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Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680

Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680

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Page 1: Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680

Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia

Part II: Trade

1450 - 1680

Page 2: Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680

High Value Spices• Pepper - Malabar • Clove - Moluccas

• Nutmeg – Banda

Page 3: Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680

Other Trade • Sugar• Benzoin• Deer Skins• Sappanwood• Sandalwood• Musk• Camphor• Lacquer

• Cotton• Silver• Currency• Later

– Tin

– Rubber

– Coffee

– Oil

Page 4: Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680

Entrepots

Convenient third country ports serving as point of exchange.

– Malacca– Manila– Fai Fo/Hoi An

Page 5: Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680

Cycle of Trade

• The cycle of trade was dictated by the monsoon winds.

– April – August: Winds from the Southwest toward Asian mainland.

– December - March: Winds from the Northeast toward the Indian Ocean.

Page 6: Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680

Shipping• The prahu was the principal local trade vehicle.

– Constructed using dowels and joinery; no nails.– Pointed stem and stern, oarlock quarter rudders & latten

rigged triangular sails.– Carried 4 to 40 tons.

• Enlarged to become SEAsian junk in 1500s.– Three masts; square rigged.– Iron nails and clamps supplemented dowels and joinery.– Average capacity 400 – 500 tons; max of 1,000 tons.

Page 7: Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680

Prahu/Prau

Page 8: Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680

Chinese Junk

Page 9: Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680

Navigation• Sailing with reference

to shore line.• Compass.• Knowledge of winds

and currents.• Rutters• Early maps and charts

Page 10: Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680

Inland Transportation• Rivers used extensively for inland transportation.

– Chao Phraya, Mekong & Irrawaddy

• Cities frequently built where rivers ceased to be navigable.– Mekong: Pnompenh, Savannakhet &Vientiane– Chao Phraya: Ayutthaya and Bangkok– Cape Fear: Fayetteville.

• Overland transportation was extremely difficult.– Condition of roads and bridges; Banditry– Ox carts and pack animals

Page 11: Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680

Cities• Growth of cities tied to trade boom.• Cities frequently followed Chinese checker board

pattern. – Surrounded by walls and gates & oriented South.

– Center reserved for harem, retainers, horses & elephants.

– Major streets were 20-30 ft. wide, paved & ran in straight lines across the city.

• Wood construction meant fire was a serious threat.

Page 12: Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680

Orangkaya• Commonly defined as “rich man.”• Applied to indigenous aristocracy, merchant elite,

foreign merchants, descendents of foreign merchants & merchant-officials.

• Functioned under local ruler’s patronage.• Status marked by elaborate attire and a retinue of

at least one slave to carry his sword and attend his needs.

• A high degree of social mobility existed.

Page 13: Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680

Chinese Influence• Impact of Mongol Yuan and Ming expeditions,

e.g., Cheng Ho.• Tribute system.

– Pilgrimage to Chinese capital-Peking/Nanking.

– Audience and confirmation of rulers status.

– Awarded badges of office: official seal and yellow umbrella.

– Privilege of trade.

• Major beneficiaries: Ayutthaya and Malacca

Page 14: Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680

European Impact• Begins with Portuguese in 1509.• Waning of Chinese interest and influence.• Proliferation of trade and ports.

– Pegu– Arakan– Luang Prabang, Vientiane & Nakhon Phanom in Laos.– Hoi An– Patani– Aceh– Banten– Makassar– Jambi & Palembang

Page 15: Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680

Questions• What dictated the cycle of trade?• What was the name given to local sailing vessels?• Which was considered better: land or water

transportation? Why?• What title was given to wealthy local traders?• Who was Cheng Ho? • The impact of European discovery occurred just as

the influence of the what country began to fade?• What was the principal stimulus for the growth of

cities?

Page 16: Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680

More Questions• Navigation was accomplished by reference

to the shore (when possible) and sailing instructions called ______.

• What were the major spices sought by European traders?

• How were traditional prahus held together? • What factors favored the construction of

port cities inland on major rivers?

Page 17: Pre - Colonial Southeast Asia Part II: Trade 1450 - 1680

The End