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BY KATHERINE HATZIS Prepositions

Prepositions - cmwriting.files.wordpress.com fileDefinition ! Prepositions are used to connect a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence. ! The object of the preposition is

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Page 1: Prepositions - cmwriting.files.wordpress.com fileDefinition ! Prepositions are used to connect a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence. ! The object of the preposition is

B Y K A T H E R I N E H A T Z I S

Prepositions

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Learning Objectives

� Recognize prepositions, phrasal prepositions, and prepositional phrases.

�  Identify objects of prepositions � Explain the uses of prepositional phrases � Use appropriate prepositions

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Definition

�  Prepositions are used to connect a noun or pronoun to some other word in a sentence.

�  The object of the preposition is the noun or pronoun connected by means of a preposition.

�  A prepositional phrase = preposition + object + any modifiers of the object.

�  Phrasal prepositions are combinations of words used to connect a noun or pronoun to another word.

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Uses of Prepositional Phrases

Prepositional phrases are combinations of words used to connect a noun or pronoun to another word. Examples �  according to contrary to in spite of �  along with due to instead of �  as for in addition to together with �  because of in contrast to with regard to

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Uses of Prepositional Phrases

� To modify nouns and pronouns

� To modify verbs

� To modify adjectives

� To modify adverbs

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Noun and Pronoun Modifiers

Prepositional phrases used to modify nouns and pronouns can occupy one of two positions: §  Usually placed after the term modified §  Occasionally placed after a linking verb Examples: Arlene is planning a career in marketing. That case is under investigation.

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Verb Modifiers

� Prepositional phrases used to modify verbs can occupy various positions in a sentence.

� These verb modifiers answer the same questions that adverbs answer: ¡  How? ¡  When? ¡  Where? ¡  To what extent? ¡  Why?

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Adjective Modifiers

Prepositional phrases used to modify adjectives usually follow the adjective. Examples: Her report was complete with accurate charts. The charts, accurate in every detail, are easy to understand. Subtle in its criticism, the report indicates changes are

needed.

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Adverb Modifiers

Prepositional phrases used to modify adverbs usually follow the adverb.

Examples: The conference center is located far from the main

building. Quickly, because of the rain, the committee members

walked to the other building. Luckily for attendees, umbrellas were provided.

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Special Concerns in Using Prepositions

� Prepositions that are also used as other parts of speech

� Words that sound like to (the adverb too and the

limiting adjective or noun two)

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Correct Use of BESIDE and BESIDES

� Use beside when you mean “by the side of, side by side, or next to.”

� Use besides when you mean “except, other than, or in addition to.”

Examples: Pam was in the seat beside me. No one besides Grant would say a thing like that. Besides replacing the back stairs, he fixed the broken

bannister.

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Correct Use of BETWEEN and AMONG

� Use between when referring to two persons, things, or groups.

� Use among when referring to three or more persons, things, or groups.

Examples: The committee will choose between Rick and me. We need trust between managers and employees. We also need teamwork among the employees.

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Correct Use of EXCEPT and ACCEPT

� Use except (preposition) when you mean “with the exclusion of something or someone.”

� Use accept (verb) when you mean “to receive something willingly.”

Examples: She packed everything except the toothpaste. She humbly said, “Please accept my apology.”

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Correct Use of DIFFERENT FROM and DIFFERS FROM

� Use the expression different from, just as you say something differs from something else.

� Reserve than for use with the comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs.

Examples: The manager’s desk is different from the other desks. Mr. Tekulve’s background is different from hers. Your plan differs from mine in three respects.

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Correct Use of IN and INTO

� Use in to indicate location or movement within an area.

� Use into to indicate entry into a place or initiation of an agreement or investigation.

Examples: The cafeteria is in the main building. If you arrive early, you must wait in the lobby. The guests were ushered into the conference room. The committee is looking into other options before we enter

into a contract.

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Correct Use of LIKE and AS

�  Use like (preposition) when you mean “having the characteristics of” or “similar to.” Like is also used as a conjunction in colloquial speech.

�  Use as or as if as a conjunction in formal communication. As can also mean “like” or “in the capacity or role of.”

Examples: This tastes like lobster. (preposition) It looks like we we will have a cold winter. (informal

conjunction) You look as if (not like) you’ve seen a ghost. (formal

conjunction)

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Incorrect Use of Prepositions

� Do not add an unnecessary preposition at the end of sentence.

� Do not use two prepositions where one will do.

� When using a personal pronoun or who as the object of a preposition, use the objective case (me, him, her, us, them, and whom).

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Personal Pronouns as Objects of Prepositions

�  Personal pronouns and who require special attention because they have distinctive objective forms.

�  When you use a personal pronoun or who as the object of a preposition, be sure to use the objective case (me, him, her, us, them, whom).

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Idioms Involving Prepositions

�  Sometimes one preposition can be substituted for another without changing the meaning of the sentence.

� Many special meanings, however, require the use of particular prepositions with certain verbs.

�  Frequently, these phrasings are a matter of idiom; that is, they are the accepted way of saying something.

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During this presentation, you learned:

� Recognize prepositions, phrasal prepositions, and prepositional phrases

�  Identify the four uses of prepositional phrases

� Use the correct form of six pairs of frequently misused prepositions

� Choose appropriate prepositions