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PRARANCANGAN PABRIK TRISODIUM FOSFAT
DARI ASAM FOSFAT, SODIUM KARBONAT
DAN SODIUM HIDROKSIDA
KAPASITAS 35.000 TON PER TAHUN
A. HALAMAN JUDUL
Disusun sebagai Salah Satu Syarat untuk Memperoleh
Gelar Kesarjanaan Strata 1 Fakultas Teknik
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Oleh :
Ratna Dwi Susanti
D 500 120 013
Dosen Pembimbing :
Ir. Nur Hidayati, M.T., Ph.D.
Hamid Abdillah, S.T., M.T.
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK KIMIA FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
SURAKARTA
2017
ii
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK KIMIA
Nama : Ratna Dwi Susanti
NIM : D 500 120 013
Judul Skripsi : Prarancangan Pabrik Trisodium Fosfat dari Asam Fosfat,
Sodium Karbonat,dan Sodium Hidroksida Kapasitas 35.000
Ton per Tahun
Dosen Pembimbing :1. Ir. Nur Hidayati, M.T., Ph.D.
2. Hamid Abdillah, S.T., M.T.
Surakarta, April 2017
Menyetujui,
Pembimbing I
Ir. Nur Hidayati, M.T.,Ph.D
NIK. 975
Pembimbing II
Hamid Abdillah, S.T., M.T.
NIK. 894
Mengetahui,
Dekan
Fakultas Teknik
Ir. H. Sri Sunarjono. M.T., Ph.D
NIK. 682
Ketua Program Studi
Teknik Kimia
Rois Fatoni, S.T., M.Sc., Ph.D
NIK. 892
iii
PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN SKRIPSI
UNIVERSITAS MUHAMMADIYAH SURAKARTA
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
PROGRAM STUDI TEKNIK KIMIA
Saya yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini:
Nama : Ratna Dwi Susanti
NIM : D 500 120 013
Program Studi : S1 Teknik Kimia
Judul Skripsi :Prarancangan Pabrik Trisodium Fosfat dari Asam Fosfat, Sodium
Karbonat, dan Sodium Hidroksida Kapasitas 35.000 Ton per
Tahun
Menyatakan dengan sebenarnya bahwa skripsi yang saya buat ini, adalah
hasil karya saya sendiri, kecuali kutipan-kutipan dan ringkasan-ringkasan yang
dirujuk dari sumbernya.
Surakarta, April 2017
Penulis
iv
INTISARI
Prarancangan pabrik trisodium fosfat bertujuan untuk memasok kebutuhan
trisodium fosfat secara domestik dalam industri kimia. Trisodium fosfat dengan
bahan baku sodium karbonat, asam fosfat, dan sodium hidroksida yang
berkapasitas 35.000 ton/tahun direncanakan beroperasi selama 330 hari/tahun,
yang akan didirikan di Gresik, Jawa Timur.
Proses yang digunakan untuk pembentukan trisodium fosfat pada fase cair
dan padat dengan sifat reaksi irreversible, isothermal pada suhu 900C dengan
tekanan 1 atm, reaksi ini bersifat eksotermis. Proses produksi trisodium fosfat
dilakukan dengan empat buah reaktor RATB dimana reaktor (R-120) dan (R-121)
difungsikan untuk mereaksikan sodium karbonat dan asam fosfat dengan konversi
reaksi sebesar 99%, sedangkan pada reaktor (R-130) dan (R-131) difungsikan
untuk mereaksikan disodium fosfat dengan sodium hidroksida. Produk trisodium
fosfat yang dihasilkan sebanyak 4.419.1919 kg/jam, untuk menghasilkan produk
sesuai perhitungan, maka dibutuhkan bahan baku asam fosfat sebanyak
2.287.9682 kg/jam, sodium karbonat sebanyak 1.248,0101 kg/jam dan sodium
hidroksida sebanyak 920,28 kg/jam. Unit pendukung proses (utilitas) meliputi
penyediaan air pendingin 57.775,49 kg/jam, air untuk kebutuhan steam sebesar
3.054,3387 kg/jam yang di produksi dari boiler dengan bahan bakar solar sebesar
529,833 L/jam, air untuk sanitasi sebesar 1.885,667 kg/jam. Pabrik trisodium
fosfat ini membutuhkan listrik sebesar 746,014 Kw disediakan dari PLN dan
disediakan sebuah generator set sebagai cadangan. Kebutuhan udara tekan
sebesar 30 m3/jam. Pabrik ini direncanakan berdiri di Gresik, Jawa Timur pada
tahun 2023 dengan luas 14.671 m2
dengan jumlah karyawan sebanyak 161 orang.
Dari analisis ekonomi terhadap pabrik trisodium fosfat menunjukkan
keuntungan sebelum pajak Rp 60.252.913.141 per tahun setelah dipotong pajak
keuntungan mencapai Rp 42.177.039.199 per tahun. Percent Return On
Investment (ROI) sebelum pajak 15,14% dan setelah pajak 10,60%. Pay Out Time
(POT) sebelum pajak 3,98 tahun dan setelah pajak 4,85 tahun. Break Even Point
(BEP) sebesar 57,29% dan Shut Down Point (SDP) sebesar 24,86% dan IRR
terhitung sebesar 19,67%. Dari data analisis kelayakan di atas disimpulkan, bahwa
pabrik ini menguntungkan dan layak untuk didirikan.
Kata Kunci :Trisodium Fosfat, disodium fosfat, CSTR/RATB
v
ABSTRAK
Trisodium phosphate plant aims to supply domestic needs of trisodium
phosphate in the chemical industry. Trisodium phosphate with the raw material
sodium carbonate, phosphoric acid, and sodium hydroxide with a capacity of
35,000 tons / year is planned to operate for 330 days / year.
The process used for the formation of trisodium phosphate in liquid and
solid phase reaction nature irreversible, isothermal at 90⁰C with a pressure of 1
atm, the reaction is exothermic. Trisodium phosphate production process is done
with four reactor RATB wherein the reactor (R-120) and (R-121) is intended for
reacting sodium carbonate and phosphoric acid reaction conversion of 99%,
while in the reactor (R-140) and (R-141) is intended for reacting disodium
phosphate with sodium hydroxide. Trisodium phosphate products generated as
much 4.419.1920 kg/hour, to produce the products according to the calculation,
the required raw materials as much phosphoric acid 2.287.9682 kg/hour, sodium
carbonate and sodium hydroxide as much as 1.249,58 kg/hour and 469,96
kg/hour. Process support unit (utility) covers the supply of cooling water
57.775,49 kg/hour, water for steam requirements of 3.054,3387 kg/hour in the
production of boilers with diesel fuel amounted to 529,833 L/h, water for
sanitation amounted to 1.885,667 kg/hour. Trisodium phosphate plant requires
746,014 Kw of electricity supplied from PLN and provided a generator set as a
backup. Compressed air requirement of 30 m3/h. The factory is planned to stand
in Gresik, East Java, in 2023 with an area of 14.671 m2 and employs 161 people.
From the economic analysis of trisodium phosphate plant showed a profit
before tax of Rp 60.252.913.141 per year after tax profits reached Rp
42.177.039.199 per year. Percent Return On Investment (ROI) before tax 15,14%
and 10,60% after tax. Pay Out Time (POT) before tax3,98 years and after tax
4,85 years. Break Even Point (BEP) amounted to 57.23% and Shut Down Point
(SDP) amounted to 24.86% and accounted for 19.67% IRR. From the data above
feasibility analysis concluded that the plant is profitable and feasible to set.
Keywords :Trisodium phosphate, disodium phosphate, CSTR/RATB
vi
MOTTO
“Sesungguhnya sesudah kesulitan itu ada kemudahan. Maka apabila kamu telah
selesai (dari suatu urusan) kerjakan dengan sungguh-sungguh (urusan) yang lain,
dan hanya kepada Tuhan mu lah kamu berharap.”
(Q.S Asy-Syarh: 6-8)
“Nobody is perfect, but you can make it easy with your hardworked and always
have positive thinking”
vii
PERSEMBAHAN
Segala puji syukur selalu tercurah kepada-Mu Yaa Allah SWT atas segala nikmat
dan karunia-Mu sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini dengan
baik.
Tugas akhir ini saya persembahkan untuk:
1. Ibu, Bapak dan Kakak Perempuan tercinta yang telah memberikan
dukungan dan semangat sehingga saya bisa menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.
2. Partner saya Faza Hadaina, terima kasih telah menjadi partner TPP ku.
Terima kasih untuk kesabaran, pertemanan dan kerjasamanya untuk dapat
menyelesaikan tugas akhir ini.
3. Teman baik saya Rizky Shinta W, terima kasih atas waktu dan
pengertiannya yang telah menemani saya selama ini dan bersabar terhadap
saya.
Teman-teman mahasiswa Fakultas Teknik UMS angkatan 2012 yang sudah
memberikan banyak kebahagian, keceriaan, pengalaman, pelajaran, dan kenangan
yang mendalam selama masa perkuliahan untuk saya. Terima kasih atas doa dan
semangat dari kalian semua.
viii
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur penulis panjatkan kepada Allah SWT atas limpahan berkah,
rahmat, taufik dan hidayah-Nya sehingga penulis dapat menyelesaikan Tugas
Akhir dengan judul “Prarancangan Pabrik Trisodium Fosfat dari Asam Fosfat,
Sodium Hidroksida, dan Sodium Karbonat dengan Kapasitas 35.000 Ton/Tahun”.
Sholawat serta salam selalu penulis panjatkan kepada Nabi Besar Muhammad
SAW yang kita nantikan syafa’atnya di Yaumul Qiyamah nanti.
Tugas Prarancangan Pabrik merupakan salah satu syarat yang wajib
ditempuh untuk menyelesaikan Program Studi S-1 Teknik Kimia, Fakultas
Teknik, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
Tak dapat penulis pungkiri, dalam mengerjakan maupun menyusun
laporan tugas akhir penulis mendapatkan kesulitan. Sehingga, pada kesempatan
ini, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada pihak-pihak yang telah
memberikan dukungan, bimbingan, dan bantuan hingga terselesaikannya laporan
tugas akhir ini. Adapun pihak-pihak tersebut, antara lain:
1. Ibu Ir.Nur Hidayati, M.T., Ph.D sebagai dosen pembimbing I
2. Bapak Hamid Abdillah, S.T., M.T. sebagai dosen pembimbing II
3. Bapak Rois Fatoni, ST., M.Sc., Ph.D. Sebagai ketua Program Studi teknik
Kimia Fakultas Teknik Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
4. Seluruh dosen dan staf Teknik Kimia Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
5. Segenap teman-teman mahasiswa Teknik Kimia FT UMS khususnya
angkatan 2012.
Penulis berharap semoga laporan ini bermanfaat bagi semua pihak yang membaca.
Surakarta, April 2017
Penulis
ix
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ........................................................................................ i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ......................................................................... ii
HALAMAN KEASLIAN SKRIPSI ............................................................... iii
INTISARI ......................................................................................................... iv
ABSTRAK ......................................................................................................... v
MOTTO ............................................................................................................ vi
PERSEMBAHAN ............................................................................................ vii
KATA PENGANTAR ...................................................................................... viii
DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................... ix
DAFTAR TABEL ............................................................................................ xiv
DAFTAR GAMBAR ....................................................................................... xvi
BAB I ................................................................................................................. 1
PENDAHULUAN ............................................................................................. 1
1.1 Latar Belakang ................................................................................. 1
1.2 Kapasitas Perancangan ...................................................................... 2
1.2.1 Kebutuhan trisodium fosfat di Indonesia. ............................... 2
1.2.2 Ketersediaan bahan baku ........................................................ 3
1.2.3 Kapasitas minimal ................................................................... 3
1.3 Lokasi Pabrik ................................................................................... 4
1.4 Tinjauan Pustaka .............................................................................. 5
1.4.1 Proses ....................................................................................... 5
1.4.2 Kegunaan Produk ..................................................................... 6
1.4.3 Sifat-sifat Bahan Baku dan Produk ........................................... 6
1.4.3.1 Bahan Baku .................................................................. 6
1.4.3.2 Produk .......................................................................... 10
1.4.4 Tinjauan Proses .......................................................................... 10
BAB II ............................................................................................................... 12
DESKRIPSI PROSES ...................................................................................... 12
2.1 Spesifikasi Bahan Baku dan Produk ................................................ 12
2.1.1 Spesifikasi bahan baku .............................................................. 12
2.1.2 Spesifikasi produk ..................................................................... 13
x
2.2 Konsep Dasar .................................................................................... 13
2.2.1 Dasar reaksi ............................................................................... 13
2.2.2 Tinjauan termodinamika .......................................................... 14
2.2.3 Tinjauan kinetika ...................................................................... 17
2.2.4 Kondisi operasi .......................................................................... 17
2.3 Deskripsi Proses ............................................................................... 18
2.3.1 Diagram Alir Proses ................................................................. 20
2.4 Neraca Massa dan Neraca Panas ...................................................... 23
2.4.1 Neraca Massa ........................................................................... 24
2.4.2 Neraca Panas ............................................................................ 30
2.5 Lay Out.............................................................................................. 37
2.5.1 Lokasi pabrik ............................................................................. 37
2.5.2 Lay out pabrik .......................................................................... 38
2.5.3 Lay out peralatan ...................................................................... 42
BAB III ............................................................................................................. 45
SPESIFIKASI ALAT PROSES ....................................................................... 45
3.1 Belt Conveyor.................................................................................... 45
3.1.1 Belt Conveyor-01 ...................................................................... 45
3.1.2 Belt Conveyor-02 ...................................................................... 45
3.1.3 Belt Conveyor-03 ...................................................................... 46
3.2 Blower ............................................................................................... 46
3.3 Bucket Elevator ................................................................................. 46
3.3.1 Bucket Elevator -01 ................................................................... 46
3.3.2 Bucket Elevator -02 ................................................................... 47
3.4 Centrifuge-01 .................................................................................... 47
3.5 Cooler ............................................................................................... 48
3.6 Filter udara ....................................................................................... 48
3.7 Evaporator ......................................................................................... 49
3.8 Filter ................................................................................................. 49
3.8.1 Rotary Drum Filter -01 ........................................................... 49
3.8.2 Rotary Drum Filter -02 ........................................................... 49
3.9 Gudang Na3PO4.12H2O .................................................................... 50
3.9.1 Gudang Na2CO3 ...................................................................... 50
3.10 Heat Exchanger .............................................................................. 51
xi
3.10.1 Heat exchanger-01 .................................................................. 51
3.10.2 Heat exchanger-02 .................................................................. 51
3.10.3 Heat exchanger-03 .................................................................. 52
3.10.4.Heat exchanger-04 .................................................................. 52
3.11 Hopper ............................................................................................ 53
3.11.1 Hopper-01 ................................................................................ 53
3.11.2 Hopper-02 ................................................................................ 53
3.12 Kristalizer ....................................................................................... 54
3.13 Kondenser ....................................................................................... 54
3.14 Mixer ............................................................................................... 54
3.14.1 Mixer-01 ................................................................................... 54
3.15 Pompa ............................................................................................. 55
3.15.1 Pompa-01 ................................................................................ 55
3.15.2 Pompa-02 ................................................................................ 56
3.15.3 Pompa-03 ................................................................................ 56
3.15.4 Pompa-04 ................................................................................ 57
3.15.5 Pompa-05 ................................................................................ 57
3.15.6 Pompa-06 ................................................................................ 57
3.15.7 Pompa-07 ................................................................................ 58
3.15.8 Pompa-08 ................................................................................ 58
3.15.9 Pompa-09 ................................................................................ 58
3.15.10 Pompa-10 .............................................................................. 59
3.15.11 Pompa-11 .............................................................................. 59
3.15.12 Pompa-12 .............................................................................. 60
3.16 Reaktor ............................................................................................ 60
3.16.1 Reaktor-01 ............................................................................... 60
3.16.2 Reaktor-03 ............................................................................... 61
3.17 Rotary Dryer ................................................................................... 62
3.18 Tangki Penyimpanan H3PO4 ........................................................... 62
3.19 Tangki Penyimpanan NaOH ........................................................... 63
BAB IV ............................................................................................................... 64
UNIT PENDUKUNG PROSES (UTILITAS) DAN LABORATORIUM ... 64
4.1 Unit Pendukung Proses (Utilitas)...................................................... 64
4.1.1 Unit Penyediaan air dan Pengoahan air ................................... 65
xii
4.1.2 Unit Penyediaan Steam ............................................................ 75
4.1.3 Unit Penyediaan Listrik ............................................................. 77
4.1.4 Unit Penyediaan Bahan Bakar .................................................. 80
4.1.5 Unit Pengolahan Limbah ........................................................... 88
4.1.6 Unit Penyediaan Tekanan Udara ............................................... 89
4.2 Laboratorium..................................................................................... 89
4.2.1 Laboratorium Fisik ................................................................... 90
4.2.2 Laboratorium Analitik .............................................................. 90
4.2.3 Laboratorium Penelitian dan Pengembangan ........................... 90
4.2.4 Analisa Air ............................................................................... 90
4.2.5 Analisa Sampel ......................................................................... 91
BAB V ............................................................................................................... 96
MANAJEMEN PERUSAHAAN ..................................................................... 92
5.1 Bentuk Perusahaan .......................................................................... 92
5.2 Struktur Organisasi ......................................................................... 93
5.3 Tugas dan Wewenang ..................................................................... 96
5.3.1 Pemegang Saham ...................................................................... 96
5.3.2 Dewan Komisaris ...................................................................... 96
5.3.3 Direktur ..................................................................................... 96
5.3.4 Kepala Bagian ........................................................................... 97
5.3.5 Karyawan .................................................................................. 97
5.3.6 Sekretaris ................................................................................... 98
5.3.7 Staf Ahli .................................................................................... 98
5.4 Sistem Kepegawaian dan Sistem Gaji ................................................ 98
5.5 Pembagian Jam Kerja Karyawan ...................................................... 99
5.6 Status karyawan dan sistem upah ..................................................... 101
5.7 Kesejahteraan Sosial Karyawan ........................................................ 103
BAB VI .............................................................................................................. 105
ANALISA EKONOMI ..................................................................................... 105
6.1 Dasar Perhitungan ............................................................................. 105
6.2 Perhitungan Biaya ............................................................................. 108
6.2.1 Investasi modal (Capital Investment) ........................................ 108
6.2.2 Biaya Produksi (Manufacturing Cost) ...................................... 108
xiii
6.2.3 Pengeluaran Umum (General Expenses) .................................. 108
6.3 Analisis Kelayakan ........................................................................... 109
6.3.1 Percent Return On Investment (ROI) ........................................ 109
6.3.2 Pay Out Time (POT) ................................................................. 109
6.3.3 Break Even Point (BEP) ............................................................ 109
6.3.4 Shut Down Point (SDP) ............................................................ 110
6.3.5 Discounted Cash Flow .............................................................. 110
6.4 Hasil Perhitungan .............................................................................. 111
6.4.1 Total Fixed Capital Investment ................................................. 111
6.4.2 Working Capital Investment ...................................................... 111
6.4.3 Total Capital Investment (TCI) ................................................. 111
6.4.4 Direct Manufacturing Cost ....................................................... 112
6.4.5 Indirect Manufacturing Cost ..................................................... 112
6.4.6 Fixed Manufacturing Cost ........................................................ 112
6.4.7 Total Manufacturing Cost (TMC) ............................................. 113
6.4.8 General Expenses ...................................................................... 113
6.4.9 Total Production Cost (TPC) .................................................... 113
6.4.10 Analisa Keuntungan ................................................................ 113
6.4.11 Analisis Kelayakan .................................................................. 117
BAB VII ............................................................................................................ 118
KESIMPULAN ................................................................................................ 118
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ....................................................................................... 119
LAMPIRAN ..................................................................................................... 121
xiv
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1.1 Data impor trisodium fosfat ................................................................ 2
Tabel 1.2 Data kapasitas produksi pabrik trisodium fosfat di dunia .................. 4
Tabel 2.1 Data panas pembentukan pada suhu 25⁰C .......................................... 14
Tabel 2.2 Data energi Gibbs pada suhu 25⁰C .................................................... 15
Tabel 2.3 Arus massa .......................................................................................... 23
Tabel 2.4 Naraca massa total .............................................................................. 24
Tabel 2.5 Neraca massa mixer (M-110) .............................................................. 25
Tabel 2.6 Neraca massa reaktor (R-120) ............................................................ 25
Tabel 2.7 Neraca massa reaktor (R-121) ............................................................ 26
Tabel 2.8 Neraca massa filter-01 ........................................................................ 26
Tabel 2.9 Neraca massa reaktor-03 .................................................................... 27
Tabel 2.10 Neraca massa reaktor-04 .................................................................. 27
Tabel 2.11 Neraca massa filter-02 ...................................................................... 28
Tabel 2.12 Neraca massa evaporator .................................................................. 28
Tabel 2.13 Neraca massa pada kristaliser ......................................................... 29
Tabel 2.14 Neraca massa pada centrifuge ......................................................... 29
Tabel 2.15 Neraca massa pada rotary dryer ....................................................... 29
Tabel 2.16 Neraca panas heater-01 .................................................................... 30
Tabel 2.17 Neraca panas mixer-01 ..................................................................... 30
Tabel 2.18 Neraca panas pada heater-04 ............................................................ 31
Tabel 2.19 Neraca panas pada heater-02 ............................................................ 31
Tabel 2.20 Neraca panas pada reaktor-01 ........................................................... 31
Tabel 2.21 Neraca panas pada reaktor-02 ........................................................... 32
Tabel 2.22 Neraca panas filter-01 ....................................................................... 33
Tabel 2.23 Neraca panas pada reaktor-03 .......................................................... 33
Tabel 2.24 Neraca panas pada reaktor-04 ........................................................... 34
Tabel 2.25 Neraca panas pada filter-02 .............................................................. 34
Tabel 2.26 Neraca panas pada evaporator ......................................................... 35
Tabel 2.27 Neraca panas kondenser ................................................................... 35
Tabel 2.28 Neraca panas pada cooler ................................................................. 35
Tabel 2.29 Neraca panas pada kristalizer ........................................................... 36
xv
Tabel 2.30 Neraca panas pada centrifuge ........................................................... 36
Tabel 2.31 Neraca panas pada rotary dryer ........................................................ 37
Tabel 2.32 Perincian luas tanah dan bangunan pabrik ....................................... 39
Tabel 4.1 Daftar kebutuhan air pendingin ......................................................... 74
Tabel 4.2 Daftar air proses pengenceran ............................................................ 74
Tabel 4.3 Daftar air untuk pembuatan uap air .................................................... 74
Tabel 4.4 Daftar kebutuhan air sanitasi ............................................................. 75
Tabel 4.5 Kebutuhan listrik proses .................................................................... 78
Tabel 4.6 Kebutuhan listrik utilitas ................................................................... 79
Tabel 4.7 Total kebutuhan listrik total ............................................................... 80
Tabel 5.1 Jadwal kerja untuk setiap regu ............................................................ 101
Tabel 5.2 Perincian golongan, kualifikasi, jumlah dan gaji karyawan .............. 102
Tabel 6.1 Cost index chemical plant ................................................................... 106
Tabel 6.2 Total fixed capital investment ............................................................. 111
Tabel 6.3 Working capital investment ................................................................ 111
Tabel 6.4 Total capital investment. ..................................................................... 111
Tabel 6.5 Direct manufacturing cost .................................................................. 112
Tabel 6.6 Indirect manufacturing cost ................................................................ 112
Tabel 6.7 Fixed manufacturing cost ................................................................... 112
Tabel 6.8 Total manufacturing cost .................................................................... 113
Tabel 6.9 Total General expenses ...................................................................... 113
Tabel 6.10 Total production ............................................................................... 113
Tabel 6.11 Fixed manufacturing cost ................................................................. 114
Tabel 6.12 Variable cost ..................................................................................... 115
Tabel 6.13 Regulated cost ................................................................................... 115
Tabel 6.14 Analisis kelayakan ........................................................................... 117
xvi
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1.1 Hubungan trisodium fosfat dengan tahun ekspor ........................... 3
Gambar 2.1 Diagram alir kualititatif prarancangan pabrik trisodium fosfat ...... 21
Gambar 2.2 Diagram alir kuantitatif prarancangan pabrik trisodium fosfat ...... 22
Gambar 2.3 Tata letak prarancangan pabrik trisodium fosfat ............................ 41
Gambar 2.4 Tata letak peralatan ......................................................................... 44
Gambar 4.1 Denah utilitas prarancangan pabrik trisodium fosfat ...................... 68
Gambar 5.1 Susunan struktur organisasi perusahaan ........................................ 95
Gambar 6.1 Hubungan tahun dengan cost index ............................................... 107
Gambar 6.2 Analisis kelayakan ekonomi pabrik trisodium fosfat ..................... 117
