-pova svinja nije bilo statisti~ki zna~ajnih razlika (P>0,05) u veli~ini dnevnih prirasta(640 g, 680 g i 680 g), ali su utvr|ene razlike u konverziji hrane. Najmanji utro{ak hraneza kilogram prirasta imali su kriànci VJ x P (2,04 kg), a zatim kriànci [L x VJ (3,22 kg)i kriànci [L x P (3,63). Najve}u mesnatost polovica (55,15%) i najbolju konformacijupolovica imali su kriànci VJ x P, a zatim prema mesnatosti sljede kriànci [L x VJ(54,71%) i kriànci [L x P (54,08%). Kvaliteta mesa svinja istraìvanih genotipova bilaje zadovoljavaju}a. Kriànci s pietrenom ([L x P i VJ x P) imali su ne{to slabiju sposob-nost vezanja vode mesa (9,70 cm2 i 9,80 cm2) u odnosu na kriànce VJ x [L (8,51 cm2).Kriànci s pietrenom tako|er su imali slabiji intenzitet boje mesa (2,50 i 2,33) i slabijumramoriranost mesa (1,38 i 1,50) u odnosu na intenzitet boje i mramoriranost mesakriànaca VJ x [L (2,75 i 2,50).

Klju~ne rije~i: svinje, kriànci, tovna svojstva, klaoni~ka svojstva

(1) Prof.dr.sc. \uro Sen~i}, mr.sc. Marcela [peranda i doc.dr.sc. ZvonkoAntunovi} – Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku,Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, (2)Mr.sc. Tomislav [peranda – Farmacija d.d., Vinkova~ka cesta b.b.,31000 Osijek

Vrijednost pH1 mesa odre|ena je 45 minuta postmortem, kontaktnim pH-metrom Mettler Toledo, a vri-jednost pH2 mesa, 24 sata post mortem, nakonhla|enja mesa na +4 0 C. Kvaliteta mesa odre|ivana jena uzorku dugog le|nog mi{i}a (MLD) uzetom u visiniizme|u 13 i 14 rebra. Sposobnost vezanja vode mesaodre|ena je prema Grau-Hammu (1952.), a boja i mra-moriranost prema ameri~koj NPPC-metodi. Statisti~kaobrada rezultata istraìvanja bila je pomo}u kompjutor-skog programa Stat Soft, Inc. (2001.).

Rezultati i rasprava

Tovna svojstva kriànaca vidljiva su iz Tablice 1.Izme|u prosje~nih po~etnih, kao i zavr{nih tjelesnihmasa svinja pojedinih kriànaca, nisu utvr|ene stati-sti~ki zna~ajne razlike (P>0,05).

S tim u vezi, nisu utvr|ene niti razlike u dnevnimprirastima izme|u pojedinih genotipova svinja, u pojedi-nim razdobljima tova.

Utro{ak hrane za kilogram prirasta bio je najmanji(2,04 kg) kod kriànaca s najve}om mesnato{}u, tj. kodonih izme|u velikog jork{ira i pietrena, a najve}i (3,63kg) kod kriànca s najniòm mesnato{}u, tj. onihizme|u {vedskog landrasa i pietrena.

Klaoni~ka svojstva svinja, vidljiva su iz Tablice 2. Ujedna~enost masa toplih polovica omogu}ila je

pravilno uspore|ivanje klaoni~kih svojstava svinjaizme|u genotipova. Najve}u mesnatost polovica(55,15%) imali su kriànci izme|u velikog jork{ira i pie-trena. Taj genotip svinja imao je i najve}i udjel buta(31,95%) u polovicama. Obje skupine kriànaca s pie-trenom imale su ve}i udjel butova, a manji udjel ple}ki upolovicama u odnosu na kriànce izme|u {vedskog lan-drasa i velikog jork{ira. Kriànje s pietrenom povoljno jedjelovalo na konformaciju svinjskih polovica, tj. nazastupljenost komercijalno vrjednijih dijelova. Na nave-denu pojavu ukazuju istraìvanja i drugih autora (@ivko-vi} i sur., 1992., Demo i sur., 1994.)

Kvaliteta mesa svinja istraìvanih kriànaca(Tablica 2.), bila je u prosjeku zadovoljavaju}a.Vrijednosti pH1 i pH2 mesa kretale su se u prosjeku uoptimalnim granicama, iako je po~etni pH mesa, kodsvinja s najve}om mesnato{}u (VJ x P), bio najniì(6,19), ali ne i statisti~ki zna~ajno (P>0,05). Kriànciizme|u velikog jork{ira i {vedskog landrasa imali sumeso s boljom sposobno{}u vezanja vode (8,51 cm2)u odnosu na kriànce s pietrenom (9,70 cm2 i 9,80cm2).

Najja~i intenzitet boje (2,75) imalo je mesokriànaca izme|u velikog jork{ira i {vedskog landrasa, anjamanji intenzitet boje (2,33), meso kriànaca izme|uvelikog jork{ira i pietrena, tj. najmesnatijeg genotipa.Granica pH1 vrijednosti za utvr|ivanje blijedog, meka-nog i vodnjikavog (BMV) mesa je prema Hoffmanu


57Ð. Senèiæ i sur.: TOVNOST I MESNATOST SVINJA NEKIH DVOPASMINSKIH KRI@ANACA

Tablica 1. Tovna svojstva svinja nekih dvopasminskih kriànacaTable 1. Fattening traits in pigs of some two crossbreeds

# VJ-veliki jork{ir (LW-Large White); [L-{vedski landras (SL- Swedish Landrace); P-pietren (P-Pietrain)

(1994.) 6,0, a prema Kallweitu (1980.) ispod 5,8. Akose uzme pH2 vrijednost kao kriterij za odre|ivanje BMV-mesa, tada je granica, prema Forrestu (1998.) 5,5, aprema Kallweitu (1980.) je 5,4.

Kriànci s pietrenom imali su i slabiju proètostmesa masno}om (mramoriranost) u odnosu nakriànce izme|u velikog jork{ira i {vedskog landrasa.

I drugi su autori (Pellois i Runavot, 1991.; @ivkovi}i sur., 1992.; Wasmuth i Glodek, 1992.; Sen~i} i sur.,2000.a i b; 2002.) utvrdili da pietren u kriànju moèpogor{ati kvalitetu mesa svinja kriànaca.

Zaklju~ak

Na temelju istraìvanja tovnih i klaoni~kih svojstavadvopasminskih kriànaca izme|u {vedskog landrasa ivelikog jork{ira ([L x VJ), {vedskog landrasa i pietrena([L x P) te velikog jork{ira i pietrena (VJ X P) utvr|eno je:

- izme|u istraìvanih genotipova svinja nije bilostatisti~ki zna~ajnih razlika (P>0,05) u veli~ini dnevnihprirasta (640 g, 680 g i 680 g), ali su utvr|ene razlike ukonverziji hrane. Najmanji utro{ak hrane za kilogram pri-rasta imali su kriànci VJ x P (2,04 kg), a zatim kriànci[L x VJ (3,22 kg) i kriànci [L x P (3,63),

- najve}u mesnatost polovica (55,15%) i najboljukonformaciju polovica imali su kriànci VJ x P, a zatim

prema mesnatosti sljede kriànci [L x VJ (54,71%) ikriànci [L x P (54,08%),

- kvaliteta mesa svinja istraìvanih genotipova bilaje zadovoljavaju}a. Kriànci s pietrenom ([L x P i VJ xP) imali su ne{to slabiju sposobnost vezanja vode mesa(9,70 cm2 i 9,80 cm2) u odnosu na kriànce VJ x [L(8,51 cm2). Kriànci s pietrenom tako|er su imali slabi-ji intenzitet boje mesa (2,50 i 2,33) i slabiju mramorira-nost mesa (1,38 i 1,50) u odnosu na intenzitet boje imramoriranost mesa kriànaca VJ x [L (2,75 i 2,50).

Literatura1. Demo, P, Poltarsky, J., Rehak, A. (1994): Use of the

Pietrain breed for production of terminal slaughterhybrid. Zivocisna Vyroba, 39: 865-879.

2. Forrest, I.C. (1998): Line speed implementation ofvarious pork quality measures. Record of Proceedings,NSIF Conference and Animal Meeting. December 4-5,1998, Vol. 23, East Lansing Marriot, Michigan.

3. Grau, R., Hamm, R. (1952.): Eine einfache Methode zurBestimmung der Wasser bildung in Fleisch. DieFleischwirtschaft, 4:295.-297.

4. Hoffman, K. (1994): What is quality? Definition, meas-urement and eculation of meat quality. Meat FocusInternational, 3, 2, February, 1994.

58


Ð. Senèiæ i sur.: TOVNOST I MESNATOST SVINJA NEKIH DVOPASMINSKIH KRI@ANACA

TABLICA 2. KLAONI~KA SVOJSTVA SVINJA NEKIH DVOPASMINSKIH KRIÀNACATable 2. Slaughter traits in pigs of some two crossbreeds

# VJ-veliki jork{ir (LW-Large White); [L-{vedski landras (SL- Swedish Landrace); P-pietren (P- Pietrain)

5. Kallweit, E. (1980.): Fleischfülle und Fleischbescha-ffenheit. Schweinezucht und Schweinemast, 28(5):148.-155.

6. Pellois, H., Runavot, J.P. (1991): Comparaison des per-formances d’ engraissement de carcasse et de qualitede riande de 4 types de porcs ayant une proportionvariable de sang Pietrain. In 23 mes Journees de laRecherche Porcine en France, Paris, 1991, pp. 23.

7. Sen~i}, \., Fazeka{, J., Maltar Z., Antunovi}, Z., Knapi},A. (2000.a): Obilje`ja mesnatosti svinja kriànaca s pie-trenom. Sto~arstvo, 54:175.-182.

8. Sen~i}, \. Kralik G., Ku{ec, G., Margeta, V. (2000 b):Slaughtering quality of crossed pigs with GermanLandrace and Pietrain as terminal breeds. Agriculture,6:157-159.

9. Sen~i}, \., Antunovi}, Z., [peranda Marcela (2002):Meatiness and meat quality in pigs crossed with pietrain.Sto~arstvo, 56:191-196.

10. Wassmuth, R., Glodek, P. (1992): Einfluß des«Hampshirefaktors» und der Standzeit auf das glykoliti-sche Potential und die Fleischbeschaffenheit beiSchweinen. Fleichwirtschaft, 72: 1299.-1302.

11. Weniger, H., I., Steinhauf, D. und Pahl, G. (1963):Topography of Carcasses. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft,München.

12. @ivkovi}, J., Bukovi} B., Njari, B. (1992.): Utjecajpasminskog sastava na prinos i kakvo}u svinjskogmesa. Sto~arstvo, 46: 25.-31.

13. ... .. Pravilnik o utvr|ivanju kategorija i klasa svinjskihtrupova i polovica (1999.), N.N. br. 119.

14. ….. Stat Soft. Inc. Statistica for Windows (Computerprogram manual), Tulsa, OK, 2001.


59Ð. Senèiæ i sur.: TOVNOST I MESNATOST SVINJA NEKIH DVOPASMINSKIH KRI@ANACA

FATTENING AND MEATINESS OF SOME TWO CROSSBREEDS IN PIGS

SUMMARY

Investigation of fattening and slaughter traits was conducted with crossbreeds between Swedish Landrace and LargeWhite (SL x LW), Swedish Landrace and Pietrain (SL x P) as well as between Large White and Pietrain (LW x P). Thepigs were fed in the same conditions. They were fed mixture containing 15.36% crude proteins and 13.22 MU/kg.Values of meat pH were determined by pH –meter Mettler Toledo, ability of meat water fixation according to Grau-Hamm (1952) whereas colour and meat marbling by an American NPCC method. No statistically significant diffe-rences were found (P>0.05) in terms of daily gain (640 g, 680 g and 6880 g) among the investigated pig genotypes.However, feed conversion differences were determined. The lowest feed consumption per gain kg was characterizedby crossbreeds LW x P (2.04 kg) followed by crossbreeds SL x LW (3.22 kg) and crossbreeds SL x P (3.63). Thehighest meatiness of pork sides (55.15%) and their conformation were known by crossbreeds LW x P followed by(by the meatiness) crossbreeds SL x LW (54.71%) and crossbreeds SL x P (54.08%). Pig meat quality of the investi-gated genotypes was satisfactory. Crossbreeds with Pietrain (SL x P and LW x P) had slightly lower meat water fixa-tion ability (9.70 cm2 and 9. 80 cm2) compared to the crossbreeds LW x SL (8.51cm2). Crossbreeds with Pietrainwere also characterized by lower meat colour intensity (2.50 and 2.33) and meat marbling (1.38 and 1.50) compa-red to colour intensity and meat marbling in crossbreeds LW x SL (2.75 and 2.50).

Key-words: pigs, crossbreeds, fattening traits, slaughtering traits


UVOD

Poznavanje rasta i razvoja podmlatka u konja,naro~ito u prvim mjesecima nakon `drijebljenja, ime|usobni utjecaj pojedinih tjelesnih dimenzijaomogu}ava brì i sigurniji uzgojno selekcijski rad.Prema podacima dostupne literature iz toga podru~ja,intenzivan rast i razvoj pojedinih tjelesnih mjera i njiho-va me|usobna povezanost u ranijoj ìvotnoj dobi imapozitivan utjecaj i na kasniji razvoj.

Istraìvanjima o razvoju podmlatka lipicanske iostalih pasmina konja bavili su se Romi} (1951.), Green(1961.), Stipi} (1980.), Rastija i sur. (1986., 1988.,1995., 1999., 2000., 2001., 2002.), Saastamoinen(1990.), Baban i sur. (1995.) i drugi.

Ta istraìvanja ukazuju na pozitivan me|usobniutjecaj tjelesnih mjera u `drebadi iste i razli~ite dobi.

MATERIJAL I METODE

Istraìvanja su provedena na 82 `drebadi lipican-ske pasmine oba spola. Mjerenja visine grebenaLydtinovim {tapom, opsega prsa i opsega cjevaniceobavljena su sto~nom vrpcom na sedmodnevnoj i{estomjese~noj `drebadi. Vrijednosti dobivene mjeren-jem obra|ene su prema statisti~kom programuSPSS/PC (Nie i sur., 1975.). Na temelju dobivenih vri-

jednosti, izra~unali smo i korelacijsku povezanostizme|u obra|enih svojstava `drebadi iste i razli~ite dobi.Statisti~ku zna~ajnost koeficijenata korelacije testiralismo “t” testom na razini 5% i 1% signifikantnosti.


Vrijednosti istraìvanja tjelesnih mjera sedmodnev-ne i {estomjese~ne `drebadi prikazane su u Tablici 1.

Vrijednosti istraìvanja tjelesnih mjera sedmodnevnei {estomjese~ne ̀ drebadi lipicanske pasmine prikazane suu Tablici 1. Visina grebena sedmodnevne `drebadi u gra-nicama je karakteristi~nim za lipicansku pasminu. Premapodacima Rastije i sur. (2001.), `drebad na{ih istraìvan-ja bila su nià za 2,64 cm. Podaci Romi}a (1951.) znatnosu slabije vrijednosti od na{ih istraìvanja (92,82 cm zamu{ku i 92,58 cm za ènsku `drebad). Istraìvanja Stipi}a(1980.) podudaraju se s na{im vrijednostima, kao i vrijed-nosti Rastije i sur. (1995. a). Tako|er i vrijednosti drugihistraìvanja kre}u se u okviru granica za lipicansku pasmi-nu, {to potvr|uje konsolidiranost uzgoja. Opseg prsa od80,49 cm je manji od vrijednosti do kojih su u svojim


ISSN 1330-7142UDK = 636.127:636.064

RAZVIJENOST I KORELACIJSKA POVEZANOST SEDMODNEVNE I [ESTOMJESE^NE LIPICANSKE @DREBADI

T. Rastija (1), Z. Antunovi} (1), Mirjana Baban (1), I. Mandi} (2)


SA@ETAK

Pra}enje razvoja `drebadi, naro~ito u prvim mjesecima njihovog ìvota, ukazuje namogu}nost njihovog uspje{nog izbora. Pravilan postupak s podmlatkom te kvalitetnahranidba dojnih kobila osigurava uspje{an uzgoj `drebadi, koji ima pozitivan utjecaj i nanjihov kasniji razvoj. Istraìvanja su provedena na 82 {estomjese~ne `drebadi. Mjerenjavisine grebena, opsega prsa i opsega cjevanice obavljena su sedmi dan nakon `drijebl-jenja i u dobi od {est mjeseci. Podaci o mjerenju obra|eni su prema statisti~kom pro-gramu SPSS/PC (Nie i sur., 1975.). Izra~unata je i korelacijska povezanost izme|u tjele-snih mjera sedmodnevne i {estomjese~ne `drebadi. Visina grebena {estomjese~ne uodnosu na sedmodnevnu `drebad pove}ala se je za 35%, opseg prsa za 69%, a opsegcjevanice za 34%. Korelacijska povezanost izme|u navedenih svojstava bila je visokosignifikantna na razini P=0,01 s korelacijskim koeficijentima, a koji su se kretali izme|ur=0,363 i r=0,820. Cilj tih istraìvanja bio je spoznaja o me|usobnoj povezanosti raz-voja `drebadi u ranoj fazi, tj. u fazi sisanja.

Klju~ne rije~i: lipicanska pasmina, podmladak, rast i razvoj, korelacije

(1) Dr.sc. Tomo Rastija, red. prof., dr.sc. Zvonko Antunovi}, docent idr.sc. Mirjana Baban, asistent – Sveu~ili{te Josipa Jurja Strossmayera uOsijeku, Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Trg sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek,(2) Ivica Mandi}, dipl.ing. - direktor ergele \akovo.

istraìvanjima do{li Rastija i sur. (1986., 1995.a, 2001.),Romi} (1951.) i Stipi} (1980.), dok se vrijednosti MirjaneBaban i sur. (1995.) podudaraju s na{im istraìvanjima.

Opseg cjevanice sedmodnevne `drebadi u Tablici1. bio je manji za 0,40 cm, odnosno 1,35 cm od vrijed-nosti Stipi}a (1980.), dok se vrijednosti Romi}evih(1951) istraìvanja podudaraju s na{im podacima.Tako|er su i vrijednosti dobivene po Rastiji i sur. (1986,2001) neznatno ve}e od vrijednosti u Tablici 1.

Navedena istraìvanja ukazuju na konsolidiraniuzgoj i uspje{no provo|enje uzgojno-selekcijskog rada,{to potvr|uju rezultati dosada{njih istraìvanja.

Korelacijska povezanost u Tablici 2. kretala seizme|u slabe do potpune, s korelacijskim koeficijentimaod r = 0,363 do 0,824. Najslabija povezanost (r =0,363) utvr|ena je izme|u opsega prsa sedmodnevne iopsega cjevanice {estomjese~ne `drebadi, dok jenajja~a povezanost (r = 0,824) izra~unata izme|u visi-ne grebena i opsega prsa {estomjese~ne `drebadi.Testiranjem dobivenih korelacijskih koeficijenata

utvr|ene su visoko signifikantne povezanosti.Navodi Rastije i sur. (1988.) ukazuju na pozitivan

utjecaj visine grebena nakon poroda na visinu grebena ukasnijoj dobi, dok su vi{a `drebad imala ne{to slabijerazvijen prsni ko{ u odnosu na niù `drebad.Saastamoinen (1990.) ukazuje na visoku korelacijskupovezanost tjelesnih mjera `drebadi u razvoju. Premapodacima Mc Canna i sur. (1988.), korelacijska poveza-nost tjelesnih mjera `drebadi u razvoju kretala seizme|u slabe i jake. Do sli~nih vrijednosti u svojimistraìvanjima do{li su Hintz i sur. (1979.), Rastija i sur.(1995.b) utvrdili su pozitivnu povezanost visine grebenai opsega cjevanice podmlatka lipicanaca, koja je ja~eizraèna kod iste nego razli~ite dobne strukture.

Po istraìvanjima Rastije i sur. (2001.), korelacijskapovezanost mu{ke i ènske kao i oba spola lipicanske`drebadi kretala se izme|u slabe i vrlo jake.

Rezultati dobivenih istraìvanja, kao i vrijednosti udostupnoj literaturi, ukazuju na mogu}nost uspje{nogprovo|enja selekcije ve} kod podmlatka `drebadi, zbogpozitivne povezanosti tjelesnih mjera istodobne i `dre-badi razli~ite dobi.

ZAKLJUÂK

Na temelju provedenih istraìvanja razvoja podm-latka lipicanske pasmine, moè se zaklju~iti:

- Visina grebena sedmodnevne lipicanske `drebadiiznosila je 100,988 cm, a {estomjese~ne 136,683 cm,odnosno 35,43% ve}a u odnosu na visinu sedmodnev-ne `drebadi.

- Opseg prsa {estomjese~ne `drebadi u odnosu nasedmodnevnu `drebad pove}ao se za 69,20%, a opsegcjevanice za 33,67%.

- Korelacijska povezanost izme|u navedenih svoj-stava sedmodnevne i {estomjese~ne lipicanske `dreba-di kretala se izme|u slabe i vrlo jake, s korelacijskimkoeficijentima od r = 0,363 do r = 0,824.

- Povezanost je ja~e izraèna izme|u tjelesnihmjera `drebadi iste dobi nego izme|u razli~ite dobi.

- Testiranjem je utvr|ena visoko signifikantnapovezanost izme|u tjelesnih mjera `drebadi.

- Poznavanje povezanosti izme|u tjelesnih mjeraiste i razli~ite dobi omogu}ava uspje{no provo|enjeselekcije u uzgoju konja.


61T. Rastija i sur.: RAZVIJENOST I KORELACIJSKA POVEZANOST SEDMODNEVNE I ŠESTOMJESEÈNE ...

Tablica 1. Tjelesne mjere sedmodnevne i {estomjese~ne lipicanske `drebadi (n = 82)Table 1. The physical measures of the seven-day-old and six-month-old Lippizaner foals (n=82)

Tablica 2. Korelacijska povezanost tjelesnih mjerasedmodnevne i {estomjese~ne lipicanske `drebadiTable 2. A correlation of physical measures of the seven-

day-old and six-month-old Lippizaner foals

1 = visina grebena sedmodnevne `drebadi – withers height ofthe seven-day-old foals

2 = opseg prsa sedmodnevne `drebadi – chest girth of theseven-day-old foals

3 = opseg cjevanice sedmodnevne `drebadi – cannon bonecircumference of the seven-day-old foals

4 = visina grebena {estomjese~ne `drebadi – withers height ofthe six-month old foals

5 = opseg prsa {estomjese~ne `drebadi – withers height of thesix- month old foals

6 = opseg cjevanice {estomjese~ne `drebadi - cannon bonecircumference of the six- month old foals

LITERATURA1. Baban, M., Rastija, T., Kneèvi}, I., Ljube{i}, J. (1995.):

Komparacija razvoja tjelesnih mjera lipicanske `drebadipo linijama. Poljoprivreda, 1(1):1.-7.

2. Butler, I., Kelnhofer, R., Pirchner, F. (1986): Phenotypiccorrelations between conformation and performancetraits of trotters. 37 th Ann. Meet. of Eur. Assoc. forAnim. Prod.

3. Green, D.A. (1961): A review of studies on the growthrate of the horse. Br. Vet. J. 117, 181-191.

4. Hintz, R.L., Hintz, H.F., Vleck, L.D. (1979): Growth rateof Thoroughbreds. Effect of age of dam, year and monthof birth, and sex of foal. J. Anim. Sci. 48, 480-487.

5. McCann, J.S., Heird, J.C., Ramsey, C.B., Long, R.A.(1988): Skeletal bone and muscle proportionality insmall-and large-framed mature horses of differentmuscle thickness. Equine Vet. Sci. 8, 255-261.

6. Nie, N., H., Hul, C.H., Jenkins, G. J., Steinbrenner, K.,Dole, H.B. (1975): Statistical Package for the SocietySciences 2 nd ed New York, Mc Grow-Hill.

7. Rastija, T., Ljube{i}, J., Mandi}, I. (1986.): Komparativniprikaz razvoja `drebadi lipicanske pasmine. Sto~arstvo,40(7-8):249.-253.

8. Rastija, T., Kneèvi}, I., Bari{i}, A. (1988.): Korelacijskapovezanost razvoja tjelesnih mjera `drebadi lipicanskepasmine. Znan. prak. poljop. tehnol. 18(3-4):309.-315.

9. Rastija, T., Baban, M., Kneèvi}, I. (1995.a): Usporedbanekih svojstava rasta mu{ke i ènske lipicanske `dreba-di. Sto~arstvo, 49(3-4):89.-93.

10. Rastija, T., Kneèvi}, I., Jovanovac, S., Mandi}, I., (1995b): Heritability and phenotypic correlations amongmeasurements of lipizzaner horses. Sto~arstvo, 9-12,299-302.

11. Rastija, T., Ljube{i}, J., Sukali}, M., Baban Mirjana,Kneèvi}, I. (1999.): Tjelesne mjere `drebadi holsteinpasmine u razvoju. Poljoprivreda 5(1):27.-30.

12. Rastija, T., Ljube{i}, J., Antunovi}, Z., Baban Mirjana,Sele{, J. (2000.): Utjecaj visine grebena, opsega prsa iopsega cjevanice nakon poroda na razvoj `drebadi hol-stein pasmine. Sto~arstvo, 54(6):419.-426.

13. Rastija T., Kneèvi}, I., Antunovi}, Z., Bukvi}, @.,Gutzmirtl D., Mandi}, I. (2001.): Povezanost razvoja`drebadi lipicanske pasmine u fazi sisanja. Sto~arstvo,55(1):3.-12.

14. Rastija, T. Antunovi}, Z., Bukvi}, @., Baban Mirjana,Bogut. I. (2001.): Povezanost tjelesnih mjera {estomje-se~ne i dvogodi{nje `drebadi holstein pasmine.Sto~arstvo 55(2):83.-89.

15. Rastija, T., Ljube{i}, J., Antunovi}, Z., Baban Mirjana,Bogut. I. (2002): Effect of some holstein foals birth bodymeasurements on later development. Sto~arstvo56(1):3-13.

16. Romi}, S. (1951.): Razvoj lipicanca do tri godine.Veterinarski arhiv, 7-8.

17. Saastamoinen, M. (1990): Heritabilities for body sizeand growth rate and phenotypic correlations amongmeasurements in young horses. ActaAgriculturaeScandinavica 40(4):377-386.

18. Stipi}, L. (1980.): Ispitivanje populacije i uzgojnog pro-cesa |akova~kog lipicanca. Sto~arstvo, 34: 291.-300.

62


T. Rastija i sur.: RAZVIJENOST I KORELACIJSKA POVEZANOST SEDMODNEVNE I ŠESTOMJESEÈNE ...

THE DEVELOPMENT AND CORRELATION OF THE SEVEN-DAY-OLD AND SIX-MONTH-OLD LIPPIZANER BREED FOALS

SUMMARY

Observation at he foals development, especially in their first months of life, gives a possibility of their successfulselection. A correct offspring treatment from the early age and a quality feeding of lactating mares ensures a suc-cessful foals breeding, which has a positive influence on their further development. Eighty two six-month-old foalswere included into the research. Measuring of the withers height, chest girth and cannon bone circumference weredone seven days after foaling and at the age of six months. The measuring data were processed by the statisticalprogram SPSS/PC (Nie et al., 1975). A correlation between physical measures of the seven-day-old and six-month-old foals was summed. Withers height of the six-month-old in relation to the seven-day-old foals increased by 35%,the chest girth by 69% and the cannon bone circumference by 34%. The correlation among attained values washighly significant at the level P=0.01 with correlation coefficients ranging between r=0,363 and r=0,820. The aimof this research was to get an insight of the mutual connection of foals development in the early phase, i.e. in thesuckling phase.

Key-words: the Lippizaner breed, offspring, growth and development, correlation



UPUTE AUTORIMA"POLJOPRIVREDA znanstveno-stru~ni ~asopis" (ISSN 1330-7142), kojega publiciraju Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku i

Poljoprivredni institut Osijek, objavljuje znanstvene i stru~ne radove na hrvatskom i engleskom jeziku. Objavljuju se radovi koji nisutiskani u drugim ~asopisima, niti predani u tisak. Izvodi, saèci, sinopsisi, magistarski radovi, disertacije te izlaganja na znanstvenimi stru~nim skupovima ne smatraju se objavljenim radovima. U dodatku ~asopisa mogu se objaviti prikazi knjiga ili njihove recenzije,kra}i prijevodi, osvrti i vijesti iz podru~ja poljoprivrede.

Radovi se {alju u Uredni{tvo ~asopisa u 2 primjerka, a moraju zadovoljiti sljede}e tehni~ke propozicije:

• Maksimalni obujam rada (uklju~uju}i tablice, grafikone, slike i sheme) je 10 stranica A-4 formata (max. znakova 30000,uklju~uju}i razmake izme|u rije~i), saètka disertacije 2 stranice, a saètka magistarskog rada 1 stranica.

• Tekst mora biti pisati u Microfoft Word for Windows, verzija 6.0 ili vi{a, Font Times New Roman, s duplim proredom. Svemargine su 2,5 cm.

• Cijeli rad treba pisati veli~inom slova 11, osim naslova rada (12), naslova i sadràja tablica (10) te saètaka (10).Naslov rada i poglavlja treba pisati velikim podebljanim slovima.

• Grafikoni, slike i sheme trebaju biti ~isti, pregledni i snimljeni u Winword obliku te editirani kao integralni dio rada tj. u tekstugdje dolaze. Radi sigurnije izvedbe tiskanja rada potrebito ih je tako|er dostaviti i u jednom od grafi~kih ili slikovnihformata (*.xls, *.tiff ili *.jpg), isklju~ivo u crno-bijeloj tehnici. Naslovi i sadràji tablica, grafikona, slika i shema u radumoraju biti prevedeni i na engleski jezik, i obrnuto. Ako je rad na hrvatskom jeziku, naslove tablica, grafikona, slika ishema treba pisati podebljanim slovima, a engleske prijevode njihovih naslova, kao i sadràja, treba pisati u kurzivu nebol-diranim slovima, i obrnuto.

• Po~etak odlomka (pasusa) u tekstu ne smije se uvla~iti tabelator tipkom, a odlomke treba razdijeliti tipkom ENTER. Trebakoristiti automatsku numeraciju stranica (pozicija dolje desno).

• Puna imena i prezimena autora, sa zvanjima i adresama ustanova u kojima rade (veli~ina slova 10, kurziv) stavljaju se nakraju prve stranice ispod crte duge 3 cm i ne smiju se pisati u programu automatske fusnote. U slu~aju da rad zahtijevapisanje fusnota, poèljno je koristiti automatske fusnote.

• Citirani autori u radu ne smiju biti podebljani, pisani u kurzivu niti velikim slovima.• Za pisanje decimalnih brojeva u tekstovima i tablicama na hrvatskom jeziku treba koristiti isklju~ivo zareze, odnosno u

engleskoj verziji isklju~ivo to~ke. U hrvatskim tekstovima i tablicama, kao i u popisu literature, iza svih spomenutihgodina obvezno dolazi to~ka.Radovi }e biti recenzirani od najmanje 2 recenzenta iz odgovaraju}eg podru~ja i lektorirani. Recenzenti obavljaju kate-

gorizaciju radova: izvorni znanstveni ~lanak (original scientific paper), pregledni znanstveni ~lanak (scientific review), prethod-no priop}enje (preliminary communication), izlaganje na znanstvenom skupu (conference paper), stru~ni ~lanak (professionalpaper). Svi radovi dobivaju UDK klasifikacijski broj (rad se kategorizira prema odre|enim podru~jima). Radovi tiskani na hrvat-skom jeziku moraju imati kurzivom napisane engleske prijevode Naslova, Saètka, Klju~nih rije~i te tablica i grafikona, i obrnuto.U radu tiskanom na hrvatskom jeziku engleske verzije Saètka i Klju~nih rije~i dolaze na kraju rada, iza poglavlja Literatura, i obr-nuto.

Radovi u pravilu sadrè:

NASLOV: treba biti {to kra}i, informativan, pisan velikim tiskanim (podebljanim) slovima, font 12. Ispod naslova dolaze ini-cijali imena (ènski autori puno ime) i prezime autora bez akademske titule, a iza svakog prezimena ozna~iti eksponentom ukoli-ko autori nisu iz iste ustanove (podebljanim slovima u kurzivu font 11).

SA@ETAK: jezgrovit prikaz rada koji ~itatelju omogu}ava procjenu zanimljivosti rada. Saètak treba biti napisan podebljanimslovima u kurzivu (font 10) i da se bez ve}e prerade moè tiskati u referalnim ~asopisima. Optimalna duìna je oko 100 rije~i.Saètak mora sadràvati klju~ne rije~i bitne zbog uklju~ivanja u informacijske sustave, a koje tako|er treba pisati podebljanim slo-vima u kurzivu (font 10).

UVOD: izlaè se ideja i cilj provedenih istraìvanja, a moè se dati vrlo selektivan osvrt na literaturu, ako nema posebnogpoglavlja "Pregled literature".

MATERIJAL I METODE: detaljno se opisuju samo nove ili modificirane metode. Za poznate metode i postupke daje se samoliteraturni izvor.

REZULTATI I RASPRAVA: opisuju se utvr|ene ~injenice i zakonitosti, obja{njavaju pojave te potvr|uje ili negira postavljenahipoteza. U raspravi treba usporedbom s radovima drugih autora potkrijepiti zna~aj vlastitih istraìvanja. Treba voditi ra~una da seisti podaci ne ponavljaju u tablicama, grafikonima te ponovno u tekstu.

ZAKLJUÂK: sadrì sintezu istraìvanja i rezultata. Pri njegovom pisanju va`na je postupnost u izlaganju.LITERATURA: pi{e se abecednim redom s rednim brojem ispred prvog autora, s punim podacima (autori, godina, naziv refe-

rence, izdava~, mjesto izdavanja, stranice). Autore ne pisati velikim slovima.Zadnju verziju rada, ispravljenu prema primjedbama recenzenata, treba poslati Uredni{tvu u jednom primjerku, kao

i snimak rada na disketi. Rukopisi radova i diskete se ne vra}aju.

Adresa: Uredni{tvo ~asopisa "Poljoprivreda", Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku, Trg sv.Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek

Kontakt osobe i tehni~ki urednici: Manda Antunovi}, tel. +385 31 224 255; Fax: +385 31 207 017; E-mail:[email protected] i Danica Hanèk, tel. +385 31 224 240; E-mail: [email protected]


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Address: Editorial Board of the Journal "Agriculture", The Faculty of Agriculture in Osijek, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, 31000 Osijek, CroatiaContact persons and technical editors: Manda Antunovi}, Tel.: +385 31 224 255; Fax: +385 31 207 017; E-mail:

[email protected] and Danica Hanèk, Tel. + 385 31 224 240; E-mail: [email protected]

UDK 63 ISSN 1330-7142

A G R I C U L T U R EScientific and Professional Review

Volume 9; Number 1; June, 2003

CONTENTS

Z. Zduni}, D. [imi}, I. Brki}, A. Jambrovi}, Renata Zduni}, Tatjana Leden~an ESTIMATION OF GENETIC EFFECTS ON PLANT HEIGHT IN TWO SPECIFIC PAIRS OF INBRED LINES AND ITS SIX BASIC GENERATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Manda Antunovi}, V. Kova~evi}, Mirta Rastija, Z. Zduni}INFLUENCES OF SOIL AND GENOTYPES ON MICRONUTRIENTS STATUS IN MAIZE PLANTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

V. Kova~evi}, I. Brki} INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE ON YIELD AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS IN CORN HYBRIDS . . . . . . . . . 15

B. [imi}, V. Kova~evi}, Zorica Jurkovi}RESPONSE OF MAIZE GENOTYPES TO FERTILIZATION ON HYDROMORPHIC SOIL OF SAVA VALLEY . . . . . . . . 20

Mira Kneèvi}, Marija \urki}, I. Kneèvi}, K. HajbaINFLUENCE OF SOIL TILLAGE AND LOW HERBICIDE DOSES ON WEED POPULATIONS AND SPRING BARLEY YIELD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

A. Kristek, Zvjezdana Magud, Manda Antunovi}, Suzana KristekTHE PRODUCTIVITY OF SUGAR BEET MONOGERM LINES DEPENDING ON CERCOSPORA (Cercospora beticola Sacc.) SUSCEPTIBILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

T. ûpi}, S. Popovi}, Marijana Tucak, M. Stjepanovi}, Sonja Grlju{i}ESTIMATION OF PEA GRAIN YIELD STABILITY (Pisum sativum L.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

T. Karadeniz, A. Kazankaya, T. YarilgaçDETERMINATION OF THE POMOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ALMONDS (Prunus amygdalus Batsh) GROWN IN MALATYA (TURKEY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

M.Yercan, S. EngindenizPROFITABILTY OF DRIED FIG PRODUCTION (A CASE STUDY OF TURKEY) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

P. Miji}, I. Kneèvi}NEW WAY OF EVALUATING COW MILK IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

\. Sen~i}, Marcela [peranda, Z. Antunovi}, T. [perandaFATTENING AND MEATINESS OF SOME TWO CROSSBREEDS IN PIGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

T. Rastija, Z. Antunovi}, Mirjana Baban, I. Mandi}THE DEVELOPMENT AND CORRELATION OF THE SEVEN-DAY-OLD AND SIX-MONTH-OLD LIPPIZANER BREED FOALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

OSIJEK2003.Vol. 91

Documents

Poljoprivreda 2003 Br.1