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Presented by
Ashis Kumar Chakraborty
Climate Change
Future Guidelines for Environmental Benefits from
Super Critical Power Generation Units
This advanced technology for power generation
is for achieving
bull Higher Efficiency bull Clean bull Safe Overall Environmentbull The development of coal fired supercritical power
plant technology can be described as an evolutionary advancement towards greater power output per unit and higher efficiency
CO2 emissions can be lowered by improving the efficiency of coal fired power plants
bullIncreasing the temperature amp pressure in a steam turbine increases the efficiency of the Rankine steam cycle used in power generation
bullIt decreases the amount of fossil fuel consumed and the emissions generated
bullLarge amount of carbon-di-oxide (CO2) emissions produced by them which contribute in a large measure to greenhouse effect and global warming
PREAMBLE
bull Energy in general and electricity in particular plays a vital role in improving the standard of life everywhere
bull World has abundant proven reserves of coal and thus coal-based thermal power plants dominate almost everywhere
bull Energy conversion efficiency of steam turbine cycle can be improved by increasing the main steam pressure amp temperature
Environmental Issues
Primary sources of energy consisted of Petroleum 360 Coal 274 Natural gas 230 Amounting to an 864 share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world
World energy consumption was growing about 23 per year
The burning of fossil fuels produces around 213 billion tonnes (213 gigatonnes) of Carbon dioxide (CO2) per year
Environmental Issues
Source Coal Information 2006rsquo
Environmental Issues bull Source Assessment of Generation Technology through Lifecycle CO2 Emissions by Power Systems Central Research Laboratory (2000)
bull Source Assessment of Generation Technology through Lifecycle CO2 Emissions by Power Systems Central Research Laboratory (2000)
Environmental Advantages
At supercritical pressures (above 3200 psi221 MPa)
steam turbine efficiency improves significantly
compared to the typical subcritical cycle
This efficiency improvement leads to reductions infuel input emissions output
extra greenhouse
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
where stoichiometric coefficients x and y depend on the fuel type A simple example is the combustion of coal (taken here as consisting of pure carbon)C + O2 CO2
In words carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide
A coal-fired thermal power station
1 Cooling tower 2 Cooling water pump 3 Transmission line (3-phase) 4 Unit transformer (3-phase) 5 Electric generator (3-phase) 6 Low pressure turbine 7 Condensate extraction pump 8 Condensor 9 Intermediate pressure turbine 10 Steam governor valve 11 High pressure turbine 12 Deaerator 13 Feed heater 14 Coal conveyor 15 Coal hopper 16 Pulverised fuel mill 17 Boiler drum 18 Ash hopper 19 Superheater 20 Forced draught fan 21 Reheater 22 Air intake 23 Economiser 24 Air preheater 25 Precipitator 26 Induced draught fan 27 Chimney Stack
PREAMBLE
bull Supercritical power plants are highly efficient plants with best available pollution control technology
bull Reduces existing pollution levels by burning less coal per megawatt-hour produced capturing the vast majority of the pollutants
bull Increases the kWh produced per kg of coal burned with fewer emissions
bull Coal-fired Supercritical Power plants operate at very high temperature [580degC temp] amp with a pressure of 23 MPa)
megapascals (MPa = Nmm2) or gigapascals (GPa = kNmm2)
bull Resulting much higher heat efficiencies (46) as compare to Sub-Critical coal-fired plants
bull Sub-Critical coal-fired plant operates at 455degC temp and efficiency of within 40
Benefits of advanced supercritical power plants include
a) Reduced fuel costs due to improved plant efficiency
b) Significant improvement of environment by reduction in CO2 emissions
c) Plant costs comparable with sub-critical technology amp less than other clean coal technologies
d) Much reduced NOx SOx and particulate emissions
e) Can be fully integrated with appropriate CO2 capture technology
Supercritical technology and its advantages
bull Techno-economic benefits along with its environment-friendly cleaner technology more and new power plants are coming-up with this state-of-the-art technology
bull As environment legislations are becoming more stringent adopting this cleaner technology have benefited immensely in all respect
bull LHV (lower heating value) is improved (from 40 to more than 45)
bull One percent increase in efficiency reduces by two percent specific emissions such as CO2 NOx SOx and particulate matters
bull Supercritical is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance where there is no clear distinction between the liquid and the gaseous phase (ie they are a homogenous fluid)
bull Water reaches this state at a pressure above 221 MPa
bull The greater the output of electrical energy for a given amount of energy input the higher the efficiency
bull If the energy input to the cycle is kept constant the output can be increased by selecting elevated pressures and temperatures for the water-steam cycle
bull Increased thermal efficiency observed when the temperature and pressure of the steam is increased
bull By raising the temperature from 580degC to760degC and the pressure out of the high pressure feed-water pump from 33 MPa to 42 MPa the thermal efficiency improves by about 4
(Ultra-supercritical steam condition)
Super Critical means no distinction between water amp steam Critical point of water-steam 22115 MPa 37415
Definition of SC and USC Units
bull Sub-critical units Main steam pressure lt 22115MPa
bull Super-critical units Main steam pressure gt 22115MPa
bull Ultral-supercritical unitsbull Commercial concept means higher steam
pressure and temperature than supercritical units
bull 1048766 Japan Main steam pressure gt242MPabull or Steam temperature reaches 593 bull 1048766 Denmark Main steam pressure gt275MPabull 1048766 China Main steam pressure gt27MPa
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
This advanced technology for power generation
is for achieving
bull Higher Efficiency bull Clean bull Safe Overall Environmentbull The development of coal fired supercritical power
plant technology can be described as an evolutionary advancement towards greater power output per unit and higher efficiency
CO2 emissions can be lowered by improving the efficiency of coal fired power plants
bullIncreasing the temperature amp pressure in a steam turbine increases the efficiency of the Rankine steam cycle used in power generation
bullIt decreases the amount of fossil fuel consumed and the emissions generated
bullLarge amount of carbon-di-oxide (CO2) emissions produced by them which contribute in a large measure to greenhouse effect and global warming
PREAMBLE
bull Energy in general and electricity in particular plays a vital role in improving the standard of life everywhere
bull World has abundant proven reserves of coal and thus coal-based thermal power plants dominate almost everywhere
bull Energy conversion efficiency of steam turbine cycle can be improved by increasing the main steam pressure amp temperature
Environmental Issues
Primary sources of energy consisted of Petroleum 360 Coal 274 Natural gas 230 Amounting to an 864 share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world
World energy consumption was growing about 23 per year
The burning of fossil fuels produces around 213 billion tonnes (213 gigatonnes) of Carbon dioxide (CO2) per year
Environmental Issues
Source Coal Information 2006rsquo
Environmental Issues bull Source Assessment of Generation Technology through Lifecycle CO2 Emissions by Power Systems Central Research Laboratory (2000)
bull Source Assessment of Generation Technology through Lifecycle CO2 Emissions by Power Systems Central Research Laboratory (2000)
Environmental Advantages
At supercritical pressures (above 3200 psi221 MPa)
steam turbine efficiency improves significantly
compared to the typical subcritical cycle
This efficiency improvement leads to reductions infuel input emissions output
extra greenhouse
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
where stoichiometric coefficients x and y depend on the fuel type A simple example is the combustion of coal (taken here as consisting of pure carbon)C + O2 CO2
In words carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide
A coal-fired thermal power station
1 Cooling tower 2 Cooling water pump 3 Transmission line (3-phase) 4 Unit transformer (3-phase) 5 Electric generator (3-phase) 6 Low pressure turbine 7 Condensate extraction pump 8 Condensor 9 Intermediate pressure turbine 10 Steam governor valve 11 High pressure turbine 12 Deaerator 13 Feed heater 14 Coal conveyor 15 Coal hopper 16 Pulverised fuel mill 17 Boiler drum 18 Ash hopper 19 Superheater 20 Forced draught fan 21 Reheater 22 Air intake 23 Economiser 24 Air preheater 25 Precipitator 26 Induced draught fan 27 Chimney Stack
PREAMBLE
bull Supercritical power plants are highly efficient plants with best available pollution control technology
bull Reduces existing pollution levels by burning less coal per megawatt-hour produced capturing the vast majority of the pollutants
bull Increases the kWh produced per kg of coal burned with fewer emissions
bull Coal-fired Supercritical Power plants operate at very high temperature [580degC temp] amp with a pressure of 23 MPa)
megapascals (MPa = Nmm2) or gigapascals (GPa = kNmm2)
bull Resulting much higher heat efficiencies (46) as compare to Sub-Critical coal-fired plants
bull Sub-Critical coal-fired plant operates at 455degC temp and efficiency of within 40
Benefits of advanced supercritical power plants include
a) Reduced fuel costs due to improved plant efficiency
b) Significant improvement of environment by reduction in CO2 emissions
c) Plant costs comparable with sub-critical technology amp less than other clean coal technologies
d) Much reduced NOx SOx and particulate emissions
e) Can be fully integrated with appropriate CO2 capture technology
Supercritical technology and its advantages
bull Techno-economic benefits along with its environment-friendly cleaner technology more and new power plants are coming-up with this state-of-the-art technology
bull As environment legislations are becoming more stringent adopting this cleaner technology have benefited immensely in all respect
bull LHV (lower heating value) is improved (from 40 to more than 45)
bull One percent increase in efficiency reduces by two percent specific emissions such as CO2 NOx SOx and particulate matters
bull Supercritical is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance where there is no clear distinction between the liquid and the gaseous phase (ie they are a homogenous fluid)
bull Water reaches this state at a pressure above 221 MPa
bull The greater the output of electrical energy for a given amount of energy input the higher the efficiency
bull If the energy input to the cycle is kept constant the output can be increased by selecting elevated pressures and temperatures for the water-steam cycle
bull Increased thermal efficiency observed when the temperature and pressure of the steam is increased
bull By raising the temperature from 580degC to760degC and the pressure out of the high pressure feed-water pump from 33 MPa to 42 MPa the thermal efficiency improves by about 4
(Ultra-supercritical steam condition)
Super Critical means no distinction between water amp steam Critical point of water-steam 22115 MPa 37415
Definition of SC and USC Units
bull Sub-critical units Main steam pressure lt 22115MPa
bull Super-critical units Main steam pressure gt 22115MPa
bull Ultral-supercritical unitsbull Commercial concept means higher steam
pressure and temperature than supercritical units
bull 1048766 Japan Main steam pressure gt242MPabull or Steam temperature reaches 593 bull 1048766 Denmark Main steam pressure gt275MPabull 1048766 China Main steam pressure gt27MPa
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
CO2 emissions can be lowered by improving the efficiency of coal fired power plants
bullIncreasing the temperature amp pressure in a steam turbine increases the efficiency of the Rankine steam cycle used in power generation
bullIt decreases the amount of fossil fuel consumed and the emissions generated
bullLarge amount of carbon-di-oxide (CO2) emissions produced by them which contribute in a large measure to greenhouse effect and global warming
PREAMBLE
bull Energy in general and electricity in particular plays a vital role in improving the standard of life everywhere
bull World has abundant proven reserves of coal and thus coal-based thermal power plants dominate almost everywhere
bull Energy conversion efficiency of steam turbine cycle can be improved by increasing the main steam pressure amp temperature
Environmental Issues
Primary sources of energy consisted of Petroleum 360 Coal 274 Natural gas 230 Amounting to an 864 share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world
World energy consumption was growing about 23 per year
The burning of fossil fuels produces around 213 billion tonnes (213 gigatonnes) of Carbon dioxide (CO2) per year
Environmental Issues
Source Coal Information 2006rsquo
Environmental Issues bull Source Assessment of Generation Technology through Lifecycle CO2 Emissions by Power Systems Central Research Laboratory (2000)
bull Source Assessment of Generation Technology through Lifecycle CO2 Emissions by Power Systems Central Research Laboratory (2000)
Environmental Advantages
At supercritical pressures (above 3200 psi221 MPa)
steam turbine efficiency improves significantly
compared to the typical subcritical cycle
This efficiency improvement leads to reductions infuel input emissions output
extra greenhouse
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
where stoichiometric coefficients x and y depend on the fuel type A simple example is the combustion of coal (taken here as consisting of pure carbon)C + O2 CO2
In words carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide
A coal-fired thermal power station
1 Cooling tower 2 Cooling water pump 3 Transmission line (3-phase) 4 Unit transformer (3-phase) 5 Electric generator (3-phase) 6 Low pressure turbine 7 Condensate extraction pump 8 Condensor 9 Intermediate pressure turbine 10 Steam governor valve 11 High pressure turbine 12 Deaerator 13 Feed heater 14 Coal conveyor 15 Coal hopper 16 Pulverised fuel mill 17 Boiler drum 18 Ash hopper 19 Superheater 20 Forced draught fan 21 Reheater 22 Air intake 23 Economiser 24 Air preheater 25 Precipitator 26 Induced draught fan 27 Chimney Stack
PREAMBLE
bull Supercritical power plants are highly efficient plants with best available pollution control technology
bull Reduces existing pollution levels by burning less coal per megawatt-hour produced capturing the vast majority of the pollutants
bull Increases the kWh produced per kg of coal burned with fewer emissions
bull Coal-fired Supercritical Power plants operate at very high temperature [580degC temp] amp with a pressure of 23 MPa)
megapascals (MPa = Nmm2) or gigapascals (GPa = kNmm2)
bull Resulting much higher heat efficiencies (46) as compare to Sub-Critical coal-fired plants
bull Sub-Critical coal-fired plant operates at 455degC temp and efficiency of within 40
Benefits of advanced supercritical power plants include
a) Reduced fuel costs due to improved plant efficiency
b) Significant improvement of environment by reduction in CO2 emissions
c) Plant costs comparable with sub-critical technology amp less than other clean coal technologies
d) Much reduced NOx SOx and particulate emissions
e) Can be fully integrated with appropriate CO2 capture technology
Supercritical technology and its advantages
bull Techno-economic benefits along with its environment-friendly cleaner technology more and new power plants are coming-up with this state-of-the-art technology
bull As environment legislations are becoming more stringent adopting this cleaner technology have benefited immensely in all respect
bull LHV (lower heating value) is improved (from 40 to more than 45)
bull One percent increase in efficiency reduces by two percent specific emissions such as CO2 NOx SOx and particulate matters
bull Supercritical is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance where there is no clear distinction between the liquid and the gaseous phase (ie they are a homogenous fluid)
bull Water reaches this state at a pressure above 221 MPa
bull The greater the output of electrical energy for a given amount of energy input the higher the efficiency
bull If the energy input to the cycle is kept constant the output can be increased by selecting elevated pressures and temperatures for the water-steam cycle
bull Increased thermal efficiency observed when the temperature and pressure of the steam is increased
bull By raising the temperature from 580degC to760degC and the pressure out of the high pressure feed-water pump from 33 MPa to 42 MPa the thermal efficiency improves by about 4
(Ultra-supercritical steam condition)
Super Critical means no distinction between water amp steam Critical point of water-steam 22115 MPa 37415
Definition of SC and USC Units
bull Sub-critical units Main steam pressure lt 22115MPa
bull Super-critical units Main steam pressure gt 22115MPa
bull Ultral-supercritical unitsbull Commercial concept means higher steam
pressure and temperature than supercritical units
bull 1048766 Japan Main steam pressure gt242MPabull or Steam temperature reaches 593 bull 1048766 Denmark Main steam pressure gt275MPabull 1048766 China Main steam pressure gt27MPa
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
PREAMBLE
bull Energy in general and electricity in particular plays a vital role in improving the standard of life everywhere
bull World has abundant proven reserves of coal and thus coal-based thermal power plants dominate almost everywhere
bull Energy conversion efficiency of steam turbine cycle can be improved by increasing the main steam pressure amp temperature
Environmental Issues
Primary sources of energy consisted of Petroleum 360 Coal 274 Natural gas 230 Amounting to an 864 share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world
World energy consumption was growing about 23 per year
The burning of fossil fuels produces around 213 billion tonnes (213 gigatonnes) of Carbon dioxide (CO2) per year
Environmental Issues
Source Coal Information 2006rsquo
Environmental Issues bull Source Assessment of Generation Technology through Lifecycle CO2 Emissions by Power Systems Central Research Laboratory (2000)
bull Source Assessment of Generation Technology through Lifecycle CO2 Emissions by Power Systems Central Research Laboratory (2000)
Environmental Advantages
At supercritical pressures (above 3200 psi221 MPa)
steam turbine efficiency improves significantly
compared to the typical subcritical cycle
This efficiency improvement leads to reductions infuel input emissions output
extra greenhouse
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
where stoichiometric coefficients x and y depend on the fuel type A simple example is the combustion of coal (taken here as consisting of pure carbon)C + O2 CO2
In words carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide
A coal-fired thermal power station
1 Cooling tower 2 Cooling water pump 3 Transmission line (3-phase) 4 Unit transformer (3-phase) 5 Electric generator (3-phase) 6 Low pressure turbine 7 Condensate extraction pump 8 Condensor 9 Intermediate pressure turbine 10 Steam governor valve 11 High pressure turbine 12 Deaerator 13 Feed heater 14 Coal conveyor 15 Coal hopper 16 Pulverised fuel mill 17 Boiler drum 18 Ash hopper 19 Superheater 20 Forced draught fan 21 Reheater 22 Air intake 23 Economiser 24 Air preheater 25 Precipitator 26 Induced draught fan 27 Chimney Stack
PREAMBLE
bull Supercritical power plants are highly efficient plants with best available pollution control technology
bull Reduces existing pollution levels by burning less coal per megawatt-hour produced capturing the vast majority of the pollutants
bull Increases the kWh produced per kg of coal burned with fewer emissions
bull Coal-fired Supercritical Power plants operate at very high temperature [580degC temp] amp with a pressure of 23 MPa)
megapascals (MPa = Nmm2) or gigapascals (GPa = kNmm2)
bull Resulting much higher heat efficiencies (46) as compare to Sub-Critical coal-fired plants
bull Sub-Critical coal-fired plant operates at 455degC temp and efficiency of within 40
Benefits of advanced supercritical power plants include
a) Reduced fuel costs due to improved plant efficiency
b) Significant improvement of environment by reduction in CO2 emissions
c) Plant costs comparable with sub-critical technology amp less than other clean coal technologies
d) Much reduced NOx SOx and particulate emissions
e) Can be fully integrated with appropriate CO2 capture technology
Supercritical technology and its advantages
bull Techno-economic benefits along with its environment-friendly cleaner technology more and new power plants are coming-up with this state-of-the-art technology
bull As environment legislations are becoming more stringent adopting this cleaner technology have benefited immensely in all respect
bull LHV (lower heating value) is improved (from 40 to more than 45)
bull One percent increase in efficiency reduces by two percent specific emissions such as CO2 NOx SOx and particulate matters
bull Supercritical is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance where there is no clear distinction between the liquid and the gaseous phase (ie they are a homogenous fluid)
bull Water reaches this state at a pressure above 221 MPa
bull The greater the output of electrical energy for a given amount of energy input the higher the efficiency
bull If the energy input to the cycle is kept constant the output can be increased by selecting elevated pressures and temperatures for the water-steam cycle
bull Increased thermal efficiency observed when the temperature and pressure of the steam is increased
bull By raising the temperature from 580degC to760degC and the pressure out of the high pressure feed-water pump from 33 MPa to 42 MPa the thermal efficiency improves by about 4
(Ultra-supercritical steam condition)
Super Critical means no distinction between water amp steam Critical point of water-steam 22115 MPa 37415
Definition of SC and USC Units
bull Sub-critical units Main steam pressure lt 22115MPa
bull Super-critical units Main steam pressure gt 22115MPa
bull Ultral-supercritical unitsbull Commercial concept means higher steam
pressure and temperature than supercritical units
bull 1048766 Japan Main steam pressure gt242MPabull or Steam temperature reaches 593 bull 1048766 Denmark Main steam pressure gt275MPabull 1048766 China Main steam pressure gt27MPa
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
Environmental Issues
Primary sources of energy consisted of Petroleum 360 Coal 274 Natural gas 230 Amounting to an 864 share for fossil fuels in primary energy consumption in the world
World energy consumption was growing about 23 per year
The burning of fossil fuels produces around 213 billion tonnes (213 gigatonnes) of Carbon dioxide (CO2) per year
Environmental Issues
Source Coal Information 2006rsquo
Environmental Issues bull Source Assessment of Generation Technology through Lifecycle CO2 Emissions by Power Systems Central Research Laboratory (2000)
bull Source Assessment of Generation Technology through Lifecycle CO2 Emissions by Power Systems Central Research Laboratory (2000)
Environmental Advantages
At supercritical pressures (above 3200 psi221 MPa)
steam turbine efficiency improves significantly
compared to the typical subcritical cycle
This efficiency improvement leads to reductions infuel input emissions output
extra greenhouse
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
where stoichiometric coefficients x and y depend on the fuel type A simple example is the combustion of coal (taken here as consisting of pure carbon)C + O2 CO2
In words carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide
A coal-fired thermal power station
1 Cooling tower 2 Cooling water pump 3 Transmission line (3-phase) 4 Unit transformer (3-phase) 5 Electric generator (3-phase) 6 Low pressure turbine 7 Condensate extraction pump 8 Condensor 9 Intermediate pressure turbine 10 Steam governor valve 11 High pressure turbine 12 Deaerator 13 Feed heater 14 Coal conveyor 15 Coal hopper 16 Pulverised fuel mill 17 Boiler drum 18 Ash hopper 19 Superheater 20 Forced draught fan 21 Reheater 22 Air intake 23 Economiser 24 Air preheater 25 Precipitator 26 Induced draught fan 27 Chimney Stack
PREAMBLE
bull Supercritical power plants are highly efficient plants with best available pollution control technology
bull Reduces existing pollution levels by burning less coal per megawatt-hour produced capturing the vast majority of the pollutants
bull Increases the kWh produced per kg of coal burned with fewer emissions
bull Coal-fired Supercritical Power plants operate at very high temperature [580degC temp] amp with a pressure of 23 MPa)
megapascals (MPa = Nmm2) or gigapascals (GPa = kNmm2)
bull Resulting much higher heat efficiencies (46) as compare to Sub-Critical coal-fired plants
bull Sub-Critical coal-fired plant operates at 455degC temp and efficiency of within 40
Benefits of advanced supercritical power plants include
a) Reduced fuel costs due to improved plant efficiency
b) Significant improvement of environment by reduction in CO2 emissions
c) Plant costs comparable with sub-critical technology amp less than other clean coal technologies
d) Much reduced NOx SOx and particulate emissions
e) Can be fully integrated with appropriate CO2 capture technology
Supercritical technology and its advantages
bull Techno-economic benefits along with its environment-friendly cleaner technology more and new power plants are coming-up with this state-of-the-art technology
bull As environment legislations are becoming more stringent adopting this cleaner technology have benefited immensely in all respect
bull LHV (lower heating value) is improved (from 40 to more than 45)
bull One percent increase in efficiency reduces by two percent specific emissions such as CO2 NOx SOx and particulate matters
bull Supercritical is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance where there is no clear distinction between the liquid and the gaseous phase (ie they are a homogenous fluid)
bull Water reaches this state at a pressure above 221 MPa
bull The greater the output of electrical energy for a given amount of energy input the higher the efficiency
bull If the energy input to the cycle is kept constant the output can be increased by selecting elevated pressures and temperatures for the water-steam cycle
bull Increased thermal efficiency observed when the temperature and pressure of the steam is increased
bull By raising the temperature from 580degC to760degC and the pressure out of the high pressure feed-water pump from 33 MPa to 42 MPa the thermal efficiency improves by about 4
(Ultra-supercritical steam condition)
Super Critical means no distinction between water amp steam Critical point of water-steam 22115 MPa 37415
Definition of SC and USC Units
bull Sub-critical units Main steam pressure lt 22115MPa
bull Super-critical units Main steam pressure gt 22115MPa
bull Ultral-supercritical unitsbull Commercial concept means higher steam
pressure and temperature than supercritical units
bull 1048766 Japan Main steam pressure gt242MPabull or Steam temperature reaches 593 bull 1048766 Denmark Main steam pressure gt275MPabull 1048766 China Main steam pressure gt27MPa
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
Environmental Issues
Source Coal Information 2006rsquo
Environmental Issues bull Source Assessment of Generation Technology through Lifecycle CO2 Emissions by Power Systems Central Research Laboratory (2000)
bull Source Assessment of Generation Technology through Lifecycle CO2 Emissions by Power Systems Central Research Laboratory (2000)
Environmental Advantages
At supercritical pressures (above 3200 psi221 MPa)
steam turbine efficiency improves significantly
compared to the typical subcritical cycle
This efficiency improvement leads to reductions infuel input emissions output
extra greenhouse
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
where stoichiometric coefficients x and y depend on the fuel type A simple example is the combustion of coal (taken here as consisting of pure carbon)C + O2 CO2
In words carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide
A coal-fired thermal power station
1 Cooling tower 2 Cooling water pump 3 Transmission line (3-phase) 4 Unit transformer (3-phase) 5 Electric generator (3-phase) 6 Low pressure turbine 7 Condensate extraction pump 8 Condensor 9 Intermediate pressure turbine 10 Steam governor valve 11 High pressure turbine 12 Deaerator 13 Feed heater 14 Coal conveyor 15 Coal hopper 16 Pulverised fuel mill 17 Boiler drum 18 Ash hopper 19 Superheater 20 Forced draught fan 21 Reheater 22 Air intake 23 Economiser 24 Air preheater 25 Precipitator 26 Induced draught fan 27 Chimney Stack
PREAMBLE
bull Supercritical power plants are highly efficient plants with best available pollution control technology
bull Reduces existing pollution levels by burning less coal per megawatt-hour produced capturing the vast majority of the pollutants
bull Increases the kWh produced per kg of coal burned with fewer emissions
bull Coal-fired Supercritical Power plants operate at very high temperature [580degC temp] amp with a pressure of 23 MPa)
megapascals (MPa = Nmm2) or gigapascals (GPa = kNmm2)
bull Resulting much higher heat efficiencies (46) as compare to Sub-Critical coal-fired plants
bull Sub-Critical coal-fired plant operates at 455degC temp and efficiency of within 40
Benefits of advanced supercritical power plants include
a) Reduced fuel costs due to improved plant efficiency
b) Significant improvement of environment by reduction in CO2 emissions
c) Plant costs comparable with sub-critical technology amp less than other clean coal technologies
d) Much reduced NOx SOx and particulate emissions
e) Can be fully integrated with appropriate CO2 capture technology
Supercritical technology and its advantages
bull Techno-economic benefits along with its environment-friendly cleaner technology more and new power plants are coming-up with this state-of-the-art technology
bull As environment legislations are becoming more stringent adopting this cleaner technology have benefited immensely in all respect
bull LHV (lower heating value) is improved (from 40 to more than 45)
bull One percent increase in efficiency reduces by two percent specific emissions such as CO2 NOx SOx and particulate matters
bull Supercritical is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance where there is no clear distinction between the liquid and the gaseous phase (ie they are a homogenous fluid)
bull Water reaches this state at a pressure above 221 MPa
bull The greater the output of electrical energy for a given amount of energy input the higher the efficiency
bull If the energy input to the cycle is kept constant the output can be increased by selecting elevated pressures and temperatures for the water-steam cycle
bull Increased thermal efficiency observed when the temperature and pressure of the steam is increased
bull By raising the temperature from 580degC to760degC and the pressure out of the high pressure feed-water pump from 33 MPa to 42 MPa the thermal efficiency improves by about 4
(Ultra-supercritical steam condition)
Super Critical means no distinction between water amp steam Critical point of water-steam 22115 MPa 37415
Definition of SC and USC Units
bull Sub-critical units Main steam pressure lt 22115MPa
bull Super-critical units Main steam pressure gt 22115MPa
bull Ultral-supercritical unitsbull Commercial concept means higher steam
pressure and temperature than supercritical units
bull 1048766 Japan Main steam pressure gt242MPabull or Steam temperature reaches 593 bull 1048766 Denmark Main steam pressure gt275MPabull 1048766 China Main steam pressure gt27MPa
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
Source Coal Information 2006rsquo
Environmental Issues bull Source Assessment of Generation Technology through Lifecycle CO2 Emissions by Power Systems Central Research Laboratory (2000)
bull Source Assessment of Generation Technology through Lifecycle CO2 Emissions by Power Systems Central Research Laboratory (2000)
Environmental Advantages
At supercritical pressures (above 3200 psi221 MPa)
steam turbine efficiency improves significantly
compared to the typical subcritical cycle
This efficiency improvement leads to reductions infuel input emissions output
extra greenhouse
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
where stoichiometric coefficients x and y depend on the fuel type A simple example is the combustion of coal (taken here as consisting of pure carbon)C + O2 CO2
In words carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide
A coal-fired thermal power station
1 Cooling tower 2 Cooling water pump 3 Transmission line (3-phase) 4 Unit transformer (3-phase) 5 Electric generator (3-phase) 6 Low pressure turbine 7 Condensate extraction pump 8 Condensor 9 Intermediate pressure turbine 10 Steam governor valve 11 High pressure turbine 12 Deaerator 13 Feed heater 14 Coal conveyor 15 Coal hopper 16 Pulverised fuel mill 17 Boiler drum 18 Ash hopper 19 Superheater 20 Forced draught fan 21 Reheater 22 Air intake 23 Economiser 24 Air preheater 25 Precipitator 26 Induced draught fan 27 Chimney Stack
PREAMBLE
bull Supercritical power plants are highly efficient plants with best available pollution control technology
bull Reduces existing pollution levels by burning less coal per megawatt-hour produced capturing the vast majority of the pollutants
bull Increases the kWh produced per kg of coal burned with fewer emissions
bull Coal-fired Supercritical Power plants operate at very high temperature [580degC temp] amp with a pressure of 23 MPa)
megapascals (MPa = Nmm2) or gigapascals (GPa = kNmm2)
bull Resulting much higher heat efficiencies (46) as compare to Sub-Critical coal-fired plants
bull Sub-Critical coal-fired plant operates at 455degC temp and efficiency of within 40
Benefits of advanced supercritical power plants include
a) Reduced fuel costs due to improved plant efficiency
b) Significant improvement of environment by reduction in CO2 emissions
c) Plant costs comparable with sub-critical technology amp less than other clean coal technologies
d) Much reduced NOx SOx and particulate emissions
e) Can be fully integrated with appropriate CO2 capture technology
Supercritical technology and its advantages
bull Techno-economic benefits along with its environment-friendly cleaner technology more and new power plants are coming-up with this state-of-the-art technology
bull As environment legislations are becoming more stringent adopting this cleaner technology have benefited immensely in all respect
bull LHV (lower heating value) is improved (from 40 to more than 45)
bull One percent increase in efficiency reduces by two percent specific emissions such as CO2 NOx SOx and particulate matters
bull Supercritical is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance where there is no clear distinction between the liquid and the gaseous phase (ie they are a homogenous fluid)
bull Water reaches this state at a pressure above 221 MPa
bull The greater the output of electrical energy for a given amount of energy input the higher the efficiency
bull If the energy input to the cycle is kept constant the output can be increased by selecting elevated pressures and temperatures for the water-steam cycle
bull Increased thermal efficiency observed when the temperature and pressure of the steam is increased
bull By raising the temperature from 580degC to760degC and the pressure out of the high pressure feed-water pump from 33 MPa to 42 MPa the thermal efficiency improves by about 4
(Ultra-supercritical steam condition)
Super Critical means no distinction between water amp steam Critical point of water-steam 22115 MPa 37415
Definition of SC and USC Units
bull Sub-critical units Main steam pressure lt 22115MPa
bull Super-critical units Main steam pressure gt 22115MPa
bull Ultral-supercritical unitsbull Commercial concept means higher steam
pressure and temperature than supercritical units
bull 1048766 Japan Main steam pressure gt242MPabull or Steam temperature reaches 593 bull 1048766 Denmark Main steam pressure gt275MPabull 1048766 China Main steam pressure gt27MPa
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
Environmental Issues bull Source Assessment of Generation Technology through Lifecycle CO2 Emissions by Power Systems Central Research Laboratory (2000)
bull Source Assessment of Generation Technology through Lifecycle CO2 Emissions by Power Systems Central Research Laboratory (2000)
Environmental Advantages
At supercritical pressures (above 3200 psi221 MPa)
steam turbine efficiency improves significantly
compared to the typical subcritical cycle
This efficiency improvement leads to reductions infuel input emissions output
extra greenhouse
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
where stoichiometric coefficients x and y depend on the fuel type A simple example is the combustion of coal (taken here as consisting of pure carbon)C + O2 CO2
In words carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide
A coal-fired thermal power station
1 Cooling tower 2 Cooling water pump 3 Transmission line (3-phase) 4 Unit transformer (3-phase) 5 Electric generator (3-phase) 6 Low pressure turbine 7 Condensate extraction pump 8 Condensor 9 Intermediate pressure turbine 10 Steam governor valve 11 High pressure turbine 12 Deaerator 13 Feed heater 14 Coal conveyor 15 Coal hopper 16 Pulverised fuel mill 17 Boiler drum 18 Ash hopper 19 Superheater 20 Forced draught fan 21 Reheater 22 Air intake 23 Economiser 24 Air preheater 25 Precipitator 26 Induced draught fan 27 Chimney Stack
PREAMBLE
bull Supercritical power plants are highly efficient plants with best available pollution control technology
bull Reduces existing pollution levels by burning less coal per megawatt-hour produced capturing the vast majority of the pollutants
bull Increases the kWh produced per kg of coal burned with fewer emissions
bull Coal-fired Supercritical Power plants operate at very high temperature [580degC temp] amp with a pressure of 23 MPa)
megapascals (MPa = Nmm2) or gigapascals (GPa = kNmm2)
bull Resulting much higher heat efficiencies (46) as compare to Sub-Critical coal-fired plants
bull Sub-Critical coal-fired plant operates at 455degC temp and efficiency of within 40
Benefits of advanced supercritical power plants include
a) Reduced fuel costs due to improved plant efficiency
b) Significant improvement of environment by reduction in CO2 emissions
c) Plant costs comparable with sub-critical technology amp less than other clean coal technologies
d) Much reduced NOx SOx and particulate emissions
e) Can be fully integrated with appropriate CO2 capture technology
Supercritical technology and its advantages
bull Techno-economic benefits along with its environment-friendly cleaner technology more and new power plants are coming-up with this state-of-the-art technology
bull As environment legislations are becoming more stringent adopting this cleaner technology have benefited immensely in all respect
bull LHV (lower heating value) is improved (from 40 to more than 45)
bull One percent increase in efficiency reduces by two percent specific emissions such as CO2 NOx SOx and particulate matters
bull Supercritical is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance where there is no clear distinction between the liquid and the gaseous phase (ie they are a homogenous fluid)
bull Water reaches this state at a pressure above 221 MPa
bull The greater the output of electrical energy for a given amount of energy input the higher the efficiency
bull If the energy input to the cycle is kept constant the output can be increased by selecting elevated pressures and temperatures for the water-steam cycle
bull Increased thermal efficiency observed when the temperature and pressure of the steam is increased
bull By raising the temperature from 580degC to760degC and the pressure out of the high pressure feed-water pump from 33 MPa to 42 MPa the thermal efficiency improves by about 4
(Ultra-supercritical steam condition)
Super Critical means no distinction between water amp steam Critical point of water-steam 22115 MPa 37415
Definition of SC and USC Units
bull Sub-critical units Main steam pressure lt 22115MPa
bull Super-critical units Main steam pressure gt 22115MPa
bull Ultral-supercritical unitsbull Commercial concept means higher steam
pressure and temperature than supercritical units
bull 1048766 Japan Main steam pressure gt242MPabull or Steam temperature reaches 593 bull 1048766 Denmark Main steam pressure gt275MPabull 1048766 China Main steam pressure gt27MPa
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
Environmental Advantages
At supercritical pressures (above 3200 psi221 MPa)
steam turbine efficiency improves significantly
compared to the typical subcritical cycle
This efficiency improvement leads to reductions infuel input emissions output
extra greenhouse
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
where stoichiometric coefficients x and y depend on the fuel type A simple example is the combustion of coal (taken here as consisting of pure carbon)C + O2 CO2
In words carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide
A coal-fired thermal power station
1 Cooling tower 2 Cooling water pump 3 Transmission line (3-phase) 4 Unit transformer (3-phase) 5 Electric generator (3-phase) 6 Low pressure turbine 7 Condensate extraction pump 8 Condensor 9 Intermediate pressure turbine 10 Steam governor valve 11 High pressure turbine 12 Deaerator 13 Feed heater 14 Coal conveyor 15 Coal hopper 16 Pulverised fuel mill 17 Boiler drum 18 Ash hopper 19 Superheater 20 Forced draught fan 21 Reheater 22 Air intake 23 Economiser 24 Air preheater 25 Precipitator 26 Induced draught fan 27 Chimney Stack
PREAMBLE
bull Supercritical power plants are highly efficient plants with best available pollution control technology
bull Reduces existing pollution levels by burning less coal per megawatt-hour produced capturing the vast majority of the pollutants
bull Increases the kWh produced per kg of coal burned with fewer emissions
bull Coal-fired Supercritical Power plants operate at very high temperature [580degC temp] amp with a pressure of 23 MPa)
megapascals (MPa = Nmm2) or gigapascals (GPa = kNmm2)
bull Resulting much higher heat efficiencies (46) as compare to Sub-Critical coal-fired plants
bull Sub-Critical coal-fired plant operates at 455degC temp and efficiency of within 40
Benefits of advanced supercritical power plants include
a) Reduced fuel costs due to improved plant efficiency
b) Significant improvement of environment by reduction in CO2 emissions
c) Plant costs comparable with sub-critical technology amp less than other clean coal technologies
d) Much reduced NOx SOx and particulate emissions
e) Can be fully integrated with appropriate CO2 capture technology
Supercritical technology and its advantages
bull Techno-economic benefits along with its environment-friendly cleaner technology more and new power plants are coming-up with this state-of-the-art technology
bull As environment legislations are becoming more stringent adopting this cleaner technology have benefited immensely in all respect
bull LHV (lower heating value) is improved (from 40 to more than 45)
bull One percent increase in efficiency reduces by two percent specific emissions such as CO2 NOx SOx and particulate matters
bull Supercritical is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance where there is no clear distinction between the liquid and the gaseous phase (ie they are a homogenous fluid)
bull Water reaches this state at a pressure above 221 MPa
bull The greater the output of electrical energy for a given amount of energy input the higher the efficiency
bull If the energy input to the cycle is kept constant the output can be increased by selecting elevated pressures and temperatures for the water-steam cycle
bull Increased thermal efficiency observed when the temperature and pressure of the steam is increased
bull By raising the temperature from 580degC to760degC and the pressure out of the high pressure feed-water pump from 33 MPa to 42 MPa the thermal efficiency improves by about 4
(Ultra-supercritical steam condition)
Super Critical means no distinction between water amp steam Critical point of water-steam 22115 MPa 37415
Definition of SC and USC Units
bull Sub-critical units Main steam pressure lt 22115MPa
bull Super-critical units Main steam pressure gt 22115MPa
bull Ultral-supercritical unitsbull Commercial concept means higher steam
pressure and temperature than supercritical units
bull 1048766 Japan Main steam pressure gt242MPabull or Steam temperature reaches 593 bull 1048766 Denmark Main steam pressure gt275MPabull 1048766 China Main steam pressure gt27MPa
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
extra greenhouse
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
where stoichiometric coefficients x and y depend on the fuel type A simple example is the combustion of coal (taken here as consisting of pure carbon)C + O2 CO2
In words carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide
A coal-fired thermal power station
1 Cooling tower 2 Cooling water pump 3 Transmission line (3-phase) 4 Unit transformer (3-phase) 5 Electric generator (3-phase) 6 Low pressure turbine 7 Condensate extraction pump 8 Condensor 9 Intermediate pressure turbine 10 Steam governor valve 11 High pressure turbine 12 Deaerator 13 Feed heater 14 Coal conveyor 15 Coal hopper 16 Pulverised fuel mill 17 Boiler drum 18 Ash hopper 19 Superheater 20 Forced draught fan 21 Reheater 22 Air intake 23 Economiser 24 Air preheater 25 Precipitator 26 Induced draught fan 27 Chimney Stack
PREAMBLE
bull Supercritical power plants are highly efficient plants with best available pollution control technology
bull Reduces existing pollution levels by burning less coal per megawatt-hour produced capturing the vast majority of the pollutants
bull Increases the kWh produced per kg of coal burned with fewer emissions
bull Coal-fired Supercritical Power plants operate at very high temperature [580degC temp] amp with a pressure of 23 MPa)
megapascals (MPa = Nmm2) or gigapascals (GPa = kNmm2)
bull Resulting much higher heat efficiencies (46) as compare to Sub-Critical coal-fired plants
bull Sub-Critical coal-fired plant operates at 455degC temp and efficiency of within 40
Benefits of advanced supercritical power plants include
a) Reduced fuel costs due to improved plant efficiency
b) Significant improvement of environment by reduction in CO2 emissions
c) Plant costs comparable with sub-critical technology amp less than other clean coal technologies
d) Much reduced NOx SOx and particulate emissions
e) Can be fully integrated with appropriate CO2 capture technology
Supercritical technology and its advantages
bull Techno-economic benefits along with its environment-friendly cleaner technology more and new power plants are coming-up with this state-of-the-art technology
bull As environment legislations are becoming more stringent adopting this cleaner technology have benefited immensely in all respect
bull LHV (lower heating value) is improved (from 40 to more than 45)
bull One percent increase in efficiency reduces by two percent specific emissions such as CO2 NOx SOx and particulate matters
bull Supercritical is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance where there is no clear distinction between the liquid and the gaseous phase (ie they are a homogenous fluid)
bull Water reaches this state at a pressure above 221 MPa
bull The greater the output of electrical energy for a given amount of energy input the higher the efficiency
bull If the energy input to the cycle is kept constant the output can be increased by selecting elevated pressures and temperatures for the water-steam cycle
bull Increased thermal efficiency observed when the temperature and pressure of the steam is increased
bull By raising the temperature from 580degC to760degC and the pressure out of the high pressure feed-water pump from 33 MPa to 42 MPa the thermal efficiency improves by about 4
(Ultra-supercritical steam condition)
Super Critical means no distinction between water amp steam Critical point of water-steam 22115 MPa 37415
Definition of SC and USC Units
bull Sub-critical units Main steam pressure lt 22115MPa
bull Super-critical units Main steam pressure gt 22115MPa
bull Ultral-supercritical unitsbull Commercial concept means higher steam
pressure and temperature than supercritical units
bull 1048766 Japan Main steam pressure gt242MPabull or Steam temperature reaches 593 bull 1048766 Denmark Main steam pressure gt275MPabull 1048766 China Main steam pressure gt27MPa
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
A simple word equation for this chemical reaction is
where stoichiometric coefficients x and y depend on the fuel type A simple example is the combustion of coal (taken here as consisting of pure carbon)C + O2 CO2
In words carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide
A coal-fired thermal power station
1 Cooling tower 2 Cooling water pump 3 Transmission line (3-phase) 4 Unit transformer (3-phase) 5 Electric generator (3-phase) 6 Low pressure turbine 7 Condensate extraction pump 8 Condensor 9 Intermediate pressure turbine 10 Steam governor valve 11 High pressure turbine 12 Deaerator 13 Feed heater 14 Coal conveyor 15 Coal hopper 16 Pulverised fuel mill 17 Boiler drum 18 Ash hopper 19 Superheater 20 Forced draught fan 21 Reheater 22 Air intake 23 Economiser 24 Air preheater 25 Precipitator 26 Induced draught fan 27 Chimney Stack
PREAMBLE
bull Supercritical power plants are highly efficient plants with best available pollution control technology
bull Reduces existing pollution levels by burning less coal per megawatt-hour produced capturing the vast majority of the pollutants
bull Increases the kWh produced per kg of coal burned with fewer emissions
bull Coal-fired Supercritical Power plants operate at very high temperature [580degC temp] amp with a pressure of 23 MPa)
megapascals (MPa = Nmm2) or gigapascals (GPa = kNmm2)
bull Resulting much higher heat efficiencies (46) as compare to Sub-Critical coal-fired plants
bull Sub-Critical coal-fired plant operates at 455degC temp and efficiency of within 40
Benefits of advanced supercritical power plants include
a) Reduced fuel costs due to improved plant efficiency
b) Significant improvement of environment by reduction in CO2 emissions
c) Plant costs comparable with sub-critical technology amp less than other clean coal technologies
d) Much reduced NOx SOx and particulate emissions
e) Can be fully integrated with appropriate CO2 capture technology
Supercritical technology and its advantages
bull Techno-economic benefits along with its environment-friendly cleaner technology more and new power plants are coming-up with this state-of-the-art technology
bull As environment legislations are becoming more stringent adopting this cleaner technology have benefited immensely in all respect
bull LHV (lower heating value) is improved (from 40 to more than 45)
bull One percent increase in efficiency reduces by two percent specific emissions such as CO2 NOx SOx and particulate matters
bull Supercritical is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance where there is no clear distinction between the liquid and the gaseous phase (ie they are a homogenous fluid)
bull Water reaches this state at a pressure above 221 MPa
bull The greater the output of electrical energy for a given amount of energy input the higher the efficiency
bull If the energy input to the cycle is kept constant the output can be increased by selecting elevated pressures and temperatures for the water-steam cycle
bull Increased thermal efficiency observed when the temperature and pressure of the steam is increased
bull By raising the temperature from 580degC to760degC and the pressure out of the high pressure feed-water pump from 33 MPa to 42 MPa the thermal efficiency improves by about 4
(Ultra-supercritical steam condition)
Super Critical means no distinction between water amp steam Critical point of water-steam 22115 MPa 37415
Definition of SC and USC Units
bull Sub-critical units Main steam pressure lt 22115MPa
bull Super-critical units Main steam pressure gt 22115MPa
bull Ultral-supercritical unitsbull Commercial concept means higher steam
pressure and temperature than supercritical units
bull 1048766 Japan Main steam pressure gt242MPabull or Steam temperature reaches 593 bull 1048766 Denmark Main steam pressure gt275MPabull 1048766 China Main steam pressure gt27MPa
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
A coal-fired thermal power station
1 Cooling tower 2 Cooling water pump 3 Transmission line (3-phase) 4 Unit transformer (3-phase) 5 Electric generator (3-phase) 6 Low pressure turbine 7 Condensate extraction pump 8 Condensor 9 Intermediate pressure turbine 10 Steam governor valve 11 High pressure turbine 12 Deaerator 13 Feed heater 14 Coal conveyor 15 Coal hopper 16 Pulverised fuel mill 17 Boiler drum 18 Ash hopper 19 Superheater 20 Forced draught fan 21 Reheater 22 Air intake 23 Economiser 24 Air preheater 25 Precipitator 26 Induced draught fan 27 Chimney Stack
PREAMBLE
bull Supercritical power plants are highly efficient plants with best available pollution control technology
bull Reduces existing pollution levels by burning less coal per megawatt-hour produced capturing the vast majority of the pollutants
bull Increases the kWh produced per kg of coal burned with fewer emissions
bull Coal-fired Supercritical Power plants operate at very high temperature [580degC temp] amp with a pressure of 23 MPa)
megapascals (MPa = Nmm2) or gigapascals (GPa = kNmm2)
bull Resulting much higher heat efficiencies (46) as compare to Sub-Critical coal-fired plants
bull Sub-Critical coal-fired plant operates at 455degC temp and efficiency of within 40
Benefits of advanced supercritical power plants include
a) Reduced fuel costs due to improved plant efficiency
b) Significant improvement of environment by reduction in CO2 emissions
c) Plant costs comparable with sub-critical technology amp less than other clean coal technologies
d) Much reduced NOx SOx and particulate emissions
e) Can be fully integrated with appropriate CO2 capture technology
Supercritical technology and its advantages
bull Techno-economic benefits along with its environment-friendly cleaner technology more and new power plants are coming-up with this state-of-the-art technology
bull As environment legislations are becoming more stringent adopting this cleaner technology have benefited immensely in all respect
bull LHV (lower heating value) is improved (from 40 to more than 45)
bull One percent increase in efficiency reduces by two percent specific emissions such as CO2 NOx SOx and particulate matters
bull Supercritical is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance where there is no clear distinction between the liquid and the gaseous phase (ie they are a homogenous fluid)
bull Water reaches this state at a pressure above 221 MPa
bull The greater the output of electrical energy for a given amount of energy input the higher the efficiency
bull If the energy input to the cycle is kept constant the output can be increased by selecting elevated pressures and temperatures for the water-steam cycle
bull Increased thermal efficiency observed when the temperature and pressure of the steam is increased
bull By raising the temperature from 580degC to760degC and the pressure out of the high pressure feed-water pump from 33 MPa to 42 MPa the thermal efficiency improves by about 4
(Ultra-supercritical steam condition)
Super Critical means no distinction between water amp steam Critical point of water-steam 22115 MPa 37415
Definition of SC and USC Units
bull Sub-critical units Main steam pressure lt 22115MPa
bull Super-critical units Main steam pressure gt 22115MPa
bull Ultral-supercritical unitsbull Commercial concept means higher steam
pressure and temperature than supercritical units
bull 1048766 Japan Main steam pressure gt242MPabull or Steam temperature reaches 593 bull 1048766 Denmark Main steam pressure gt275MPabull 1048766 China Main steam pressure gt27MPa
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
PREAMBLE
bull Supercritical power plants are highly efficient plants with best available pollution control technology
bull Reduces existing pollution levels by burning less coal per megawatt-hour produced capturing the vast majority of the pollutants
bull Increases the kWh produced per kg of coal burned with fewer emissions
bull Coal-fired Supercritical Power plants operate at very high temperature [580degC temp] amp with a pressure of 23 MPa)
megapascals (MPa = Nmm2) or gigapascals (GPa = kNmm2)
bull Resulting much higher heat efficiencies (46) as compare to Sub-Critical coal-fired plants
bull Sub-Critical coal-fired plant operates at 455degC temp and efficiency of within 40
Benefits of advanced supercritical power plants include
a) Reduced fuel costs due to improved plant efficiency
b) Significant improvement of environment by reduction in CO2 emissions
c) Plant costs comparable with sub-critical technology amp less than other clean coal technologies
d) Much reduced NOx SOx and particulate emissions
e) Can be fully integrated with appropriate CO2 capture technology
Supercritical technology and its advantages
bull Techno-economic benefits along with its environment-friendly cleaner technology more and new power plants are coming-up with this state-of-the-art technology
bull As environment legislations are becoming more stringent adopting this cleaner technology have benefited immensely in all respect
bull LHV (lower heating value) is improved (from 40 to more than 45)
bull One percent increase in efficiency reduces by two percent specific emissions such as CO2 NOx SOx and particulate matters
bull Supercritical is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance where there is no clear distinction between the liquid and the gaseous phase (ie they are a homogenous fluid)
bull Water reaches this state at a pressure above 221 MPa
bull The greater the output of electrical energy for a given amount of energy input the higher the efficiency
bull If the energy input to the cycle is kept constant the output can be increased by selecting elevated pressures and temperatures for the water-steam cycle
bull Increased thermal efficiency observed when the temperature and pressure of the steam is increased
bull By raising the temperature from 580degC to760degC and the pressure out of the high pressure feed-water pump from 33 MPa to 42 MPa the thermal efficiency improves by about 4
(Ultra-supercritical steam condition)
Super Critical means no distinction between water amp steam Critical point of water-steam 22115 MPa 37415
Definition of SC and USC Units
bull Sub-critical units Main steam pressure lt 22115MPa
bull Super-critical units Main steam pressure gt 22115MPa
bull Ultral-supercritical unitsbull Commercial concept means higher steam
pressure and temperature than supercritical units
bull 1048766 Japan Main steam pressure gt242MPabull or Steam temperature reaches 593 bull 1048766 Denmark Main steam pressure gt275MPabull 1048766 China Main steam pressure gt27MPa
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
bull Coal-fired Supercritical Power plants operate at very high temperature [580degC temp] amp with a pressure of 23 MPa)
megapascals (MPa = Nmm2) or gigapascals (GPa = kNmm2)
bull Resulting much higher heat efficiencies (46) as compare to Sub-Critical coal-fired plants
bull Sub-Critical coal-fired plant operates at 455degC temp and efficiency of within 40
Benefits of advanced supercritical power plants include
a) Reduced fuel costs due to improved plant efficiency
b) Significant improvement of environment by reduction in CO2 emissions
c) Plant costs comparable with sub-critical technology amp less than other clean coal technologies
d) Much reduced NOx SOx and particulate emissions
e) Can be fully integrated with appropriate CO2 capture technology
Supercritical technology and its advantages
bull Techno-economic benefits along with its environment-friendly cleaner technology more and new power plants are coming-up with this state-of-the-art technology
bull As environment legislations are becoming more stringent adopting this cleaner technology have benefited immensely in all respect
bull LHV (lower heating value) is improved (from 40 to more than 45)
bull One percent increase in efficiency reduces by two percent specific emissions such as CO2 NOx SOx and particulate matters
bull Supercritical is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance where there is no clear distinction between the liquid and the gaseous phase (ie they are a homogenous fluid)
bull Water reaches this state at a pressure above 221 MPa
bull The greater the output of electrical energy for a given amount of energy input the higher the efficiency
bull If the energy input to the cycle is kept constant the output can be increased by selecting elevated pressures and temperatures for the water-steam cycle
bull Increased thermal efficiency observed when the temperature and pressure of the steam is increased
bull By raising the temperature from 580degC to760degC and the pressure out of the high pressure feed-water pump from 33 MPa to 42 MPa the thermal efficiency improves by about 4
(Ultra-supercritical steam condition)
Super Critical means no distinction between water amp steam Critical point of water-steam 22115 MPa 37415
Definition of SC and USC Units
bull Sub-critical units Main steam pressure lt 22115MPa
bull Super-critical units Main steam pressure gt 22115MPa
bull Ultral-supercritical unitsbull Commercial concept means higher steam
pressure and temperature than supercritical units
bull 1048766 Japan Main steam pressure gt242MPabull or Steam temperature reaches 593 bull 1048766 Denmark Main steam pressure gt275MPabull 1048766 China Main steam pressure gt27MPa
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
Benefits of advanced supercritical power plants include
a) Reduced fuel costs due to improved plant efficiency
b) Significant improvement of environment by reduction in CO2 emissions
c) Plant costs comparable with sub-critical technology amp less than other clean coal technologies
d) Much reduced NOx SOx and particulate emissions
e) Can be fully integrated with appropriate CO2 capture technology
Supercritical technology and its advantages
bull Techno-economic benefits along with its environment-friendly cleaner technology more and new power plants are coming-up with this state-of-the-art technology
bull As environment legislations are becoming more stringent adopting this cleaner technology have benefited immensely in all respect
bull LHV (lower heating value) is improved (from 40 to more than 45)
bull One percent increase in efficiency reduces by two percent specific emissions such as CO2 NOx SOx and particulate matters
bull Supercritical is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance where there is no clear distinction between the liquid and the gaseous phase (ie they are a homogenous fluid)
bull Water reaches this state at a pressure above 221 MPa
bull The greater the output of electrical energy for a given amount of energy input the higher the efficiency
bull If the energy input to the cycle is kept constant the output can be increased by selecting elevated pressures and temperatures for the water-steam cycle
bull Increased thermal efficiency observed when the temperature and pressure of the steam is increased
bull By raising the temperature from 580degC to760degC and the pressure out of the high pressure feed-water pump from 33 MPa to 42 MPa the thermal efficiency improves by about 4
(Ultra-supercritical steam condition)
Super Critical means no distinction between water amp steam Critical point of water-steam 22115 MPa 37415
Definition of SC and USC Units
bull Sub-critical units Main steam pressure lt 22115MPa
bull Super-critical units Main steam pressure gt 22115MPa
bull Ultral-supercritical unitsbull Commercial concept means higher steam
pressure and temperature than supercritical units
bull 1048766 Japan Main steam pressure gt242MPabull or Steam temperature reaches 593 bull 1048766 Denmark Main steam pressure gt275MPabull 1048766 China Main steam pressure gt27MPa
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
Supercritical technology and its advantages
bull Techno-economic benefits along with its environment-friendly cleaner technology more and new power plants are coming-up with this state-of-the-art technology
bull As environment legislations are becoming more stringent adopting this cleaner technology have benefited immensely in all respect
bull LHV (lower heating value) is improved (from 40 to more than 45)
bull One percent increase in efficiency reduces by two percent specific emissions such as CO2 NOx SOx and particulate matters
bull Supercritical is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance where there is no clear distinction between the liquid and the gaseous phase (ie they are a homogenous fluid)
bull Water reaches this state at a pressure above 221 MPa
bull The greater the output of electrical energy for a given amount of energy input the higher the efficiency
bull If the energy input to the cycle is kept constant the output can be increased by selecting elevated pressures and temperatures for the water-steam cycle
bull Increased thermal efficiency observed when the temperature and pressure of the steam is increased
bull By raising the temperature from 580degC to760degC and the pressure out of the high pressure feed-water pump from 33 MPa to 42 MPa the thermal efficiency improves by about 4
(Ultra-supercritical steam condition)
Super Critical means no distinction between water amp steam Critical point of water-steam 22115 MPa 37415
Definition of SC and USC Units
bull Sub-critical units Main steam pressure lt 22115MPa
bull Super-critical units Main steam pressure gt 22115MPa
bull Ultral-supercritical unitsbull Commercial concept means higher steam
pressure and temperature than supercritical units
bull 1048766 Japan Main steam pressure gt242MPabull or Steam temperature reaches 593 bull 1048766 Denmark Main steam pressure gt275MPabull 1048766 China Main steam pressure gt27MPa
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
bull LHV (lower heating value) is improved (from 40 to more than 45)
bull One percent increase in efficiency reduces by two percent specific emissions such as CO2 NOx SOx and particulate matters
bull Supercritical is a thermodynamic expression describing the state of a substance where there is no clear distinction between the liquid and the gaseous phase (ie they are a homogenous fluid)
bull Water reaches this state at a pressure above 221 MPa
bull The greater the output of electrical energy for a given amount of energy input the higher the efficiency
bull If the energy input to the cycle is kept constant the output can be increased by selecting elevated pressures and temperatures for the water-steam cycle
bull Increased thermal efficiency observed when the temperature and pressure of the steam is increased
bull By raising the temperature from 580degC to760degC and the pressure out of the high pressure feed-water pump from 33 MPa to 42 MPa the thermal efficiency improves by about 4
(Ultra-supercritical steam condition)
Super Critical means no distinction between water amp steam Critical point of water-steam 22115 MPa 37415
Definition of SC and USC Units
bull Sub-critical units Main steam pressure lt 22115MPa
bull Super-critical units Main steam pressure gt 22115MPa
bull Ultral-supercritical unitsbull Commercial concept means higher steam
pressure and temperature than supercritical units
bull 1048766 Japan Main steam pressure gt242MPabull or Steam temperature reaches 593 bull 1048766 Denmark Main steam pressure gt275MPabull 1048766 China Main steam pressure gt27MPa
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
bull The greater the output of electrical energy for a given amount of energy input the higher the efficiency
bull If the energy input to the cycle is kept constant the output can be increased by selecting elevated pressures and temperatures for the water-steam cycle
bull Increased thermal efficiency observed when the temperature and pressure of the steam is increased
bull By raising the temperature from 580degC to760degC and the pressure out of the high pressure feed-water pump from 33 MPa to 42 MPa the thermal efficiency improves by about 4
(Ultra-supercritical steam condition)
Super Critical means no distinction between water amp steam Critical point of water-steam 22115 MPa 37415
Definition of SC and USC Units
bull Sub-critical units Main steam pressure lt 22115MPa
bull Super-critical units Main steam pressure gt 22115MPa
bull Ultral-supercritical unitsbull Commercial concept means higher steam
pressure and temperature than supercritical units
bull 1048766 Japan Main steam pressure gt242MPabull or Steam temperature reaches 593 bull 1048766 Denmark Main steam pressure gt275MPabull 1048766 China Main steam pressure gt27MPa
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
Super Critical means no distinction between water amp steam Critical point of water-steam 22115 MPa 37415
Definition of SC and USC Units
bull Sub-critical units Main steam pressure lt 22115MPa
bull Super-critical units Main steam pressure gt 22115MPa
bull Ultral-supercritical unitsbull Commercial concept means higher steam
pressure and temperature than supercritical units
bull 1048766 Japan Main steam pressure gt242MPabull or Steam temperature reaches 593 bull 1048766 Denmark Main steam pressure gt275MPabull 1048766 China Main steam pressure gt27MPa
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
Definition of SC and USC Units
bull Sub-critical units Main steam pressure lt 22115MPa
bull Super-critical units Main steam pressure gt 22115MPa
bull Ultral-supercritical unitsbull Commercial concept means higher steam
pressure and temperature than supercritical units
bull 1048766 Japan Main steam pressure gt242MPabull or Steam temperature reaches 593 bull 1048766 Denmark Main steam pressure gt275MPabull 1048766 China Main steam pressure gt27MPa
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
Supercritical and USC Coal-fired Units
bull Over 600 super-critical coal-fired units (SC) have been under commercial operation worldwide of which over 60 units are
bull ultra-supercritical units (USC)bull Net plant efficiency achievedbull Sub-critical units(166MPa538538) 38~ 40
bull Supercritical units (24MPa566566) 40~42bull Ultrasupercritical units
(25~30MPa600600)43~46 bull To improve the steam parameters and develop
large capacity units are the main measures for the improvement of overall plant efficiency
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
Effects of Supercritical Steam Parametersto Turbine Heat Rate
bull For every 1 MPa improvement of main steam pressure turbine heat rate could be reduced by 013~015
bull For every 10 improvement of main steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 025~030
bull For every 10 improvement of reheat steam temperature turbine heat rate could be reduced by 015~020
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
Supercritical coal-fired power plant
bull Advanced technology for power generation is for achieving higher efficiency clean and safe overall environment
bull Coal continues to be a major energy source for power producers worldwide
bull As carbon consciousness becomes more prominent technologies for gaining efficiency and reducing emissions from coal-fired plants become more important
bull That is one reason why supercritical and ultra- supercritical boiler technologies are reemerging as new materials and designs help drive higher efficiency levels and ease of operation
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
What is global warming Global warming is the rise in temperature
of the earths atmosphere
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
If Earth gets hotter some of the important changes could happenWater expands when its heated and oceans absorb more heat than land Sea levels would also rise due to the melting of the glaciers and sea ice
Cities on coasts would flood Places that usually get lots of rain and snowfall might get hotter and drier Lakes and rivers could dry up
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
Is global warming bad
The earth is naturally warmed by rays (or radiation) from the sun which pass through the earths atmosphere and are reflected back out to space again The atmospheres made up of layers of gases some of which are called greenhouse gases Theyre mostly natural and make up a kind of thermal blanket over the earth
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
Some of the rays back out of the atmosphere keeping the earth at the right temperature for animals plants and humans to survive (60degF16degC)So some global warming is good
But if extra greenhouse gases are made the thermal blanket gets thicker and too much heat is kept in the earths atmosphere Thats when global warmings bad
Is global warming bad
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
What are the greenhouse gases
Greenhouse gases are made out of water vapour carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide ozone chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
They are all natural gases but extra greenhouses gases can be made by humans from pollution
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
How are extra greenhouse gases produced Extra greenhouse gases are produced through activities which release carbon dioxide methane nitrous oxide and ozone CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons)
These activities include Burning coal and petrol known as fossil fuels Cutting down of rainforests and other forests Animal waste which lets off methane
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
PARTICULATES Higher suspended particulate matter affects Respiratory organHYDROCARBONS (HC)Main contribution from bullTransportationbullIndustrial ProcessCARBON MONOXIDE (CO)EFFECT of SULPHURDIOXIDE (SO2 )SO2 is colourless gas with suffocating odoursSO2 remains airborne for 2 to 4 days during which it can be transported to 1000 kmSO2 irritates mucous membranes of Respiratory tract amp cause bronchitisIt can damage plants Vegetables etcFossil fuel are more responsible for SO2 emission Sulfur dioxide is one of the elements forming ACID RAIN
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
EFFECT of NITROGEN OXIDES (NOX )
Nitric Oxide (NO) Nitrogen Oxide (NO2 ) Nitrous Oxide (N2O ) Nitrogen sesquioxide (N2O2)
Like sulphur dioxde it is acidic amp can affect oxygen carrying capacity of bloodNO2 affects lungs and respiratory system
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
Environmental Control
bull Dry Electrostatic Precipitator (Dry ESP)
Electrically charges ash particles in the flue gas ampcollects the particles on collector plates
bull Mechanically removed through the ash hoppersbull Flue gas passes horizontally through a series of parallel vertical
collector platesbull Arrangement of charging electrodes are centered between the platesbull Electric field to charge the particles amp attract them to the grounded
collecting plates
Nitrogen Oxides Controlbull Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) Systems are the technology of
choice as the most effective method of post-combustion NOx reduction
bull NOx reduction can be achieved by integrating low NOx burners and staged combustion (overfire air) into the overall system
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
Environmental ControlSulfur Dioxide Control
bullFGD [Flue-gas desulfurization] technologies offer the highest SO2 reduction levels in the industrybullWet FGD systems Spray tower scrubber design used for SO2 control with proven tray design for more uniform flue gas distribution and improved absorption Reagents include limestone lime magnesium-enhanced lime sodium carbonate and ammonia bullSpray Dry Absorber (SDA) systems A rotary atomizer delivers a slurry of an alkaline reagent into the hot flue gas to absorb the SO2 and other acid gases control on utility boilers burning low sulfur coalsbullCirculating Dry Scrubber (CDS) systems Creates a dry waste product and does not require wastewater treatment facility
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
Emissions standards for Power Plant amp projected emissions from 660 MW Unit
Parameters Projected Emissions
per Unit
(660 MW Unit)
Indian Limit World Bank Norm
SO2 200 mgNm3
245 TPD
(1416 gs)
700 TPD 2000 mgNm3
NOX 650 mgNm3
(4602 gs)
Low NOx burner
prescribed
650 mgNm3
PM 50 mgNm3
(355 gs)
100 mgNm3 50 mgNm3
mgNm3 = milligram per normal cubic meter NOX = nitrogen oxide PM = particulate matter SO2 = sulfur dioxide TPD= tons per dayThe expected emissions are based on assumption of 05 of Sulfur in Coal SO2 emissions are without FGD in place PM emissions with a limit of 100 mgNm3 and Nox limit of 650 mgNm3
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
Development
Japan worked on Waste Management or eliminating wastage amp saving through Gemba Kaizen Coal fossil Fuel HeatEnergy Ferritic amp austenitic materials for high temperature developed that are 15 times higher strength at high temperature
ExampleA21TP310HCbN [HR3C- Japan]A213UNS S30432 [Super304-Japan] [ C Si MnCu Cr Ni Co Mo ]
For your kind attention
For your kind attention
