1. PRESENT PERFECTTENSE & PAST PERFECT TENSE PREPARED BY : AMIRAH IZZATI BINTI ISHAKFATIN IZZATI BINTI MOHADZIR

2. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE1. To expresses past action with no specific time indicated.2. The formula : Has/have + past participle of the verb Eg : has/have + (known/come/cheated/sent) 3. RULE 11. An action which took place in the past. The time of the action is unknown. Eg : The applicant has received a favourablereply from the company. Eg : The unemployed graduates have applied for a bank loan to start their freshwater fish project. 4. 2. An action which started in the past , but iteffect has continued until the present and willprobably continue into the future. Eg : The consultant has trained many successful businessmen. Eg : His strategies have worked from the start. 5. 3. Repeated actions in the past. Eg : I have regularly participated in the Malaysian Halal Exhibition for the past five years. Eg : The tourists have visited KLCC three times. 6. RULE 21. The affirmative : Eg : The economist has used the consumer priceindex as an indicator of the standard of living. Eg : Two foreign companies have agreed to invest RM200 million in the mega project. 7. 2. The negative : Eg : The economist has not used/hasnt used the consumer price index as an indicator of the standard of living. Eg : Two foreign companies have not agreed/ havent agreed to invest RM200 million in the mega project. 8. 3. The interrogative : Eg : Has the economist used the consumer price index as an indicator of the standard of living? Eg : Have the two foreign companies agreed to invest RM200 million in the mega project? 9. RULE 3Time expressions :1. Since, for, yet, recently/lately, already, just, until now/up to now/so far, ever and etc. Eg : Bank Negara has not renovated its exterior sincethe day it was built. Eg : Recently/Lately, the price of oil has soared to a record high. 10. Eg : Have you ever been to the headquarters? Eg : Up to now/Until now/So far, Danial has done the report five times. Eg : The business student has not submitted her thesis proposal yet. 11. PAST PERFECT TENSE1. Describes an action which took place before another action in past.2. The formula : Had + past participle of the verb Eg : had + (decreased / plunged / left) 12. RULE 11. Two situations or actions that happened in the past. The verb of the earlier action is in the past perfect, while the verb of the later action is in the simple past. Eg : The management trainee had prepared the report before she left for a seminar. Eg : After the supervisor had read the report, Miss Lily Ong walked. 13. 2. A situation or action that happened before a particular time in the past. Eg : Before the recent trip, he had nevertravelled overseas. 14. RULE 21. The affirmative : Eg : Andy had explained the project to the Dean before he went ahead with it. Eg : The party had already started when they arrived. 15. 2. The negative : Eg : The team had not anticipated/ hadnt anticipated the problem when they started on the project. Eg : They had not thought/hadnt thought of a solution to the problem when they met the counselor. 16. 3. The interrogative : Eg : Had they received the green light before they continued with the project? Eg : Had he gone to the market when she arrived at his house? 17. RULE 3Time expressions :1. Before , after , as soon as , when , until and by the time are time expressions used with the past perfect tense. Eg : Adi had noticed the man before he boarded the bus. 18. E.g : After Asyraf had done his assignment, he submitted it to his lecturer. E.g : I went home as soon as the rain hadstopped. E.g : By the time the police arrived, a large crowd had gathered around the injured man. 19. E.g : When the staff had spoken to theManager, he relayed the message to theChief of Staff. E.g : My father had refused to let me join thetrip until my lecturer convinced him itwas a study excursion. 20. INFO In most cases, the simple past tense is morecommonly used with before and after sincethe time relationship is already clear. Some time expressions used in present perfecttense can also be used with the past perfecttense such as already , ever , never , still andyet. 21. ~END~Lets do exercises! ^_^