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++ ....................................................................................................................... 7 1.1. .......................................................................... 7 .............................................................................. 7 / ..................................................................... 9 ................................. 10 ++........................................................................ 12 .............................................................................................. 13 .............................................................................. 14 ................................................................................ 15 .

................................... 16 1.2. ............................................................... 17 1.3. ............................................................................... 17 ............................................................................. 17

1.4. ..................... 19 1.5. ...................................................................... 19

2 , ............................................................................................... 20

2.1. ........................................................................ 20 ? ................................................................................... 20 : switch break ..................................... 20 .................................................................................. 21 while............................................................................................... 21 dowhile ....................................................................................... 22 ................................................................ 22 for ......................................................................................... 23 ....................................................................................... 24 .............................................................. 25

2.2. ............................................................................................. 26 2.3. ............................................................... 27 2.4. ............................................................................... 28 ............................................................................. 28 ......................................................... 29

2.5. ...................................................................... 30 3 ................................... 32

5

3.1. ........................................................................ 32 ............................................. 33 ................................................ 34 ................................................................................. 34

3.2. ............................................................... 36 3.3. ............................................................................... 36 ............................................................................. 36 ......................................................... 38

3.4. ...................................................................... 40 4 ................................ 41

4.1. ........................................................................ 41 .............................................................................................. 41 ............................................................................................... 42 ........................................................................... 43 ................................................................................... 46 .................................................................. 51

4.2. ............................................................... 54 4.3. ............................................................................... 54 ............................................................................. 54 ......................................................... 54 ............................................................... 59

4.4. ...................................................................... 60 5 ................................... 62

5.1. ........................................................................ 62 .............................................................. 64 ++ .......................................................................................... 71

5.2. ............................................................................... 75 ............................................................................. 75 .................................................................... 76 ......................................................... 78

5.3. ...................................................................... 78 6 .................................... 79

6.1. ........................................................................ 79 .......................................................................................... 79 ++........................................................................................... 80

6.2. ............................................................... 84 6.3. ............................................................................... 84 ............................................................................. 84 ......................................................... 84

6.4. ...................................................................... 87

6

7 ................................. 88 7.1. ........................................................................ 88 ..................................................................... 88 ............................................................................... 93 ........................................ 94

7.2. ............................................................................................... 99 7.3. ............................................................. 101 7.4. ............................................................................. 101 ........................................................................... 101 ....................................................... 101

7.5. .................................................................... 102 8 ............ 103

8.1. ...................................................................... 103 .................................................................. 103 .......................................................................... 104 .................................................................. 105 ........................................................................... 106

8.2. ............................................................................................. 108 8.3. ............................................................. 112 8.4. ............................................................................. 113 8.5. .................................................................... 127

..................................................................................... 128

1 ++

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1.1.

C++ - , ,

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main(). . main() -

. , . , , , . ++ . 1.1.

++ ( 1.1 1.2).

1.1. Hello, world! #include

// using namespace std; // // int main() // main()

1 ++

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{ // main() cout

1 ++

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// // cout

1 ++

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. / , printf() scanf(). 5. , ++

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3. ( ) / , , . ++ , , , sin(), cos(), sqrt(), . , , . ( main() .) .

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++, . , , . ' , ( , INCLUDE).

, , "file.h". . , . ++, , Microsoft Visual C++, Borland

C++, , . , AT&T C++ GNU C++ Unix Linux, , . - (, Unix vi, ed, emacs).

Windows. , Borland Builder C++ : bcc32 unit1.cpp Visual Studio: mc unit1.cpp - ,

/? h. , ,

unit1.exe.

1 ++

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pow(2, n+l)-l = ,

.

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1 ++

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. : bool int char float double : (int a[5]) (int*a) void ( ). , '

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. , :

1 ++

14

struct () union (') enum () lass ()

signed unsigned (, ). short long ' int. , : float ; double ; long double . ' (

), sizeof: cout

1 ++

15

. (, int x). (, int x=1). , : char ch;

int count =1; const double pi=3,141592; extern int error_number; /*, , */ char *name =Njal; // ( ) char *season[]={spring, summer, autumn, winter}; // double sqrt(double); //

. if , . : if ( ) 1;

if ( ) 1; else 2; else if,

: if ( ) 1;

else if 2; else if 3; else if n; else n+1; ( ),

onepamop1; ( ), onepamop1 ,

1 ++

16

onepamop2 else. . , if, {}. .

x y: if(x

1 ++

17

20 2 0 10 2 0 5 2 1 2 2 0 1

, : 2010 = 101002. 511:

511 16 15=F 31 16 15=F 1

: 51110 = 1FF16. b , n,

011... aaaa nn , : n = an * bn + an-1 * bn-1 + + a1 * b + a0 . .

: 1111 : 11112 = 1 * 23 + 1 * 22 + 1 * 21 + 1 = 1510 16 : 168 = 1 * 81 + 6 = 1410 FF : FF16 = 15 * 161 + 15 = 25510

1.2. 1. . 2. . 3. .

1.3.

1. a, b, c ,

, . 2. a>=1. : 1/ sin(). 3. . , -

.

1 ++

18

4. a, b, c. , a>=b>=c, a b.

5. x, y r, .

6. :

10),sin(1010,2

10,1

xxxax

xx

y

. .

7) 33

4

a

xy ; 13) a

xxysin

3cos ;

8) x

xy 1)42(4log ; 14) axaxtgy 321 ;

9)

x

ay 1ln ; 15) a

xy 13 ;

10) ax

xxy

2cos

2)2sin( 3 ; 16) 22 b

xtgabx

y ;

11) xa

xycos2

42 ; 17) 2

21

342

x

xaxy

;

12) 2

3cos2)1(

333 x

x

xxy

; 18) 3)2(5)(

233

ax

xaa

xxy

.

1 ++

19

1.4.

1. , 31.

2. 1000. 3. 11001. 4. 01000.

1.5. 1. ++? 2. ++

? 3. ? ? 4. . 5. ? 6. ++? 7. ? 8. . 9. . 10. . 11. ++ / ?

2 ,

20

2 ,

: ,

.

2.1.

? ++ if... else.

. : ( ) ? 1 : 2 , 1,

2. . , x ? : max=(x>y) ? x:;

cout

2 ,

21

. , switch. , case, switch. , case, . , , default ( ). break.

switch. break , , case default , oepa break. case default

switch.

. . ,

(). ++ :

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, -, , -, , . while : while ()

; .

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22

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while (i++

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23

, , .

10 . i=1;

while( i++>rez; if (rez==15) break; cout

2 ,

24

. for : for (1; 2; 3) ; 1 .

. , fr . 2. . 2 , ( ). 2 , . 3 .

, {}. y. : int i, rez=1;

for ( i=1; i

2 ,

25

cout

2 ,

26

for (char chr='A'; chr

2 ,

27

{ int total=0, gradeCounter, grade, average; gradeCounter=1; while (gradeCounter grade; total=total+grade; gradeCounter=gradeCounter+1; } average=total/10; cout

2 ,

28

2. , 1, 2 3.

3. .

2.4.

1 , : 1. ,

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. 5. ,

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2. , , , .

3. , , , .

3 :

while, for. 1. .

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29

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3. , 100, .

4. 10 .

5. , 100, .

6. 10 .

7. .

8. , 3. 9. n. (

n 1 n, n!=123n).

10. . .

11. n.

12. n m. 13. y=x2

[1,5] 1. 14. 1 1000,

3. 1. , 1000 (

fn f0=f1=1; fn=fn-1+fn-2 n=2,3,... 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ...).

2. , m (m>1) ( fn f0=f1=1; fn=fn-1+fn-2 n=2,3,... 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ...).

3. ( , , , , 6=1+2+3) .

4. , ( )?

2 ,

30

5. n. , (, , 1221).

6. , , . , .

7. n 1/2+3/4+5/6+...

8. 5 , . 9. ,

n. 10. ,

An=(x*n)/n!. 11. n . ,

.

12. , .

13. , , .

14. n. , , n .

15. y=sin(x)*x, [c,d] 0.001.

16. , . , 2p-1, p .

17. , 20%, .

18. 1+2-3+4-5+...+n, n .

2.5. 1. if? 2.

. 3. ++? 4. , ? 5. fr? 6. ?

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main(). main() ( ) . , , , , . main(), -

. . , , , . ++ : ; ; . : .

: /* */

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, (int). , void. . void. ,

.

3

33

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, . , ;. , .

. ++ , . ++ . '_(_);

f(x); , , h=f(x); . f , , h , , return.

. . .

, . . : void foo(int i, int j = 7); //

void foo(int i = 3, int j); // void foo(int i, int j = 7, int k = 8); //

3

34

void foo(int i = 1, int j = 7, int k = 8); // void foo(int i, int j = 7, int k); //

. . . : int max(int, int);

double max(double, double); ++

inline. , , [1]. inline double cube (double x)

{ return (x*x*x); } .

, inline .

. , , , , . ++ . , . 3.1.

#include

int fact(int n); int main()

3

35

{ int m; cout > m; cout

3

36

cout

3

37

6) 2

3cos2)1(

333 x

x

xxy

; 20) 2

21

342

x

xaxy

;

7) 3

)2sin(72

aaxxy ; 21)

ax

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1

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;

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xyx

x

yxy

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233

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;

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522

z

xx

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; 23) 22sin

b

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bxbxy

;

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x

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y ; 24) 43

2

425

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22

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a

bay ;

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baay

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; 26) 92

5

55

x

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x

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xzxz

x

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3

38

1. n. 1!+2!+3!+......+n!

( n 1 n, n!=123n).

2. n :

!...

!2!11

2

nxxx n .

3. n :

23

2...233

23232

22231

21

nn .

4. n

3*3*...

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5. . , , .

6. , b, c, d. , , . .

7. , . , . , , .

8. , , ( , , 12421).

9. , , ( , , , 6 25, 36 625).

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11. . 12. ,

. 13. x, y.

y), xy, -f(xy) xy, ,f(

2

22x ,

cbacbaf

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3

39

14. x, y. 5y) g(2x,-)2y g(1.5x,+y) g(x, ,

5

0

22

5

0 242),(

i i

ibiai iabai

ibia

bag .

15. x, y. )3g(y

y)- xg(1.3x,+y) 1.8g(x, ,

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0 )!5(

3322

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0 !),(

i i

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bag .

16. x, y. )5),5,55(max()5,()5,( xyxtytxt , 2

22)(),(b

ababat . .

17. x, y. ))2,2(,min()3,(),32( yxtyxyxtyxyxt ,

22

),(bb

aababat .

. 18. x, y.

0),max(,

2

1

0),min(,2

2

32

232

yxyyx

xyx

yxyyxyx

t .

. 19. ( n k)

: Cnk=Cn-1k-1+Cn-1k, Cn0=Cnn=1. Cnk, .

3

40

20. fn f0=f1=1; fn=fn-1+fn-2 n=2,3,... , n fn: () ; () n

4

41

4

: ,

.

4.1.

++ &,

, . , vr , &vr . ++ . ,

'. - '. : *

4

42

(. 4.1): int vr = 1;

int* ptr = &vr; // ptr vr

. 4.1.

++ ( ) *. * , , . . . ptr , *ptr , ptr. : int *ptr; //

*ptr=1; // ( // vr, ) * &.

[1]: int a = 1, b;

int* ptr = &a; // a cout

4

43

. & (), -. .

4.1. #include

using namespace std; int main() { int t = 13, int &r = t;// t // r t cout

4

44

. int masl[492];// 492 ,

// int main() { double mas2[250];// 250 double static char mas3[20]; // 20 int mas4[2][4]; // int ... } [] ,

, , . . , . n-1, n .

. , . ,

, : int days[12]={31,28,31,30,31,30,31,31,30,31,30,31}; ,

, .

. . , char code[] = {'a', 'b', 'c'}; code 3. ( )

.

4

45

, , [1]. , : . , , . () [1]. int mas[4];

int* ptr = mas;

. 4.1 &mas[0]

ptr &mas[1] ptr+1

&mas[2] ptr+2

&mas[3] ptr+3

mas[0] *ptr

mas[1] *(ptr+1)

mas[2] *(ptr+2)

mas[3] *(ptr+3)

, ptr+i &mas[i] , i ( ) ptr &mas ( i=0..3). , ptr+i , &mas[i] . [1]: mas = ptr;

++mas; mas = mas + 3; ptr

. [1]: const int N = 10;

int mas[N]; int* ptr = mas; // ptr = &mas[0] // 1 : ptr int sum1 = 0; for (ptr = mas; ptr < &mas[N]; ++ptr) sum1 += *ptr; // 2 : int sum2 = 0;

4

46

for (int i = 0; i < N; ++i) sum2 += mas[i]; // sum2 += *(mas + i);

. : int mas[4][2]; // 4 2

int *ptr; ptr=mas

mas. mas &ms[0][0] . ptr+1 mas[0][1], : mas[1][0], mas[1][1], mas[2][0] . .; ptr+5 mas[2][1]. , , : . 4.2 ptr ptr+1 ptr+2 ptr+3 ptr+4 ptr+5 ...

mas[0][0] mas[0][1] mas[1][0] mas[1][1] mas[2][0] mas[2][1] ...

,

. ,

. ++

new delete. . ( , heap) , , [1]. new (

4

47

), delete . new . new _;

new _ ; new _[]; new

, , . , new 0, . delete : delete ;

delete[] ; .

. , . . int n; // n

cin >> n; // int* mas = new int[n]; // delete[] mas; // mas n .

int* mas = new int[n] : int, .

: int n, *mas; // n - , mas

int cin >> n; mas = new int[n]; // delete[] mas; // delete[] mas

.

4

48

! delete new. ! . 4.2 ,

#include

using namespace std; int main() { int *a; int n; cout

4

49

cin>>n; cout

4

50

for(int i = 0; i < n; i++){ for(int j = 0; j < m; j++){ cout

4

51

,

. . ,

. , . , , . , ( ) . char[]

' , \0 ( ). - . 4.4. , ,

. : //

#include ; using namespace std; int dl(char[]);// dl int main() { char p[]=""; cout

4

52

return i; } : : 7. - ,

, . . 4.5. ,

, 5 . : //

#include using namespace std; int sum(float x[5]) { float s=0; for(int i=0;i

4

53

z. 5,

x. , , . . z. .

, ( ). 4.6.

,

. #include

using namespace std; float summa(int n,float a[][3]) { float s=0; for(int i=0;i

4

54

4.2. 1. . 2.

. 3. .

4.3.

. : . 1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. ( ) . 6. . , . 7. . , , .

1. nxm :

1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 10 0

4

55

2. nxn :

0 1 1 1 1 02 0 1 1 0 42 2 0 0 4 42 2 0 0 4 42 0 3 3 0 40 3 3 3 3 0

3. nxn :

6 1 1 1 1 52 6 1 1 5 42 2 6 5 4 42 2 5 6 4 42 5 3 3 6 45 3 3 3 3 6

4. nxm :

1 2 3 4 5 6 12 11 10 9 8 7 13 14 15 16 17 1824 23 22 21 20 19

5. nxn : - , , ( fn f0=f1=1; fn=fn-1+fn-2 n=2,3,... 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, ...).

6. nxn : , .

7. nxn. .

4

56

8. nxm :

1 8 9 16 17 242 7 10 15 18 233 6 11 14 19 224 5 12 13 20 21

9. nxm :

1 5 9 13 172 6 10 14 183 7 11 15 194 8 12 16 20

10. nxn , N 1, , .

11. nxm :

19 20 21 22 23 2418 17 16 15 14 137 8 9 10 11 126 5 4 3 2 1

12. nxn. ( , : i- i- ).

13. nxn :

1 3 4 10 112 5 9 12 196 8 13 18 207 14 17 21 2415 16 22 23 25

14. nxm. , , . , .

4

57

15. nxm , . , .

16. nxn , .

17. nxn. .

18. nxm . .

19. nxn. . 20. nxm. , .

21. nxm , . , .

22. nxn. .

4

58

23. nxm 3, . , 9.

24. nxm. , .

25. nxn. , , . , .

26. nxm. .

27. nxn. . 28. 1 N, , , (1/2)*N*(1+N). . 29. "" - , n , n , . 30. nxm. . .

4

59

1. ,

. () : () 3 3, 5 5, 7 7, . {a, b, c} a < b < c b, {a, b, c, d} a < b < c < d (b + c)/2. . (, 20 20) 2000 2000. 1...255. 3 3 :

mas[i][j] {mas[i-1][j-1], mas[i-1][j], mas[i-1][j+1], mas[i][j-1], mas[i][j], mas[i][j+1], mas[i+1][j-1], mas[i+1][j], mas[i+1][j+1]}.

2. ,

. ( ). mas[i][j]

:

4

60

() : 1 2 1 [ 1][ 1] [ 1][ ] [ 1][ 1]

[ ][ ] 0 0 0 [ ][ 1] [ ][ ] [ ][ 1]1 2 1 [ 1][ 1] [ 1][ ] [ 1][ 1]

x

mas i j mas i j mas i jG i j mas i j mas i j mas i j

mas i j mas i j mas i j

= mas[i-1][j-1] + 2*mas[i-1][j] + mas[i-1][j+1] mas[i+1][j-1] 2*mas[i+1][j] - mas[i+1][j+1].

( ). () :

1 0 1 [ 1][ 1] [ 1][ ] [ 1][ 1][ ][ ] 2 0 2 [ ][ 1] [ ][ ] [ ][ 1]

1 0 1 [ 1][ 1] [ 1][ ] [ 1][ 1]y

mas i j mas i j mas i jG i j mas i j mas i j mas i j

mas i j mas i j mas i j

= mas[i-1][j-1] + 2*mas[i][j-1] + mas[i+1][j-1] mas[i-1][j+1] 2*mas[i][j+1] - mas[i+1][j+1]. [i, j] :

2 2[ ][ ] [ ][ ] [ ][ ]y yG i j G i j G i j .

(, 20 20) 2000 2000. 1...255.

4.4. 1. ? ? ? 2. ? 3. , ? 4. ? ? &? 5. ? 6. ? . 7. ? ?

4

61

8. ? 9. ? ? 10. new delete? ? 11. ? ? 12. ? ? .

5

62

5

:

++.

5.1. /++ /

, . . /++ :

/ ( fstream) / ( stdio.h). ++. ++

. - ++ /. , ++ ++. /++ , (. 5.1).

. 5.1. /++

.

, () . , ,

5

63

. . , . , main()

, exit(), . , ,

abort(), . .

, . FILE. , . ++.

. ++ . - . :

1. /. 2. . :

1. . C++ .

, : . ,

(, ) ( ).

. ( /). , 10 .

. .

.

5

64

fopen(),

printf() (fprintf()), scanf() (fscanf()), fclose(). f ,

. . fopen() : FILE* fopen (const char * _, const char *

) : _ , ,

C:\\WINDOWS\\system.ini. . /++ .

. 5.1.

r . . w . , . , . a . , . ,

. r+ . . w+ . , . a+ . , . -

. , . b

t ( ).

5

65

FILE, 0 . . . #include

int main() { using namespace std; // FILE * my = fopen(myfile.txt, r); if(!my) printf( !); }

fprintf() : int fprintf (FILE * , const char * , ...) : FILE,

. . ,

%[][][.][] ,

, . . 5.2

/

c d i -234 f 34.32 s Hello, World! u 123

5

66

. . 5.3 flags

- . , 0

. 5.4 width

. , , .

, . . 5.5 .precision

. d, i, u , . , . f . s .

. 5.6 length

H short int unsigned short int ( i, d, u)

l long int unsigned long int ( i, d, u)

L long double ( f)

5

67

, . : fprintf(stdout, %3.1f, 3.141)

// PI 1 , 3.1 fprintf() ,

.

(. 5.7) int fscanf (FILE * stream, const char * format, ...) : stream FILE,

; format . ,

[=%[*][width][modifiers]type=]

. 5.7 * , . width , . modifiers , length fprintf() type , . , specifier fprintf(). c, d, f, s,

u. .

, . 5.2 test.in 2

test.out.

5

68

#include #include int main() { using namespace std; const char *input = "test.in", *output = "test.out"; int a, b; // FILE * in = fopen(input, "r"); if(!in) { perror(input); return -1; } // 2 if(fscanf(in, "%d %d", &a, &b) != 2) { printf(" 2 .\n"); return -2; } // FILE * out = fopen(output, "w"); if(!out) { perror(output); return -3; } // fprintf(out, "%d", a + b) ; return 0; }

5

69

, (, ). size_t fread (void * ptr, size_t size, size_t count,

FILE * stream); // size_t fwrite (const void * ptr, size_t size, size_t count, FILE * stream); // : ptr ,

; size ; count ; stream FILE,

. fread() (fwrite())

() . 5.3 . //

struct { int version; char name[20]; int data_size; } header; FILE* input = fopen(test.hdf, r+b) // if(!fread(&header, sizeof header, 1, input)) { printf( !); exit(-1); } printf(%d, header.version); header.version++;

5

70

// if(!fwrite(&header, sizeof header, 1, input)) { printf( !); exit(-2); } (

) int fseek (FILE * stream, long int offset, int

origin) : stream FILE,

; offset origin; origin , offset.

: SEEK_SET ; SEEK_CUR ; SEEK_END . 0, . , fseek(f, 20, SEEK_SET);

// 20 ,

long int ftell ( FILE * stream), stream

FILE, . , . FILE* f = fopen(test.txt, r);

fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END); long size = ftell(f); int fclose (FILE *

stream) stream FILE, . : fclose(in);

5

71

++

++. / ifstream ofstream. ifstream ofstream (class). , . - . , ,

/ cin cout ( 1), ifstream ofstream. : ifstream ( const char * filename, mode);

ofstream ( const char * filename, mode); void open ( const char * filename, mode);

void open ( const char * filename, mode); : filename , /etc/passwd; mode . ++ :

. 5.8 app . . ate . binary . in . out . trunc . , .

(|).

, ios::binary | ios::in .

5

72

/ //

ifstream in1(test.in); // , open() ifstream in2; in2.open(test.in); // ofstream out1(test.out); // , open() ifstream out2; out2.open(test.out); ifstream ofstream

(endl, width, setf, hex) (getline()), cin cout (. 1). , : ofstream o(test.txt);

o

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73

int a, b; in >> a >> b; ofstream out("test.out"); if(!out) { cerr

5

74

int n, m; in >> n >> m; // int** mat = new int* [n]; for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i) mat[i] = new int[m]; // for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i) for(int j = 0; j < m; ++j) in >> mat[i][j]; double sum = 0; // for(int i = 0; i < n; ++i) for(int j = 0; j < m; ++j) sum += mat[i][j]; // ofstream out("tst4.out"); if(!out) { cerr

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75

5.2.

1. test.in . . test.out. cstdio. 2. test.in . . test.out. fstream. 3. test.in NxN. . test.out. cstdio. 4. test.in NxN. . test.out. fstream. 5. test.in . test.out test.in, Hello. test.out. cstdio. 6. test.in . test.out test.in, Hello. test.out. fstream. 7. test.in . Hello World. test.out. cstdio. 8. test.in . Hello World. test.out. fstream. 9. test.in . . (: Hello, World! hELLO, wORLD!). test.out. cstdio. 10. test.in . . (: Hello, World! hELLO, wORLD!). test.out. fstream.

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76

1. , ++ ( *.cpp) /* */. cstdio. 2. , ++ ( *.cpp) /* */. fstream. 3. , ++ ( *.cpp) // . cstdio. 4. , ++ ( *.cpp) // . fstream. 5. , - (, ) . cstdio. 6. , - (, ) . fstream. 7. , () . (*.txt)? (*.exe)? cstdio. 8. , () . (*.txt)? (*.exe)? fstream. 9. , ($H = - \sum_{i=0}^{255} f_i \log f_i$, $f_i$ -- $i$). Word (*.doc) (*.zip). cstdio. 10. , ($H = - \sum_{i=0}^{255} f_i \log f_i$, $f_i$ -- $i$). Word (*.doc) (*.zip). fstream. 11. , ( 8). cstdio.

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77

12. , ( 8). fstream. 13. , ( 8). cstdio. 14. , ( 8). fstream. 15. . This program (*.exe)? cstdio. 16. . This program (*.exe)? fstream. 17. , 5 . cstdio. 18. , 5 . fstream. 19. , ( ). cstdio. 20. , ( ). fstream. 21. , ( ). cstdio. 22. , ( ). fstream. 23. , ( ). cstdio.

5

78

24. , ( ). fstream.

1. , . [.., .., .., .. " "]. 2. , . 3. , N- (N > 2) . , N- [.., .., .., .. " "].

5.3. 1. ++? 2. ?

6

79

6

:

STL ++ C.

6.1.

(namespace) ++,

' , . . namespace []

{ // } , ,

::. , using namespace. , : using namespace [] 6.1.

#include

using namespace std; namespace spaceA { int MyVal=10; }

6

80

namespace spaceB { int MyVal=20; } namespace spaceC { int MyVal=30; } void Test() { using namespace spaceB; cout

6

81

string hi(hello); // string lo=greetings; // string es=; // , - : string name(Fred);

name = Flintstone; // ' .

(>) , . 6.2. -

#include

// STL #include using namespace std; int main() { string s; while (cin >> s) // // cin cout great) if (lo < hi)

6

82

, : cout

6

83

char ch1 = s0[3]; cout

6

84

string lo=greetings; // string g(lo); // string es=; // string s; // return 0; }

6.2. 1. . 2.

. 3. .

6.3.

1. . 2. , . 3. . 4. . 5. '' ''. 6. ''. 1. , ,

, . 2. , ,

"". , "" . "", , .

3. , , . . . , ', , , '.

6

85

4. --. , 1-5-94, 01-05-94. , , , .

5. , () . , . , , , "!", - "!".

6. , ( ) .

7. . . - , , =3, ..

8. , , .

9. , ', , : , ).

10. , Z. 11. , ,

1 , 1 . 12. , ,

. , , .

13. . , , , . ( , ).

14. . , .

15. , ' , . .

16. , .

17. , .

6

86

18. "" "" ( , , "" ""). .

19. , ( , , "" ""). .

20. i- . 21. , - .

. , .

22. , "*". . , .

23. : ) ; ) ; ) . . 24. , 2 ,

. . , .

25. , , - . .

26. . . , .

27. .

28. ( ) , [X, Y]. X Y , .

29. , ( ). , - .

30. , , , . - , : .

31. , 1 5 .

6

87

- . , , , , .

32. ', .

33. - .

34. , .

35. ( ) , [X, Y]. X Y , , , .

36. , .

37. , .

38. "" ?

6.4. 1. STL C++? 2. ++ ? 3. ? 4.

7

88

7

: ++ .

7.1.

( ,

exception handling) C++. , . . , , , , . . C++

: try, catch throw. , , try.

7

89

try, ( throw), ( catch) . , try,

. - catch, try. try catch: try {

// } catch (type1 arg) { // } catch (type2 arg) { // } catch (type arg) { // } try ,

. , main(). - catch. try catch. T, catch , . , , catch,

7

90

() , catch. try ( , try , catch, try). , arg . , catch type, arg . - , . throw: throw ; throw try,

- , . ,

catch, . C++, unexpected() terminate(). terminate() abort(), . , terminate(), abort()

unexpected(), . , , .

7

91

terminate() set_terminate(), unexpected() set__unexpected(). catch .

, , throw . double mean(double a, double b) throw(char *); , -, ,

. , abort(). -, - , , . , , char *, double. double multipleErrorsFunction(double z) throw(char

*, double); ,

, . , . double simple(double z) throw ();

// try , ,

7

92

try. - , (...): catch(...)

{ // } try,

throw . catch (char* s)

{ cout

7

93

, try ,

, , , . , , , try catch. . C++

. . , , ( ). , , , . , . , , , , , . , .. , , , . , , , .., . , ( ). - .

7

94

, , , . , , . , , , , try. , , . . , - , . , , , try . , . ++

main(): void main(int argc, char *argv[])

7

95

argc () argv . . , , , . . argc , . 7.1. ,

#include

using namespace std; void main(int argc, char *argv[]) { cout

7

96

argv[0] , argc 1. , main() argv

( ). for argv. ( , , argc). 7.2. ,

#include

using namespace std; void main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int i; for (i = 0; i < argc; i++) cout

7

97

#include using namespace std; void main(int argc, char *argv[]) { int i; for (i = 0; argv[i] != NULL; i++) { cout

7

98

. , , .

ecvt(), fcvt(), gcvt().

atof(), atoi(), atol(). 7.4. atof(), atoi(), atol() #include

main( ) { char *s; double x; int i; long l; s=" -2309.12E-15"; x=atof(s); cout

7

99

i=atoi(s); cout

7

100

cin >> a; cout

7

101

7.3. 1. . 2. . 3. .

7.4.

1

. 1.

. 2.

++. 3.

: try; ,

.

1. , 7.4,

.

7

102

2. assert .

3. .

7.5. 1. ?

++? 2. ?

? 3. assert

? 4. ++ ? 5. ,

++?

8

103

8

: ,

.

8.1.

,

, / . , . ,

, . - , . ( ),

8

104

. ( , .) -

.

. 8.1.

, . new .

.

.

8

105

. 8.2.

. .

. 8.3. -

, . , . ( , )

. - . , ( ) .

8

106

. 8.4. ,

, ++ . , (linker) . , . . ++ , , , . , Microsoft C++, Project. Unix Linux make.

8

107

. , , . ( , ). , , . , , , .

. , #include , . . , .

: ,

, ; main(),

; . .

, , , .

8

108

, . : ; , #define

const; ; ; ; .

(project list). #include . ,

, [3].

8.2. ,

. . : , -

8

109

++, . , module.h

// FILE module.h

#include #include using namespace std; struct element { string str; element* next; }; element* EnterList(); int Count(element*); // FILE module.cpp with functions body #include "module.h" element* EnterList() { element *first, *current; string answer; cout

8

110

cin>> current->str; cout> answer;

while(answer != "n") { current->next = new element; current = current->next; cout >current->str; cout> answer; } current->next = NULL; return first; } int Count(element* list) { int result = 0; if(!list) { cout

8

111

result++; list=list->next; } return result; } // FILE project1.cpp with main() function #include "module.h" int main() { element *current, *top; top = EnterList(); current = top; while(current!=0) { coutstr next; } cout

8

112

.

8.3. 1. . 2. .

- . 3. . 4.

. 23

:

8

113

(), (, ) ( new, delete );

, , ; ( ) ;

( ), , , ;

; .

8.4. . 1.

() ( ). , : ) (T) ; ) (, i, j, ), , i, ,

, j- ; ) (T, i, j), i- j- ; ) (, i, j), i- j- . ) (), ; ) (),

(#) . ( fgets())

8

114

2.

() ( ). , : ) (, i, j), i- j- ; ) (, j), j- ; ) (, , i, j), , , ,

, i j , i , j ; ) (T,c)

; ) (), ; ) (),

(#) . ( fgets())

3. ()

(. ) (. )

E1 ...L

L

E2 En nil

E1 ...E2 En nil

typedef double ;

struct { ; * ; };

8

115

L, L1 L2 , , 1 2- , . , : ) , L ; ) L ; ) L E1 2; ) L; ) ; ) . 4. ()

(. ) (. )

typedef char ;

struct { ; * ; }; L, L1 L2 , , 1

2- , . , : ) , L ; ) L ;

8

116

) ASCII L, . ) . 5. ()

(. ) (. )

E1 ...L

L

E2 En nil

E1 ...E2 En nil

typedef char [10];

struct { ; * ; }; L, L1 L2 , , 1 2

, . , L, ; ) ; ) , ; ) ; ) ; ) . 6. ()

(. ) (. )

8

117

E1 ...L

L

E2 En nil

E1 ...E2 En nil

typedef char [10];

typedef file of ; rr [1..50] f ; , , : ) f ; ) ( ). 7. ()

(. ) (. )

E1 ...L

L

E2 En nil

E1 ...E2 En nil

L, L1 L2 , , 1 2- , . , ) L E, ;

8

118

) L : L1 L2 L { = double}. ) L2 , , ) (

). 8. ()

(. ) (. )

E1 ...L

L

E2 En nil

E1 ...E2 En nil

L , , 1 , . { = char*} , ) L ; 6) L ; ) L; ) L E1 E ; ) . 9. ()

(. ) (. )

8

119

E1 ...L

L

E2 En nil

E1 ...E2 En nil

L , , 1 , . { = char*} , ) L 1

, L; ) L 1 2

; ) L,

, , ; ) L ; ) . 10. ()

(. ) (. )

8

120

E1 ...L

L

E2 En nil

E1 ...E2 En nil

L , , 1 , . { = char*} , : ) L ; ) L , ; ) L ,

) L ; ) . 11. ()

(. ) (. )

E1 ...L

L

E2 En nil

E1 ...E2 En nil

L , , 1 , . { = int}

8

121

, 0. , : ) ; ) ,

; ) ; ) . 12. ()

(. ) (. )

L , , 1 , . { = char*} , : ) L1 L2; ) , L1 L2; ) , L1 (L2) ; ) L1 (L2)

; ) .

8

122

13. () (. ) (. )

E1 ...L

L

E2 En nil

E1 ...E2 En nil

L , , 1 , . { = char} , : ) L1 L2; ) L1

L2, L1; ) L1 (L2),

, ; ) L

; ) . 14. ()

(. ) (. )

8

123

E1 ...L

L

E2 En nil

E1 ...E2 En nil

L , , 1 , . { = double} , : ) , L; ) L; ) L; ) L E1 E2; ) . 15. ()

(. ) (. )

L , , 1 , . { = double}. , :

8

124

) L ; ) L1 L ; ) L; ) L . ) . 16. ()

(. ) (. )

E1 ...L

L

E2 En nil

E1 ...E2 En nil

L , , 1 , . { = double} , L,

, : ) L1 L2; ) L1 L2; ) L1, L2; ) L1 L2,

. ) L . 17. ()

(. ) (. )

8

125

E1 ...L

L

E2 En nil

E1 ...E2 En nil

L , , 1 , . { = double} ,

L1 L2 ( = double) ; ) L; ) L1 L2

L1. ) . 18. L , , 1 ,

. typedef * ;

struct { char* ; * '; }; , : ) L ,

L ; ) L ) L ; ) L;

8

126

) L, .

e) . 19. 0111 *...**)( AXAXAXAXP nnnn (. 14 ),

Ai =0, E1 ...L

L

E2 En nil

E1 ...E2 En nil

( . 14 XXXXP 840 *3*52)( . , ,

- ) (,q),

q; 6) (, ),

) (, q), q; ) (, v),

, ' v ; (, S (s',') 52y**40-3y**8+y); ) (),

( ) - .

8

127

20. L ()

(. 15) ( E *char)

L E1 E2 En...

.15 , : ) , L ; ) L, ; ) , L ,

( ) ; ) L

E, E L ; ) .

8.5. 1. ? 2. ? . 3. . 4. ++ ? 5. .

128

1. . - C++. , 2001. 464 . 2. . ++. . , 2008. 1104 . 3. - C++. . , 2007. 1184 . 4. . . , . . - C++. , 2007. 800 .