Positions Evangelist A

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    SURGICAL POSITIONSSURGICAL POSITIONS

    by:by: EUNICE GRACE C. EVANGELISTAEUNICE GRACE C. EVANGELISTA

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    SUPINE POSITION

    The supine position is a position of the body; lyingdown with the face up, as opposed to theprone position, which is face down. When used insurgical procedures, it allows access to the peritoneal,thoracic and pericardial regions; as well as the head,neck and extremities.

    Using terms defined in the anatomical position, thedorsal side is down, and the ventral side is up.

    The Supine or Dorsal Position is the usual position forinduction of general anesthesia and for entering themajor body cavities.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prone_positionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritonealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_positionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomical_positionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pericardiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peritonealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prone_positionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body
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    SUPINE POSITION

    The patient lies on his back with his

    arms in anatomical position and the legsslightly apart. The palm of the hands

    should be facing the body to prevent

    undue muscle strain on the arms.

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    SUPINE POSITION

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    MODIFIED TRENDELENBERGPOSITION

    In the Trendelenburg position the body is laid flat onthe back (supine position) with the feet higher than thehead, in contrast to the reverse Trendelenburgposition, where the body is tilted in the opposite

    direction. This is a standard position used inabdominal and gynecologicalsurgery. It allows betteraccess to the pelvic organs as gravity pulls theintestines away from the pelvis.

    It can also be used in some lower extremity surgery toassist in hemostasis.

    The patient is positioned as in the supine position,

    and the entire operating table is slightly tilted so thatthe patients head is lower than his feet by 1 to 5

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supine_positionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gynecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supine_positionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body
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    MODIFIED TRENDELENBERGPOSITION

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    REVERSE TRENDELENBERGPOSITION

    The Modified Reverse Trendelenberg

    position is generally used for upper

    abdominal surgery and for neck and facesurgery.

    The position permits improved operativeexposure because gravity keeps the

    intestines mostly in the lower part of the

    abdomen.

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    LITHOTOMY POSITION

    The lithotomy position is a medical term referring to acommon position for surgical procedures and medical

    examinations involving the pelvis and lower abdomen.

    References to the position have been found in some of

    the oldest known medical documents includingversions of the Hippocratic oath; the position is

    named after the ancient surgical procedure for

    removing kidney stones, gall stones and

    bladder stones via the perineum. The position is

    perhaps most recognizable as the 'often used'

    position for childbirth: the patient is laid on the back

    with knees bent, positioned above the hips, and

    spread apart through the use ofstirrups.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocratic_oathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall_stoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bladder_stones&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perineumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirruphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perineumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bladder_stones&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall_stoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocratic_oath
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    LITHOTOMY POSITION

    The position is frequently used and has many obviousbenefits from the doctor's perspective. Most notably

    the position provides good visual and physical access

    to the perineal region. The position is used for

    procedures ranging from simple pelvic exams tosurgeries and procedures involving, but not limited to

    reproductive organs, urology, and gastrointestinal

    systems. New observations and scientific findings,

    combined with a greater sensitivity to patient needs

    have raised awareness of the physical and

    psychological risks the position may pose for

    prolonged surgical procedures, pelvic examinations,

    and, most notably, childbirth.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urologicalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reproductive
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    LITHOTOMY POSITION

    Lithotomy positio n and child birt h As a birth position, it has been popular in the past

    with obstetricians as it allows a good view of the birthprocess. However, the position is not conducive to a

    smooth labor as it constricts the birth canal, putspressure on the coccyx, prevents thefetal ejection reflex from occurring, and does not allowthe mother to move during the process, thereforeincreasing pain in labor. During labor, the position

    appears to cause compression of the main maternalblood vessels including the vena cava, therebyreducing the flow of blood to the infant. Restrictedblood flow frequently results in higher rates ofmorbidity and mortality for both fetus and mother.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetricianhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fetal_ejection_reflex&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fetal_ejection_reflex&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccyxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstetrician
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    LITHOTOMY POSITION

    Additionally, since the lithotomy position essentially"fights gravity" leading to a less active birthingprocess. Passive birthing, which often requires moreinvasive medical interventions, is associated withincreased trauma to both infant and mother, may lead

    to serious birth complications. In Western countries the use of the lithotomy position

    for active labour has seen a decline in recent years.One notable exception, however, is the United States,

    where the lithotomy position remains commonpractice despite solid scientific evidence to thecontrary. Many attribute the use of the lithotomyposition, named after surgical procedure to removekidney stones and bladder stones, to a centuries-long

    trend towards the medicalization of birth.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Active_birth&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passive_birth&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_traumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bladder_stones&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bladder_stones&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_traumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passive_birth&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Active_birth&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity
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    LITHOTOMY POSITION

    Additionally, since the lithotomy position essentially"fights gravity" leading to a less active birthingprocess. Passive birthing, which often requires moreinvasive medical interventions, is associated withincreased trauma to both infant and mother, may lead

    to serious birth complications. In Western countries the use of the lithotomy position

    for active labour has seen a decline in recent years.One notable exception, however, is the United States,

    where the lithotomy position remains commonpractice despite solid scientific evidence to thecontrary. Many attribute the use of the lithotomyposition, named after surgical procedure to removekidney stones and bladder stones, to a centuries-long

    trend towards the medicalization of birth.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Active_birth&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passive_birth&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_traumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bladder_stones&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bladder_stones&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidney_stoneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_traumahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passive_birth&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Active_birth&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity
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    LITHOTOMY POSITION

    Lithotomy positio n, pro longedsurgical procedures and circula torycomp lic ations Some studies have found a significant relationship

    between prolonged surgical procedures with the

    patient in the lithotomy position and a circulatory

    complication known as "compartment syndrome",...a

    condition in which increased tissue pressure within a

    limited tissue space compromises the circulation andfunction of the contents of the space."

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartment_syndromehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartment_syndrome
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    LITHOTOMY POSITION

    Lithotomy positio n and pelv icexams Patients have reported feeling a loss of control and

    increased sense of vulnerability when examined in the

    lithotomy position because they cannot see the area beingexamined. Other, equally effective positions have been

    suggested for examinations of conscious patients.

    The lithotomy position affords physicians and surgeons

    with easy and helpful access to the perineal region, lower

    abdomen, and pelvis and is widely used in both surgery

    and examinations. Of all the medical uses, the lithotomy

    position, whose ancient roots come from the treatment of

    the painfully ill, has logically received the most scrutiny of

    late in association with childbirth, the only condition listedherein that is not an "illness".

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    LITHOTOMY POSITION

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    PRONE POSITION

    Patients who are having surgery on the posterior partof the body are placed in prone position.

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    FOWLERs position

    The Modified Fowlers position or the sitting position is usedmostly in neurosurgery.

    In medicine, the Fowler position is a standard patient position. It

    is used to relax tension of the abdominal muscles, allowing for

    improved breathing in immobile patients, and to increase comfortduring eating and other activities. It is also used in postpartum

    women to improve uterine drainage. The patient is placed in a

    semi-upright sitting position (45-60 degrees) and may have knees

    either bent or straight.

    There are several types of Fowlers positions: Low, Semi-, and

    High Fowler's. High Fowler's position is when the patient's head

    is raised 80-90 degrees, whereas semi-Fowler's position is when

    the patient's head is elevated 30-45 degrees.

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postpartum
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    FOWLERs position

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    THEENDTHANK YOU

    AND

    GOD BLESS