PRACTICEMAKES
PERFECT
Dorothy Richmond
SpanishVerb
TensesSECOND EDITION
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ISBN 978-0-07-163930-9MHID 0-07-163930-6
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Audio Answer KeyAnswers to all exercises are available online in audio text format. Spoken by native Spanish speakers, the 2 hours of recordings provide a convenient way to improve your Spanish pronunciation and listening comprehension as you check your answers.
1. Select the LANGUAGES menu option at mhprofessional.com.2. Launch the Audio Study Player. (You may need to enable pop-ups within
your browser.)3. Locate the answer key under:
Spanish Practice Makes Perfect Spanish Verb Tenses (Parts I, II, and III)4. Select the required chapter, then click on the appropriate exercise in the
playlist. Corresponding text appears in the adjacent lyric panel.
v
Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Introduction xi
I THE PRESENT TENSE 1 1 Conjugation of regular verbs 3
The basics of verbs 3
Conjugating verbs 4
Regular -ar verbs 5
Negative sentences 7
Regular -er verbs 9
Regular -ir verbs 11
Asking questions 14
2 Ser and estar 19Using ser 20
Using estar 25
3 Hay 31
4 Tener 35Possession 35
Age 37
Idiomatic expressions with tener 37
Obligation 39
5 The personal a 43
6 Common irregular verbs 47Phrases with two verbsquerer, poder, deber 49
Describing the weatherhacer, estar 50
Playing gamesjugar 51
Expressing future actionir a infinitive 52
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vi Contents
7 Saber and conocer 57Saber 57
Conocer 60
8 Stem-changing verbs 65o > ue 65
e > ie 67
e > i 69
9 Irregular verb groups 73Infi nitives ending with -cer preceded by a vowel 73
Infi nitives ending with -ucir 75
Infi nitives ending with -cer or -cir preceded by a consonant 77
Infi nitives ending with -ger or -gir 78
Infi nitives ending with -aer 80
Infi nitives ending with -uir not preceded by g 81
Infi nitives ending with -guir 83
10 Refl exive verbs 87
11 Verbs like gustar 93
12 The present progressive 99Formation of the present progressive 99
Object pronouns with the present progressive 104
II THE PAST TENSES, THE FUTURE TENSE, THE CONDITIONAL TENSE, AND THE PRESENT AND PAST PERFECT TENSES 107
13 The preterite tense 109Regular verbs in the preterite 110
Irregular verbs in the preterite 117
Verbs that change meaning in the preterite 132
14 The imperfect tense 135Regular verbs in the imperfect 136
Irregular verbs in the imperfect 136
When to use the imperfect 137
15 The future tense 159Regular verbs in the future 159
Irregular verbs in the future 164
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Contents vii
16 The conditional tense 171Regular verbs in the conditional 171
Irregular verbs in the conditional 174
17 The present perfect tense 179Formation of the present perfect 179
18 The past perfect tense 187Formation of the past perfect 187
III THE IMPERATIVE, THE SUBJUNCTIVE, THE FUTURE AND CONDITIONAL PERFECT TENSES, AND THE PASSIVE VOICE 195
19 The imperative 197t commands 197
usted commands 202
ustedes commands 204
vosotros commands 205
nosotros commands 207
Notable characteristics of commands 207
20 The present subjunctive 211Formation of the present subjunctive 212
Uses of the present subjunctive 214
21 The imperfect subjunctive 233Formation of the imperfect subjunctive 233
Uses of the imperfect subjunctive 234
22 The future perfect tense 245Formation of the future perfect 245
Uses of the future perfect 245
23 The conditional perfect tense 251Formation of the conditional perfect 251
Uses of the conditional perfect 252
24 The present perfect subjunctive 257Formation of the present perfect subjunctive 257
Uses of the present perfect subjunctive 258
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viii Contents
25 The pluperfect subjunctive 263Formation of the pluperfect subjunctive 263
Uses of the pluperfect subjunctive 264
26 The passive voice 271Incomplete passive voice 271
Complete passive voice 277
appendix a Verb conjugation charts 281
appendix b Verbs that take a preposition 285
Answer key 291
Spanish-English glossary 311
English-Spanish glossary 325
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195
THE IMPERATIVE, THE SUBJUNCTIVE,
THE FUTURE AND CONDITIONAL PERFECT TENSES, AND
THE PASSIVE VOICE
In this third and fi nal section of the book, we cover the imperative (commands), the subjunctive mood, the compound tenses, and the passive voice.
So far, weve covered the present, the past, and the future in the indicative mood. Its time to do the same in the subjunctive: Instead of reporting events as they happen (indicative), we refer to situations that involve uncertainty, desire, ignorance, emotion, or an impersonal opinion (subjunctive).
We begin by working with the imperative, because that establishes a good foundation for working with the subjunctive. Th en we build on that foundation by learning to speak in complete sentences of hopes and desires for outcomes over which we have little or no controlthis is the essence of the subjunctive mood. Th e three aspects of timepast, present, and futureall exist within the subjunc-tive framework. However, instead of reporting situations as they occur, occurred, or will occur, we comment on situations as wed like (or not like) to believe that they are, were, or will be.
III
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197
MOOD ImperativeTIME Refers to the presentKEY PHRASES Any commandSTRUCTURE Simple: verb base verb ending
Th e imperative deals with a single aspect of the languagegiving commands. We call the imperative a mood rather than a tense, because commands do not vary according to time as the tenses do. Th e only time frame involved in a command is now, as in Clean your room now.
Statements in the imperative are direct. Th ere are no qualifi ers, such as I want you to clean your room or You should clean your room. Th e message is straightforward, oft en containing only one wordGo! Stop! Look! Wait! Listen!
Th e understood recipient of any command is you. Even when admonishing yourself to do something, you are speaking to yourself as you (the t form in Spanish). We can, however, also give we commands, which in English usually begin with letsLets dance, Lets eat, Lets go.
Th is chapter covers commands in fi ve sections: a section for each of the four forms of you in Spanish (t, usted, vosotros, and ustedes), and a fi ft h section for we, or nosotros, commands. Verbs for which the affi rmative command (Go!) diff ers from the negative command (Dont go!) in Spanish will be cov-ered, as will the use of object pronouns with commands.
One fi nal note: Work with the imperative establishes a good foundation for working with the present subjunctive, which is introduced in the next chapter.
t commandsRegular affi rmative commands
A regular affi rmative command is formed by simply dropping the s from the second-person singular conjugated form, as follows.
Hablas. You speak. Habla! Speak!Comes. You eat. Come! Eat!Vives. You live. Vive! Live!
The imperative 19
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198 practice makes perfect Spanish Verb Tenses
191EJERCICIO
Traduccin
