POLLUTION (Heavy Metals)

7/30/2019 POLLUTION (Heavy Metals)

1/34

Prepared by:- Rahul Pandey

Chandramouli

Dubey

MARINE POLLUTION:

Heavy Metals


2/34

What is marine pollution?

Marine pollution is the introduction by man,directly or indirectly, of substances or energy tothe marine environment resulting in deleterious

effects such as:

Hazards to human health;

Hindrance of marine activities, including fishing;

Impairment of the quality for the use of seawater,

and reduction of amenities.


3/34

Heavy metal pollution

Metals occur naturally in the environment but

due to industrial revolution via technological

advancement, metals concentrations in the

environment are becoming increasingly high.Elevated metals concentration in ecosystem

occurs in areas such as:

Urban areas i.e. cities.

Metallicferous mines where metals are being

mined

Major roads systems vehicle emissions.

Areas characterized by auto mobile activities e.g.


4/34

Bioaccumulation

Pollutants like heavy metals are conservative

pollutants i.e. they arent broken down bybacteria etc and are effectively permanent.

Most plants and animals can regulate their metalcontent to a certain point but metals that cant be

excreted build up in an organism over its lifetime=bioaccumulation .

Animals feeding on bioaccumulators take in ahigher level of contaminants, which bioaccumulate

within themselves. Those animals feeding on them gain even higher

inputs of contaminants, and bioaccumulate evengreater concentrations and so on with animals at

the highest trophic level obtaining highest


5/34


6/34

Sources of heavy metal pollution

Environmental pollution from hazardous metals andminerals can arise from natural as well as

anthropogenic sources.

Natural sources are:

Forest fires

Volcanic activity

Dust particles

Anthropogenic emissions Chemical based inustries

Coal fired power stations

Car exhausts


7/34

Clark (2001)


8/34

Contd.ATMOSPHERIC

Metals can be transferred by the atmosphere in gasor particle form. Particles can fall from the atmosphere onto the land

or sea = dry depositionAlso precipitation can carry particles or dissolved

gases = wet deposition Bubbles breaking the surface of the sea can release

salt particles containing metals can travels fromsea to atmosphere as well as atmosphere to sea

RIVERS Erosion of rocks containing metals Surface runoff sweeps up naturally formed and

anthropogenic metal particles Metals often bind with sediments and are deposited

on the seabed.


9/34

Clark (2001)


10/34

Contd

GROUNDWATER SEEPAGE(natural)

Dissolved substances are carried via ground water

movement

contamination in soil may be picked upby the moving waters.

DELIBERATE DISCHARGE(anthropogenic)

Contaminated waste dumping

Industrial discharges

Sewage


11/34


12/34


13/34

Clark (2001)


14/34

Islam & Tanaka (2004).


15/34

Toxic effect of lead ( Pb)

Absorption of Pb from different sources isdependent on the amount of Pb presented to

portals per unit time and the physical and chemical

state in which Pb is presented.

Depending on the particle size, lead can enterthrough lungs.

While organic lead is well absorbed through the

skin.

lead is chemically similar to calcium, body handles

it like calcium. In the body lead is distributed

throughout bone, teeth, liver, lung, brain.

Nutritional iron deficiency enhances Pb toxicity,


16/34

Lead is used in:Battery casings, pipes, sheetsetc 43 million tons produced a year.

High levels of lead have been found in marine

life near areas of high car density- e.g. 10 ppm in fish caught 300 miles off

California coast.

Contd..


17/34

Different conc. Of lead


18/34


19/34

Toxic effects of mercury(Hg)

Mercury can cause neurological damage, immune

system suppression and can cause fetal

abnormalities in mammals .

In humans it has been associated with variousneurological effects, abnormal development and

heart damage.

In human adults mercury toxicity symptoms

include:

Visual field constriction

Behavioral changes, memory loss, headaches

Tremor, loss of fine motor control, spasticity


20/34

Contd..

If fetuses / infants are exposed to mercury:

Mental retardation

Seizures

Cerebral palsy

Blindness and deafness

Disturbances of swallowing, sucking, and speech

Hypertonia - muscle rigidity


21/34

Contd.

Mercury in the marine environment identified as a

health risk for humans Minamata disease.

In 1952 a factory in Minamata Japan was using

mercury as a catalyst mercury washed intobay.

In 1953 fishermen and farmers showed

symptoms-neurological damage and fetal

deformity etc.

Disease diagnosed in 1956 linked to fish

consumption.

1957 fishing banned in area.


22/34

Mercury in fish

Most fish species have mercury levels ofapproximately 0.15 ppm in muscle tissue

However cod have been found with levels of 1.29

ppm in Sweden and Denmark

Blackfin tuna (Thunnus atlanticus) up to 2ppm 81% more contaminated than 0.5 ppm health

regulation

Little tunny (Euthynnus alletterus) up to 3.4ppm

75% more contaminated than 0.5 ppm health

regulation

High mercury (and other heavy metal) levels have

also been associated with disease -inducedmortalit i.e. mercur ma dama e the immune


23/34

Kidney dysfunction has

been reported in

cetaceans when liver

concentrations of

cadmium exceed 20

ppm wet weight.

Fujise et al. (1988)


24/34

Mercury in whale meatRecent research has

shown that cetacean

meat being sold in

Japan for human

consumption had

extremely high levels

of mercury

Mean contamination levels in cetacean red meat were 22 and

18 times higher than levels permitted by the Japanese

government for total mercury (0.4 ppm)

Levels were exceeded by up to 200x

Mercury levels in boiled liver were even higher: 1,980 ppm (wet

weight).

Rats fed contaminated meat showed signs of kidney


25/34

Clark (2001)


26/34

Toxic effect of Cadmium (Cd)

Cadmium was used in: Electroplating, solder

and as a pigment for plastic. Main sources of current production:

By product of zinc mining

Nickel-Cadmium battery production. Other sources:

Burning coal (0.25-0.5 ppm) and oil (0.3ppm)

Wearing down of car tyres (20-90 ppm)

Corrosion of galvanised metal (impurity: 0.2%

Cd)

Phosphate fertilisers (phosphate rock 100

ppm Cd)


27/34

Contd.

High cadmium levels can lead to: depressed growth,

kidney damage,

cardiac enlargement,

hypertension, foetal deformity,

Cancer

In humans cadmium concentrations above 200-400

ppm in kidney tissue can lead to renal damage


28/34

Itai-Itai

disease


29/34

MANAGEMENT OF POLLUTION FROM

METALS AND MINERALS Technological options should not just be confined to

remediation strategies, but concentrate on mitigationstrategies.

Release within safe limits has to be through three

complementary functions:

1. Technological ;

2. Management (implementation);

3. Regulatory.

Technologies for reduction should be cost- effective andaffordable.

Most industries use engineering technologies for

remediation based on physicochemical methods.

Method should remove meatal from the entire food chain


30/34

Contd...... For liquid effluents- Physico-chemical processes.

For particulate matter- Physico-technical process.

Convertion into solid form and after recycling ptting

back into earth, fixing in such from where it can not leach.

Phytotechnologies to reduce the burden of heavy metal

load.

Some example-

1. Microflora associated with plants; endophytic bacteria,rhizosphere bacteria and mycorrhizae have the

potential to degrade organic compounds in association

with plants and this process is termed

rhizoremediation.


31/34

Contd.....

Modified plants for phytoremediation

1. Ralstonia eutropha (a natural inhabitant of

soil) was transformed using a mouse gene.

2. Transgenic plants of Arabidopsis thalianawere produced for detoxification of soils


32/34

In India: Scope of technology

Common treatment -22

Storage and Disposal Facilities in 10 states havebeen established-7 in Gujarat, 4 in Maharashtra, 3 in

UP, 2 in AP, and 1 each in HP, MP, Punjab, Tamil

Nadu and West Bengal. (CPCB, New Delhi).

Several technologies are developed for water andland sectors for waste management as well as a kit

for testing the quality of water.

For recovery of heavy metals like mercury from

medical devices and CFL bulbs, suitable collection

centres need to be set up, and some refund given.

. In medical devices like thermometers and BP

apparatus, digital devices should replace themercur -based s h momanometers.


33/34

Suggestions for further action:

Recycling/reprocessing of wastes containing toxic

metals needs to be given greater emphasis not onlyfrom environmental and health considerations but also

as a resource conservation measure.

Monitoring of air, water and soil in the vicinity of the

toxic metal processing units needs to be carried outmore rigorously for the specific metal.

Tailings dumps and process wastes lying in locations

close to the processing units need to be remediated on

priority. Guidelines for proper management of tailings and

slags containing toxic metals should be prepared

taking into consideration techno- economic feasibility.

Health monitoring of workers engaged in the


34/34

Thank you for

your patience

Yyyesss.........

Documents

POLLUTION (Heavy Metals)