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PRESUPPOSITION TRIGGER FOUND IN BIRDS OF PREY MOVIE THESIS By: Ernita Sari NIM 17320008 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LITERATURE FACULTY OF HUMANITIES UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM MALANG 2021

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PRESUPPOSITION TRIGGER FOUND IN BIRDS OF PREY

MOVIE

THESIS

By:

Ernita Sari

NIM 17320008

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LITERATURE

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM

MALANG

2021

i

PRESUPPOSITION TRIGGER FOUND IN CATHY YAN’S

BIRDS OF PREY

THESIS

Presented to

Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S.)

By:

Ernita Sari

NIM 17320008

Advisor:

Dr. Yayuk Widyastuti Herawati, M.Pd.

NIP 197705032014112002

DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LITERATURE

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES

UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM

MALANG

2021

ii

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP

I state that the thesis entitled “Presupposition Trigger found in Birds of

Prey Movie” is my original work. I do not include any materials previously

written or published by another person, except those ones that are cited as

references and written in the bibliography. Hereby, if there is an objection or

claim, I am the only person who is responsible for that.

Malang, 09 June 2021

The writer

Ernita Sari

NIM. 17320008

iii

APPROVAL SHEET

This is to certify that Ernita Sari’s thesis entitled Presupposition Trigger found

in Birds of Prey Movie has been approved for thesis examination at the Faculty

of Humanities, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, as one

of the requirements fo the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S.).

Malang, 09 June 2021

Approved by Head of Department of English

Advisor, Literature,

Drs. Yayuk Widyastuti Herawati, M.Pd Rina Sari, M.Pd

NIP. 197705032014112002 NIP. 197506102006042002

Acknowledged by

Dean,

Dr. Hj. Syafiah, M.A.

NIP. 196609101991032002

iv

LEGITIMATION SHEET

This is to certify that Ernita Sari’s thesis entitled Presupposition Trigger found

in Birds of Prey Movie has been approved by the Board of Examiners as the

requirement for the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S.) in Department of English

Literature.

Malang, 21 June 2021

The Board of Examiners

Signatures

1. Dr. Agus Eko Cahyono, M. Pd

NIP. 19820811 201101 1 008 (Main Examiner)

2. Dr. Agwin Degaf, MA

NIP. 19880523 201503 1 004 (Chair)

3. Drs. Yayuk Widyastuti Herawati, M.Pd

NIP 19770503 201411 2 002 (Advisor)

Approved by

Dean of Faculty of Humanities,

Dr. Hj. Syafiyah, M.A

NIP 19660910199103200

v

MOTTO

“Waktu bagaikan pedang, jika kamu tidak menebasnya, maka ialah yang akan

menebasmu”. –Imam Syafi’i

vi

DEDICATION

This thesis is dedicated to my beloved family.

vii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praises to be Allah SWT who always gives strength, blessing, patience,

and health so that the writer could finished the thesis entitle Presupposition

Trigger found in Birds of Prey Movie. So in this moment the writer would like to

express her deepest gratitude for:

1. Drs. Yayuk Widyastuti Herawati, M.Pd my thesis advisor who has given

her helpful corrections, advices, continuous guidance, and suggestions.

Besides, thank you for your patience to guide the writer to complete this

thesis.

2. Dr. Rohmani Nur Indah, M.Pd as academic advisor for her guidance,

helps, ideas, advices, suggestion and motivation for 4 years.

3. All the lecturers of English Literature Department for the valuable

knowledge and all the fantastic lessons during my study in UIN Maulana

Malik Ibrahim Malang.

4. All staffs in Faculty Humanities for being so kind in serving academic

requirements and activities.

5. Friend in Kost Kodok (Jidun, Witri, Ardha, Aul) who always supported

me, shares laughter and sadness during in Kost Peno.

6. My CIS friend (Arum, Iir, Nisya, Rere) who always gave me support and

motivation to live the life.

7. Dudin and Oca who are patient, helps, reminds and supports when

finishing this thesis.

viii

8. My lovely friends, Tika, Desabrina, Aca, Dinda, Vita, Ulfah who always

be there for me when time gets rough.

9. My closest friend, Yogga Adetio who always supported, helped, and

shared jokes.

10. All my friends from English Letters Department batch 2017, thank you for

the memories, I am so glad I could know you all.

11. Last but not least, I wanna thank me for everything that I through along

this time.

I realized that the thesis is not perfect yet, therefore I will be glad to receive any

criticism and recommendation to make it better. Last but not least, I expect that

this thesis can be useful to everyone who read it.

Malang, 09 June 2021

Ernita Sari

ix

ABSTRACT

Sari, Ernita. 2021. Presupposition Trigger found in Birds of Prey Movie. Undergraduate Thesis.

Department of English Literature, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik

Ibrahim Malang.

Advisor: Drs. Yayuk Widyastuti Herawati, M.Pd

Keywords: Presupposition Trigger, Birds of Prey, Pragmatics

People do not interpret word by word to find the meaning of an expression, but they get the

meaning based on the setting that they talking. Thus how language works. As in Cathy Yan’s

Birds of Prey, the language used by the main character Harley Quinn described of her life which

tried to get her new journey in life based on the past event. Thus it consisted many assumption

from the listeners who made some presupposition appeared. This study aimed (1) to find out the

types of presupposition trigger by main character Harley Quinn, (2) to determine the listener

assumption of the presupposition trigger uttered by Harley Quinn in Cathy Yan’s Birds of Prey,

(3) to explain the consequences triggered by the audience’s presupposition in the conversation.

This study used qualitative research method by described types of presupposition trigger in

moving picture and explained the consequence triggered by the listener’s presupposition. The data

were in the form of corpuses which included of word, phrase, and sentence. In addition the data

classified based on the number of presupposition trigger into single trigger, double trigger and

multiple trigger. This study used theory of presupposition trigger by Levinson (1997) which

classified thirteen types of presupposition trigger.

The result of the study showed that there were thirteen types of presupposition trigger with

total amount 80 utterances and 129 presupposition trigger. The most-used was factive verb since

the movie genre is adventure. While the least-used types were iterative and verbs of judging.

This study just analyzed the main character and only used Levinson’s theory. The writer

suggested for the next writer to investigate the presupposition in other new topics or contrast the

usage of pragmatic theory of presupposition. Even, if it is possible to combine one theory with

another to make new discoveries.

x

ABSTRAK

Sari, Ernita. 2021. Pemicu Praanggapan ditemukan dalam Film Birds of Prey. Skripsi. Jurusan

Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Humaniora, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang.

Dosen Pembimbing: Drs. Yayuk Widyastuti Herawati, M.Pd

Kata Kunci: Pemicu praanggapan, Birds of Prey, Pragmatik

Orang-orang tidak memaknai kata demi kata untuk menemukan makna suatu ungkapan,

tetapi mereka mendapatkan makna berdasarkan keadaan yang mereka bicarakan. Begitulah cara

kerja bahasa. Seperti dalam Birds of Prey karya Cathy Yan, bahasa yang digunakan oleh karakter

utama Harley Quinn menggambarkan kehidupannya yang mencoba untuk mendapatkan perjalanan

barunya dalam hidup berdasarkan peristiwa masa lalu. Dengan demikian banyak asumsi dari

pendengar yang membuat beberapa anggapan muncul. Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) untuk

mengetahui jenis-jenis pemicu praanggapan oleh tokoh utama Harley Quinn, (2) untuk mengetahui

asumsi pendengar terhadap pemicu praanggapan yang diucapkan oleh Harley Quinn dalam Birds

of Prey karya Cathy Yan, (3) untuk menjelaskan akibat-akibatnya yang dipicu oleh praanggapan

penonton dalam percakapan.

Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan mendeskripsikan jenis-

jenis pemicu praanggapan dalam gambar bergerak dan menjelaskan akibat yang ditimbulkan oleh

praanggapan pendengar. Data berupa korpus yang meliputi kata, frase, dan kalimat. Selain itu, data

diklasifikasikan berdasarkan jumlah pemicu praanggapan menjadi pemicu tunggal, pemicu ganda,

dan pemicu jamak. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori pemicu praanggapan dari Levinson (1997)

yang mengklasifikasikan tiga belas jenis pemicu praanggapan.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat tiga belas jenis pemicu praanggapan

dengan jumlah total 80 ucapan dan 129 pemicu praanggapan. Kata kerja yang paling banyak

digunakan adalah kata kerja karena genre film adalah petualangan. Sedangkan jenis yang paling

jarang digunakan adalah iteratif dan kata kerja menghakimi.

Penelitian ini hanya menganalisis tokoh utama dan hanya menggunakan teori Levinson.

Penulis menyarankan kepada penulis selanjutnya untuk menyelidiki praanggapan dalam topik baru

lainnya atau membandingkan penggunaan teori pragmatik praanggapan. Bahkan jika

memungkinkan menggabungkan teori satu dengan yang lainnya agar menciptakan temuan baru.

xi

مستخلص البحث

البحث الجامعي. قيم الأدبية الإنجليزية. كلية العلوم الانسانية. كاثي يان. عند .Birds of Prey. تجد اثار الافتراض المسبق في 2021ارنيتا، ساري. جامعة مولانا مالك إبراهيم السلامية الجكومية مالانج

: الدكتورة يايوك وديستوتي هراواتي، الماجيستير المشرفة

Birds of Prey : اثار الافتراض المسبق، التداولية، الكلمات المفاتحة

للغة. كما لا يفسر الناس كلمة بكلمة لتجد على معنى التعبير، لكنهم يجدون المعنى بناءً على الموقف الذي يتكلامون عنه. وهذه هي الطريقة تعمل ا

رحلتها عند كاثي يان، إن اللغة التي استخدمتها الشخصية الرئيسية هارلي كوين تصف حياتها في محاولتها للحصول على Birds of Preyكان في ( تحديد أنواع اثار 1. إن الهدف هذا البحث هي )افتراضات المستمعينالجديدة استنادًا إلى الأحداث الماضية. وهذا تظهر عدة الافتراضات سببا على

3)عند كاثي يان، Birds of Prey( لمعرفة افتراضات المستمع على اثار الافتراض لهارلي كوين في 2الافتراضات في الشخصية الرئيسية هارلي كوين، ) لشرح العواقب الافتراضات المستمع في المحادثة.

تستخدم هذه الدراسة منهج البحث النوعي بطريق الوصف أنواع اثار الافتراضات المسبق في الصور المتحركة وشرح السبب عن افتراضات المسبقت صنفت حسب عدد اثار الافتراض المسبق وهي من اثار واحد، واثاران، م اثار المستمع. إن البيانات تتضمن على كلمات وعبارات وجمل. وكانت البيانا

.( التي تصنف ثلاثة عشر نوعًا من اثاره1997متعددة.إن هذه الدراسة تستخدم نظرية الافتراض المسبق عند ليفنسون )اثار الافتراض المسبق. أكثر 129نطقًا و 80بإجمالي ومن نتائج المهمة في هذا البحث هي وجدت ثلاثة عشر نوعًا من اثار الافتراض المسبق

.الأفعال استخدامًا هي الأفعال لأن نوع الفيلم هو المغامرة. بينما كان أنواعها التي أكثر استخدامًا هي الأفعال التكرارية والحكميةحثة على الباحثين المستقبلين أن يحلل الافتراضات المسبقة إن هذه الدراسة تحلل كلام الشخصية الرئيسية فقط باستخدام نظرية ليفنسون. تقترح البا

عض من أجل نتائج في موضوع جديد أو آخر، أو مقارنة استخدام النظرية التداولية للافتراض المسبق. حتى لو كان من الممكن أن تتحد النظريات مع بعضها الب .جديدة

xii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

THESIS COVER ................................................................................................ i

STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ................................................................. ii

APPROVAL SHEET ....................................................................................... iii

LEGITIMATION SHEET .............................................................................. iv

MOTTO ............................................................................................................. v

DEDICATION .................................................................................................. vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................. vii

ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ xii

LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................... xiv

LIST OF CHART ............................................................................................ xv

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

A. Background of Study ...................................................................................... 1

B. Problems of the Study .................................................................................... 5

C. Objectives of the Study .................................................................................. 5

D. Significances of the Study .............................................................................. 5

E. Scope and Limitation ...................................................................................... 6

F. Definition of Key Terms ................................................................................ 6

G. Previous Studies ............................................................................................. 7

H. Research Methodology ................................................................................. 10

1. Research Design ...................................................................................... 10

2. Data and Data Source .............................................................................. 10

3. Research Instruments ............................................................................... 11

4. Data Collection ........................................................................................ 12

5. Data Analysis ........................................................................................... 14

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A. Pragmatics .................................................................................................. 16

xiii

B. Presupposition ............................................................................................ 17

C. Presupposition Triggers ............................................................................. 20

CHAPTER III: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

A. Findings ........................................................................................................ 24

B. Discussion .................................................................................................... 28

1. Single Trigger........................................................................................ 29

2. Double Trigger ...................................................................................... 39

3. Multiple Trigger .................................................................................... 44

CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion ................................................................................................. 51

B. Suggestion .................................................................................................. 53

BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................... 54

CURRICULUM VITAE ................................................................................. 57

APPENDIX ...................................................................................................... 58

xiv

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Classification Types of Presupposition Trigger ................................ 11

Table 3.1 Classification Types of Presupposition Trigger ................................ 24

Table 3.2 The Number of Presupposition Trigger ............................................ 25

Table 3.3 Single Trigger ................................................................................... 26

Table 3.4 Double Trigger .................................................................................. 27

Table 3.5 Multiple Trigger ................................................................................ 28

xv

LIST OF CHARTS

Chart 1.1 Technique of Processing the Data ..................................................... 13

1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents some explanation about the background of

the study, problems of the study, objectives of the study, significance of the

study, scope and limitation, definition of key terms, the previous studies

whose topics are similar with this study, and research method.

A. Background of the Study

In pragmatics, each people have their claim to interpret something

which is said by others. As conveyed by Harlig (2019) pragmatics is the

rules of how to say, what, when, to whom, and in what context. People do

not interpret word by word to find the meaning of an expression, but they

get the meaning based on the setting that they talking. Thus how language

works. In delivering a message or information from the speaker to the

hearer, many possible mistakes will occur between them, especially in

understanding the meaning of what speakers say. The hearer usually has

many assumptions based on the statement that the speaker says as the

source of information.

Every people has their own feeling when watching the movie.

These days, many utterances have their ambiguous meaning in deliver

message among the characters in the movie. Those can make them laugh,

cry or feel scary. A movie is a type of visual communication that showing

a picture and sound the stories in order to be watched by the people. The

2

movie has many genres like horror, comedy, romance, and et cetera. Latif

(2016) conveyed that movie is a series of images that are shown on screen

and create the illusion of moving images. One of the reasons why many

people like to watch a movie because motion picture is more interesting.

Unfortunately, sometimes the message of what characters say in

the movie has been misunderstood meaning by the hearer or the audience.

It means that the hearer has many assumptions about what the characters

say. It is because the characters do not always convey the message directly

but implicitly. A presupposition is the assumption of a real or truth that the

speaker shows while making an utterance. It appears in daily interaction.

An utterance that comes out in a conversation must deliver the information

of the speaker to the hearer exactly what the speaker means. In this way,

the information that is handled by the speaker is as the presupposition.

There are two approaches while studying presupposition, semantic

and pragmatics presupposition. In this research, the writer used the

pragmatics approach presupposition based on pragmatics respectively. As

stated by Yule (1996) that presupposition is something that speakers

assume to be the case prior to making an utterance. The speaker

consistently incorporates presupposition on a listener, here the speaker

assumes that the listener would try to ‘answer’ what the speaker said. In

addition, Mey (1993) expressed that the way the speaker delivers the

message to the listener, although it is not communicated well, is as

important as the success of the listener in understanding what speaker's

3

purpose within the frame of the utterance.

Birds of Prey movie by Cathy Yan tells the story of Harley Quinn

after breaking up with Joker, where she must stands on her own feet and

no-frills as a Joker’s woman. This movie uses a mixed plot. Harley tries to

find her new identity and starts looking for activities to get rid of her

sadness. Then Harley Quinn joined with Black Canary, The Huntress and

Renee Montoya to save a kid named Cassandra Cain from the crime of

lord figure known as the Black Mask.

In the Cathy Yan’s Birds of Prey 2021 the phenomena of

presupposition found in the utterance of the main character contained dark

jokes which can make the audience has many assumptions of what the

characters said. In addition, the movie genre was adventure which has

many facts about things happen. Thus I chose to analyze presupposition

because it has the benefit to learn about what people presuppose of

something happen. From presupposition, we can get more information

about what is the meaning of some utterances from the speaker and many

though of people who presuppose the utterance.

In the previous studies, the study about presupposition are mostly

found in media such as movie, advertisement, and also TV series which

are seen by many people in the world. The thesis written by Hikmah

(2017), Ramadhan (2017), Harahap (2017), and Ramadhani (2020) used

Yule’s theory and used qualitative research method to analyzed

presupposition on their topic. Each found kinds of presupposition, Hikmah

4

found three types of presupposition in advertisement on TV channel,

Ramadhan found six types of presupposition triggers on TV series entitled

Game of Thrones season I, Harahap result found six types of

presupposition in the editorial texts, and Ramadhani also found six types

of presupposition on Todd Phillips’s Joker movie. Another study from

International journal research which is written by Gaines (2018) analyzed

presupposition to investigate communicating for certainty guilt using

Levinson's theory. He used a qualitative research method taken from the

police transcript of videotape. Moreover, Schneider et al (2019)

investigated the meaning of definite and indefinite by using mouse-

tracking tests collected from fifty-three local speakers from Germany

using Yule’s theory. They used the qualitative research method.

From those previous studies, the similarities between those and my

study are in using the same Yule’s theory. The differences of this present

study with previous studies are located in the theory. The theory that I

used is developed theory by Yule’s (1996), it is Levinson's (1983) theory

that listed presupposition trigger into thirteen types. I used Levinson’s

because his theory more specific to analyze my study. While Yule’s theory

only analyzes based on six types of presupposition, they are existential,

factive, non-factive, lexical, structural, and counterfactual presupposition.

Therefore, I listed Levinson’s theory based on the number of

presupposition trigger into single trigger, double trigger and multiple

triggers. Single trigger means there is one presupposition trigger in one

5

sentence, double trigger means there is two presupposition trigger in one

sentence, while multiple trigger means there is two or more presupposition

trigger. In addition, this presents study find the consequences triggered by

the audience presupposition in the utterance.

B. Problems of the Study

Based on the statement above, the problem is as follow:

1. What types of presupposition trigger do the main character Harley

Quinn?

2. What is the audience assumption of the presupposition trigger uttered by

Harley Quinn in Birds of Prey movie?

3. What consequences triggered by the audience’s presupposition in the

conversation in Birds of Prey movie?

C. Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the research based on the formulation of the problem of

the study to be examined are to:

1. To find out the types of presupposition trigger by main character

Harley Quinn.

2. To determine the audience assumption of the presupposition trigger

uttered by Harley Quinn in Birds of Prey movie.

3. To explain the consequences triggered by the audience’s

presupposition in the conversation.

6

D. Significance of the Study

Theoretically, this study can give enrichment of linguistic

knowledge in the field of pragmatics especially in presupposition in Birds

of Prey movie.

Practically, I hope this research becomes an additional reference to

the reader interested in presupposition. In addition, this study is expected

to give practical benefit for student of English department especially those

who interested in linguistics study.

E. Scope and Limitation

The scope of the study is focused on pragmatic analysis on

presupposition trigger found in Birds of Prey movie which consisted of

dark humour. The data was taken from the Birds of Prey movie script. The

limitation of the study is used Levinson's theory classified presupposition

trigger into thirteen kinds that was originally Yule’s theory that had been

developed. The found of the trigger then I classified into single trigger,

double trigger and multiple trigger. In Levinson’s theory, kinds of

presupposition were specified so that it is easy to understand.

F. Definition of Key Terms

1. Pragmatics

Pragmatics used to investigates the ways of language works in

utterance. Thus people do not interpret word by word to find the

meaning of an expression.

7

2. Presupposition

Presupposition used to explain all the assumptions through the

utterance and expression that is produced by the speaker and

deliver to the hearer. Presupposition implied assumptions that

make guesses about what the characters is conveying.

3. Presupposition Trigger

Presupposition trigger could be a development or thing that signals

the presence of a presupposition in an expression.

4. Birds of Prey

An American DC Comics by Cathy Yan which influenced based

superhero movie which released in 2020 about the girl who broke

up with her boyfriend and attempt fight and to save the little girl

who has diamonds with her friend. This movie contained dark

jokes which analyzed by me.

G. Previous Studies

There are some previous studies found in Indonesian thesis and

international journal about presupposition. In order to arrange the future

study that the researcher must examine, this previous study is necessary.

First, Hikmah (2017) in her thesis found out types of

presupposition on her object advertisement on TV channels. She used the

descriptive qualitative research method and Yule's theory. She also used

note-taking as her instruments. The findings of her study were found three

8

types of presupposition, they are existential presupposition, structural

presupposition, and counterfactual presupposition. She said that every

people who presupposed something must have a different presupposition

each other.

Second, the thesis from Ramadhan which graduated in (2017)

identified the types of presupposition triggers found in the TV series Game

of Thrones season I. She also aimed to reveal the intentions of each

presupposition passed by the characters. This study used the qualitative

research method and using theory by Yule. The study results found there

are six types of presupposition, they are existential presupposition, factive

presupposition, non-factive presupposition, lexical presupposition,

structural presupposition, and counter-factual presupposition. Each

presupposition really shows different intentions.

Third, Harahap (2017) found six types of presupposition triggers in

editorial texts of The Jakarta Post. He used the qualitative research

method. His data were analyzed and classified based on Yule’s and

Levinson’s theory. The data were sentences or clause which trigger in

editorial text.

Fourth, the thesis from Ramadhani (2020) also used presupposition

theory by Yule and context theory by Huang. The research used the

descriptive qualitative method. The result found six types of

presupposition owned by the character in the Joker movie.

The next is in an international journal published in Montana State

9

University Library by Gaines (2018), he used presupposition to analyzed

the case of Lorenzo Montoya's false confession in a police office. A

presupposition is a handle to communicate the certainty guilt by the

suspect. He used qualitative research method from videotape police

interrogation transcript gotten from a lawyer and he used Levinson’s

theory. The result of this research is the clear expression of the suspect’s

guilt, the investigators implicitly conveyed their conviction about a large

range of items by the use of multiple PBQs in questioning.

Another international journal by Schneider et al (2019) in

Cognition 193 used presupposition to investigate the meaning of definite

and indefinite importance by using mouse-tracking tests collected from

fifty-three local speakers from Germany. They used the qualitative

research method and Yule’s theory to arrange data. This study compared

the method of interpretation of definite and indefinite determiners by two

mouse-tracking tests. The result of the study is proved to be more difficult

to process from infinite determiners derived from a negation that has

uniqueness.

From those previous studies, there are similarities in using

Levinson’s theory. In the present study, I used those previous studies to

get more information about how large the presupposition used. Also in the

present study deals with the presupposition triggers found within the

question that has been formulated. Thus the newest found in this present

study, I use Levinson’s theory which classified presupposition trigger into

10

thirteen kinds. The research gap between this study and the previous

studies is on the single trigger, double trigger and multiple trigger besides

also exists the consequences triggered by the audience’s presupposition in

the conversation.

H. Research Method

1. Research Design

The descriptive research approach is used since the study of

data is descriptively provided by moving picture captured in the

film. Ezzy (2013) stated that qualitative research can get through

establishing with people, place and performance. The data of

qualitative analysis can be from documents, movie script, and

interviews or selection from videotapes, audiotapes, or electronic

communication selections are used to show the research results.

Thus in this research, I used a movie script to collect the data from

the utterance by the main character. It aimed to describe the kinds

of presupposition triggers in the Birds of Prey movie. In addition,

the writer used code such as A.1, A.2, etc in each utterance to easily

in analyzing the data.

2. Data and Data Source

In this research, the data source is from the utterance

spoken by Harley Quinn as the main character in Birds of Prey

movie. Thus, the data used in this research is in the form of word,

sentence and phrase contained types of presupposition trigger

11

based on Levinson’s theory, those are definite description, factive

verbs, implicative verbs, change of state, iterative, verbs of

judging, temporal clauses, cleft sentence, implicit cleft with

stressed constituents, comparison and contrasts, non-restrictive

relative clauses, counterfactual condition, and questions. This study

uses Birds of Prey movie as a primary data which downloaded

from internet. In analyzing the data, the writer also uses the

transcription of the Birds of Prey movie which also taken from the

internet and the writer tries to correct the wrong or lacking

transcript from the internet.

3. Research Instrument

The instrument used in this study is the human as a key

instrument, the writer itself. The analysis is done with the help of

some data from the data source. The data is in the form of Table

below:

Table 1.1 Classification of Types of Presupposition Trigger in

Cathy Yan’s Birds of Prey.

Data

In the form of

utterance

Types of Presupposition Trigger

12

1. Word

2. Sentence

3. Phrase

1. Definite description

2. Factive verbs

3. Implicative verbs

4. Change of state

5. Iterative

6. Verbs of judging

7. Temporal clause

8. Cleft sentence

9. Implicit cleft with stressed

constituents

10. Comparison and contrast

11. Non-restrictive relative clause

12. Counterfactual condition

13. Question.

4. Data collection

The technique of processing the data, the writer followed Chart 1.1

13

There are some steps that the writer does to collect the data.

Firstly, the writer watch Birds of Prey movie. Secondly, the writer

downloads movie script of the Birds of Prey movie. While

watching the movie and holding the script, the writer highlights the

word, sentence or phrase which consists presupposition trigger.

After all data taken, the writer classified the types of

presupposition trigger on the Table. Then, the writer categorized

the number of presupposition trigger into single trigger, double

trigger and multiple trigger.

Chart 1.1 Technique of Processing the Data

Data Collection

Classifying based on Levinson (1997).

Types of presupposition trigger:

1. Definite description

2. Factive verb

3. Implicative verb

4. Change of state verb

5. Iterative

6. Verbs of judging

7. Temporal clause

8. Cleft sentence

9. Implicit cleft

10. Comparison and contrast

11. Non-restrictive relative clause

12. Counterfactual condition

13. Question

Instrumentation

Human as key instrument support by corpuses:

-Classifying the types of presupposition trigger

-The number of presupposition trigger (single

trigger, double trigger, and multiple trigger).

Data / Data source:

1. Word

2. Phrase

3. Sentence

In Cathy Yan’s Birds of Prey movie

script.

14

5. Data Analysis

As stated by Miles and Huberman (1994), analysis can be

classified into three parts of activity that is data reduction, data

display, and conclusion. In this study, the writer uses Miles and

Huberman’s theory in analyzing the data. As stated by Miles and

Huberman (1994), analysis can be classified into three parts of

activity, they are:

1. Data Reduction

Data reduction becomes the first step in analyzing

the data in this study. As conveyed by Miles (1994), data

reduction known as the process of selecting, focusing,

simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data in

written up transcript. In this study, the data is in the form

of video and movie script of the Birds of Prey movie. In

this step, the writer firstly analyzing the data by watching

the movie, listen carefully and checking the data by

reading the movie script to see the context. Then, the writer

is selecting the word, phrase or sentence in Birds of Prey

movie which contains a presupposition trigger to be

analyzed. Next, the writer categorizes the data based on the

number of presupposition found three group of

presupposition which include thirteen kinds of

15

presupposition trigger.

2. Data Display

The second step is data display. In this step

contains presupposition trigger, the group of

presupposition trigger based on the number of trigger

found, why it grouped as the category of presupposition,

what is the meaning of each presupposition and the

consequences triggered by the audience presupposed in the

conversation in Birds of Prey movie. Besides, the data

show the code to get easy understand in discussion section.

3. Conclusion

After all the data collected, the last steps to analyze

the data is drawing conclusion. In this step, the writer

concludes the result of the study based on the study

problem and presupposition trigger theory that are used.

16

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter discusses some related literature related to presupposition.

Below are some explanations about Pragmatics, Presupposition, Kinds of

Presupposition, Presupposition Trigger and Kinds of Presupposition Trigger.

A. Pragmatics

Pragmatics is the study of language use, it means the study of the

relation between language and context which based on the significance of

language understanding which involves making an assumption that will

connect among what is said to what is actually assumed on what has been said

before (Levinson, 1983). In pragmatics, every people have their own

interpretation of something which being said with others. People do not

interpret the word by word on meaning an utterance, but they get the meaning

based on the context that they talked about.

Pragmatics is a study about the meaning which focuses on the context

and communicative intentions of speakers or what speakers mean (Yule,

2010). Pragmatics is defined as how people deliver the message in

communication use the specific kinds of speech situation in context, to

determine what speakers said and to know what speakers referring to.

Pragmatics can be defined as determining a change of an information

state, the information state of the listener, of the speaker or the speaker's

17

model of the listener or the common ground according to one of the speakers

(Zeevat, 2012). It appears reasonable to say that a pragmatics theory cannot be

portrayed as characteristic aspects of the up-or-down dates in a setting that

models listeners in setting that models hearers in interpreting the utterance are

hard to assume.

In addition, pragmatics involves many aspects of communication such

as how to express speech acts (apologies, compliments, complaints, and

refusals), how to open and close the conversation, what form to greet that will

use, how to look for mean that they are speaking indirect, how to be polite,

and how to be strong if it is needed (Harlig, 2019). By using pragmatics in

daily life as Harlig defined, it is useful to build good communication with each

other.

Pragmatics has many branches, one of them is presupposition. In

presupposition, while people do the interaction, the speaker may be delivered

the message ambiguous. It is because the speaker delivers the implicit

meaning. Thus the listener has many assumptions about what the meaning of

the speaker said.

B. Presupposition

Presupposition defines as something that the speaker or listener

assumes an idea or message to be the case prior to making an utterance (Yule,

1996). For example, the utterance “Dona gets lesson book”. The listener

makes an assumption that presupposes Dona has a lesson book. That example

18

mentioned before is the simplification of presupposition. In addition, the

presupposition is the shared background assumptions that are taken for

granted when we communicate (Griffiths, 2006). It means that if people have

a close relationship, they will what is being said to each other and get the truth

to interpret meaning. Moreover, when people communicate with strangers, it

is difficult to know what is presupposed. As conveyed by Khaleel (2010)

presupposition is one part of information.

According to Yule (1996), presupposition classified into six

categories, they are:

1. Existential presupposition

This presupposition is associated with the existence of the

ownership by the speaker. It is not just present assumed in the construction

of sentence which indicates the owner, but it can be broader existence of

the statement that appears in the speech. Thus, it shows how the existence

of a thing can be delivered through presuppositions.

For example, Doni has a car. This utterance shows the existence:

(1) There is a car and (2) There are people named Doni.

2. Factive presupposition

This presupposition means the assumption that something is true

due to the presence of some verbs such as ‘know’, ‘realize’ and ‘glad’.

For example, They realize that today is the due date of collecting

the assignments. This utterance becomes fact because it has been

mentioned the word verb "realize" stated that something fact happened.

19

3. Non-factive presupposition

This means an assumption refers to something that is not true. In

this presupposition, there is word like 'dream', 'suppose', 'pretend', and

'imagine'.

For example, I realize that I do not have enough money to go to

US. This sentence uses 'realize' word which brings non-factive

presupposition.

4. Lexical presupposition

This presupposition means that the speaker can act as another

meaning (word) that will be understood. This kind contains supposition

such as: try, manage, success stop, again, start. Thus, this uses implicative

verbs (manage), verbs change (stop) and iterative (again) as a trigger.

For example, Rani manages her own money. This utterance means

she does not manage her own money yesterday. This utterance appears

because there is the word 'manage' which show that she does not ever

manage her own money before.

5. Structural presupposition

This presupposition means the assumption associated with the use

of certain structures. A certain structure is 'wh questions' in order to inform

information.

For example, where is the location of Mc Donald Kayutangan?.

This utterance describes that there is Mc Donald Kayutangan.

6. Counterfactual presupposition

20

This means the assumption that what is presupposed is not only

untrue, but is the opposite of what is true, or contrary to facts.

For example, If I had a car, I will accompany you to the market.

This sentence describes that the supposition which appears is, I have not a

car.

C. Presupposition Triggers

The sorts of presupposition over which have made clear that

presupposition can be identified through the presence of the particular words.

It named by presupposition triggers. Based on Karutten which has collected

thirty-one kinds of triggers, but Levinson (1983) stated that there are thirteen

kinds of presupposition trigger, they are:

1. Definite description is the possessive construction in English which

give a rise to an existential presupposition, more generally is in any

name or definite phrase.

For example, Azka got a man with a generous heart is comprised

with the phrase a man with a generous heart. This called by definite

description since it presupposes that there is a man with a generous

heart. The man is clearly pointing a fact in mind about what is seen on

a man.

2. Factive verb, contains the facts that actually happened.

For example, Fahri knew/didn't know eating Tio’s meals, both

forms are positive and negative presuppose that Fahri eats Tio’s meals.

21

Another verb are: sorry/glad/proud/sad, aware that, knew that and

realize that.

3. Implicative verbs, the main verb brings a presupposition from some

needed and sufficient condition which considers whether the occasion

described in took place. It can be defined as presupposed the truth of

the compliment by the fact using negation in the matrix clause. The

example of implicative verbs are dare and manage.

For example, Meri managed/didn’t manage to collect the money,

the word managed/didn't manage to convey the effort of Meri to

collect the money, thus presuppose that Meri tried to collect the

money.

4. Change of state verbs, as stated by Seed (1997) these verbs contained a

switch presupposition in which the new state is both described and

assumed not to have existed before the change. In

For example, Meri started/didn't start beating her husband, both

started/didn't start to suggest that the notion that Meri has been beating

her husband, it indicating that she had done her activity before. Other

change of state verbs are stop, carry on, finish, take, leave, come, go,

enter and arrive.

5. Iterative, defined as expressions of repetition or it called frequentative,

habitual verb, iterative activity, and iterative aspect. In

For example, Beni bought some cakes, Beni bought cool shoes, the

word “bought” show that the activities repeatedly.

22

6. Verbs of judging, consisted some verbs of judgement which produced

presupposition (Seed, 1997). The verbs in the verbs of judging are

accuse, blame, criticize, credit, praise, scold, confess, apologize,

forgive, justify, excuse.

For example, Tika apologized to Dona for taking the lipstick. The

word “apologized” showing that Tika judged by Dona.

7. Temporal clauses, it is the expressions of time. This clause triggered

by the speaker’s attitude towards the information contained.

For example, I moved to Malang since I was graduated from high

school. The word "since" means the expression of time. Another word

of temporal clauses is before, while, after, during, and whenever.

8. Cleft sentence, can be identified as a presupposition made by the

material after the relative clause marker (who, that, etc) and inserting a

variable or expression like someone or something that shares the same

number and gender as the focus item in a situation.

For example, what Agung lost/didn't lose was his girlfriend, what

is conveyed is the fact that Agung lost something. Another example is

it was/wasn’t Dani that hold Ayu, presupposing that someone holds

Ayu.

9. Implicit clefts with stressed constituents, it is a stress in an element

that exist in order to derive the presupposition.

23

For example, Television was/wasn’t found by Logie Baird, the

emphasis in the sentence weighs heavily on the distinctive word

"Logie Baird", showing that someone (Logie Baird) found television.

10. Comparisons and contrasts

For example, there are several differences between Sajidah and

Witri. It means that Sajidah and Witri have different thing each other.

11. Non-restrictive relative clauses, a relative clause that is not essential to

the meaning of a sentence. It can be defined as gossip but not identify

or tell "whose" or "which one".

For example, several students played football on the field, the

phrase "several student" did not tell "whose" student which plays

football.

12. Counterfactual conditions, it conditions that follow after the word “if”.

For instance, if Tono had only three more cats, Doni would/would not

ask to get more cats presupposes that Doni has more than three cats.

13. Questions, there are several types of questions such as yes/no,

alternative and Wh-questions.

One example of Wh-questions is Where is the Faculty of

Humaniora located? This question presupposes that there are many

faculty in there.

24

CHAPTER III

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

This chapter discusses the finding and discussion which consists of the

presupposition trigger in the main character’s Harley Quinn utterance in Cathy

Yan’s Birds of Prey using Levinson’s theory. Furthermore, the writer reveals the

meaning of each presupposition appears. This chapter also contains the listener’s

presupposition and consequences of the character utterance.

A. Finding

This study analyzed the types of presupposition triggers that were found in

utterance by the main character on Cathy Yan’s Birds of Prey movie based on

Levinson’s theory. There are thirteen kinds of presupposition triggers include

definite description, factive verbs, implicative verbs, change of state, iterative,

verbs of judging, temporal clauses, cleft sentence, implicit cleft with stressed

constituents, comparison and contrasts, non-restrictive relative clauses,

counterfactual condition, and questions which are presented on Table 3.1 below:

Table 3.1 Classification of Types of Presupposition Trigger in Cathy Yan’s Birds of

Prey movie.

Data

In the form of utterance

Types of Presupposition Trigger

1. Word

2. Sentence

3. Phrase

1. Definite description

2. Factive verbs

3. Change of state

25

4. Implicative verb

5. Iterative

6. Verbs of judging

7. Temporal clause

8. Cleft sentence

9. Implicit cleft with stressed

constituents

10. Comparison and contrast

11. Non-restrictive relative

clause

12. Counterfactual condition

13. Question.

As mentioned in Table 3.1 shows there are thirteen kinds of presupposition

trigger by Levinson. Besides, the data is in the form of utterance. From Table 3.1,

it grouped into three parts based on the number of presupposition trigger followed

in the table below:

Table 3.2 The number of Presupposition Trigger

No Number of Presupposition trigger Amount

1 Single trigger 46

2 Double trigger 20

3 Multiple trigger 14

Based on Table 3.2, it can be seen that the study found presupposition

trigger in Birds of Prey movie. The result consisted 46 single trigger, 20 double

trigger and 14 multiple trigger which found in the main characters aka Harley

26

Quinn. Single trigger is the group that most found in the utterance. In addition, the

data in each number of presupposition trigger show the code to get easy in

understand the discussion section.

In this movie, the presupposition trigger which mostly appear is factive

verb to indicate the fact that really happen since the movie’s genre is categorized

in action and adventure, then, there are many event which really happen conveyed

through the presupposition by the utterance.

In this findings, the utterance which consisted presupposition marked with

the code such as A.1, A.2, and etc to get easy in analysis the data.

Table 3.3 Single Trigger

In this part finds one presupposition trigger in one utterance.

No Utterances Types of Presupposition

Trigger

Code

1 The wack job with the penchant for

peeling faces is Roman Sionis, aka

Black Mask. The fact that he wants

me dead hasn’t yet hit my radar.

Factive verb

(Word)

A.1

2 HQ: What did I do to you? Question

(Sentence)

A.2

3 Quick history lesson. Fifteen years

ago, one of the wealthiest Mafia

families in Gotham was gunned

down.

Temporal clause

(Phrase)

A.3

4 He calls her his little bird, and he’s

got her wrapped right around his

fancy little finger

Implicit cleft

(Phrase)

A.4

5 HQ: Well, expect for the crazy part.

But other than that

Comparison and contrast

(Phrase)

A.5

6 HQ: If you wanted to even come

close, you would have to go to

medical school

Counterfactual condition

(Sentence)

A.6

27

7 What a way to start my new life Cleft sentence

(Word)

A.7

8 That’s when I met him. Mr. J My

Joker

Definite description

(Phrase)

A.8

9 HQ: Come again? Iterative

(Word)

A.9

10 This is where it all began, Puddin’ Non-restrictive relative

clause

(word)

A.10

11 HQ: I don’t wanna go home Change of state

(word)

A.11

12 HQ: So, forgive me yet? Verbs of judging

(word)

A.12

13 HQ : Yeah, but I dare a lot of

people to do a lot of things, okay?

Implicative verb

(word)

A.13

Based on Table 3.3, all of the types of presupposition trigger found.

Table 3.4 Double Trigger

This part finds two types of presupposition trigger in one utterance.

No Utterances Types of Presupposition

Trigger

Code

1 But however many times he tried

to ditch me

-Temporal (Phrase)

-Factive verb (Word)

B.1

2 HQ: If you let me go, just for now,

I’ll get you that rock back

-Counterfactual (Sentence)

-Temporal (Word)

B.2

3 I know the East and better than

anybody

-Factive (Word)

-Comparison (Phrase)

B.3

4 If you wanted to even come close,

you would have to go to medical

school

-Counterfactual (Sentence)

-Change of state verb

(Word)

B.4

5 HQ: Puddin’ and I broke up -Implicit cleft (Word)

-Factive verb (Phrase)

B.5

28

Table 3.5 Multiple Trigger

This part finds two or more types of presupposition trigger in one

utterance.

No Utterances Types of Presupposition

Trigger

Cod

e

1 HQ: I don’t know if it’s the stray

Armentan arm hair, or the fact

that his cheese slices are always six

months out of date, but no one

makes an egg sandwich like Sal.

-Counterfactual (Sentence)

-Factive verb (Phrase)

-Temporal clause (Phrase)

-Implicit cleft (Word)

C.1

2 Do you know what that means?

That means he's not just after the

kid anymore

-Question (Word)

-Temporal (Word)

-Iterative verb(Word)

C.2

3 And what’s worse? Every person I

ever wronged now felt free to come

and take their pound of flesh

-Question (Word)

- Non-restrictive relative

clauses (Phrase)

-Temporal (Word)

C.3

4 When it comes to me and Roman

Sionis, there are a lot of possible

answers to this question and

breaking his driver’s legs. There’s

that time I called it an “expresso”

-Temporal clause (Word)

-Factive verb (Word)

-Definite description

(Phrase)

-Definite description

(Phrase)

-Implicit cleft (Word)

C.4

5 If you’ve ever watched any cop

movie ever, you know that this is

when shit gets real

-Counterfactual (Sentence)

-Factive verb (Phrase)

-Temporal clause (Word)

C.5

B. Discussion

In this discussion section, it consisted of the results of the findings listed

on the table above based on theory of Levinson (1983). This discussion started

from describing one by one of the findings based on the number of presupposition

trigger starting from single trigger, double trigger and the last multiple trigger.

This also presupposes the meaning of the utterance which by Harley’s voice over

29

and conversation with another character. In addition, it also identified the

consequences triggered by the audience’s presupposition trigger in the

conversation.

1. Single Trigger

Single trigger means that there is one kind of presupposition trigger found

in a sentence or phrase.

Datum (A.1)

The wack job with the penchant for peeling faces is Roman Sionis, aka

Black Mask. The fact that he wants me dead hasn’t yet hit my radar.

Based on the datum (A.1) is identified a word that referring to a verb

which conveyed factive verb. It means that the word fact presupposes the truth of

the events that took a place. This presupposes that:

- There is Roman Sionis aka Black Mask.

He was the antagonist characters who have mission to kill Harley Quinn.

This utterance is also Harley Quinn monologue. This told that Roman

Sionis aka Black Mask has a strange job of peeling the faces of people he does not

like. Harley already knows that Roman Sionis wants her to die and have her skin

stripped of her face, but Roman has not been able to catch Harley.

30

The consequences triggered by the audience’s presupposition in this

utterance is Harley Quinn feels challenged to face the threat or the fact that

Roman Sionis wants to kill her.

Datum (A.2)

Happy : I've waited a long time for this.

HQ : You have?

Oh... I haven't had breakfast yet.

HQ : What did I do to you?

Happy : Are you serious?

We could read in datum (A.2) is classified into question form because

there is sentence ‘what did I do you?’ form of presupposition trigger. Based on

(Levinson, 1983) conveys that Wh-question show the presupposition which

obtained by switching Wh- words into an appropriate existential variable such as

who by someone, what by something, where by somewhere, how by somehow, etc.

This presupposition may be presupposed:

- Harley ever did something to Happy before.

Thus, the question word used in sentence or utterance generally to get trigger the

presupposed meaning.

This conversation happened between Harley Quinn and Happy. Happy is

one of the people that Harley has ever hurt. This took place on the way when

31

Harley chased by Renee Montoya. She met every people who ever hurt by her.

People tried to catch Harley.

From this utterance, the consequences triggered by the audience’s

presupposition in the conversation is Harley feels innocent and a little worried

about the person she has wronged before.

Datum (A.3)

Quick history lesson. Fifteen years ago, one of the wealthiest Mafia

families in Gotham was gunned down

As mentioned in datum (A.3) is a noun phrase which indicated to

temporal clause, because the utterance consist period of time fifteen years ago.

This utterance presupposed:

- There is something which happen at fifteen years ago

- One of the people in family was died caused by gunned down.

This context tells about Gotham family which have problem in the past. At

that time the Gotham family was shot dead in the power struggle. But in fact it

was the target for the nominal wealth possessed by the Gotham family. This told

by Harley Quinn by her monologue.

In this utterance, Harley felt sympathy for the events that the Bertinelli

family had experienced as the consequences triggered by the audience’s

presupposition.

32

Datum (A.4)

Canary's been singing at Roman's club for years. He calls her his little

bird, and he’s got her wrapped right around his fancy little finger.

This datum (A.4) which consisted bold phrase is classified into implicit

cleft. It seems that phrase little bird came out in the utterance which marks a

character Canary as little bird because she has a perfect voice as her characteristic.

In this datum (A.4) may be presupposed that:

- There is singer which has a good voice and someone said that Canary as

like little bird.

This was also voice over by Harley that happened at the Roman's Club at

that time Canary was singing in that place. Roman also has his own name for

Black Canary, namely the little bird because her voice is melodious like singing

birds which sounds really good.

The consequence triggered by the audience’s presupposition in this

utterance is little bird aka Black Canary has been a singer in a bar for a long time

and Harley was her friend.

Datum (A.5)

CC : How'd you do it? Come on, tell me. Woman to woman. Being a

pickpocket's fine and all, but I got real potential. I mean, how do I be like

you?

33

HQ : Well, except for the crazy part. But other than that. Number one,

no one is like me.

As mentioned by Levinson (1983) stated that comparison and contrast can

trigger a presupposition. In this datum (A.5), the phrase other than that consist a

word ‘than’ which show a comparative construction. It classified into comparison

and contrasts in presupposition trigger. This underlined utterance presupposed

that:

- There is another crazier part to be like Harley Quinn as Cassandra asked.

In other word, this comparative construction may presuppose a hidden

meaning.

These were conversation between Harley and Cassandra Cain. Cassandra

Cain is a kid which being a pickpocket. This conversation happened at grocery

when Harley tried to get out the diamond from Cassandra stomach. She tried to

buy some a drug that triggers defecation where the diamonds will be removed by

Cassandra from her body.

This utterance causing audience consequences for what Harley did was not

good but made her feel stronger than ever.

Datum (A.6)

HQ: If you wanted to even come close, you would have to go to medical

school. Become a psychiatrist, work in an asylum. Fall in love with your

patient, break said patient out of said asylum. Begin a life of crime.

34

This utterance include in counterfactual condition in the form of

sentence. Grundy (2000) conveyed that counterfactual condition presuppose about

affirmative proposition which contained in the if-clause. In this datum, if-clause

showed in positive sentence which presuppose the contrast meaning which it

opposite from Grundy’s. The sentence presupposed:

- You did not want to come close to me thus you will not experience what

I’m going through this long.

In this situation, Cassandra asked to Harley how to become as her. Thus

Harley explained many steps how to be like her. Then, Harley explained one by

one step, from doing a good thing until doing deviant things that can harm others

too. One of them is like in this utterance, Harley suggested Cassandra to go to

medical school to become a psychiatrist and work in an asylum.

The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance

is Harley tried everything after she broke up with joker, those things mentioned on

her conversation with Cassandra Cain.

Datum (A.7)

What a way to start my new life.

The utterance in datum (A.7) consist wh-cleft construction. Thus it

displayed such construction triggers of a presupposition. It classified into cleft

sentence in the form of the word ‘what’. As stated by Levinson (1983), cleft

35

sentence is one of many linguistic parts that can show presupposition. This

sentence may be presupposed:

- Harley start her new life

- Harley has other way to get happiness from her heartbreak.

This was the monologue of Harley when she was at Sal’s which sell a

great sandwich. Sal is Harley's favorite sandwich maker. She described that she

dreams about a great sandwich made by Sal. This sandwich will become her fresh

life to start her new life and journey.

The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance

is thought that Harley is stuck in the past and can not possibly start a new life.

Datum (A.8)

That’s when I met him. Mr. J My Joker.

The bold phrase in datum (A.8) include to definite description. It because

assumed to be in possessive construction used ‘my’ word. The sentence

presupposed:

- Harley meet someone

- There is a man which named as Joker.

The ‘Joker’ named is actually a character which played in the movie before Birds

of Prey occurred.

36

The sentence was monologue by Harley Quinn. It happened at the opening

of the film which told about how Harley survived her life. She experienced the

bitter sweetness of life from wanting to be sold by her father until she struggled to

go to college until she got her PhD. And the saddest thing she experienced was

her love story with Mr. J has finished. Therefore, she tried to start a new life by

slightly changing her appearance.

The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance

is the listener thought that Mr. J was a bad person and Harley carried away like

what the Mr. J did.

Datum (A.9)

CC : Yeah, not gonna happen.

HQ : Come again?

CC : I said I can't.

This conversation indicated Iterative items because the word ‘again’

called as repetition. There is another item such as too, still, another and prefix re-.

These utterance presuppose:

- Someone visit Harley.

It took many times the fact that Cassandra became a kid thief.

This conversation happened in the car between Harley Quinn and

Cassandra Cain when Harley asked about the diamond and actually the diamond

37

ate by Cassandra Cain. But Cassandra said it could not bring it to Harley because

the diamond was eaten by Cassandra.

The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance

is Harley tried to push Cassandra to admit everything, even though Harley was

tired of asking but she still tried to make Cassandra honest about the diamond.

Datum (A.10)

This is where it all began, Puddin’

This voice over of Harley consisted to non-restrictive clause with the word

‘where’. It shows that is not essential to the meaning of a sentence. This

monologue may be presupposed as:

- The new life of Harley begins

This was the voice over by Harley Quinn when she crashed the truck into

oil tank and caused a big explosion. Those were marks as the start of a new life.

The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance

is Harley feels so excited to run her day.

Datum (A.11)

HQ: I don’t wanna go home

This utterance indicated to change of verb because there is the word ‘go’

which known as the aspectual verb. This utterance may be presupposed:

38

- Harley wants to leave and maybe she will back again.

This utterance by Harley happened when she was at Roman’s club and

many people who are gossiping about the relationship between Harley and Joker

broke up.

The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance

is Harley felt lazy to go back home because she remember the last problem with

her dad, so she chose to left her home and start a new life.

Datum (A.12)

Prisoner: Please, no more.

HQ : So, forgive me yet?

The utterance by Harley Quinn consisted in verb of judging because there

is the word ‘forgive’. Thus this utterance may be presupposed:

- Asking for apologize to Cassandra Cain

This utterance happened when Harley Quinn and friends fought with

Roman Sionis’s army. There were many fighting scenes between them which

ended up being won by Harley Quinn and friends.

The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance

is Harley and her friends got their win from the Sionis’s army.

39

Datum (A.13)

Happy : But you dared him to do it.

HQ: Yeah, but I dare a lot of people to do a lot of things, okay?

This conversation indicated implicative verb which consisted the word

‘dared’. It can be defined as presupposed the truth of the compliment by the fact

using negation word. It may be presupposed:

- Harley is challenging people

This was the conversation between Harley and Happy when Harley tried to

escape from Renee Montoya. She found a lot of people who ever hurt by her.

The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance

is felt challenged because everyone is out to take revenge on her.

2. Double Trigger

Double trigger means that there are two kinds of presupposition trigger in

one sentence.

Datum (B.1)

But however many times he tried to ditch me.

The utterance in datum (B.1) has two kinds of presupposition trigger. The

first bold is phrase which classified into temporal clause. It consists one of the

adverbial clause ‘many times’. These clauses can be trigger because it can convey

40

the speaker’s toward the information contained. Thus the second bold is the word

‘tried’. It include in factive verb, because it showed the truth of the complement

clause. It presupposed:

- Her father really want to ditch her

- Her father won’t take care of her life anymore.

This sentence is voice over by Harley Quinn in the beginning of the

movie. She told about her life when she was kid that her father wanted to trade

her. It means that her father would not take care of her life anymore. But Harley

struggle her life until she got her sadness and also her happiness.

The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance

is Harley felt very sorry for the bad luck she experienced as a child, but the great

thing is she can still struggle to continue living to this day.

Datum (B.2)

HQ: If you let me go, just for now, I’ll get you that rock back.

This datum (B.2) consist two presupposition trigger. The first bold is

sentence ‘if you let me go’ in utterance was classified into counterfactual

condition. As mentioned in datum (A.6) that counterfactual presupposes

affirmative proposition such as if-clause. This also known as unreal condition in

utterance which means that the information in if-clause is not true at the time

when the utterance was spoken. The second bold was classified into temporal

clause. It is related to the time clauses with the word ‘now’ which triggers

41

presupposition. Thus this clause assumed to be true and accepted to interlocutor.

This utterance was presupposed:

- Harley won’t be locked by Black Mask

- Harley wanted her life feel free.

This was the conversation between Harley and Black Mask. It happened

when Harley locked up by Black Mask at the place. Harley assured Black Mask

that she can bring back the diamonds that have been taken by Cassandra. But it

was just the sweet words to get free and actually Harley has another purpose to be

fight for.

The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance

is Harley felt uncomfortable because she was in Black Mask custody, so Harley

tried to convince him that she can get back the diamond that Cassandra took.

Datum (B.3)

HQ: Second from the bottom. I know the East End better than anybody

The first bold word in sentence was the factive verb. In other words, the

word "know" in the sentence indicates the truth from where something Harley has

found. The second bold is a phrase which classified into comparison and

contrast. It consisted comparative construction ‘better than’ which showed degree

of complement. Thus the following sentence can be presupposed as:

- Harley tried to defend herself

42

- Harley wanted herself to be free from Black Mask confinement by

convincing many things she can do.

This utterance was same as datum (B.2) about the conversation between

Harley and Black Mask. The consequence triggered by the audience

presupposition in this utterance is Harley confident that she knows everything.

Datum (B.4)

HQ: Number one, no one is like me. If you wanted to even come close,

you would have to go to medical school.

The first bold word classified into counterfactual condition. As like

datum (A.6) which also indicated counterfactual condition, this datum (B.4) if-

clause appeared in positive sentence. The second underlined in sentences was

included in change of verb. As explained by Hovav and Levin (2002), change of

verbs such as stop, continue, finish, change, come, go, stop and others can be

distinguished from the verb changes known as the title of achievement in the state.

It shows that an action experienced by the speaker to the interlocutor can indicate

that the event experienced is progressing or has been completed for that time.

Thus, the word ‘go’ in the second underlined indicated change of verb. It means

that the action was in half progress happen. This sentence may be presupposed as:

- Cassandra will be lost if she do not recognize Harley any further

- Harley suggests Cassandra to go to medical school

43

This was the conversation between Harley and Cassandra Cain. Cassandra

asked how to be like Harley. Then Harley told that she must go to medical school

at first to become a psychiatrist.

The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance

is Harley becomes a life teacher for Cassandra Cain, in addition she felt very

interested in teaching new things.

Datum (B.5)

BC: Yeah, I don't know who you think I am, lady, but I'm not her.

HQ: Puddin’ and I broke up. I haven't told that to anyone. Yeah

The first bold word ‘Puddin’ in sentence indicated to implicit cleft. This

cleft seen from the upper-case character comes out which show the presence of

the implied fact. It can also indicate that someone is an important part of the

sentence. The second bold ‘broke up’ included in factive verb. It because the

word contained the fact that really happened. This sentence may be presupposed:

- There is people called Puddin’

- Puddin’ was Joker

- Harley and Joker ended up their relationship

This was the conversation between Black Canary and Harley Quinn in the

Roman’s club. Harley talked about her relationship have been broken with Mr. J.

She told that it was her first time being lonely for so long after her broke up. She

felt so great because it.

44

The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance

is Harley actually felt sad because of her breakup with Joker, but she tried to look

tough in front of everyone.

3. Multiple Trigger

Multiple trigger means that there are two or more kinds of presupposition

trigger in one sentence.

Datum (C.1)

I don’t know if it’s the stray Armenian arm hair, or the fact that his

cheese slices are always six months out of date, but no one makes an egg

sandwich like Sal.

There are four presupposition found in this datum (C.1). The first is ‘if’,

this was classified into counterfactual condition in the form of sentence. There is

if-clause in the sentence which the situation is not true of the time that utterance

spoken. The second trigger consisted in factive verb because the word ‘fact’

showed the fact that really happen. The third was temporal clause, because there

is the word 'six months' which the word is included in adverbial clause or time

clause. The last in the fourth underlined word is indicated as implicit cleft

reflected by the word ‘Sal’. As mentioned in datum (B.5) that ‘Sal’ the best

sandwich maker. This sentence may be presupposed:

- It may be stray Armenian arm hair

45

- The cheese slices which used always has expired since six months out of

date

- It always six months out of date or it can be more

- Sal was the best sandwich maker in Harley’s life

This was voiceover by Harley Quinn when she was at Sal’s sandwich

shop. Here she told how Sal homemade sandwich is so unique that no one can

even match the delicious of Sal homemade sandwich with other sandwiches.

The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance

is Harley was very happy with Sal’s sandwich and lucky to be able to taste Sal’s

sandwich again.

Datum (C.2)

TH: They’re not?

HQ: No, they're not. Do you know what that means? That means he's not

just after the kid anymore.

The first bold is triggered by the word ‘what’ as the marker of question.

Then, since the word ‘what’ reflects to yes-no question. The word ‘after’ in the

second underlined marked as temporal clause. This word signed the occurance of

presupposition in the utterance by adverbial of time. The last bold is the word

which presented the use of lexical item which appeared to be repeated. It called

iterative items with the word ‘anymore. This utterance may be presupposed:

- They guessed the arrival of Sionis and his army

46

- Sionis already become adult and grim

- Sionis once were kid

This was the conversation between The Huntress and Harley Quinn. The

Huntress or Bertinelli is the daughter of a big mafia boss in the city of Gotham

which appeared to revenge on the crime that deceived her family. She was the

great archer.

The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance

is firstly Harley worried because of the arrival of the Sionis and his army, but also

it was very challenging for her. Therefore, she is ready to face the attack.

Datum (C.3)

And what’s worse? Every person I ever wronged now felt free to come

and take their pound of flesh. Turns out I wronged a lot of people.

In this datum (C.3), I found three presupposition trigger. The first is

triggered by the word ‘what’ marked as question trigger which consisted wh-

question. It reflected the answer with ‘whom’ because it asked about person. Then

the word ‘every person’ marked as non-restrictive relative clauses. It is a

relative clause that is not essential to the meaning of an utterance. The word

‘every person’ did not tell ‘whose’ people which wrong. The last word is ‘now’

contained into temporal clause. As mentioned in datum (C.2), it appeared

adverbial of time in this utterance. This utterance may be presupposed:

- There is the worse person

47

- People who ever meet Harley

- Person that Harley ever wronged become felt free

This was voice over by Harley Quinn when she tried to escape from Renee

Montoya. This utterance stated that Harley realized that she had wronged many

people. So these guys are trying to get revenge on Harley.

The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance

is Harley was a little worried because of the appearance of the people she had hurt

to take revenge on her when she was in an emergency, being chased by Renee

Montoya.

Datum (C.4)

When it comes to me and Roman Sionis, there are a lot of possible

answers to this question. Breaking his driver’s leg. There’s that time I

called it an “expresso”.

I found five presupposition trigger in this utterance. The first is the word

‘when’ which marked as temporal clause because it signed by adverbial of time.

Then, the word ‘comes’ indicated as factive verb because it was the fact that

really happen. The third bold was ‘Roman Sionis’ included to definite

description because it showed possessive constructions which is assumed to the

existence of the entities named. Besides that, the fourth bold ‘his driver’ also

indicated to definite description which also show possessive construction. The

last word is ‘expresso’ which marked as implicit cleft which the word described

48

or signified something that resembles the meaning of the word. This utterance

may be presupposed:

- Roman Sionis comes to Harley Quinn

- There are lot of possible thing will be happen

- Roman sionis known as his criminal

- Roman sionis’s driver has his leg broken

- That incident was perfect

This was the monologue by Harley Quinn when she was at Roman’s

confinement. Harley felt getting her fun after Roman came, one of them which

can messed up one of the members of the Roman Sionis, namely his driver.

Harley broke the leg of the roman’s driver and she was very satisfied of it.

The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance

is Harley has done satisfying things since she came to Roman Sionis.

Datum (C.5)

If you’ve ever watched any cop movie ever, you know that this is when

shit gets real.

The first bold is the word ‘if’ indicated to counterfactual condition

because it showed if-clause which followed the positive sentence. Then, the

second bold marked as factive verb which point with the word ‘know’. As known

before that the word ‘know’ showed the fact that really happen. The last is the

49

word ‘when’ which include in temporal clause which same as in datum (C.4).

This utterance may be presupposed:

- You must watch any cop movie

- The fact that something really happen

- Something shit gets real came

This was voice over by Harley Quinn when the scene at the cop office

appears. She told about how the condition of cop office was. No cop whose ever

end what they must until they have been suspended.

The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance

is the fact that the world of cop is complicated.

That was all the utterance which consisted a presupposition trigger based

on Harley’s utterance. There were 80 utterances which included 132

presupposition trigger. Among the types of presupposition that often appear is the

type of factive verb. This type arises because the genre of the movie is adventure,

where there are many scenes that show the truth about something that happened.

Meanwhile, based on Levinson’s theory, this study is rare to find the type of verbs

of judging because the main character of the movie does not show speech judging

other characters, the fact is Harley get judged by other characters.

The similarity between this study with the previous study is analyzing an

utterances of the main character with the aim to finding the types of

presupposition trigger using Levinson’s theory. While the differences is in

50

grouping the presupposition trigger based on the number of presupposition into

single trigger, double trigger and multiple trigger and the context of the utterance

show the main character and other character in the movie. Besides, this study

found the consequences trigger by the audience. This found because every

audience may have their own consequences after watch and hear the scene of the

movie.

51

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

In this chapter presents the conclusion of the study result which is

discussed in the previous chapter.

A. Conclusion

According to the previous chapters, in an utterance, a

presupposition trigger can be only made by the speaker, whereas the

listener owned the assumption. This study focused on analysis of

presupposition trigger in the Birds of Prey movie. The analysis is only

taken from the main character of Harley Quinn in her monologue and

conversation with other. It used Levinson theory which divided thirteen

types of presupposition trigger, those are definite description, factive verb,

change of state, iterative, verbs of judging, temporal clause, cleft sentence,

implicit cleft with stressed constituents, comparison and contrast, non-

restrictive relative clause, counterfactual condition and question. In

addition, the utterances found in presupposition trigger are in the form of

word, sentence and phrase.

After analyzing Birds of Prey movie, there are some conclusions

that can be described. This study found 129 presupposition trigger in

utterance that owned by the main character, Harley Quinn. The utterance

52

was classified based on the number of presupposition trigger, those were

single trigger, double trigger and multiple trigger.

In the single trigger all of those types of presupposition trigger

were found by Levinson’s theory. The most-used types of presupposition

trigger are the factive verb and temporal clause as much as each eight

utterances which consisted of those. While the type that appears the least

were iterative, verbs of judging, cleft sentence, and counterfactual

condition. Each of those appeared just one in the single trigger utterance.

Then in double trigger there were types that did not appear, those were

verbs of judging, temporal clause, comparison and contrast, non-restrictive

relative clause, and question. Whereas the most-used was the factive verb,

there were thirteen utterances which consisted in double trigger. The last

in multiple trigger, there were two or more types of presupposition trigger

in one utterance. The most-used is temporal clause, there were twelve

utterances which consisted of temporal clause in multiple trigger. In

addition, verbs of judging and cleft sentence did not found in multiple

trigger.

As mentioned before, the factive verb was become the most type

which appeared in Harley Quinn utterances based on the number of single

trigger, double trigger and multiple trigger. It was because the factive verb

showed the fact that really happen since the movie genre was adventure.

53

As explained in the finding and discussion, this study used

Levinson’s theory (1997) which classified presupposition trigger into

thirteen types. The used of presupposition trigger is to give understands to

the reader or listener of the speaker utterance. Thus listeners can make

correct assumption about the utterance spoken. Besides, the writer also

identified the consequences by the audience assumption in Harley

utterance to know the next story that will happen in this movie.

The meaning of presupposition trigger based on the datum was

taken from the writer as an instrument which has many assumption of the

utterance.

After watching the film, the audience guessed and has many

assumption about the presupposition of the speaker utterances, thus there

must be the consequences triggered by the audience’s presupposition.

B. Suggestion

Based on the conclusion above, this study has some suggestions to

the reader as followed:

1. To other writer, it is advised that this study can be expanded upon.

Broadened in investigating the presupposition in other new topics or

contrasting the usage of pragmatic theory of presupposition, which

could lead to a different result.

54

2. To the readers, it is recommended to use this study as a guide to

understanding the application of pragmatic theory of presupposition in

moving picture media, particularly in the movie.

55

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Allan, K., & Jaszczolt, K. M. (Eds.). (2012). The Cambridge handbook of

pragmatics. Cambridge University Press.

Arikunto, S. (2003). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek Edisi VI.

Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. 134

Brinton, Laurel J. (2000). The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic

Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.

Ezzy, D. (2013). Qualitative analysis. Routledge, xii.

Gaines, P. (2018). Presupposition as investigator certainty in a police

interrogation: The case of Lorenzo Montoya’s false confession. Discourse

& Society, 29(4), 399-419.

Grice, H. Paul. (1975). Logic and Conversation. In Syntax and Semantics (vol3),

ed P. Cole and JL. Morgan. New York: Academic Press.

Griffiths, P. (2006). An Introduction to English Semantics and Pragmatics.

Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Grundy, P. (2000). Doing Pragmatics (Second Edition). London: Arnold.

Hikmah, S. N. (2017). An Analysis of Language Presupposition in Advertisements

of TV Channel in Indonesia (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Islam

Negeri Alauddin Makassar).

Huang, Yan. (2011). Foundations of Pragmatics (Vol. 1). Walter de Gruyter.

Kreidler, Charles. W. (1998). Introducing English Semantics. London: Routledge.

Kridalaksana, Harimurti. (2011). Kamus Linguistik. Jakarta: Gramedia.

Latif, M. M. (2016). An Analysis of Characterization of The Main Characters in"

The Social Network" Movie Script.

Levinson, Stephen C. (1983). Pragmatics. New York: Cambridge University

Press. 5.

Maykuri, B. (2003). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif: Tinjauan Teoritis dan

Praktis. Malang: Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Islam Malang. 162.

Mey, Jacob L. (1993). Pragmatics. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher.

Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded

sourcebook. sage.

Ramadhan, P. (2017). Presupposition On TV Series “Game Of Thrones”

Season 1 (Doctoral dissertation, Diponegoro University).

Saeed, J. 1997. Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.

Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press.

56

Yule, G. (2010). The Study of Language (Fourth Edition). Cambridge University

Press.

Yule, G. (2014). The Study of Language (Fifth Edition). Cambridge University

Press.

Source of Birds of Prey movie script:

https://transcripts.fandom.com/wiki/Birds_of_Prey_(and_the_Fantabulous_Emanc

ip tion_of_One_Harley_Quinn) Accessed on 10 November 2020.

57

CURRICULUM VITAE

Ernita Sari was born in Purworejo on May 12, 1999. She graduated

from SMA Negeri 107 Jakarta in 2017. During her study at Senior

High School, she actively participated in Marching Band Gema

Shancaka as a snare player on percussion. She started her higher

education in 2017 at English Literature Department of UIN Maulana

Malik Ibrahim Malang and finished her study in 2021. During her study at University, she

joined internal organization UKM Teater K2. In addition, she joined volunteer at Katalis

Pendidikan as a companion in the event of student exchange from village to city.

58

APPENDIX

Single Trigger

No Utterances Types of

Presupposition

Trigger

Presupposition

1 The wack job with the

penchant for peeling faces

is Roman Sionis, aka Black

Mask. The fact that he

wants me dead hasn’t yet

hit my radar.

Factive verb (word) There is Roman Sionis

aka Black Mask.

2 HQ : What did I do to

you?

Question (sentence) Harley ever did

something to Happy

before

3 Quick history lesson.

Fifteen years ago, one of

the wealthiest Mafia

families in Gotham was

gunned down.

Temporal clause

(phrase)

There is something which

happen at fifteen years

ago

4 He calls her his little bird,

and he’s got her wrapped

right around his fancy little

finger

Implicit cleft

(phrase)

There is singer which has

a good voice

5 HQ: Well, expect for the

crazy part. But other than

that

Comparison and

contrast

(phrase)

There is another crazier

part to be like Harley

Quinn

6 HQ: If you wanted to even

come close, you would

have to go to medical

school

Counterfactual

condition

(sentence)

You did not want to come

close to me thus you will

not experience what I’m

through this long

7 What a way to start my

new life

Cleft sentence

(word)

Harley start her new life

8 That’s when I met him. Mr.

J My Joker

Definite description

(phrase)

Harley meet someone

9 HQ: Come again? Iterative

(word)

Someone visit Harley

10 HQ: Being Joker’s girl

gave me immunity

Definite description

(phrase)

Harley has relationship

with Joker

59

11 Our love bloomed in a

highly toxic industrial

processing plant.

Definite description

(phrase)

Relationship between

Harley and Joker

12 This is where it all began,

Puddin’

Non-restrictive

relative clause

(word)

The relationship between

Harley and Joker begins

13 A fresh start. Change of state

(word)

New life begins

14 Montoya’s day is going as

badly as mine

Definite description

(phrase)

The day when Montoya’s

has difficulty

15 Her name’s Cassandra

Cain

Definite description

(phrase)

A kid which being

pickpocket

16 But there was some other

shit going down that night

Temporal clause

(phrase)

Something happen at that

time

17 HQ: Know what a

harlequin is?

Question

(sentence)

Harley is a famous girl

when she was with Joker

18 HQ: I don’t wanna go home Change of state

(word)

Harley still want to fight

19 Constantly interrupting

him, like I’m doing right

now

Temporal clause

(phrase)

Shows what Harley do

20 HQ: what have you got to

lose?

Question

(sentence)

Harley asks to Black

Mask

21 HQ: where can I find

Cassandra Cain?

Question

(sentence)

Harley looks for

Cassandra Cain

22 HQ: I need to know

where…

Factive verb

(word)

Harley asks to the

prisoner about where

Cassandra Cain is

23 HQ: Does she have to keep

running?

Question

(sentence)

Harley makes sure that

Cassandra is free

24 HQ: One more time Temporal clause

(phrase)

Harley asks Cassandra to

explain where is the

diamond

25 HQ: Go back to jail, get out

of jail with a bomb on your

neck

Change of state

(word)

Back to jail to get what

Cassandra wants to be

26 HQ: Well, it ain’t much,

but it’s better than a prison

cell

Comparison and

contrast

(phrase)

Doc’s place better than a

prison cell

27 HQ: I named him Bruce

after that hunky Wayne

guy

Temporal clause

(word)

Bruce named after that

hunky Wayne guy

60

28 HQ: The Clown Prince of

Crime?

Implicit cleft

(sentence)

It points to Roman Sionis

aka Black Mask

29 Anyone and everyone with

Bertinelli blood id there

Non-restrictive

relative clause

(phrase)

Bertinelli family was

there

30 HQ: What is that? Question

(sentence)

Harley asks who is people

in front of the Doc’s place

31 The next bit ain’t very

pretty

Temporal clause

(word)

Something happen in the

next is wonderfull

32 HQ: I’m sorry kid. I am. Factive verb

(word)

Apologize to Cassandra

Cain

33 HQ: You killed my

sandwich!

Definite description

(phrase)

Harley favorite food is

Sal’s sandwich

34 HQ: I’m sorry kid. I’m just

terrible person, I guess.

Factive verb

(word)

Apologize to Cassandra

Cain

35 HQ: Who’s got the kid? Question

(sentence)

Looking for Cassandra

Cain

36 HQ: So, forgive me yet? Verbs of judging

(word)

Asking for apologize to

Cassandra Cain

37 HQ: I know a great taco

spot.

Factive verb

(word)

Harley knows where is a

great taco spot

38 Told ya she had a killer

voice

Implicit cleft

(phrase)

Black Canary has a good

voice

39 HQ: My ring? Definite description

(phrase)

Harley stuff

40 I know what you’re

thinking

Factive verb

(word)

People think that Harley

is a bad person

41 You think I’m a dick after

all that

Temporal clause

(word)

Everything happen before

makes Harley called bad

person

42 HQ: Me? I underestimated

you. And I’m sorry.

Factive verb

(word)

Harley underestimates

Black Canary

43 And took all the credit

while he was at it.

Temporal clause

(word)

Harley considers that

Montoya is a person who

never gives up

44 They call themselves the

Birds of Prey

Implicit cleft

(phrase)

A great group of girs who

can conquer crime

45 Not that he let anyone

know it

Factive verb

(word)

Anyone knows that there

is Harley behind Mr. J

46 HQ : Yeah, but I dare a

lot of people to do a lot of

things, okay?

Implicative verb

(word)

Harley is challenging

people

61

Double Trigger

No Utterances Types of Presupposition

Trigger

Presupposition

1 But however many

times he tried to ditch

me

1. Temporal

(phrase)

2. Factive verb

(word)

1. Her father really

want to ditch her

2. Her father won’t

take care of her

life anymore

2 HQ: If you let me go,

just for now, I’ll get you

that rock back

3. Counterfactual

condition

(sentence)

4. Temporal (word)

3. Harley won’t be

locked by Black

Mask

4. Harley wanted

her life feel free

3 I know the East and

better than anybody

5. Factive (word)

6. Comparison

(phrase)

5. Harley tried to

defend herself

6. Harley wanted

herself to be free

from Black Mask

confinement by

convincing many

things she can do

4 If you wanted to even

come close, you would

have to go to medical

school

7. Counterfactual

condition

(sentence)

8. Change of state

(word)

7. Cassandra will be

lost if she do not

recognize

8. Harley any

further

5 HQ: Puddin’ and I

broke up

9. Implicit cleft

(word)

10. Factive verb

(phrase)

9. There is people

called Puddin’

10. Harley and Joker

ended up their

relationship

6 When I was a kid, my

dad traded me for a six-

pack of beer

11. Temporal clause

(sentence)

12. Factive verb

(word)

11. When Harley was

a kid

12. Harley’s father

traded her for a

six-pack of beer

7 It wasn’t easy. But after

a while, I even opened

up to the possibility of

new love

13. Temporal clause

(phrase)

14. Factive verb

(word)

13. Harley tries to

move on

14. She opened up

her heart for a

62

new love

8 Ten years ago, she

broke a career-making

case

15. Temporal clause

(phrase)

16. Factive verb

(word)

15. Something

happen ten years

ago

16. Renee Montoya

managed to solve

the problem

9 Canary’s been singing at

Roman’s club for

years

17. Definite

descriprion

(phrase)

18. Temporal clause

(phrase)

17. Roman has his

own club

18. Canary as a

singer in

Roman’s club

since years ago

10 HQ: Puddin’ and I

broke up

19. Implicit cleft

(word)

20. Factive verb

(word)

19. Puddin’ is Joker

20. Harley and Joker

ended up their

relationship

11 HQ: Fine. If you try to

run, I will kill you

21. Counterfactual

condition

(sentence)

22. Factive verb

(word)

21. If Cassandra

escape, Harley

wants to kill her

22. Harley is

threatening

Cassandra

12 HQ: Go back to jail, get

out of jail with a bomb

on your neck

23. Change of state

(word)

24. Definite

description

(phrase)

23. Harley suggest

Cassandra to do

the things that

she did before

24. Bomb the jail and

get out

13 Meet the daughter of the

richest, most powerful

Mafia don in Gotham

City

25. Factive verb

(word)

26. Definite

description

(phrase)

25. Bertinelli family

is the richest

family in Gotham

26. Gotham City is a

place that

Bertinelli family

live

14 One day, she comes

home to find her whole

family in the living

27. Temporal clause

(phrase)

28. Factive verb

27. The huntress

come to her

home

63

room (word) 28. The huntress find

her whole family

in the living

room

15 HQ: This way or this

way. That’s what I

thought. Also, I’m outta

groceries

29. Factive verb

(word)

30. Iterative verb

(word)

29. Harley decide to

take some things

30. She also wants to

out of groceries

16 She spends the next 15

years thinking only of

revenge

31. Factive verb

(word)

32. Temporal clause

(phrase)

31. The Huntress

take 15 years

thinking only for

revenge

32. It need 15 years

17 No cop ever gets

anything done until

after they’ve been

suspended

33. Definite

description

(word)

34. Temporal clause

(word)

33. Cop always

finish their job

34. They never stop

until the job

finished

18 If I hand her over, I

want everyone who’s

after me to back off.

35. Counterfactual

condition

(sentence)

36. Temporal clause

(word)

35. If Harley hand

Cassandra over

36. Harley wants

someone to

replace after

19 HQ: Kid, if that burrito

doesn’t make you shit,

I don’t know what will

37. Counterfactual

condition

(sentence)

38. Factive verb

(word)

37. If the burrito

dosen’t make

Cassandra satisfy

38. Harley doesn’t

know what will

happen

20 But you heard what the

cop said. Sionis gone.

39. Definite

description

(phrase)

40. Change of state

(word)

39. The cop said

something

40. Sionis leave

Multiple Trigger

No Utterances Types of Presupposition

Trigger

Presupposition

1 HQ: I don’t know if

it’s the stray

1. Counterfactual

(sentence)

1. It may be stray

Armenian arm

64

Armentan arm hair,

or the fact that his

cheese slices are always

six months out of date,

but no one makes an

egg sandwich like Sal.

2. Factive verb

(phrase)

3. Temporal clause

(phrase)

4. Implicit cleft

(word)

hair

2. The cheese slices

which used

always has

expired since six

months out of

sate

3. It always six

months out of

date or it can be

more

4. Sal was the best

sandwich maker

in Harley’s life

2 Do you know what that

means? That means he's

not just after the kid

anymore

5. Question (word)

6. Temporal (word)

7. Iterative

verb(word)

5. They guessed the

arrival of Sionis

and his army

6. Sionis already

become adult and

grim

7. Sionis once were

kid

3 And what’s worse?

Every person I ever

wronged now felt free

to come and take their

pound of flesh

8. Question (word)

9. Non-restrictive

relative clauses

(phrase)

10. Temporal (word)

8. There is the

worse person

9. People who ever

meet Harley

10. Person that

Harley ever

wronged become

felt free

4 When it comes to me

and Roman Sionis,

there are a lot of

possible answers to this

question and breaking

his driver’s legs.

There’s that time I

called it an “expresso”

11. Temporal clause

(word)

12. Factive verb

(word)

13. Definite

description

(phrase)

14. Definite

description

(phrase)

15. Implicit cleft

(word)

11. Roman Sionis

comes to Harley

Quinn

12. There are lot of

possible thing

will be happen

13. Roman Sionis

known as his

criminal

14. Roman Sioni’s

driver has his leg

broken

65

15. That incident was

perfect

5 If you’ve ever

watched any cop

movie ever, you know

that this is when shit

gets real

16. Counterfactual

(sentence)

17. Factive verb

(phrase)

18. Temporal clause

(word)

16. You must watch

any cop movie

17. The fact that

something really

happen

18. Something shit

gets real came

6 I knew I needed to find

some way to show the

world that I’d cut ties

with Mr.J for good

19. Factive verb

(word)

20. Factive verb

(word)

21. Definite

description

(phrase)

19. Harley must find

another way to

show the world

that she cut ties

with Mr. J for

good

20. Harley tries to

expose that she

broke up with

Joker

21. Mr, J is Harley’s

ex-boyfriend

7 Cops who never

would’ve dared come

after me before were

suddenly doing this

22. Definite

description

(word)

23. Change of state

(word)

24. Temporal clause

(word)

22. Cops never dared

to come before

Harley ended up

with Mr. J

23. Cops come when

Harley ended up

with Mr. J

24. Cops never doing

something to

Harley when she

was with Mr.J

8 And what’s worse?

Every person I ever

wronged now felt free

to come and take their

pound of flesh

25. Question

(sentence)

26. Temporal clause

(word)

27. Change of state

(word)

25. There is the

worse things

come to Harley

26. People who

never hurt by

Harley come to

revenge

27. They come to

66

revenge

9 It took losing

something I truly love

for me to see that the

target on my back was

bigger than I thought

28. Factive verb

(word)

29. Definite

description

(phrase)

30. Comparison and

contrast (phrase)

28. She remember

the tragedy truck

29. She realizes that

the target which

didn’t see was

bigger than she

thought

30. She knows that

the target is

bigger than she

thought

10 I gotta take you back a

few days, to that night

I got shit faced at the

Black Mask Club

31. Comparison and

contrast (phrase)

32. Factive verb

(word)

33. Definite

description

(phrase)

31. Harley tries to

get Cassandra

Cain on her hand

soon

32. Harley seen

Black Mask at

the club

33. Black Mask

appears on his

club

11 Canary spends the next

week settling in to her

new job as Roman’s

personal driver

34. Factive verb

(word)

35. Temporal clause

(phrase)

36. Definite

description

(phrase)

34. The next

Canary’s job is as

a Roman’s

personal driver

35. Canary will work

soon

36. Canary is ready

to be Roman’s

personal driver

12 HQ: If your boys find

it first, swear to God,

you can kill me later

37. Counterfactual

condition

(sentence)

38. Factive verb

(word)

39. Temporal clause

37. If Black Mask’s

army find

diamond first

38. Roman Sionis

can kill Harley

67

(word) 39. Roman Sionis

can kill Harley

soon

13 HQ: No, they’re not.

Do you know what

that means? That

means he’s not just

after the kid anymore

40. Question

(sentence)

41. Temporal clause

(word)

42. Iterative (word)

40. Harley asks for

something

happen means

41. Roman Sionis is

not as a kid again

42. Roman Sionis

grow up

14 HQ: Are you dummies

still sitting there? Fine.

Since you stuck it out

this long, I’ll tell you a

super duper secret-

secret. But you can’t

tell anyone. Okay. Did

you know that Batman

f…

43. Question

(sentence)

44. Temporal clause

(word)

45. Temporal clause

(phrase)

46. Factive verb

(word)

43. Harley asks for

listener’s

presence

44. For those

listeners who still

watch this movie

45. For those

listeners who still

watch this movie

for this time

46. Batman appears

on Harley

thought