Pre- AP/IB Midterm Review Packet 1 · 2019-01-16 · Pre- AP/IB Midterm Review Packet 3 Complex Civilizations Map On the map below, draw and identify any geographic or environmental

Pre- AP/IB Midterm Review Packet 1

Name: ______ANSWER KEY______ Date: ______________

Directions: Please read and follow directions on each page carefully so as not to skip any sections of the

review packet. Be sure to use your classwork and textbook to include as much information as possible.

Identify the Aspects of PERSIAN Identify the Five Themes of AP World History

P olitical

E conomic

R eligious

S ocial

I interactions

A rts and technology

N ature

1 Interaction between humans and the environment

2 Development and interaction of cultures (CULTURAL DIFFUSION)

3 State-building, expansion, and conflict

4 Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems

5 Development and Interaction of social structures

Label the following on the map below:

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers Asia Black Sea

Huang He/Yellow River Africa Indian Ocean

Red Sea Europe Jerusalem (A)

Indus River Atlantic Ocean Constantinople (B)

Nile River Pacific Ocean Baghdad (C)

Gobi Desert Mediterranean Sea Ganges River

Himalayan Mountains Sahara Desert Rhine River

ASIA ATLANTIC

OCEAN

AFRICA

EUROPE

PACIFIC

OCEAN

INDIAN

OCEAN

A

C

B

A TIMELINE OF COMPLEX, CLASSICAL, AND POST-CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

Timeline notes:

Sumer and Babylon were Mesopotamian City-States that evolved into empires

The Shang Dynasty ruled for much of the Yellow River Valley civilization’s existence

Please Add the following eras to the timeline above:

The Zhou Dynasty and Warring States Period in China

Aryan Migrations

Bantu Migrations

Sudanic States (Ghana, Mali, and Songhai)

Aryan

Migrations

Zhou Dynasty, then

Warring States Period

Bantu Migrations Sudanic

States


Complex Civilizations Map

On the map below, draw and identify any geographic or environmental factors that affected the

development of river valley civilizations. These factors may include mountains, deserts, floods, and monsoons.

Classical Civilizations Map

Post-Classical Civilizations Map:

Please label the

trade routes shown

on the Post-Classical

Civilizations map, in

Africa, Asia, and the

Indian Ocean. For

each, identify which

civilizations partici-

pate in that trade.

Note: Post-Classical

civilization in China,

Japan, and India and

imperial groups (the

Vikings and the

Mongols) though

pictured on the map,

will not be on the

midterm.

Terms to know

Sedentary: staying in one place

Pastoral: reliant on domesticated grazing animals

Subsistence: agriculture meant to sustain oneself on a minimum level

Ethnocentrism: believing that one’s own culture or ethnicity is superior

Golden Age: a period of political and economic prosperity and advancement

Bureaucracy: Most important responsibilities are carried out by non-elected officials

Urban: city-like

Civic/Civil: relating to the duties or activities of people in relation to their cities/local areas

Define Neolithic Revolution: the point in history at which agriculture first began, allowing for sedentary societies

to develop.

Paleolithic Neolithic

P

The Political aspects of this time period were rather

simple and tended to be focused around clans and

elders of the clans making decisions due to

experience

The settlement of the people led to the more

developed government, but still organized around

elders

E

Almost no trading took place during the time period;

some groups may have traded items that they saw

what other groups; had. If it did exist it was a BARTER

system. Women (gathered) and Men (hunted) had

more equal status than Neolithic and beyond

With the development of agriculture, internal trade

was common amongst each village, because of job

specialization and some trade occurred between

villages; mostly BARTER; development of traditional

economy. People were existing at a SUBSTANCE

level

R

Both time periods shared a similar set of beliefs, never having a named religion. It was Polytheistic, and was

centered on Gods and Goddesses to explain the unexplainable. There was an afterlife, and was created to

explain death. Dead were buried with their personal belongings to be used in the afterlife. The Neolithic

age would see the development of dedicated places to bury their dead in the village. Priests held high

power

S

Small Hunting/Gathering groups. Slow Population

growth. During the Middle Stone age, Growth was

faster, and warfare took place. Since they were

nomadic, they traveled in small groups; gender rolls

but equally important. EGALITARIAN.

There was more interaction, larger population (due

to more consistent food and sedentary societies)

and wealth was also common among sedentary

societies; women’s roles began to become confined

to the household and SUBORDINATION begins

A

Crude shaping of stone, animal bones & wood

implements for tools and weapons, use of fire. Cave

Paintings showing the hunt also evident

Art also took on another dimension; beads and

pottery.

N

There were shifts in the Earth’s climate which at time

included ice ages. Early people began to migrate in

search of food (followed wild herds); nomads hunted

and gathered food

Farming began in 10,000BCE with the discovery that seeds

dropped grew plants (women gathers discovered this) 1st

place was the Middle East; animals were domesticated

(goats, pig, horses and cattle around 8000BCE, a potters

wheel created 6000BCE. Irrigation was also

created. Copper and bronze metal was used material.


Review Topic #1

Introduction to Global History – River Valley Civilizations

PALEOLITHIC AGE

1. A.K.A: “Old Stone Age”

2. Hunter-Gather way of life

3. Nomadic: move from place to place in search of

food (followed herds of animals).

4. NO permanent settlements

5. Small population

6. Had children 5 -7 years apart because they were

always on the move

NEOLITHIC AGE 1. A.K.A: “New Stone Age” & “Agricultural Revolution”

2. Domestication: (tame; use for benefit) of plants & animals

3. Began permanent settlements

4. Increase population

5. Increase food (surplus)

6. Job specification (social classes

emerge)

7. No longer have to hunt for food

8. Towns & Cities emerge

9. New Technology (help farm/tools)

_____________________________________________________ Ancient River Valley Civilizations

1. Where did river valley civilizations emerge?

Along rivers in China, the Middle East, Egypt, India …

2. Why did early civilizations develop along rivers?

1. Fertile Soil (silt)

2. Easy way to farm

3. Water Source (irrigation of crops, transportation …)

4. Trade / Travel

3. What does “Mesopotamia” mean?

“Land between two rivers” – the two rivers are the

Tigris River and the Euphrates River.

Social Organizations

Customs & Traditions

Language & Communication

Economic Systems: Market, Traditional,

Command

Forms of Gov’t: Democracy, Oligarchy,

Democracy, Dictatorship

Art, Architecture, & Literature

Cities

Religion

Why is the Neolithic Revolution considered a

turning point in history?

The Neolithic Revolution marked the change from the hunter-gather

lifestyle to a settled (permanent) lifestyle centered around the

domestication of plants and animals. Some impacts of this change

include an increased population, food surplus, permanent settlements,

job specifications and new technology.

ANCIENT BABYLONIA

NILE RIVER VALLEY

INDUS RIVER VALLEY

HUANGE HE & YELLOW RIVER VALLEY

TIGRIS-EUPHRATES RIVER VALLEY

A.K.A: Mesopotamia – Land between two rivers (Tigris & Euphrates) Polytheistic: belief in many Gods Ziggurats: temples for different Gods Important Civilization = Sumer Cuneiform = writing system

A.K.A: Mesopotamia – Land between two rivers (Tigris & Euphrates) King Hammurabi Code of Hammurabi

o First written code of laws for all to see o “Eye for an Eye” o Discriminates based on social classes

Located in Egypt Longest river in the world – 4,184 miles River flows north Polytheistic: Belief in more than one God Pyramids Pharaoh (viewed as Gods) Papyrus = paper Hieroglyphics = writing system

Predictable Flooding

Present day Pakistan (India) North = Himalayan mountains Monsoons = stong seasonal winds Polytheistic – Belief in more than one God Worship Cows Great Baths: believed to “clean” away sins Two Major cities: Harappa & Mohenjo-daro (although far apart were very similar)

o Evidence of strong central government (city planning; grid pattern; plumbing system…) system)

China Yellow River a.k.a “River of Sorrows” because of unpredictable flooding; destroyed crops Polytheistic: Belief in more than one God Ying/Yang = balance in society Ancestor Worship / Orical Bones (used to predict future) Emperor Dynastic Cycle / Mandate of Heaven : God given right to rule Achievements: Gunpowder; porcelain …


Define Complex Civilization: A settlement in which people have developed an agricultural system by utilizing

natural resources to develop new technology to form an organized society.

In the table below, include all relevant information for each river valley in the space provided, in addition to

defining and explaining the significance of the terms provided.

Mesopotamia Indus Egypt Shang China

P

Hammurabi’s Code: Harsh Code of

Laws developed in Babylon,

Mesopotamia to maintain order and

please the Gods. The people’s fear

of their Gods and their leaders

encouraged them to follow these

law codes. The laws were based on

the principle lex talionis, or the law of

retaliation, allowing for laws such as

“an eye for an eye”

City-States: Cities with their own

governments that run themselves,

separate from a central govt.

Priest-King: A King

with religious

authority. Each city-

state in the Indus River

Valley was believed

to have a different

priest-king. Absence

of lavish palaces

suggest a modest

lifestyle.

Pharaoh: A king believed

to be a god on Earth,

rendering Egypt a

theocracy. Pharaohs also

had officials or advisors.

Pharaohs were thought to

ensure bountiful harvests.

The afterlife of pharaohs

was ensured by the

building of pyramids, or

tombs that encased

everything a pharaoh

would need in the afterlife.

Mandate of Heaven: The

Shang were the first

dynasty of Ancient China,

so though the Mandate of

Heaven was first concei-

ved by the Zhou Dynasty

when they claimed that

the Shang had lost it,

creating the dynastic

cycle, it was believed that

leaders were approved

by the gods and guided

by their ancestors.

E

Agriculture-based

Evidence of manufactured

goods

Taxes collected

Evidence of

manufactured

goods

Agriculture-based

Agriculture-based

Nile River basin was the

only place in Northern

Africa with fertile land:

Agriculture-based

Isolated from other

civilizations; no

evidence of trade

R

Role of Environment: Because the

Tigris and Euphrates Rivers flooded

unpredictably, Mesopotamians

feared their Gods and believed that

they were constantly angry.

Epic of Gilgamesh: Features the

“Story of the Flood,” which asserted

that the Gods sent a flood to

exterminate mankind as punishment

Not much is known

due to environmental

degradation. It is

believed that priests

also had political

authority.

Role of Environment: The

Nile flooded very regularly,

which led Egyptians to love

and respect their gods and

pharaoh.

Oracle Bones: Oracle

bones were written on

then cracked by fire as a

means of communicating

with ancestors. Leaders,

especially would seek to

communicate with their

ancestors for guidance.

Ancestor worship was

more prevalent than the

worship of gods.

S

Inequality in

Society

Ruling family and nobility

Artisans, merchants, scribes

Farmers and peasants

Slaves

Aryans would

introduce rigid caste

system

Brahmin

Kshatriya

Vaishya

Shudras

Untouchables

Women had

more rights

Pharaoh

Artisans, merchants

Farmers

Slaves

Inequality for Women

Ancestors

Ruler

Nobles

Warriors

Artisans, merchants, scribe

Farmers and slaves

I

Trade: Evidence of trade with the

Indus River Valley

Trade: Evidence of

Trade with

Mesopotamia

Trade with small

surrounding civilizations

such as Nubia evident

Isolation: Geography

prevented trade, but

encouraged conflict with

pastoral nomads

A

Ziggurats: Pyramid-like structures

built as a place to worship and

make sacrifices to the gods

Technology: Dikes, plows, irrigation

techniques, cuneiform writing

Most artwork was created for

political or religious purposes

Mohenjo-Daro and

Harappa: grid-

pattern cities with

evidence of

plumbing: the most

advanced cities of

the time.

Technology: Irrigation

techniques (man-made

canals), advanced

technology and skill in

mathematics, astronomy,

and engineering evident in

construction of pyramids

Technology: Irrigation, use

of horse in agriculture and

for transportation, Chinese

symbols resembling the

modern language are

developed, calligraphy as

a style of writing

N

Geography: The Tigris and

Euphrates Rivers flooded unpredict-

ably, leading the people to fear

angering their gods, whom they

believed controlled the flooding. At

the “crossroads of civilization” in the

fertile crescent, it was in a prime

location for trade and agriculture.

Geography: Indus

eventually fell due to

environmental

degradation

Monsoons: seasonal

rain storms which

fertilized soil, but

could also be deadly

Geography: Egypt was

the gift of the Nile, on the

only fertile soil in the vast

Sahara Desert. The dry

climate led to predictable

flooding and for homes

made from stone, rather

than mud as in Meso.

Geography: The

Himalayan Mountains and

the Gobi Desert isolated

China from the rest of the

world, causing the

civilization to develop a

very unique culture with

no cultural diffusion.

Ancient Chinese Philosophies: These Chinese philosophies were created by philosophers who had ideas on

how individuals should behave and how government should run. Some of these philosophies were utilized later

in history by rulers during different Chinese dynasties. Examples: Confucianism was utilized during the Han

Dynasty and Legalism was utilized under the Qin Dynasty.


Define Classical Civilization: Imperial, bureaucratically unified empires the use codified

laws and belief systems to maintain a standardized and controlled society.

Empire Builders in China

Explain the reason for the decline of the Zhou Dynasty (1046-256BCE):

Having been divided into feudal states, Chinese people were loyal to land-owning

nobles who controlled each state, rather than to the Zhou Dynasty. Power was not

centralized and therefore was weak.

Shi Huangdi Leads the Qin Dynasty (221-206BCE)

Unification Under Legalism Standardization Terracotta Army and the

Great Wall Government and Law

The Qin, following legalism,

ended the Warring States

period and established the

first unified empire in China.

Shi Huangdi used a strict law

code to ensure order in

society. Books were burned

to prevent the spread of

other ideologies that could

threaten the power of the

leader, and Confucian

scholars were killed.

Shi Huangdi standardized (or

made the same) roads,

weights, measures, laws,

language, currency, and

much more throughout the

empire to ensure unity in the

newly unified China.

Shi Huangdi ordered the

Terracotta Army to be built

at his burial site to protect

him in his afterlife. All

subjects working on the

project were buried alive to

keep the tomb a secret. The

Great Wall was built to keep

out nomadic invaders from

the north and as a symbol of

power

Shi Huangdi did a have a

bureaucracy to better unify

China and used strict legalist

law codes to control the

population. These laws

included the burning of

books outside of those used

for medicine and agriculture

by specially certified

individuals.

Empire Builders in India

Describe the Significance of the Aryans’ Migration to India around 1500BCE:

The Aryans brought their language and customs, including many beliefs that served as the foundation for

Hinduism, including the caste system.

The Mauryan Empire (322-185BCE):

Chandragupta Maurya Ashoka

Milita

ry

Fierce military leader- established and

greatly expanded the Mauryan

Empire, shortly after Alexander the

Great’s death. Used the strategy

Mandla to expand.

Was a fierce militant until the Battle of Kalinga, when he

realized the impact of his expansion on his people. Converted

to Buddhism and ended his imperial campaign. Maintained

order, but became much more benevolent.

Re

lig

ion

Hindu

Later practiced Jainism after he had

stepped down from the thrown.

Religious Tolerance: Enforced Buddhist Laws, but allowed his subjects

and conquered peoples to practice whichever religion they chose.

Encouraged subjects to follow their dharma, which in Buddhism was

related to the 8-Fold Path and the Four Noble Truths

Law

&

Ord

er

Enforced harsh laws in conquered

territories, but allowed conquered

peoples to keep their customs

Rock and Pillar Edicts: Ashoka wrote his law codes on Rocks and

Pillars throughout the empire to be known to all Mauryans. The laws

were influenced by Buddhist values

Though Ashoka limited his military campaigns- he was still able to

maintain order within his empire.

Warring States Period sparks the development of Chinese philosophies:

During the Warring states period, leaders from each feudal state began to form alliances and

compete for power over all of China. To prove that they had the Mandate of Heaven, however,

these leaders needed to prove that they had the best way to rule. Each philosophy was

developed as a different approach to building a stable government and society.

Empire Builders in the Mediterranean: In the table below, include all relevant information for each river valley in

the space provided, in addition to defining and explaining the significance of the terms provided.

Assyria (2500-

600BCE) Phoenicia (1200-

539BCE) Persia(600-330BCE) Greece (600-146BCE)

P

Military

Expansion:

Assyrian were

brutal

conquerors

that allowed

conquered

peoples little

to no

freedoms

Empire

expanded

with the

expansion of

trading

networks

Describe the Persian Bureaucracy:

Advisors to the king, called satraps were

stationed in many administrative regions,

or satrapies throughout the empire.

There’s satraps would report back to the

king, collect taxes, and enforce laws

designed with the population and

cultures of each satrapy in mind.

Royal Road: Used to ensure

communication between the emperor

and his advisors

Describe differences in City-States:

Athens had a democracy and focused

on developing the arts, philosophy, and

architecture. Sparta had a military

oligarchy and placed much emphasis

on training and supporting the military.

Periclean Democracy: Direct

democracy, where the citizens

themselves would gather to write and

vote on laws

E

Were more

interested in

“taking” than

“trading” =

weak

economy

Maritime

Commercial

Economy:

expanded

and controlled

trade networks

through the

Mediterranean

Royal Road: Build to ease trade and

communication throughout a vast

empire

Economy was still agriculture-based

The government collected taxes from

conquered people

Athens depended primarily on the trade

of grapes, olives, and their oils and

wines. Agricultural territory was limited,

so more diverse jobs were created to

stabilize the economy and encourage

the trade of manufactured goods, in

addition to crops.

R

It was believed

that leaders

were chosen

by the gods to

rule and

conquer

polytheism Zoroastrianism: Constant struggle

between good and evil; concept of

heaven and hell; emphasis on goodness

informed Cyrus and Darius’ leadership

and encouraged tolerance

Religious Tolerance: Darius and Cyrus

allowed conquered peoples to keep

their own religion, so long as they paid

taxes

Greek Gods and Goddesses were

generally the same throughout all of

Greece. Many controlled natural

phenomena. Each city was centered

around the acropolis, or highest point at

which a monument or center for worship

would be built for their gods. All gods

and goddesses existed in perfect human

form, reflected in Greek artwork

S

Conquered

peoples and

prisoners of

war were

treated poorly-

slavery was

widespread

Merchants

gained status

Conquered peoples were treated fairly,

though slavery was widespread.

Population was extremely diverse,

racially and culturally.

Land= wealth= power

Women had more rights in Sparta

because they would fill the men’s

positions once they went off to war. In

Athens, only land-owning men born to

Athenian parents could participate in

government, creating social inequality.

Slavery was widespread throughout.

I

Forceful

expansion

throughout the

fertile crescent

Trade: came in

contention

with Greece

and Persia for

control of ports

Persian Wars: Fought with Greece when

Greek city states under Persian control

revolted. They were competing for

valuable ports between the Black and

Mediterranean Seas – Greece won

Peloponnesian Wars: Greece was left in

ruins after the Persian Wars, so the Delian

League, led by Athens, fought the

Peloponnesian League, led by Sparta,

for control over the rehabilitation.

Greece fell as a result.

A

All artwork

depicted

gods, leaders,

and war

Boats: made

boats from

cedar for

efficient sea

travel

Most artwork depicted leaders or

religious figures

Architecture: Columns, such as those on

the Parthenon later influence Roman

architecture. Philosophers continued to

influence Roman democracy.

Advancements in math, science, and

medicine.

N

Geography:

Fertile

crescent

allowed for an

agriculture-

based

economy

Geography:

Mediterranean

Sea offered

natural ports

for trade and

centralized

empire

Geography: At the crossroads of

civilization, creating a very diverse

population. Fertile soil and lack of

natural barriers eased expansion

Geography: Mountainous Topography

led to the development of separate,

distinct city-states. Location on the

Mediterranean Sea eased trade, but led

to many conflicts to develop for control

of ports throughout the region.

Describe the impact of the Hellenic Empire (336-323BCE):

Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian Cultures came together

And the Hellenic (Greek-like culture) was born


GOLDEN AGES In the table below, include all relevant information for each Golden Age in the space

provided, in addition to defining and explaining the significance of the terms provided.

Pax Sinica, or “Chinese Peace:”

Han Dynasty (206BCE-280CE)

Pax Romana, or “Roman Peace:”

Roman Empire (27-476CE)

Golden Age of India: Gupta

Empire (400-600CE)

Influ

en

tia

l B

elie

f Sy

ste

ms

Bureaucracy: Han Wudi built a

government with over 130,000

employees, all of whom proved to be

qualified by taking a civil service

exams. While this did allow for equality

of opportunity, only the rich could

afford education and exams.

Role of Merchants: Merchants were

seen as lowly for exploiting the work of

others.

Confucianism also encouraged

benevolence in leadership, where the

government served the people.

Greco-Roman Philosophy:

Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

encouraged questioning and reason to

learn more about the mind and soul,

government, and natural world,

respectively.

Christianity: Christians were initially

persecuted as threats to Roman rule.

Nero began a tradition of persecutions

of Christians in Rome, which only

increased its spread. Constantine

eventually made Christianity the official

religion of the empire.

Hinduism: Caste systems

ensured order and productivity

in society. Some conflicts

developed between religious

and political leaders, as the

caste system held Brahmin in

higher status than politicians

Buddhism: Buddhism

influenced Hinduism by

introducing practices of

meditation, began to spread

to China and East Asia on the

Silk Road

Pro

spe

rity

an

d S

tab

ility

Taxes supported the bureaucratic

government and military

Confucian schools ensured education

for all who could afford it

Government controlled major industries

to increase profits

Impact of Silk Road:

Silk Road generated wealth for the Han

dynasty, as silk could not be made

anywhere else and was highly valued

CULTURAL DIFFUSION

Mediterranean Sea centralized empire

Early emperors saw vast expansion to

new trading ports

Bureaucracy


Many Romans were more interested in

Chinese goods like silk than Roman-

made goods, upsetting the artisan

class and causing economic decline

CULTURAL DIFFUSION

Hinduism ensured order and

stability in society

Bureaucracy


Advancements in math and

science spread to the Middle

East, where Muslims would soon

spread them throughout the

world – CULTURAL DIFFUSION

Cu

ltu

ral C

on

trib

utio

ns

(Art

s, L

ite

ratu

re, e

tc.)

Through Confucianism mandated that

men were superior to women, many

women took on positions of power,

becoming writers, medical

practitioners, and shop managers.

Chinese literature began to focus on

the human experience, love, and WAR.

Continued Greek studies of philosophy,

science, and anatomy

Drama and entertainment: Bread and

Circuses, gladiator fights in the

Colosseum

War became a large theme in artwork

LAW:

Roman Laws of the 12 Tables influence

western law codes, republican

government influences modern law.

Ma

th,

Sc

ien

ce

,

& T

ec

hn

olo

gy

Paper, Harnesses, plow, wheelbarrow,

watermill, compass, silk, etc. Engineering:

Arches, domes, improved roads,

colosseum, Aqueducts!!!

De

clin

e

Xiongnu: Enemy nomadic tribes to the

north in search of riches and land for

pasture put pressure on Han leaders,

who bribed them off rather than

building the military.

Peasant Revolts: An increasing wealth

gap between the rich and the poor

angered many peasants. As the Land

owning class shrunk, the wealth gap

increased, coupled with famine and

raising taxes, this led peasants to revolt

and caused the Han to lose the

Mandate of Heaven.

Increasing wealth gap between the

rich and poor due to a shrinking land-

owning class

Disease and corruption in government

Huns and Germanic Invasions: Huns

(from Asia) pushed many Germanic

and Gothic “barbarians” into Roman

territory, where they were enslaved

and trained to fight in the army.

Eventually, the “barbarians” revolted,

and Rome was defeated.

Rome’s Division in 284CE: Diocletian

split empire that was too big to rule into

the Byzantine in the East and Rome in

the West, Rome fell only 200 years later.

White Huns: With few internal

problems, the Gupta fell

primarily because their

peaceful ways made it difficult

to defend the empire. The

same Huns that invaded Rome

invaded and destroyed the

Gupta.

Islam Spreads to Africa:

Sudanic States Swahili Coast

Mansa Musa’s Hajj

brings Islam to West

Africa and intensified

trans-Saharan Trade

Define Post-Classical Civilization:

The Legacy of Rome is Preserved!

Byzantine Empire Kiev

P

Justinian’s Code: Justinian appointed lawmakers to adapt the 12 Tables of Rome to

a more diverse population. Though lawmakers preserved the concept of innocent

until proven guilty and protected the people’s right to a fair trial, they expanded

rights for the lower class, and developed a law system that was enforced fairly

Bureaucracy was expanded when Justinian conquered former Roman territory

Monarchy

E

Highly dependent on the merchants attracted to Constantinople: though economy

was still agriculture based, manufacturing became a large part of the economy,

attracting merchant from China, India, and the Islamic world

Agriculture-based. Land=wealth

R

The Schism of 1054: Differences in practices, disagreements of the use of icons, the

holy trinity, and other important beliefs, as well as a power struggle between the

Byzantine Patriarch in Constantinople and the Pope in Rome, caused Christianity to

split into the Catholic Church in the west (Rome) and the Orthodox Church in the

east (Constantinople) to split. This disunity eventually contributed to decline.

Orthodox Christianity: Vladimir was

baptized after sending advisors to

the Byzantine Empire to study

religious centers. Russia became

Eastern Orthodox

S

Theodora’s Impact on gender roles: Theodora’s status as the wife of the Emperor

and her role in public and private affairs alongside Justinian elevated the status of

women in the Byzantine empire. Thought there was more equality, slavery was still

widespread and there was a large wealth gap between land-owning elite and poor

Slavs: Natives to the Forests north of

the black sea: originally believed to

be barbarians by Romans and

Byzantines

A

Hagia Sophia: Justinian built the Hagia Sophia to beautify Constantinople. The

Hagia Sophia used the domes and arches developed in Rome. Christian artwork

became more widespread and Roman innovation such as aqueducts were

improved.

Cyrillic Alphabet: Russian language

was adapted to ensure

understanding of the Bible after

conversion to Orthodox Christianity

I

&

N

Location’s Impact on Trade: Located between the Black Sea and Mediterranean

Sea, Constantinople was in a prime location for trans-regional trade and attracted

many merchants from all over the world

Traded across the Black Sea with the

Byzantine Empire- Networks began

to expand into Northern Europe

Describe how the fall of the Byzantine Empire was similar to the fall of the Roman Empire:

Political corruption, disease, invasions, disunity, decreased trade

Islam Spreads! Describe each of the following developments in the spread of Islam in the Post-Classical Era:

Post-Classical Islamic Empires

1) Muhammad gains a following in Mecca and Medina:

Despite pressure from the ruling elites in Mecca, many

people begin to follow Muhammad’s teachings of on

god and equality. Elites in Mecca feel threatened by the

prospect of the Gods on whom their economy depends

being undermined.

2) Islamic Caliphates in the Middle

East and Mediterranean Region:

The Ummayad Caliphate was

established by Sunni Muslims after

Muhammad’s death. The

Ummayads quickly spanned over

three continents, and the later

Abbasids dominated

transregional trade, centralized in

Baghdad.

Islam Spreads to India:

Will be covered in a later unit: not on the

midterm.

Muslim Merchants target

regions first settled by the

Bantu on the East African

coast. Arab and Bantu

languages developed into

Swahili


In the table below, include all relevant information for each Empire in the space provided, in addition to


Umayyad Abbasid Sudanic States (Ghana, Mail, Songhai)

P

While the Umayyads will win

political victory militarily (by the

sword) they will not generally force

their conquered people to convert

on pain of death. The Umayyad

capital will be Damascus and they

will govern as ARAB ELITE Muslims

looking down upon non-Arab

converts. Their inspiration for all law

will be the Koran. These laws will be

known as Sharia Law.

The Abbasids set up a bureaucracy

of absolute authority under Sharia

law. This absolute authority is

symbolized by the ever present

Royal Executioner at the side of

each caliph.

Capital City: the capital was

moved to Baghdad, which was at

a better location for access to the

Silk Road, Trans-Saharan trade, and

the Indian Ocean trade routes.

Power shared among village people

(decisions by consensus and councils)

Powerful trading empires of west

developed – Ghana, Mali, & Songhai

(West African Kingdoms)

E

Jews, Christians, and later

Zoroastrians and Hindus will pay a

higher tax, making their status as

non-Muslims very profitable. Trade

will be controlled by Muslims under

standardized Sharia law making it

flourish as never before. The central

location of the Umayyad caliphate

will link trading networks from

around the old world.

Trade exploded with a continuing

growth of a new Muslim merchant

(middle) class. Urbanization increa-

sed through trade and growing

cities created large handy-craft

industries (leather, rug, cloth,

making). Farmland was soon con-

trolled by a noble landed class and

most peasants were farmers. This

would cause problems later.

Africa’s biggest contribution to global

trade has been raw materials and slaves

Early trading networks (gold, salt, iron,

copper, & minerals) such as Indian Ocean

trade network (dominated by Muslim

merchants) & the Asian sea trade (e.g.

China would manufacture goods & SEA

spice islands would provide the raw

materials) thrived peacefully

R

Role of Islam in society: Sharia law

was developed under the

Umayyad Dynasty

People of the Book were equal

before the law, while those do not

believe in God were not. Non-

Muslims paid higher taxes

Role of Islam in Society: conversion

to Islam increased, in many cases

to escape slavery or avoid higher

tax rates. Islam, by 800, had spread

as far as India, Spain, Oceana, and

the east African Coast

Mansa Musa’s Pilgrimage: brought Islam

and trans-regional trade to Mali

Different forms of animism (worshipped

forces of nature w/ rituals) existed before

Islamization of North Africa in 600s as

Umayyad conquest, Islamic merchants

brought Islam to East African city-states &

West African Empires

S

Role of Women: Women can

inherit property, choose whom to

marry, testify in court, and much

more. This higher status dates back

to both the teachings of

Muhammad and the nomadic

Bedouin Arab traditions.

Role of Women: Due to

urbanization, women lost status as

the Islamic culture copied the

traditional gender restrictions in

their locally conquered areas. Poor

women were the only ones allowed

to go to the city or market unac-

companied by a male relative.

Bantu migrations = basic similarities in

language/culture/farming

techniques/tools in Sub-Saharan east,

south and southeast; share cognates

Non-Muslims had lower status in Mali and

Songhai

I

Improved ports and caravan routes

allowed for improved trans-regional

trade. Mosques were built in many

urban centers throughout the

empire, providing centers for

worship and community, allowing

Islam to spread to Cordoba,

Samarkand, and Delhi

TRulers became very cosmopolitan,

or familiar and accepting of

diverse cultures. The works of

Greek, Persian, and Indian scholars

were translated to Arabic and

circulated. Architectural, artistic

and literary works such as Arabian

Nights (set in 776-809) possible.

Trans-Saharan Trade: West African empires

traded gold (Wangara) from savanna for

salt from (Taghaza)Sahara

Trans-Sharan Trade was first to connect

African Kingdoms to the Islamic World.

A

Education expanded

Dome of the Rock built in

Jerusalem

Advancements in Medicine,

Algebra, and Science

Mosaics

Baghdad House of Wisdom

Pioneered Trade in the Indian

Ocean

Timbuktu developed & manuscripts

were translated in its universities

Mosques built along Mansa Musa’s

pilgrimage route

Documents used in law, religion, &

history written in Arabic

N

Geography: Centrally located

where pre-existing trade routes

intersected, allowed Islam to

spread quickly through urban

centers along those routes. Con-

flict developed in Jerusalem when

the Dome of the Rock was built.

Geography: Moved the capital to

Baghdad, between the Tigris and

Euphrates Rivers at the crossroads

of civilization.

Varied geography (coastal, savanna,

desert, rainforest acting as a mirror like

image moving out from the equator) =

diverse cultures. Easy access to Trans-

Sharan Trade routes, developed new

technologies for trade

BELIEF SYSTEMS Directions: For each of the following belief systems, you must outline the founder (if there is one), major beliefs, areas in which it was (is) practiced, and the impact on the followers.

DAOISM SHINTOISM ANIMISM

CONFUCIANISM LEGALISM

a.k.a Taoism Ancient China Creator = Laozi Dao / Tao = “The Way” Go with the flow / yield Significant Writings: Tao-Te-

Ching Belief in Ying/Yang Focus on all things natural Gov’t is unnatural – the best gov’t

is the one that governs the least! Remember: the WATER

Evolved from a mixture of tribal religions with similar beliefs.

Japan ONLY Fear and Respect Nature

and its power Place of worship: Shinto

shrines- usually located near sites of impressive beauty.

Emperor considered divine. Belief in Kami : Spirits Ancestor worship

No single founder Belief that every living and

non-living thing in nature has a spirit.

Most traditional cultures that practice use oral traditions.

Ancestor worship as a means of communication and showing respect for ancestors.

African Societies

Creator – Confucius Ancient China Impacted the Han Dynasty Civil Service Exams Government Jobs Book: The Analects (created by his students

after his death) Five Relationships:

o Superior Inferior o Believed individuals should

know and accept their place in society.

o Order in society Filial Piety: Respect for elders! Stressed Education Believed leader should rule by example!

Creator – Hanzfezi Ancient China Believed individuals were born “wicked.” Belief that strict laws and harsh

punishments were needed to maintain order in society

Ruler hold all of the power Remember the BRICK!


HINDUISM BUDDHISM

Ahimsa: Non-Violence Karma/Dharma

Reincarnation: “rebirth” Originated in India

1st Monotheistic religion: Belief in one God. Sacred Text: The Torah (Old Testament) & 10 commandments: laws describing hoe people should behave – serves

as a guide for moral behavior. Place of Worship: Temples called Synagogues Significant Religious Individuals: Rabbis God gave the Hebrews (through Moses) the Ten Commandments: Moral and ethical guidelines of behavior Prophets - Abraham: made a covenant (agreement) with God; taught about moral standards and justice Had a strong influence on Christianity and Islam Diaspora: Spreading out or scattering of Jews. Oldest monotheistic religion - influenced both Christianity and Islam.

Polytheistic: belief in more than one God.

Developed in India Dharma = Duties in life Karma = Life Force (next

caste) Ahisma = nonviolence No single founder! Came

about because of cultural diffusion between the Aryans and the Dravidians (Indus River Valley Civilization)

Sacred Text: The Vedas Caste System: Determines

ones life; No social mobility! Life Goal = Reach Moksha!

Developed in India Founder: Siddhartha Gautama

(Buddha: “Enlightened One”) Four Noble Truths

o All life is suffering o Suffering is caused

by wants o Eliminate suffering

by eliminating wants.

o Follow the Eightfold Path: Code of Behavior

Life Goal: Reach Nirvana: State of eternal bliss; escape from cycle of reincarnation

Sacred Text: Tripitika “Three Baskets of Wisdom”

REJECTS the caste system!

JUDAISM

CHRISTIANITY

ISLAM

Monotheistic: Belief in one God. Sacred Text / Holy Book: The Bible (Old Testament & New Testament) Place of Worship: Church Significant Religious Individuals: Priests and ministers Ten Commandments: Moral and ethical guidelines of behavior Prophet: Jesus – known as the “Messiah” or savior sent from God. Salvation and eternal life go to those who follow Jesus (messiah: savior) Believe in the Holy Trinity (God the Father, Son & Holy Spirit) & Seven Sacraments (Baptism…) Believed in the Golden Rule: Love one another as you love yourself.

Monotheistic religion: Belief in one God – Allah ----- Followers are known as Muslims Developed on the Arabian Peninsula Sacred Text: The Koran (Qur’an) / Sharia: Laws based on Koran and regulated government, family and

law. Place of Worship: Mosque Significant Religious Individuals: Caliph (successor of Prophet Muhammad) Different views: Sunni / Shiites Prophet: Muhammad / Mecca is the holiest place because it was the birthplace of Muhammad. Follow the Five Pillars of Faith: Moral and Ethical guidelines of behavior.

o Faith in one God - Allah, Daily prayer facing Mecca, Hajj- (visit Mecca), Almsgiving (giving to poor), Fast during holy month of Ramadan.

Dome of the Rock: Where Muhammad ascended into heaven; located in Jerusalem.

In the table below, include all relevant information for each belief system in the space provided, in addition to


Origin (if applicable, list region,

founder, texts, causes, etc.) Core Beliefs Influential Leaders

An

imis

m Practiced in many early

agricultural settlements in

the Neolithic Era; present in

Africa until the introduction

of Islam

Everything in nature has a spirit; large emphasis

placed on respecting nature

none

Hin

du

ism

Aryans: Aryans brought their

language and the core

beliefs of Hinduism including

early stories of the Vedas

and the caste system as

they invaded northern India

Sacred texts: The

Upanishads are a collection

of stories and anecdotes

about practicing Hinduism,

the Baghavad Gita is a

fictional story of followers

and the Rig Veda is the

primary sacred text of

teachings and core beliefs

Brahman: One god or force in all natural elements

that can take many forms, such as Shiva, Vishnu, and

Ganesha, each controlling a different aspect of the

universe

Karma and Dharma: Every Hindu is born into a caste,

or social class that determines their dharma, or duties

that must be fulfilled in their lifetime. If a Hindu fulfills

their dharma, he will have good karma and can be

reincarnated, or reborn, into a higher caste in his next

life. Hindus are reborn several times until they fulfill

their dharma as Brahmin (priests) and reach Moksha,

or enlightenment.

Gupta Empire:

Hinduism was used to promote

order in society; ensured that

all members of society knew

the role that they would fulfill;

promoted unity throughout

the empire; created

uncertainty about the power

of political leader and

religious leaders

Bu

dd

his

m

Siddhartha Gautama:

A prince who saw suffering

outside of his palace and

contemplated the act of

suffering and how to end it.

He meditated for over 40

days to realize the four

noble truths of suffering.

Henceforth he was known

as Buddha, founder of

Buddhism.

Sacred Text: Tripitaka, three

Baskets of Wisdam

Four Noble Truths:

All life is suffering

Desire is the root of all suffering

To end suffering, we must end desire

To end desire, we must follow the eight-fold path

Describe the

process of

Reincarnation:

Buddhists are

reincarnated

until they can

meditate in a

deep enough

state to reach

Nirvana, or

enlightenment

Ashoka: Buddhist leader who

used Buddhism in his Rock and

Pillar edicts to promote

peacefulness and toleration

throughout his empire

Ja

inis

m

Originated in Classical India

as concern for the welfare

of every being in the

universe and for the health

of the universe itself. Believe

that animals and plants, as

well as human beings,

contain living souls.

Each soul is considered of equal value and should be

treated with respect and compassion. Jains are strict

vegetarians and live in a way that minimizes use of

world's resources. No gods or spiritual beings that will

help human beings. 3 guiding principles of jainism, the

'three jewels three jewels', are right belief, right

knowledge and right conduct. Supreme principle of

jain living is non violence (ahimsa).

Chandragupta Maurya:

converted after he stepped

down from leadership for a

more peaceful existence

Co

nfu

cia

nis

m

Confucius: founder, teacher

The Analects: Teachings of

Confucius

Social Order: Everyone in society should know their

place and their obligations to the state

Five Key Relationships: Confucius believed that people

should know their place in society, down to the home:

Husband > Wife

Older brother > Younger Brother

Ruler > Subject

Father > Son

Friend = Friend

Filial Piety: Respect for elders

Education and Civil Service Exams: Confucian Schools

built to educate students on the proper way to run a

government and behave in society. Civil Service

Exams administered to government employees.

Han Wudi: Built a

bureaucracy with over

130,000 employees, tested

with civil service exams.

Mandated education in

Confucian schools.


Da

ois

m

Lao Tsi: Founder, teacher The Dao: force that is in all nature and determines

your “path” or “way”

Yin and Yang: Balance in nature, between men and

women, darkness and light, etc. It is believed that

followers should not interfere with this balance

Practiced more like a religion,

not a philosophy for rule

Leg

alism

Han Feizi: Founder, lived

within the Han state during

the Warring states period,

later advised Qin leaders,

who won the warring states

period.

Legalists feel that education can be dangerous and

threaten the authority of the state. Writings outside of

agriculture and medicine were prohibited and

burned. All men are naturally evil and require a strong

state to restrict and control the population.

Shi Huangdi: burned books

and killed scholars to slow the

spread of Confucianism and

increase the power of the

state. Commissioned the

construction of the Great Wall

of China and Terracotta

soldiers. Was the first to unite

China as a single state as

leader of the Qin Dynasty

Zo

roa

stri

an

ism

Founded by Zoroaster in

Persia approximately 3500

years ago

The Avesta is the Zoroastrian

Holy

• Until good prevails, society will be trapped in a

constant struggle between good and evil

• Individuals are rewarded or punished in the

afterlife for their actions

• Monotheistic

• Thought to have influenced Judaism because it

promised salvation and held people to high

ethical standards

Cyrus and Darius: Zoroastrian

beliefs in the importance of

goodness encouraged

religious tolerance in the

empire and just laws.

Ju

da

ism

Connection to

Mesopotamian Law: Lex

talionis (law of retaliation)

preserved; family law

(marriage, divorce, prop.)

Exile: Jews were exiled from

Babylonia and enslaved in

Egypt, where the Torah was

written.

Jewish Law: Enforced strict marriage laws and family

laws. Put forth in the Book of Deuteronomy.

Ten Commandments (From God):

'You shall have no other gods before Me.'

'You shall not make for yourself a carved image…’

'You shall not take the name of the LORD in vain.'

'Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy.'

'Honor your father and your mother.'

'You shall not murder.'

'You shall not commit adultery.'

'You shall not steal.'

'You shall not bear false witness’

'You shall not covet your neighbor's house…’

Abraham: founder of

Judaism: First to teach

monotheism (one god)

Cyrus the Great: Allowed

Jews back to Jerusalem and

gave them the funds to

rebuild their temple

Ch

rist

ian

ity

Jesus’ Teachings: equality,

forgiveness. Recorded in

the New Testament

Christianity was at first

vehemently rejected by

Romans, but eventually

spread throughout the

empire

Holy Book: Bible (new

testament added)

Golden rule: Do unto other as you would have done

unto you

Jesus is believed to be the Messiah, when he and

other Christians were crucified, it actually caused the

belief to spread as people developed interest in the

faith that caused

St. Paul: spread the teaching

of Christianity throughout the

Roman Empire

Nero: Scapegoated Christians

for a fire in Rome, began a

tradition of violent persecution

Emperor Constantine: made

Christianity the official religion

of the Rome after having a

dream about Christian soldiers

Isla

m

The Prophet Muhammad:

Muhammad was a

merchant who learned

about other cultures in his

travels. Founded Islam by

spreading God’s teachings

as they were told to him.

Sacred Texts: Qur’an (Koran)

is the word of God, Hadiths

are the word of Muhammad

Spread: Mecca was

located on pre-existing

trade networks, allowing for

Islam to spread quickly and

peacefully, by targeting

urban centers on routes.

Five Pillars: Moral code for Muslims, mandating Hajj, or

pilgrimage to Mecca, praying five times per day

facing Mecca, fasting during the month of Ramadan,

alms, or charitable giving, and the proclamation of

there being no god but Allah, Arabic for God

Sharia Law: Law codes developed by the Umayyad

Caliphate that put forth more specific guidelines for

practicing Islam and behaving in society. Still limitedly

enforced by some government s in the world today.

Shiite/Sunni split: When Muhammad died, Sunnis and

Shia Muslims disagreed about his successor, Sunnis

believing it should be he who was most qualified to

enforce Islamic codes of behavior, Shiites believing it

should be a direct descendant of the prophet.

Mansa Musa: Made a

pilgrimage to Mecca,

spreading Islam to West Africa

and prolonging its golden age

after the Abbasid Empire fell

to the Mongols in 1258. He

made Timbuktu and center for

Islamic learning and trade,

and built mosques throughout

northern Africa to unify African

peoples with the practice of

Islam.

Made Christianity

the official religion

in ROme

Founded and spread

Christianity

Scapegoated

Christians for a fire in

Rome

Spread Greek culture in

the Hellenic

Empire

Direct Democracy

Preserved the glory of

Rome with my law

code and the

Hagia

Sophia

Founded and

spread Islam

around 600

Brought Islam and

increased trade to

West Africa

Will be covered in a

later unit – not on the

midterm

Unified China for

the first time and

built the

Great Wall

Built a bureaucracy with

civil service exams

Welcomed the

Jews back to Israel

as a religiously

tolerant

Leader.

Rock and Pillar Edicts,

spreading Buddhism

throughout India

Established the

Mauryan Empire

Built the Royal Road and

the world’s first bureau-

cracy

Developed the earliest

known codified system

of laws to

maintain

order and

please the

gods.

LEADERS OF ANCIENT HISTORY

For each leader shown below, describe that leader’s legacy from his own perspective.

v

Hammurabi Shi Huangdi Han Wudi Cyrus

Darius Chandragupta Maurya Ashoka Pericles

Alexander the Great Nero Jesus Constantine

Justinian Muhammad Mansa Musa Akbar the Great


Who’s Who of global history? Directions: Use your knowledge of global history and the information presented to complete the missing box(s).

Name Time period/Region Contribution/Significance

King Hammurabi

Mesopotamia

(Babylonia)

Created a law code for all to see (Hammurabi’s Code)-

discriminated based on social classes. Laws were

unfair between classes.

Buddha (Siddartha Guatama)

India 483 bc-563 B.C.

Indian philosopher and the founder of Buddhism. He

was troubled by the human misery that he saw

around him everyday. Give up selfish desires to end

suffering.

Pericles

Golden Age of

Greece

425 bc-493 B.C.

He was the central ruler of Athens during its golden

age. He was the central patron behind many of their

achievements. He was also a very skilled speaker.

Alexander the Great

Ancient Greece

Conquered a massive empire stretching from Greece

to Indus River Valley. Created Hellenistic Culture,

blending Greek, Egyptian and Persian cultures.

Justinian

Byzantine empire

527-565 C.E.

Best remembered for organizing ancient Roman laws

into a collection of civil laws known today as

Justinian's Code-used by later rulers and Catholic

Church.

Socrates

Ancient Greece

Created the Socratic Method of questioning as a

learning tool. Quote: “The unexamined life is not

worth living.” Put to death for his beliefs.

Plato

Ancient Greece

Greek philosopher; wrote book The Republic; student

of Socrates.

Aristotle

Ancient Greece

Greek philosopher; student of Plato. Developed Ideas

on government.

Julius Caesar

Ancient Rome

Took power of the Roman Empire. His Rule ended the

Roman Republic. After he was murdered his nephew,

Augustus became Emperor.

Confucius

Born during Zhou

Dynasty---Ideas used

during the Han

dynasty China.

Chinese philosopher and writer of The Analects, a

collection of moral and social teachings, including the

concept of the Five Relationships and filial piety.

Han Feizi

Ancient China (Qin

Dynasty)

Chinese Philosopher; developed legalism. Believed

that all individuals were born “wicked” and needed

strict rules with harsh punishments.

Laozi (Lao-Tze)

Ancient China

Chinese Philosopher; Founder of Taoism (Daoism).

Dao = “the way.”

Asoka

Ancient India

(Mauryan Empire)

Ancient ruler of India. Became Buddhist; spread

Buddhism using his “pillars.”

Genghis Khan

1167-1227

One of the Mongol’s greatest leaders and founder of

the Mongol Empire.

Kublai Khan

1215-1294

Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the

Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.

Mansa Musa

Africa – (Mali)

Under his leadership Timbuktu became a center of

learning. Again, this is the influence of Islam, with

Islamic scholars traveling from around the Muslim

world to study and teach.

Marco Polo

1254-1324 - Italy

Italian explorer and author. He made numerous trips

to China and returned to Europe to write of his

journeys. He is responsible for much of the

knowledge exchanged between Europe and China.

Ibn Battuta

1304-1368 - Morocco

A Moroccan scholar and traveler who is known for the

accounts (journals) of his travels and excursions to

Africa (Mali empire), India, and other parts of Asia.

Zheng He

1371-1433 - Ming

Dynasty

Chinese naval explorer who sailed along most of the

coast of Asia, Japan, and half way down the east coast

of Africa before his death.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morocco
