EXERCISE # 5EXERCISE # 5

ANIMAL CELL DIVERSITY ANIMAL CELL DIVERSITY AS TO SHAPEAS TO SHAPE

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES1. Recognize varied 1. Recognize varied

shapes of animal cellsshapes of animal cells2. Relate shape to 2. Relate shape to

functionfunction

Specimen SMOOTH MUSCLE

Shape: FUSIFORM

Location of Nuclei: CENTERED

Abundance: SINGLE

Function in relation to shape:

Stretch and still maintain contractility is important in organs like the intestines and urinary bladder.

Specimen SKELETAL MUSCLE

Shape: STRIATED

Location of Nuclei: PERIPHERY

Abundance: MULTINUCLEATED

Function in relation to shape:

Basic machinery necessary for muscle contraction

Specimen HUMAN BLOOD SMEAR

Shape: BICONCAVE

Location of Nuclei: RBC, anucleatedWBC - center

Abundance: RBC- anucleatedWBC- one

Function in relation to shape:

the surface area is increased to allow more haemoglobin to be stored in the cell.

Specimen FROG BLOOD SMEAR

Shape: OVAL/OVOID

Location of Nuclei: CENTER

Abundance: SINGLE

Function in relation to shape:

to contain the nucleus that carries the genetic info needed to make new cells by replication

Specimen AMOEBA

Shape: SHAPELESS

Location of Nuclei: CENTER

Abundance: SINGLE

Function in relation to shape:

For locomotion

Specimen CHROMATOPHORE

Shape: IRREGULAR/STELLATE

Location of Nuclei: CENTER

Abundance: SINGLE

Function in relation to shape:

for maximum color effect

Specimen OVARY

Shape: OVOID/ EGG-SHAPE

Location of Nuclei: CENTER

Abundance: SINGLE

Function in relation to shape:

To contain the ovum

Specimen HUMAN SKIN

Shape: FLAT/ SQUAMOUS

Location of Nuclei: CENTER

Abundance: SINGLE

Function in relation to shape:

secretion, selective absorption, protection, transcellular transport and detection of sensation

Specimen FROG SKIN

Shape: FLAT/ SQUAMOUS

Location of Nuclei: CENTER

Abundance: SINGLE

Function in relation to shape:

passive diffusion of gases

Specimen LIVER CELL

Shape: POLYGONAL

Location of Nuclei: CENTER

Abundance: SINGLE

Function in relation to shape:

To maximize surface area due to being highly metabolically active

Specimen KIDNEY CELL

Shape: CUBOIDAL

Location of Nuclei: CENTER

Abundance: SINGLE

Function in relation to shape:

The cuboidal shape of the kidney cell helps in filtering blood

Specimen SMALL INTESTINE CELL

Shape: COLUMNAR

Location of Nuclei: BASAL/BASE OF THE CELL

Abundance: SINGLE

Function in relation to shape:

responsible for absorbing nutrients from digested food.

Specimen SPINAL CORD

Shape: STELLAR

Location of Nuclei: CENTER

Abundance: SINGLE

Function in relation to shape:

signal transmission, connect to each other to form neural network

Specimen SPERM CELL

Shape: FLAGGELATED

Location of Nuclei: CENTER

Abundance: SINGLE

Function in relation to shape:

the head of the sperm cell, it is used to penetrate the egg, while the thin tail helps move the sperm up the uterus

Specimen TRACHEAL CELL

Shape: PYRAMIDAL

Location of Nuclei: CENTER

Abundance: SINGLE

Function in relation to shape:

function in secretion or absorption

Specimen BONE

Shape: WEB-LIKE

Location of Nuclei: CENTER

Abundance: SINGLE

Function in relation to shape:

to create a network with each other via canaliculi which are used for exchange of nutrients and waste

EXERCISE # 6EXERCISE # 6

CELL DIVISIONCELL DIVISION

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES1. Locate actual cell 1. Locate actual cell

divisiondivision2. Know the parts of 2. Know the parts of

mitosismitosis3. Differentiate mitosis 3. Differentiate mitosis

from amitosisfrom amitosis

INTERPHASE

The material inside the nucleus is largely chromatin(C) which consists of the chromosomes stretched out so that individual chromosomes are not visible. The dark structure(I) represents the nucleolus. Interphase cells typically have one or more nucleoli.

ALLIUM CEPA (MITOSIS)ALLIUM CEPA (MITOSIS)

PROPHASE.

Observe the condensing chromosomes (dark regions) in the cell on the upper left in early prophase.

Note the cell on the lower left with more prominent chromosomes and having lost the nuclear envelope.

METAPHASE

This a very nice metaphase cell. Observe the chromosomes(Ch) at the equator of the spindle. The spindle(S) is highly visible. especially on the lower half of the cell.

ANAPHASE

The cell to the left is a nice mid anaphase. If you closely compare the chromosomes with the metaphase cell, you can tell that the chromosomes are now unduplicated.

EARLY TELOPHASE

The arrow is pointing to the spindle of this telophase cell. Also, there is a faint cell plate.

LATE TELOPHASE

Note that the cell plate goes almost all the way across the original cell and the reforming of the nuclear envelope.

CRITERIA MITOSIS AMITOSIS

1. Number of daughter cell produced

2 2

2. Nuclear content separation of chromosomes in the cell nucleus into 2 identical sets

DNA molecule replicates and nucleus divides into 2

3. Nature of daughter cells genetically identical to each other and to the mother cell

genetically identical but smaller in size

4. Rate of division fast slow

5. Cellular changes PMAT then cytokinesis

nucleus and cytoplasm are directly cut into two