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PRESUPPOSITION TRIGGER FOUND IN BIRDS OF PREY
MOVIE
THESIS
By:
Ernita Sari
NIM 17320008
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LITERATURE
FACULTY OF HUMANITIES
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM
MALANG
2021
i
PRESUPPOSITION TRIGGER FOUND IN CATHY YAN’S
BIRDS OF PREY
THESIS
Presented to
Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang
in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S.)
By:
Ernita Sari
NIM 17320008
Advisor:
Dr. Yayuk Widyastuti Herawati, M.Pd.
NIP 197705032014112002
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LITERATURE
FACULTY OF HUMANITIES
UNIVERSITAS ISLAM NEGERI MAULANA MALIK IBRAHIM
MALANG
2021
ii
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP
I state that the thesis entitled “Presupposition Trigger found in Birds of
Prey Movie” is my original work. I do not include any materials previously
written or published by another person, except those ones that are cited as
references and written in the bibliography. Hereby, if there is an objection or
claim, I am the only person who is responsible for that.
Malang, 09 June 2021
The writer
Ernita Sari
NIM. 17320008
iii
APPROVAL SHEET
This is to certify that Ernita Sari’s thesis entitled Presupposition Trigger found
in Birds of Prey Movie has been approved for thesis examination at the Faculty
of Humanities, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, as one
of the requirements fo the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S.).
Malang, 09 June 2021
Approved by Head of Department of English
Advisor, Literature,
Drs. Yayuk Widyastuti Herawati, M.Pd Rina Sari, M.Pd
NIP. 197705032014112002 NIP. 197506102006042002
Acknowledged by
Dean,
Dr. Hj. Syafiah, M.A.
NIP. 196609101991032002
iv
LEGITIMATION SHEET
This is to certify that Ernita Sari’s thesis entitled Presupposition Trigger found
in Birds of Prey Movie has been approved by the Board of Examiners as the
requirement for the degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S.) in Department of English
Literature.
Malang, 21 June 2021
The Board of Examiners
Signatures
1. Dr. Agus Eko Cahyono, M. Pd
NIP. 19820811 201101 1 008 (Main Examiner)
2. Dr. Agwin Degaf, MA
NIP. 19880523 201503 1 004 (Chair)
3. Drs. Yayuk Widyastuti Herawati, M.Pd
NIP 19770503 201411 2 002 (Advisor)
Approved by
Dean of Faculty of Humanities,
Dr. Hj. Syafiyah, M.A
NIP 19660910199103200
v
MOTTO
“Waktu bagaikan pedang, jika kamu tidak menebasnya, maka ialah yang akan
menebasmu”. –Imam Syafi’i
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All praises to be Allah SWT who always gives strength, blessing, patience,
and health so that the writer could finished the thesis entitle Presupposition
Trigger found in Birds of Prey Movie. So in this moment the writer would like to
express her deepest gratitude for:
1. Drs. Yayuk Widyastuti Herawati, M.Pd my thesis advisor who has given
her helpful corrections, advices, continuous guidance, and suggestions.
Besides, thank you for your patience to guide the writer to complete this
thesis.
2. Dr. Rohmani Nur Indah, M.Pd as academic advisor for her guidance,
helps, ideas, advices, suggestion and motivation for 4 years.
3. All the lecturers of English Literature Department for the valuable
knowledge and all the fantastic lessons during my study in UIN Maulana
Malik Ibrahim Malang.
4. All staffs in Faculty Humanities for being so kind in serving academic
requirements and activities.
5. Friend in Kost Kodok (Jidun, Witri, Ardha, Aul) who always supported
me, shares laughter and sadness during in Kost Peno.
6. My CIS friend (Arum, Iir, Nisya, Rere) who always gave me support and
motivation to live the life.
7. Dudin and Oca who are patient, helps, reminds and supports when
finishing this thesis.
viii
8. My lovely friends, Tika, Desabrina, Aca, Dinda, Vita, Ulfah who always
be there for me when time gets rough.
9. My closest friend, Yogga Adetio who always supported, helped, and
shared jokes.
10. All my friends from English Letters Department batch 2017, thank you for
the memories, I am so glad I could know you all.
11. Last but not least, I wanna thank me for everything that I through along
this time.
I realized that the thesis is not perfect yet, therefore I will be glad to receive any
criticism and recommendation to make it better. Last but not least, I expect that
this thesis can be useful to everyone who read it.
Malang, 09 June 2021
Ernita Sari
ix
ABSTRACT
Sari, Ernita. 2021. Presupposition Trigger found in Birds of Prey Movie. Undergraduate Thesis.
Department of English Literature, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik
Ibrahim Malang.
Advisor: Drs. Yayuk Widyastuti Herawati, M.Pd
Keywords: Presupposition Trigger, Birds of Prey, Pragmatics
People do not interpret word by word to find the meaning of an expression, but they get the
meaning based on the setting that they talking. Thus how language works. As in Cathy Yan’s
Birds of Prey, the language used by the main character Harley Quinn described of her life which
tried to get her new journey in life based on the past event. Thus it consisted many assumption
from the listeners who made some presupposition appeared. This study aimed (1) to find out the
types of presupposition trigger by main character Harley Quinn, (2) to determine the listener
assumption of the presupposition trigger uttered by Harley Quinn in Cathy Yan’s Birds of Prey,
(3) to explain the consequences triggered by the audience’s presupposition in the conversation.
This study used qualitative research method by described types of presupposition trigger in
moving picture and explained the consequence triggered by the listener’s presupposition. The data
were in the form of corpuses which included of word, phrase, and sentence. In addition the data
classified based on the number of presupposition trigger into single trigger, double trigger and
multiple trigger. This study used theory of presupposition trigger by Levinson (1997) which
classified thirteen types of presupposition trigger.
The result of the study showed that there were thirteen types of presupposition trigger with
total amount 80 utterances and 129 presupposition trigger. The most-used was factive verb since
the movie genre is adventure. While the least-used types were iterative and verbs of judging.
This study just analyzed the main character and only used Levinson’s theory. The writer
suggested for the next writer to investigate the presupposition in other new topics or contrast the
usage of pragmatic theory of presupposition. Even, if it is possible to combine one theory with
another to make new discoveries.
x
ABSTRAK
Sari, Ernita. 2021. Pemicu Praanggapan ditemukan dalam Film Birds of Prey. Skripsi. Jurusan
Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Humaniora, Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang.
Dosen Pembimbing: Drs. Yayuk Widyastuti Herawati, M.Pd
Kata Kunci: Pemicu praanggapan, Birds of Prey, Pragmatik
Orang-orang tidak memaknai kata demi kata untuk menemukan makna suatu ungkapan,
tetapi mereka mendapatkan makna berdasarkan keadaan yang mereka bicarakan. Begitulah cara
kerja bahasa. Seperti dalam Birds of Prey karya Cathy Yan, bahasa yang digunakan oleh karakter
utama Harley Quinn menggambarkan kehidupannya yang mencoba untuk mendapatkan perjalanan
barunya dalam hidup berdasarkan peristiwa masa lalu. Dengan demikian banyak asumsi dari
pendengar yang membuat beberapa anggapan muncul. Penelitian ini bertujuan (1) untuk
mengetahui jenis-jenis pemicu praanggapan oleh tokoh utama Harley Quinn, (2) untuk mengetahui
asumsi pendengar terhadap pemicu praanggapan yang diucapkan oleh Harley Quinn dalam Birds
of Prey karya Cathy Yan, (3) untuk menjelaskan akibat-akibatnya yang dipicu oleh praanggapan
penonton dalam percakapan.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan mendeskripsikan jenis-
jenis pemicu praanggapan dalam gambar bergerak dan menjelaskan akibat yang ditimbulkan oleh
praanggapan pendengar. Data berupa korpus yang meliputi kata, frase, dan kalimat. Selain itu, data
diklasifikasikan berdasarkan jumlah pemicu praanggapan menjadi pemicu tunggal, pemicu ganda,
dan pemicu jamak. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori pemicu praanggapan dari Levinson (1997)
yang mengklasifikasikan tiga belas jenis pemicu praanggapan.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat tiga belas jenis pemicu praanggapan
dengan jumlah total 80 ucapan dan 129 pemicu praanggapan. Kata kerja yang paling banyak
digunakan adalah kata kerja karena genre film adalah petualangan. Sedangkan jenis yang paling
jarang digunakan adalah iteratif dan kata kerja menghakimi.
Penelitian ini hanya menganalisis tokoh utama dan hanya menggunakan teori Levinson.
Penulis menyarankan kepada penulis selanjutnya untuk menyelidiki praanggapan dalam topik baru
lainnya atau membandingkan penggunaan teori pragmatik praanggapan. Bahkan jika
memungkinkan menggabungkan teori satu dengan yang lainnya agar menciptakan temuan baru.
xi
مستخلص البحث
البحث الجامعي. قيم الأدبية الإنجليزية. كلية العلوم الانسانية. كاثي يان. عند .Birds of Prey. تجد اثار الافتراض المسبق في 2021ارنيتا، ساري. جامعة مولانا مالك إبراهيم السلامية الجكومية مالانج
: الدكتورة يايوك وديستوتي هراواتي، الماجيستير المشرفة
Birds of Prey : اثار الافتراض المسبق، التداولية، الكلمات المفاتحة
للغة. كما لا يفسر الناس كلمة بكلمة لتجد على معنى التعبير، لكنهم يجدون المعنى بناءً على الموقف الذي يتكلامون عنه. وهذه هي الطريقة تعمل ا
رحلتها عند كاثي يان، إن اللغة التي استخدمتها الشخصية الرئيسية هارلي كوين تصف حياتها في محاولتها للحصول على Birds of Preyكان في ( تحديد أنواع اثار 1. إن الهدف هذا البحث هي )افتراضات المستمعينالجديدة استنادًا إلى الأحداث الماضية. وهذا تظهر عدة الافتراضات سببا على
3)عند كاثي يان، Birds of Prey( لمعرفة افتراضات المستمع على اثار الافتراض لهارلي كوين في 2الافتراضات في الشخصية الرئيسية هارلي كوين، ) لشرح العواقب الافتراضات المستمع في المحادثة.
تستخدم هذه الدراسة منهج البحث النوعي بطريق الوصف أنواع اثار الافتراضات المسبق في الصور المتحركة وشرح السبب عن افتراضات المسبقت صنفت حسب عدد اثار الافتراض المسبق وهي من اثار واحد، واثاران، م اثار المستمع. إن البيانات تتضمن على كلمات وعبارات وجمل. وكانت البيانا
.( التي تصنف ثلاثة عشر نوعًا من اثاره1997متعددة.إن هذه الدراسة تستخدم نظرية الافتراض المسبق عند ليفنسون )اثار الافتراض المسبق. أكثر 129نطقًا و 80بإجمالي ومن نتائج المهمة في هذا البحث هي وجدت ثلاثة عشر نوعًا من اثار الافتراض المسبق
.الأفعال استخدامًا هي الأفعال لأن نوع الفيلم هو المغامرة. بينما كان أنواعها التي أكثر استخدامًا هي الأفعال التكرارية والحكميةحثة على الباحثين المستقبلين أن يحلل الافتراضات المسبقة إن هذه الدراسة تحلل كلام الشخصية الرئيسية فقط باستخدام نظرية ليفنسون. تقترح البا
عض من أجل نتائج في موضوع جديد أو آخر، أو مقارنة استخدام النظرية التداولية للافتراض المسبق. حتى لو كان من الممكن أن تتحد النظريات مع بعضها الب .جديدة
xii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
THESIS COVER ................................................................................................ i
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ................................................................. ii
APPROVAL SHEET ....................................................................................... iii
LEGITIMATION SHEET .............................................................................. iv
MOTTO ............................................................................................................. v
DEDICATION .................................................................................................. vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .............................................................................. vii
ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ xii
LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................... xiv
LIST OF CHART ............................................................................................ xv
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study ...................................................................................... 1
B. Problems of the Study .................................................................................... 5
C. Objectives of the Study .................................................................................. 5
D. Significances of the Study .............................................................................. 5
E. Scope and Limitation ...................................................................................... 6
F. Definition of Key Terms ................................................................................ 6
G. Previous Studies ............................................................................................. 7
H. Research Methodology ................................................................................. 10
1. Research Design ...................................................................................... 10
2. Data and Data Source .............................................................................. 10
3. Research Instruments ............................................................................... 11
4. Data Collection ........................................................................................ 12
5. Data Analysis ........................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A. Pragmatics .................................................................................................. 16
xiii
B. Presupposition ............................................................................................ 17
C. Presupposition Triggers ............................................................................. 20
CHAPTER III: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
A. Findings ........................................................................................................ 24
B. Discussion .................................................................................................... 28
1. Single Trigger........................................................................................ 29
2. Double Trigger ...................................................................................... 39
3. Multiple Trigger .................................................................................... 44
CHAPTER IV: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion ................................................................................................. 51
B. Suggestion .................................................................................................. 53
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................... 54
CURRICULUM VITAE ................................................................................. 57
APPENDIX ...................................................................................................... 58
xiv
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Classification Types of Presupposition Trigger ................................ 11
Table 3.1 Classification Types of Presupposition Trigger ................................ 24
Table 3.2 The Number of Presupposition Trigger ............................................ 25
Table 3.3 Single Trigger ................................................................................... 26
Table 3.4 Double Trigger .................................................................................. 27
Table 3.5 Multiple Trigger ................................................................................ 28
xv
LIST OF CHARTS
Chart 1.1 Technique of Processing the Data ..................................................... 13
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents some explanation about the background of
the study, problems of the study, objectives of the study, significance of the
study, scope and limitation, definition of key terms, the previous studies
whose topics are similar with this study, and research method.
A. Background of the Study
In pragmatics, each people have their claim to interpret something
which is said by others. As conveyed by Harlig (2019) pragmatics is the
rules of how to say, what, when, to whom, and in what context. People do
not interpret word by word to find the meaning of an expression, but they
get the meaning based on the setting that they talking. Thus how language
works. In delivering a message or information from the speaker to the
hearer, many possible mistakes will occur between them, especially in
understanding the meaning of what speakers say. The hearer usually has
many assumptions based on the statement that the speaker says as the
source of information.
Every people has their own feeling when watching the movie.
These days, many utterances have their ambiguous meaning in deliver
message among the characters in the movie. Those can make them laugh,
cry or feel scary. A movie is a type of visual communication that showing
a picture and sound the stories in order to be watched by the people. The
2
movie has many genres like horror, comedy, romance, and et cetera. Latif
(2016) conveyed that movie is a series of images that are shown on screen
and create the illusion of moving images. One of the reasons why many
people like to watch a movie because motion picture is more interesting.
Unfortunately, sometimes the message of what characters say in
the movie has been misunderstood meaning by the hearer or the audience.
It means that the hearer has many assumptions about what the characters
say. It is because the characters do not always convey the message directly
but implicitly. A presupposition is the assumption of a real or truth that the
speaker shows while making an utterance. It appears in daily interaction.
An utterance that comes out in a conversation must deliver the information
of the speaker to the hearer exactly what the speaker means. In this way,
the information that is handled by the speaker is as the presupposition.
There are two approaches while studying presupposition, semantic
and pragmatics presupposition. In this research, the writer used the
pragmatics approach presupposition based on pragmatics respectively. As
stated by Yule (1996) that presupposition is something that speakers
assume to be the case prior to making an utterance. The speaker
consistently incorporates presupposition on a listener, here the speaker
assumes that the listener would try to ‘answer’ what the speaker said. In
addition, Mey (1993) expressed that the way the speaker delivers the
message to the listener, although it is not communicated well, is as
important as the success of the listener in understanding what speaker's
3
purpose within the frame of the utterance.
Birds of Prey movie by Cathy Yan tells the story of Harley Quinn
after breaking up with Joker, where she must stands on her own feet and
no-frills as a Joker’s woman. This movie uses a mixed plot. Harley tries to
find her new identity and starts looking for activities to get rid of her
sadness. Then Harley Quinn joined with Black Canary, The Huntress and
Renee Montoya to save a kid named Cassandra Cain from the crime of
lord figure known as the Black Mask.
In the Cathy Yan’s Birds of Prey 2021 the phenomena of
presupposition found in the utterance of the main character contained dark
jokes which can make the audience has many assumptions of what the
characters said. In addition, the movie genre was adventure which has
many facts about things happen. Thus I chose to analyze presupposition
because it has the benefit to learn about what people presuppose of
something happen. From presupposition, we can get more information
about what is the meaning of some utterances from the speaker and many
though of people who presuppose the utterance.
In the previous studies, the study about presupposition are mostly
found in media such as movie, advertisement, and also TV series which
are seen by many people in the world. The thesis written by Hikmah
(2017), Ramadhan (2017), Harahap (2017), and Ramadhani (2020) used
Yule’s theory and used qualitative research method to analyzed
presupposition on their topic. Each found kinds of presupposition, Hikmah
4
found three types of presupposition in advertisement on TV channel,
Ramadhan found six types of presupposition triggers on TV series entitled
Game of Thrones season I, Harahap result found six types of
presupposition in the editorial texts, and Ramadhani also found six types
of presupposition on Todd Phillips’s Joker movie. Another study from
International journal research which is written by Gaines (2018) analyzed
presupposition to investigate communicating for certainty guilt using
Levinson's theory. He used a qualitative research method taken from the
police transcript of videotape. Moreover, Schneider et al (2019)
investigated the meaning of definite and indefinite by using mouse-
tracking tests collected from fifty-three local speakers from Germany
using Yule’s theory. They used the qualitative research method.
From those previous studies, the similarities between those and my
study are in using the same Yule’s theory. The differences of this present
study with previous studies are located in the theory. The theory that I
used is developed theory by Yule’s (1996), it is Levinson's (1983) theory
that listed presupposition trigger into thirteen types. I used Levinson’s
because his theory more specific to analyze my study. While Yule’s theory
only analyzes based on six types of presupposition, they are existential,
factive, non-factive, lexical, structural, and counterfactual presupposition.
Therefore, I listed Levinson’s theory based on the number of
presupposition trigger into single trigger, double trigger and multiple
triggers. Single trigger means there is one presupposition trigger in one
5
sentence, double trigger means there is two presupposition trigger in one
sentence, while multiple trigger means there is two or more presupposition
trigger. In addition, this presents study find the consequences triggered by
the audience presupposition in the utterance.
B. Problems of the Study
Based on the statement above, the problem is as follow:
1. What types of presupposition trigger do the main character Harley
Quinn?
2. What is the audience assumption of the presupposition trigger uttered by
Harley Quinn in Birds of Prey movie?
3. What consequences triggered by the audience’s presupposition in the
conversation in Birds of Prey movie?
C. Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the research based on the formulation of the problem of
the study to be examined are to:
1. To find out the types of presupposition trigger by main character
Harley Quinn.
2. To determine the audience assumption of the presupposition trigger
uttered by Harley Quinn in Birds of Prey movie.
3. To explain the consequences triggered by the audience’s
presupposition in the conversation.
6
D. Significance of the Study
Theoretically, this study can give enrichment of linguistic
knowledge in the field of pragmatics especially in presupposition in Birds
of Prey movie.
Practically, I hope this research becomes an additional reference to
the reader interested in presupposition. In addition, this study is expected
to give practical benefit for student of English department especially those
who interested in linguistics study.
E. Scope and Limitation
The scope of the study is focused on pragmatic analysis on
presupposition trigger found in Birds of Prey movie which consisted of
dark humour. The data was taken from the Birds of Prey movie script. The
limitation of the study is used Levinson's theory classified presupposition
trigger into thirteen kinds that was originally Yule’s theory that had been
developed. The found of the trigger then I classified into single trigger,
double trigger and multiple trigger. In Levinson’s theory, kinds of
presupposition were specified so that it is easy to understand.
F. Definition of Key Terms
1. Pragmatics
Pragmatics used to investigates the ways of language works in
utterance. Thus people do not interpret word by word to find the
meaning of an expression.
7
2. Presupposition
Presupposition used to explain all the assumptions through the
utterance and expression that is produced by the speaker and
deliver to the hearer. Presupposition implied assumptions that
make guesses about what the characters is conveying.
3. Presupposition Trigger
Presupposition trigger could be a development or thing that signals
the presence of a presupposition in an expression.
4. Birds of Prey
An American DC Comics by Cathy Yan which influenced based
superhero movie which released in 2020 about the girl who broke
up with her boyfriend and attempt fight and to save the little girl
who has diamonds with her friend. This movie contained dark
jokes which analyzed by me.
G. Previous Studies
There are some previous studies found in Indonesian thesis and
international journal about presupposition. In order to arrange the future
study that the researcher must examine, this previous study is necessary.
First, Hikmah (2017) in her thesis found out types of
presupposition on her object advertisement on TV channels. She used the
descriptive qualitative research method and Yule's theory. She also used
note-taking as her instruments. The findings of her study were found three
8
types of presupposition, they are existential presupposition, structural
presupposition, and counterfactual presupposition. She said that every
people who presupposed something must have a different presupposition
each other.
Second, the thesis from Ramadhan which graduated in (2017)
identified the types of presupposition triggers found in the TV series Game
of Thrones season I. She also aimed to reveal the intentions of each
presupposition passed by the characters. This study used the qualitative
research method and using theory by Yule. The study results found there
are six types of presupposition, they are existential presupposition, factive
presupposition, non-factive presupposition, lexical presupposition,
structural presupposition, and counter-factual presupposition. Each
presupposition really shows different intentions.
Third, Harahap (2017) found six types of presupposition triggers in
editorial texts of The Jakarta Post. He used the qualitative research
method. His data were analyzed and classified based on Yule’s and
Levinson’s theory. The data were sentences or clause which trigger in
editorial text.
Fourth, the thesis from Ramadhani (2020) also used presupposition
theory by Yule and context theory by Huang. The research used the
descriptive qualitative method. The result found six types of
presupposition owned by the character in the Joker movie.
The next is in an international journal published in Montana State
9
University Library by Gaines (2018), he used presupposition to analyzed
the case of Lorenzo Montoya's false confession in a police office. A
presupposition is a handle to communicate the certainty guilt by the
suspect. He used qualitative research method from videotape police
interrogation transcript gotten from a lawyer and he used Levinson’s
theory. The result of this research is the clear expression of the suspect’s
guilt, the investigators implicitly conveyed their conviction about a large
range of items by the use of multiple PBQs in questioning.
Another international journal by Schneider et al (2019) in
Cognition 193 used presupposition to investigate the meaning of definite
and indefinite importance by using mouse-tracking tests collected from
fifty-three local speakers from Germany. They used the qualitative
research method and Yule’s theory to arrange data. This study compared
the method of interpretation of definite and indefinite determiners by two
mouse-tracking tests. The result of the study is proved to be more difficult
to process from infinite determiners derived from a negation that has
uniqueness.
From those previous studies, there are similarities in using
Levinson’s theory. In the present study, I used those previous studies to
get more information about how large the presupposition used. Also in the
present study deals with the presupposition triggers found within the
question that has been formulated. Thus the newest found in this present
study, I use Levinson’s theory which classified presupposition trigger into
10
thirteen kinds. The research gap between this study and the previous
studies is on the single trigger, double trigger and multiple trigger besides
also exists the consequences triggered by the audience’s presupposition in
the conversation.
H. Research Method
1. Research Design
The descriptive research approach is used since the study of
data is descriptively provided by moving picture captured in the
film. Ezzy (2013) stated that qualitative research can get through
establishing with people, place and performance. The data of
qualitative analysis can be from documents, movie script, and
interviews or selection from videotapes, audiotapes, or electronic
communication selections are used to show the research results.
Thus in this research, I used a movie script to collect the data from
the utterance by the main character. It aimed to describe the kinds
of presupposition triggers in the Birds of Prey movie. In addition,
the writer used code such as A.1, A.2, etc in each utterance to easily
in analyzing the data.
2. Data and Data Source
In this research, the data source is from the utterance
spoken by Harley Quinn as the main character in Birds of Prey
movie. Thus, the data used in this research is in the form of word,
sentence and phrase contained types of presupposition trigger
11
based on Levinson’s theory, those are definite description, factive
verbs, implicative verbs, change of state, iterative, verbs of
judging, temporal clauses, cleft sentence, implicit cleft with
stressed constituents, comparison and contrasts, non-restrictive
relative clauses, counterfactual condition, and questions. This study
uses Birds of Prey movie as a primary data which downloaded
from internet. In analyzing the data, the writer also uses the
transcription of the Birds of Prey movie which also taken from the
internet and the writer tries to correct the wrong or lacking
transcript from the internet.
3. Research Instrument
The instrument used in this study is the human as a key
instrument, the writer itself. The analysis is done with the help of
some data from the data source. The data is in the form of Table
below:
Table 1.1 Classification of Types of Presupposition Trigger in
Cathy Yan’s Birds of Prey.
Data
In the form of
utterance
Types of Presupposition Trigger
12
1. Word
2. Sentence
3. Phrase
1. Definite description
2. Factive verbs
3. Implicative verbs
4. Change of state
5. Iterative
6. Verbs of judging
7. Temporal clause
8. Cleft sentence
9. Implicit cleft with stressed
constituents
10. Comparison and contrast
11. Non-restrictive relative clause
12. Counterfactual condition
13. Question.
4. Data collection
The technique of processing the data, the writer followed Chart 1.1
13
There are some steps that the writer does to collect the data.
Firstly, the writer watch Birds of Prey movie. Secondly, the writer
downloads movie script of the Birds of Prey movie. While
watching the movie and holding the script, the writer highlights the
word, sentence or phrase which consists presupposition trigger.
After all data taken, the writer classified the types of
presupposition trigger on the Table. Then, the writer categorized
the number of presupposition trigger into single trigger, double
trigger and multiple trigger.
Chart 1.1 Technique of Processing the Data
Data Collection
Classifying based on Levinson (1997).
Types of presupposition trigger:
1. Definite description
2. Factive verb
3. Implicative verb
4. Change of state verb
5. Iterative
6. Verbs of judging
7. Temporal clause
8. Cleft sentence
9. Implicit cleft
10. Comparison and contrast
11. Non-restrictive relative clause
12. Counterfactual condition
13. Question
Instrumentation
Human as key instrument support by corpuses:
-Classifying the types of presupposition trigger
-The number of presupposition trigger (single
trigger, double trigger, and multiple trigger).
Data / Data source:
1. Word
2. Phrase
3. Sentence
In Cathy Yan’s Birds of Prey movie
script.
14
5. Data Analysis
As stated by Miles and Huberman (1994), analysis can be
classified into three parts of activity that is data reduction, data
display, and conclusion. In this study, the writer uses Miles and
Huberman’s theory in analyzing the data. As stated by Miles and
Huberman (1994), analysis can be classified into three parts of
activity, they are:
1. Data Reduction
Data reduction becomes the first step in analyzing
the data in this study. As conveyed by Miles (1994), data
reduction known as the process of selecting, focusing,
simplifying, abstracting, and transforming the data in
written up transcript. In this study, the data is in the form
of video and movie script of the Birds of Prey movie. In
this step, the writer firstly analyzing the data by watching
the movie, listen carefully and checking the data by
reading the movie script to see the context. Then, the writer
is selecting the word, phrase or sentence in Birds of Prey
movie which contains a presupposition trigger to be
analyzed. Next, the writer categorizes the data based on the
number of presupposition found three group of
presupposition which include thirteen kinds of
15
presupposition trigger.
2. Data Display
The second step is data display. In this step
contains presupposition trigger, the group of
presupposition trigger based on the number of trigger
found, why it grouped as the category of presupposition,
what is the meaning of each presupposition and the
consequences triggered by the audience presupposed in the
conversation in Birds of Prey movie. Besides, the data
show the code to get easy understand in discussion section.
3. Conclusion
After all the data collected, the last steps to analyze
the data is drawing conclusion. In this step, the writer
concludes the result of the study based on the study
problem and presupposition trigger theory that are used.
16
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter discusses some related literature related to presupposition.
Below are some explanations about Pragmatics, Presupposition, Kinds of
Presupposition, Presupposition Trigger and Kinds of Presupposition Trigger.
A. Pragmatics
Pragmatics is the study of language use, it means the study of the
relation between language and context which based on the significance of
language understanding which involves making an assumption that will
connect among what is said to what is actually assumed on what has been said
before (Levinson, 1983). In pragmatics, every people have their own
interpretation of something which being said with others. People do not
interpret the word by word on meaning an utterance, but they get the meaning
based on the context that they talked about.
Pragmatics is a study about the meaning which focuses on the context
and communicative intentions of speakers or what speakers mean (Yule,
2010). Pragmatics is defined as how people deliver the message in
communication use the specific kinds of speech situation in context, to
determine what speakers said and to know what speakers referring to.
Pragmatics can be defined as determining a change of an information
state, the information state of the listener, of the speaker or the speaker's
17
model of the listener or the common ground according to one of the speakers
(Zeevat, 2012). It appears reasonable to say that a pragmatics theory cannot be
portrayed as characteristic aspects of the up-or-down dates in a setting that
models listeners in setting that models hearers in interpreting the utterance are
hard to assume.
In addition, pragmatics involves many aspects of communication such
as how to express speech acts (apologies, compliments, complaints, and
refusals), how to open and close the conversation, what form to greet that will
use, how to look for mean that they are speaking indirect, how to be polite,
and how to be strong if it is needed (Harlig, 2019). By using pragmatics in
daily life as Harlig defined, it is useful to build good communication with each
other.
Pragmatics has many branches, one of them is presupposition. In
presupposition, while people do the interaction, the speaker may be delivered
the message ambiguous. It is because the speaker delivers the implicit
meaning. Thus the listener has many assumptions about what the meaning of
the speaker said.
B. Presupposition
Presupposition defines as something that the speaker or listener
assumes an idea or message to be the case prior to making an utterance (Yule,
1996). For example, the utterance “Dona gets lesson book”. The listener
makes an assumption that presupposes Dona has a lesson book. That example
18
mentioned before is the simplification of presupposition. In addition, the
presupposition is the shared background assumptions that are taken for
granted when we communicate (Griffiths, 2006). It means that if people have
a close relationship, they will what is being said to each other and get the truth
to interpret meaning. Moreover, when people communicate with strangers, it
is difficult to know what is presupposed. As conveyed by Khaleel (2010)
presupposition is one part of information.
According to Yule (1996), presupposition classified into six
categories, they are:
1. Existential presupposition
This presupposition is associated with the existence of the
ownership by the speaker. It is not just present assumed in the construction
of sentence which indicates the owner, but it can be broader existence of
the statement that appears in the speech. Thus, it shows how the existence
of a thing can be delivered through presuppositions.
For example, Doni has a car. This utterance shows the existence:
(1) There is a car and (2) There are people named Doni.
2. Factive presupposition
This presupposition means the assumption that something is true
due to the presence of some verbs such as ‘know’, ‘realize’ and ‘glad’.
For example, They realize that today is the due date of collecting
the assignments. This utterance becomes fact because it has been
mentioned the word verb "realize" stated that something fact happened.
19
3. Non-factive presupposition
This means an assumption refers to something that is not true. In
this presupposition, there is word like 'dream', 'suppose', 'pretend', and
'imagine'.
For example, I realize that I do not have enough money to go to
US. This sentence uses 'realize' word which brings non-factive
presupposition.
4. Lexical presupposition
This presupposition means that the speaker can act as another
meaning (word) that will be understood. This kind contains supposition
such as: try, manage, success stop, again, start. Thus, this uses implicative
verbs (manage), verbs change (stop) and iterative (again) as a trigger.
For example, Rani manages her own money. This utterance means
she does not manage her own money yesterday. This utterance appears
because there is the word 'manage' which show that she does not ever
manage her own money before.
5. Structural presupposition
This presupposition means the assumption associated with the use
of certain structures. A certain structure is 'wh questions' in order to inform
information.
For example, where is the location of Mc Donald Kayutangan?.
This utterance describes that there is Mc Donald Kayutangan.
6. Counterfactual presupposition
20
This means the assumption that what is presupposed is not only
untrue, but is the opposite of what is true, or contrary to facts.
For example, If I had a car, I will accompany you to the market.
This sentence describes that the supposition which appears is, I have not a
car.
C. Presupposition Triggers
The sorts of presupposition over which have made clear that
presupposition can be identified through the presence of the particular words.
It named by presupposition triggers. Based on Karutten which has collected
thirty-one kinds of triggers, but Levinson (1983) stated that there are thirteen
kinds of presupposition trigger, they are:
1. Definite description is the possessive construction in English which
give a rise to an existential presupposition, more generally is in any
name or definite phrase.
For example, Azka got a man with a generous heart is comprised
with the phrase a man with a generous heart. This called by definite
description since it presupposes that there is a man with a generous
heart. The man is clearly pointing a fact in mind about what is seen on
a man.
2. Factive verb, contains the facts that actually happened.
For example, Fahri knew/didn't know eating Tio’s meals, both
forms are positive and negative presuppose that Fahri eats Tio’s meals.
21
Another verb are: sorry/glad/proud/sad, aware that, knew that and
realize that.
3. Implicative verbs, the main verb brings a presupposition from some
needed and sufficient condition which considers whether the occasion
described in took place. It can be defined as presupposed the truth of
the compliment by the fact using negation in the matrix clause. The
example of implicative verbs are dare and manage.
For example, Meri managed/didn’t manage to collect the money,
the word managed/didn't manage to convey the effort of Meri to
collect the money, thus presuppose that Meri tried to collect the
money.
4. Change of state verbs, as stated by Seed (1997) these verbs contained a
switch presupposition in which the new state is both described and
assumed not to have existed before the change. In
For example, Meri started/didn't start beating her husband, both
started/didn't start to suggest that the notion that Meri has been beating
her husband, it indicating that she had done her activity before. Other
change of state verbs are stop, carry on, finish, take, leave, come, go,
enter and arrive.
5. Iterative, defined as expressions of repetition or it called frequentative,
habitual verb, iterative activity, and iterative aspect. In
For example, Beni bought some cakes, Beni bought cool shoes, the
word “bought” show that the activities repeatedly.
22
6. Verbs of judging, consisted some verbs of judgement which produced
presupposition (Seed, 1997). The verbs in the verbs of judging are
accuse, blame, criticize, credit, praise, scold, confess, apologize,
forgive, justify, excuse.
For example, Tika apologized to Dona for taking the lipstick. The
word “apologized” showing that Tika judged by Dona.
7. Temporal clauses, it is the expressions of time. This clause triggered
by the speaker’s attitude towards the information contained.
For example, I moved to Malang since I was graduated from high
school. The word "since" means the expression of time. Another word
of temporal clauses is before, while, after, during, and whenever.
8. Cleft sentence, can be identified as a presupposition made by the
material after the relative clause marker (who, that, etc) and inserting a
variable or expression like someone or something that shares the same
number and gender as the focus item in a situation.
For example, what Agung lost/didn't lose was his girlfriend, what
is conveyed is the fact that Agung lost something. Another example is
it was/wasn’t Dani that hold Ayu, presupposing that someone holds
Ayu.
9. Implicit clefts with stressed constituents, it is a stress in an element
that exist in order to derive the presupposition.
23
For example, Television was/wasn’t found by Logie Baird, the
emphasis in the sentence weighs heavily on the distinctive word
"Logie Baird", showing that someone (Logie Baird) found television.
10. Comparisons and contrasts
For example, there are several differences between Sajidah and
Witri. It means that Sajidah and Witri have different thing each other.
11. Non-restrictive relative clauses, a relative clause that is not essential to
the meaning of a sentence. It can be defined as gossip but not identify
or tell "whose" or "which one".
For example, several students played football on the field, the
phrase "several student" did not tell "whose" student which plays
football.
12. Counterfactual conditions, it conditions that follow after the word “if”.
For instance, if Tono had only three more cats, Doni would/would not
ask to get more cats presupposes that Doni has more than three cats.
13. Questions, there are several types of questions such as yes/no,
alternative and Wh-questions.
One example of Wh-questions is Where is the Faculty of
Humaniora located? This question presupposes that there are many
faculty in there.
24
CHAPTER III
FINDING AND DISCUSSION
This chapter discusses the finding and discussion which consists of the
presupposition trigger in the main character’s Harley Quinn utterance in Cathy
Yan’s Birds of Prey using Levinson’s theory. Furthermore, the writer reveals the
meaning of each presupposition appears. This chapter also contains the listener’s
presupposition and consequences of the character utterance.
A. Finding
This study analyzed the types of presupposition triggers that were found in
utterance by the main character on Cathy Yan’s Birds of Prey movie based on
Levinson’s theory. There are thirteen kinds of presupposition triggers include
definite description, factive verbs, implicative verbs, change of state, iterative,
verbs of judging, temporal clauses, cleft sentence, implicit cleft with stressed
constituents, comparison and contrasts, non-restrictive relative clauses,
counterfactual condition, and questions which are presented on Table 3.1 below:
Table 3.1 Classification of Types of Presupposition Trigger in Cathy Yan’s Birds of
Prey movie.
Data
In the form of utterance
Types of Presupposition Trigger
1. Word
2. Sentence
3. Phrase
1. Definite description
2. Factive verbs
3. Change of state
25
4. Implicative verb
5. Iterative
6. Verbs of judging
7. Temporal clause
8. Cleft sentence
9. Implicit cleft with stressed
constituents
10. Comparison and contrast
11. Non-restrictive relative
clause
12. Counterfactual condition
13. Question.
As mentioned in Table 3.1 shows there are thirteen kinds of presupposition
trigger by Levinson. Besides, the data is in the form of utterance. From Table 3.1,
it grouped into three parts based on the number of presupposition trigger followed
in the table below:
Table 3.2 The number of Presupposition Trigger
No Number of Presupposition trigger Amount
1 Single trigger 46
2 Double trigger 20
3 Multiple trigger 14
Based on Table 3.2, it can be seen that the study found presupposition
trigger in Birds of Prey movie. The result consisted 46 single trigger, 20 double
trigger and 14 multiple trigger which found in the main characters aka Harley
26
Quinn. Single trigger is the group that most found in the utterance. In addition, the
data in each number of presupposition trigger show the code to get easy in
understand the discussion section.
In this movie, the presupposition trigger which mostly appear is factive
verb to indicate the fact that really happen since the movie’s genre is categorized
in action and adventure, then, there are many event which really happen conveyed
through the presupposition by the utterance.
In this findings, the utterance which consisted presupposition marked with
the code such as A.1, A.2, and etc to get easy in analysis the data.
Table 3.3 Single Trigger
In this part finds one presupposition trigger in one utterance.
No Utterances Types of Presupposition
Trigger
Code
1 The wack job with the penchant for
peeling faces is Roman Sionis, aka
Black Mask. The fact that he wants
me dead hasn’t yet hit my radar.
Factive verb
(Word)
A.1
2 HQ: What did I do to you? Question
(Sentence)
A.2
3 Quick history lesson. Fifteen years
ago, one of the wealthiest Mafia
families in Gotham was gunned
down.
Temporal clause
(Phrase)
A.3
4 He calls her his little bird, and he’s
got her wrapped right around his
fancy little finger
Implicit cleft
(Phrase)
A.4
5 HQ: Well, expect for the crazy part.
But other than that
Comparison and contrast
(Phrase)
A.5
6 HQ: If you wanted to even come
close, you would have to go to
medical school
Counterfactual condition
(Sentence)
A.6
27
7 What a way to start my new life Cleft sentence
(Word)
A.7
8 That’s when I met him. Mr. J My
Joker
Definite description
(Phrase)
A.8
9 HQ: Come again? Iterative
(Word)
A.9
10 This is where it all began, Puddin’ Non-restrictive relative
clause
(word)
A.10
11 HQ: I don’t wanna go home Change of state
(word)
A.11
12 HQ: So, forgive me yet? Verbs of judging
(word)
A.12
13 HQ : Yeah, but I dare a lot of
people to do a lot of things, okay?
Implicative verb
(word)
A.13
Based on Table 3.3, all of the types of presupposition trigger found.
Table 3.4 Double Trigger
This part finds two types of presupposition trigger in one utterance.
No Utterances Types of Presupposition
Trigger
Code
1 But however many times he tried
to ditch me
-Temporal (Phrase)
-Factive verb (Word)
B.1
2 HQ: If you let me go, just for now,
I’ll get you that rock back
-Counterfactual (Sentence)
-Temporal (Word)
B.2
3 I know the East and better than
anybody
-Factive (Word)
-Comparison (Phrase)
B.3
4 If you wanted to even come close,
you would have to go to medical
school
-Counterfactual (Sentence)
-Change of state verb
(Word)
B.4
5 HQ: Puddin’ and I broke up -Implicit cleft (Word)
-Factive verb (Phrase)
B.5
28
Table 3.5 Multiple Trigger
This part finds two or more types of presupposition trigger in one
utterance.
No Utterances Types of Presupposition
Trigger
Cod
e
1 HQ: I don’t know if it’s the stray
Armentan arm hair, or the fact
that his cheese slices are always six
months out of date, but no one
makes an egg sandwich like Sal.
-Counterfactual (Sentence)
-Factive verb (Phrase)
-Temporal clause (Phrase)
-Implicit cleft (Word)
C.1
2 Do you know what that means?
That means he's not just after the
kid anymore
-Question (Word)
-Temporal (Word)
-Iterative verb(Word)
C.2
3 And what’s worse? Every person I
ever wronged now felt free to come
and take their pound of flesh
-Question (Word)
- Non-restrictive relative
clauses (Phrase)
-Temporal (Word)
C.3
4 When it comes to me and Roman
Sionis, there are a lot of possible
answers to this question and
breaking his driver’s legs. There’s
that time I called it an “expresso”
-Temporal clause (Word)
-Factive verb (Word)
-Definite description
(Phrase)
-Definite description
(Phrase)
-Implicit cleft (Word)
C.4
5 If you’ve ever watched any cop
movie ever, you know that this is
when shit gets real
-Counterfactual (Sentence)
-Factive verb (Phrase)
-Temporal clause (Word)
C.5
B. Discussion
In this discussion section, it consisted of the results of the findings listed
on the table above based on theory of Levinson (1983). This discussion started
from describing one by one of the findings based on the number of presupposition
trigger starting from single trigger, double trigger and the last multiple trigger.
This also presupposes the meaning of the utterance which by Harley’s voice over
29
and conversation with another character. In addition, it also identified the
consequences triggered by the audience’s presupposition trigger in the
conversation.
1. Single Trigger
Single trigger means that there is one kind of presupposition trigger found
in a sentence or phrase.
Datum (A.1)
The wack job with the penchant for peeling faces is Roman Sionis, aka
Black Mask. The fact that he wants me dead hasn’t yet hit my radar.
Based on the datum (A.1) is identified a word that referring to a verb
which conveyed factive verb. It means that the word fact presupposes the truth of
the events that took a place. This presupposes that:
- There is Roman Sionis aka Black Mask.
He was the antagonist characters who have mission to kill Harley Quinn.
This utterance is also Harley Quinn monologue. This told that Roman
Sionis aka Black Mask has a strange job of peeling the faces of people he does not
like. Harley already knows that Roman Sionis wants her to die and have her skin
stripped of her face, but Roman has not been able to catch Harley.
30
The consequences triggered by the audience’s presupposition in this
utterance is Harley Quinn feels challenged to face the threat or the fact that
Roman Sionis wants to kill her.
Datum (A.2)
Happy : I've waited a long time for this.
HQ : You have?
Oh... I haven't had breakfast yet.
HQ : What did I do to you?
Happy : Are you serious?
We could read in datum (A.2) is classified into question form because
there is sentence ‘what did I do you?’ form of presupposition trigger. Based on
(Levinson, 1983) conveys that Wh-question show the presupposition which
obtained by switching Wh- words into an appropriate existential variable such as
who by someone, what by something, where by somewhere, how by somehow, etc.
This presupposition may be presupposed:
- Harley ever did something to Happy before.
Thus, the question word used in sentence or utterance generally to get trigger the
presupposed meaning.
This conversation happened between Harley Quinn and Happy. Happy is
one of the people that Harley has ever hurt. This took place on the way when
31
Harley chased by Renee Montoya. She met every people who ever hurt by her.
People tried to catch Harley.
From this utterance, the consequences triggered by the audience’s
presupposition in the conversation is Harley feels innocent and a little worried
about the person she has wronged before.
Datum (A.3)
Quick history lesson. Fifteen years ago, one of the wealthiest Mafia
families in Gotham was gunned down
As mentioned in datum (A.3) is a noun phrase which indicated to
temporal clause, because the utterance consist period of time fifteen years ago.
This utterance presupposed:
- There is something which happen at fifteen years ago
- One of the people in family was died caused by gunned down.
This context tells about Gotham family which have problem in the past. At
that time the Gotham family was shot dead in the power struggle. But in fact it
was the target for the nominal wealth possessed by the Gotham family. This told
by Harley Quinn by her monologue.
In this utterance, Harley felt sympathy for the events that the Bertinelli
family had experienced as the consequences triggered by the audience’s
presupposition.
32
Datum (A.4)
Canary's been singing at Roman's club for years. He calls her his little
bird, and he’s got her wrapped right around his fancy little finger.
This datum (A.4) which consisted bold phrase is classified into implicit
cleft. It seems that phrase little bird came out in the utterance which marks a
character Canary as little bird because she has a perfect voice as her characteristic.
In this datum (A.4) may be presupposed that:
- There is singer which has a good voice and someone said that Canary as
like little bird.
This was also voice over by Harley that happened at the Roman's Club at
that time Canary was singing in that place. Roman also has his own name for
Black Canary, namely the little bird because her voice is melodious like singing
birds which sounds really good.
The consequence triggered by the audience’s presupposition in this
utterance is little bird aka Black Canary has been a singer in a bar for a long time
and Harley was her friend.
Datum (A.5)
CC : How'd you do it? Come on, tell me. Woman to woman. Being a
pickpocket's fine and all, but I got real potential. I mean, how do I be like
you?
33
HQ : Well, except for the crazy part. But other than that. Number one,
no one is like me.
As mentioned by Levinson (1983) stated that comparison and contrast can
trigger a presupposition. In this datum (A.5), the phrase other than that consist a
word ‘than’ which show a comparative construction. It classified into comparison
and contrasts in presupposition trigger. This underlined utterance presupposed
that:
- There is another crazier part to be like Harley Quinn as Cassandra asked.
In other word, this comparative construction may presuppose a hidden
meaning.
These were conversation between Harley and Cassandra Cain. Cassandra
Cain is a kid which being a pickpocket. This conversation happened at grocery
when Harley tried to get out the diamond from Cassandra stomach. She tried to
buy some a drug that triggers defecation where the diamonds will be removed by
Cassandra from her body.
This utterance causing audience consequences for what Harley did was not
good but made her feel stronger than ever.
Datum (A.6)
HQ: If you wanted to even come close, you would have to go to medical
school. Become a psychiatrist, work in an asylum. Fall in love with your
patient, break said patient out of said asylum. Begin a life of crime.
34
This utterance include in counterfactual condition in the form of
sentence. Grundy (2000) conveyed that counterfactual condition presuppose about
affirmative proposition which contained in the if-clause. In this datum, if-clause
showed in positive sentence which presuppose the contrast meaning which it
opposite from Grundy’s. The sentence presupposed:
- You did not want to come close to me thus you will not experience what
I’m going through this long.
In this situation, Cassandra asked to Harley how to become as her. Thus
Harley explained many steps how to be like her. Then, Harley explained one by
one step, from doing a good thing until doing deviant things that can harm others
too. One of them is like in this utterance, Harley suggested Cassandra to go to
medical school to become a psychiatrist and work in an asylum.
The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance
is Harley tried everything after she broke up with joker, those things mentioned on
her conversation with Cassandra Cain.
Datum (A.7)
What a way to start my new life.
The utterance in datum (A.7) consist wh-cleft construction. Thus it
displayed such construction triggers of a presupposition. It classified into cleft
sentence in the form of the word ‘what’. As stated by Levinson (1983), cleft
35
sentence is one of many linguistic parts that can show presupposition. This
sentence may be presupposed:
- Harley start her new life
- Harley has other way to get happiness from her heartbreak.
This was the monologue of Harley when she was at Sal’s which sell a
great sandwich. Sal is Harley's favorite sandwich maker. She described that she
dreams about a great sandwich made by Sal. This sandwich will become her fresh
life to start her new life and journey.
The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance
is thought that Harley is stuck in the past and can not possibly start a new life.
Datum (A.8)
That’s when I met him. Mr. J My Joker.
The bold phrase in datum (A.8) include to definite description. It because
assumed to be in possessive construction used ‘my’ word. The sentence
presupposed:
- Harley meet someone
- There is a man which named as Joker.
The ‘Joker’ named is actually a character which played in the movie before Birds
of Prey occurred.
36
The sentence was monologue by Harley Quinn. It happened at the opening
of the film which told about how Harley survived her life. She experienced the
bitter sweetness of life from wanting to be sold by her father until she struggled to
go to college until she got her PhD. And the saddest thing she experienced was
her love story with Mr. J has finished. Therefore, she tried to start a new life by
slightly changing her appearance.
The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance
is the listener thought that Mr. J was a bad person and Harley carried away like
what the Mr. J did.
Datum (A.9)
CC : Yeah, not gonna happen.
HQ : Come again?
CC : I said I can't.
This conversation indicated Iterative items because the word ‘again’
called as repetition. There is another item such as too, still, another and prefix re-.
These utterance presuppose:
- Someone visit Harley.
It took many times the fact that Cassandra became a kid thief.
This conversation happened in the car between Harley Quinn and
Cassandra Cain when Harley asked about the diamond and actually the diamond
37
ate by Cassandra Cain. But Cassandra said it could not bring it to Harley because
the diamond was eaten by Cassandra.
The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance
is Harley tried to push Cassandra to admit everything, even though Harley was
tired of asking but she still tried to make Cassandra honest about the diamond.
Datum (A.10)
This is where it all began, Puddin’
This voice over of Harley consisted to non-restrictive clause with the word
‘where’. It shows that is not essential to the meaning of a sentence. This
monologue may be presupposed as:
- The new life of Harley begins
This was the voice over by Harley Quinn when she crashed the truck into
oil tank and caused a big explosion. Those were marks as the start of a new life.
The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance
is Harley feels so excited to run her day.
Datum (A.11)
HQ: I don’t wanna go home
This utterance indicated to change of verb because there is the word ‘go’
which known as the aspectual verb. This utterance may be presupposed:
38
- Harley wants to leave and maybe she will back again.
This utterance by Harley happened when she was at Roman’s club and
many people who are gossiping about the relationship between Harley and Joker
broke up.
The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance
is Harley felt lazy to go back home because she remember the last problem with
her dad, so she chose to left her home and start a new life.
Datum (A.12)
Prisoner: Please, no more.
HQ : So, forgive me yet?
The utterance by Harley Quinn consisted in verb of judging because there
is the word ‘forgive’. Thus this utterance may be presupposed:
- Asking for apologize to Cassandra Cain
This utterance happened when Harley Quinn and friends fought with
Roman Sionis’s army. There were many fighting scenes between them which
ended up being won by Harley Quinn and friends.
The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance
is Harley and her friends got their win from the Sionis’s army.
39
Datum (A.13)
Happy : But you dared him to do it.
HQ: Yeah, but I dare a lot of people to do a lot of things, okay?
This conversation indicated implicative verb which consisted the word
‘dared’. It can be defined as presupposed the truth of the compliment by the fact
using negation word. It may be presupposed:
- Harley is challenging people
This was the conversation between Harley and Happy when Harley tried to
escape from Renee Montoya. She found a lot of people who ever hurt by her.
The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance
is felt challenged because everyone is out to take revenge on her.
2. Double Trigger
Double trigger means that there are two kinds of presupposition trigger in
one sentence.
Datum (B.1)
But however many times he tried to ditch me.
The utterance in datum (B.1) has two kinds of presupposition trigger. The
first bold is phrase which classified into temporal clause. It consists one of the
adverbial clause ‘many times’. These clauses can be trigger because it can convey
40
the speaker’s toward the information contained. Thus the second bold is the word
‘tried’. It include in factive verb, because it showed the truth of the complement
clause. It presupposed:
- Her father really want to ditch her
- Her father won’t take care of her life anymore.
This sentence is voice over by Harley Quinn in the beginning of the
movie. She told about her life when she was kid that her father wanted to trade
her. It means that her father would not take care of her life anymore. But Harley
struggle her life until she got her sadness and also her happiness.
The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance
is Harley felt very sorry for the bad luck she experienced as a child, but the great
thing is she can still struggle to continue living to this day.
Datum (B.2)
HQ: If you let me go, just for now, I’ll get you that rock back.
This datum (B.2) consist two presupposition trigger. The first bold is
sentence ‘if you let me go’ in utterance was classified into counterfactual
condition. As mentioned in datum (A.6) that counterfactual presupposes
affirmative proposition such as if-clause. This also known as unreal condition in
utterance which means that the information in if-clause is not true at the time
when the utterance was spoken. The second bold was classified into temporal
clause. It is related to the time clauses with the word ‘now’ which triggers
41
presupposition. Thus this clause assumed to be true and accepted to interlocutor.
This utterance was presupposed:
- Harley won’t be locked by Black Mask
- Harley wanted her life feel free.
This was the conversation between Harley and Black Mask. It happened
when Harley locked up by Black Mask at the place. Harley assured Black Mask
that she can bring back the diamonds that have been taken by Cassandra. But it
was just the sweet words to get free and actually Harley has another purpose to be
fight for.
The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance
is Harley felt uncomfortable because she was in Black Mask custody, so Harley
tried to convince him that she can get back the diamond that Cassandra took.
Datum (B.3)
HQ: Second from the bottom. I know the East End better than anybody
The first bold word in sentence was the factive verb. In other words, the
word "know" in the sentence indicates the truth from where something Harley has
found. The second bold is a phrase which classified into comparison and
contrast. It consisted comparative construction ‘better than’ which showed degree
of complement. Thus the following sentence can be presupposed as:
- Harley tried to defend herself
42
- Harley wanted herself to be free from Black Mask confinement by
convincing many things she can do.
This utterance was same as datum (B.2) about the conversation between
Harley and Black Mask. The consequence triggered by the audience
presupposition in this utterance is Harley confident that she knows everything.
Datum (B.4)
HQ: Number one, no one is like me. If you wanted to even come close,
you would have to go to medical school.
The first bold word classified into counterfactual condition. As like
datum (A.6) which also indicated counterfactual condition, this datum (B.4) if-
clause appeared in positive sentence. The second underlined in sentences was
included in change of verb. As explained by Hovav and Levin (2002), change of
verbs such as stop, continue, finish, change, come, go, stop and others can be
distinguished from the verb changes known as the title of achievement in the state.
It shows that an action experienced by the speaker to the interlocutor can indicate
that the event experienced is progressing or has been completed for that time.
Thus, the word ‘go’ in the second underlined indicated change of verb. It means
that the action was in half progress happen. This sentence may be presupposed as:
- Cassandra will be lost if she do not recognize Harley any further
- Harley suggests Cassandra to go to medical school
43
This was the conversation between Harley and Cassandra Cain. Cassandra
asked how to be like Harley. Then Harley told that she must go to medical school
at first to become a psychiatrist.
The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance
is Harley becomes a life teacher for Cassandra Cain, in addition she felt very
interested in teaching new things.
Datum (B.5)
BC: Yeah, I don't know who you think I am, lady, but I'm not her.
HQ: Puddin’ and I broke up. I haven't told that to anyone. Yeah
The first bold word ‘Puddin’ in sentence indicated to implicit cleft. This
cleft seen from the upper-case character comes out which show the presence of
the implied fact. It can also indicate that someone is an important part of the
sentence. The second bold ‘broke up’ included in factive verb. It because the
word contained the fact that really happened. This sentence may be presupposed:
- There is people called Puddin’
- Puddin’ was Joker
- Harley and Joker ended up their relationship
This was the conversation between Black Canary and Harley Quinn in the
Roman’s club. Harley talked about her relationship have been broken with Mr. J.
She told that it was her first time being lonely for so long after her broke up. She
felt so great because it.
44
The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance
is Harley actually felt sad because of her breakup with Joker, but she tried to look
tough in front of everyone.
3. Multiple Trigger
Multiple trigger means that there are two or more kinds of presupposition
trigger in one sentence.
Datum (C.1)
I don’t know if it’s the stray Armenian arm hair, or the fact that his
cheese slices are always six months out of date, but no one makes an egg
sandwich like Sal.
There are four presupposition found in this datum (C.1). The first is ‘if’,
this was classified into counterfactual condition in the form of sentence. There is
if-clause in the sentence which the situation is not true of the time that utterance
spoken. The second trigger consisted in factive verb because the word ‘fact’
showed the fact that really happen. The third was temporal clause, because there
is the word 'six months' which the word is included in adverbial clause or time
clause. The last in the fourth underlined word is indicated as implicit cleft
reflected by the word ‘Sal’. As mentioned in datum (B.5) that ‘Sal’ the best
sandwich maker. This sentence may be presupposed:
- It may be stray Armenian arm hair
45
- The cheese slices which used always has expired since six months out of
date
- It always six months out of date or it can be more
- Sal was the best sandwich maker in Harley’s life
This was voiceover by Harley Quinn when she was at Sal’s sandwich
shop. Here she told how Sal homemade sandwich is so unique that no one can
even match the delicious of Sal homemade sandwich with other sandwiches.
The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance
is Harley was very happy with Sal’s sandwich and lucky to be able to taste Sal’s
sandwich again.
Datum (C.2)
TH: They’re not?
HQ: No, they're not. Do you know what that means? That means he's not
just after the kid anymore.
The first bold is triggered by the word ‘what’ as the marker of question.
Then, since the word ‘what’ reflects to yes-no question. The word ‘after’ in the
second underlined marked as temporal clause. This word signed the occurance of
presupposition in the utterance by adverbial of time. The last bold is the word
which presented the use of lexical item which appeared to be repeated. It called
iterative items with the word ‘anymore. This utterance may be presupposed:
- They guessed the arrival of Sionis and his army
46
- Sionis already become adult and grim
- Sionis once were kid
This was the conversation between The Huntress and Harley Quinn. The
Huntress or Bertinelli is the daughter of a big mafia boss in the city of Gotham
which appeared to revenge on the crime that deceived her family. She was the
great archer.
The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance
is firstly Harley worried because of the arrival of the Sionis and his army, but also
it was very challenging for her. Therefore, she is ready to face the attack.
Datum (C.3)
And what’s worse? Every person I ever wronged now felt free to come
and take their pound of flesh. Turns out I wronged a lot of people.
In this datum (C.3), I found three presupposition trigger. The first is
triggered by the word ‘what’ marked as question trigger which consisted wh-
question. It reflected the answer with ‘whom’ because it asked about person. Then
the word ‘every person’ marked as non-restrictive relative clauses. It is a
relative clause that is not essential to the meaning of an utterance. The word
‘every person’ did not tell ‘whose’ people which wrong. The last word is ‘now’
contained into temporal clause. As mentioned in datum (C.2), it appeared
adverbial of time in this utterance. This utterance may be presupposed:
- There is the worse person
47
- People who ever meet Harley
- Person that Harley ever wronged become felt free
This was voice over by Harley Quinn when she tried to escape from Renee
Montoya. This utterance stated that Harley realized that she had wronged many
people. So these guys are trying to get revenge on Harley.
The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance
is Harley was a little worried because of the appearance of the people she had hurt
to take revenge on her when she was in an emergency, being chased by Renee
Montoya.
Datum (C.4)
When it comes to me and Roman Sionis, there are a lot of possible
answers to this question. Breaking his driver’s leg. There’s that time I
called it an “expresso”.
I found five presupposition trigger in this utterance. The first is the word
‘when’ which marked as temporal clause because it signed by adverbial of time.
Then, the word ‘comes’ indicated as factive verb because it was the fact that
really happen. The third bold was ‘Roman Sionis’ included to definite
description because it showed possessive constructions which is assumed to the
existence of the entities named. Besides that, the fourth bold ‘his driver’ also
indicated to definite description which also show possessive construction. The
last word is ‘expresso’ which marked as implicit cleft which the word described
48
or signified something that resembles the meaning of the word. This utterance
may be presupposed:
- Roman Sionis comes to Harley Quinn
- There are lot of possible thing will be happen
- Roman sionis known as his criminal
- Roman sionis’s driver has his leg broken
- That incident was perfect
This was the monologue by Harley Quinn when she was at Roman’s
confinement. Harley felt getting her fun after Roman came, one of them which
can messed up one of the members of the Roman Sionis, namely his driver.
Harley broke the leg of the roman’s driver and she was very satisfied of it.
The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance
is Harley has done satisfying things since she came to Roman Sionis.
Datum (C.5)
If you’ve ever watched any cop movie ever, you know that this is when
shit gets real.
The first bold is the word ‘if’ indicated to counterfactual condition
because it showed if-clause which followed the positive sentence. Then, the
second bold marked as factive verb which point with the word ‘know’. As known
before that the word ‘know’ showed the fact that really happen. The last is the
49
word ‘when’ which include in temporal clause which same as in datum (C.4).
This utterance may be presupposed:
- You must watch any cop movie
- The fact that something really happen
- Something shit gets real came
This was voice over by Harley Quinn when the scene at the cop office
appears. She told about how the condition of cop office was. No cop whose ever
end what they must until they have been suspended.
The consequence triggered by the audience presupposition in this utterance
is the fact that the world of cop is complicated.
That was all the utterance which consisted a presupposition trigger based
on Harley’s utterance. There were 80 utterances which included 132
presupposition trigger. Among the types of presupposition that often appear is the
type of factive verb. This type arises because the genre of the movie is adventure,
where there are many scenes that show the truth about something that happened.
Meanwhile, based on Levinson’s theory, this study is rare to find the type of verbs
of judging because the main character of the movie does not show speech judging
other characters, the fact is Harley get judged by other characters.
The similarity between this study with the previous study is analyzing an
utterances of the main character with the aim to finding the types of
presupposition trigger using Levinson’s theory. While the differences is in
50
grouping the presupposition trigger based on the number of presupposition into
single trigger, double trigger and multiple trigger and the context of the utterance
show the main character and other character in the movie. Besides, this study
found the consequences trigger by the audience. This found because every
audience may have their own consequences after watch and hear the scene of the
movie.
51
CHAPTER IV
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
In this chapter presents the conclusion of the study result which is
discussed in the previous chapter.
A. Conclusion
According to the previous chapters, in an utterance, a
presupposition trigger can be only made by the speaker, whereas the
listener owned the assumption. This study focused on analysis of
presupposition trigger in the Birds of Prey movie. The analysis is only
taken from the main character of Harley Quinn in her monologue and
conversation with other. It used Levinson theory which divided thirteen
types of presupposition trigger, those are definite description, factive verb,
change of state, iterative, verbs of judging, temporal clause, cleft sentence,
implicit cleft with stressed constituents, comparison and contrast, non-
restrictive relative clause, counterfactual condition and question. In
addition, the utterances found in presupposition trigger are in the form of
word, sentence and phrase.
After analyzing Birds of Prey movie, there are some conclusions
that can be described. This study found 129 presupposition trigger in
utterance that owned by the main character, Harley Quinn. The utterance
52
was classified based on the number of presupposition trigger, those were
single trigger, double trigger and multiple trigger.
In the single trigger all of those types of presupposition trigger
were found by Levinson’s theory. The most-used types of presupposition
trigger are the factive verb and temporal clause as much as each eight
utterances which consisted of those. While the type that appears the least
were iterative, verbs of judging, cleft sentence, and counterfactual
condition. Each of those appeared just one in the single trigger utterance.
Then in double trigger there were types that did not appear, those were
verbs of judging, temporal clause, comparison and contrast, non-restrictive
relative clause, and question. Whereas the most-used was the factive verb,
there were thirteen utterances which consisted in double trigger. The last
in multiple trigger, there were two or more types of presupposition trigger
in one utterance. The most-used is temporal clause, there were twelve
utterances which consisted of temporal clause in multiple trigger. In
addition, verbs of judging and cleft sentence did not found in multiple
trigger.
As mentioned before, the factive verb was become the most type
which appeared in Harley Quinn utterances based on the number of single
trigger, double trigger and multiple trigger. It was because the factive verb
showed the fact that really happen since the movie genre was adventure.
53
As explained in the finding and discussion, this study used
Levinson’s theory (1997) which classified presupposition trigger into
thirteen types. The used of presupposition trigger is to give understands to
the reader or listener of the speaker utterance. Thus listeners can make
correct assumption about the utterance spoken. Besides, the writer also
identified the consequences by the audience assumption in Harley
utterance to know the next story that will happen in this movie.
The meaning of presupposition trigger based on the datum was
taken from the writer as an instrument which has many assumption of the
utterance.
After watching the film, the audience guessed and has many
assumption about the presupposition of the speaker utterances, thus there
must be the consequences triggered by the audience’s presupposition.
B. Suggestion
Based on the conclusion above, this study has some suggestions to
the reader as followed:
1. To other writer, it is advised that this study can be expanded upon.
Broadened in investigating the presupposition in other new topics or
contrasting the usage of pragmatic theory of presupposition, which
could lead to a different result.
54
2. To the readers, it is recommended to use this study as a guide to
understanding the application of pragmatic theory of presupposition in
moving picture media, particularly in the movie.
55
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Allan, K., & Jaszczolt, K. M. (Eds.). (2012). The Cambridge handbook of
pragmatics. Cambridge University Press.
Arikunto, S. (2003). Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek Edisi VI.
Jakarta: Rineka Cipta. 134
Brinton, Laurel J. (2000). The Structure of Modern English: A Linguistic
Introduction. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Ezzy, D. (2013). Qualitative analysis. Routledge, xii.
Gaines, P. (2018). Presupposition as investigator certainty in a police
interrogation: The case of Lorenzo Montoya’s false confession. Discourse
& Society, 29(4), 399-419.
Grice, H. Paul. (1975). Logic and Conversation. In Syntax and Semantics (vol3),
ed P. Cole and JL. Morgan. New York: Academic Press.
Griffiths, P. (2006). An Introduction to English Semantics and Pragmatics.
Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Grundy, P. (2000). Doing Pragmatics (Second Edition). London: Arnold.
Hikmah, S. N. (2017). An Analysis of Language Presupposition in Advertisements
of TV Channel in Indonesia (Doctoral dissertation, Universitas Islam
Negeri Alauddin Makassar).
Huang, Yan. (2011). Foundations of Pragmatics (Vol. 1). Walter de Gruyter.
Kreidler, Charles. W. (1998). Introducing English Semantics. London: Routledge.
Kridalaksana, Harimurti. (2011). Kamus Linguistik. Jakarta: Gramedia.
Latif, M. M. (2016). An Analysis of Characterization of The Main Characters in"
The Social Network" Movie Script.
Levinson, Stephen C. (1983). Pragmatics. New York: Cambridge University
Press. 5.
Maykuri, B. (2003). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif: Tinjauan Teoritis dan
Praktis. Malang: Lembaga Penelitian Universitas Islam Malang. 162.
Mey, Jacob L. (1993). Pragmatics. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher.
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: An expanded
sourcebook. sage.
Ramadhan, P. (2017). Presupposition On TV Series “Game Of Thrones”
Season 1 (Doctoral dissertation, Diponegoro University).
Saeed, J. 1997. Semantics. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press.
56
Yule, G. (2010). The Study of Language (Fourth Edition). Cambridge University
Press.
Yule, G. (2014). The Study of Language (Fifth Edition). Cambridge University
Press.
Source of Birds of Prey movie script:
https://transcripts.fandom.com/wiki/Birds_of_Prey_(and_the_Fantabulous_Emanc
ip tion_of_One_Harley_Quinn) Accessed on 10 November 2020.
57
CURRICULUM VITAE
Ernita Sari was born in Purworejo on May 12, 1999. She graduated
from SMA Negeri 107 Jakarta in 2017. During her study at Senior
High School, she actively participated in Marching Band Gema
Shancaka as a snare player on percussion. She started her higher
education in 2017 at English Literature Department of UIN Maulana
Malik Ibrahim Malang and finished her study in 2021. During her study at University, she
joined internal organization UKM Teater K2. In addition, she joined volunteer at Katalis
Pendidikan as a companion in the event of student exchange from village to city.
58
APPENDIX
Single Trigger
No Utterances Types of
Presupposition
Trigger
Presupposition
1 The wack job with the
penchant for peeling faces
is Roman Sionis, aka Black
Mask. The fact that he
wants me dead hasn’t yet
hit my radar.
Factive verb (word) There is Roman Sionis
aka Black Mask.
2 HQ : What did I do to
you?
Question (sentence) Harley ever did
something to Happy
before
3 Quick history lesson.
Fifteen years ago, one of
the wealthiest Mafia
families in Gotham was
gunned down.
Temporal clause
(phrase)
There is something which
happen at fifteen years
ago
4 He calls her his little bird,
and he’s got her wrapped
right around his fancy little
finger
Implicit cleft
(phrase)
There is singer which has
a good voice
5 HQ: Well, expect for the
crazy part. But other than
that
Comparison and
contrast
(phrase)
There is another crazier
part to be like Harley
Quinn
6 HQ: If you wanted to even
come close, you would
have to go to medical
school
Counterfactual
condition
(sentence)
You did not want to come
close to me thus you will
not experience what I’m
through this long
7 What a way to start my
new life
Cleft sentence
(word)
Harley start her new life
8 That’s when I met him. Mr.
J My Joker
Definite description
(phrase)
Harley meet someone
9 HQ: Come again? Iterative
(word)
Someone visit Harley
10 HQ: Being Joker’s girl
gave me immunity
Definite description
(phrase)
Harley has relationship
with Joker
59
11 Our love bloomed in a
highly toxic industrial
processing plant.
Definite description
(phrase)
Relationship between
Harley and Joker
12 This is where it all began,
Puddin’
Non-restrictive
relative clause
(word)
The relationship between
Harley and Joker begins
13 A fresh start. Change of state
(word)
New life begins
14 Montoya’s day is going as
badly as mine
Definite description
(phrase)
The day when Montoya’s
has difficulty
15 Her name’s Cassandra
Cain
Definite description
(phrase)
A kid which being
pickpocket
16 But there was some other
shit going down that night
Temporal clause
(phrase)
Something happen at that
time
17 HQ: Know what a
harlequin is?
Question
(sentence)
Harley is a famous girl
when she was with Joker
18 HQ: I don’t wanna go home Change of state
(word)
Harley still want to fight
19 Constantly interrupting
him, like I’m doing right
now
Temporal clause
(phrase)
Shows what Harley do
20 HQ: what have you got to
lose?
Question
(sentence)
Harley asks to Black
Mask
21 HQ: where can I find
Cassandra Cain?
Question
(sentence)
Harley looks for
Cassandra Cain
22 HQ: I need to know
where…
Factive verb
(word)
Harley asks to the
prisoner about where
Cassandra Cain is
23 HQ: Does she have to keep
running?
Question
(sentence)
Harley makes sure that
Cassandra is free
24 HQ: One more time Temporal clause
(phrase)
Harley asks Cassandra to
explain where is the
diamond
25 HQ: Go back to jail, get out
of jail with a bomb on your
neck
Change of state
(word)
Back to jail to get what
Cassandra wants to be
26 HQ: Well, it ain’t much,
but it’s better than a prison
cell
Comparison and
contrast
(phrase)
Doc’s place better than a
prison cell
27 HQ: I named him Bruce
after that hunky Wayne
guy
Temporal clause
(word)
Bruce named after that
hunky Wayne guy
60
28 HQ: The Clown Prince of
Crime?
Implicit cleft
(sentence)
It points to Roman Sionis
aka Black Mask
29 Anyone and everyone with
Bertinelli blood id there
Non-restrictive
relative clause
(phrase)
Bertinelli family was
there
30 HQ: What is that? Question
(sentence)
Harley asks who is people
in front of the Doc’s place
31 The next bit ain’t very
pretty
Temporal clause
(word)
Something happen in the
next is wonderfull
32 HQ: I’m sorry kid. I am. Factive verb
(word)
Apologize to Cassandra
Cain
33 HQ: You killed my
sandwich!
Definite description
(phrase)
Harley favorite food is
Sal’s sandwich
34 HQ: I’m sorry kid. I’m just
terrible person, I guess.
Factive verb
(word)
Apologize to Cassandra
Cain
35 HQ: Who’s got the kid? Question
(sentence)
Looking for Cassandra
Cain
36 HQ: So, forgive me yet? Verbs of judging
(word)
Asking for apologize to
Cassandra Cain
37 HQ: I know a great taco
spot.
Factive verb
(word)
Harley knows where is a
great taco spot
38 Told ya she had a killer
voice
Implicit cleft
(phrase)
Black Canary has a good
voice
39 HQ: My ring? Definite description
(phrase)
Harley stuff
40 I know what you’re
thinking
Factive verb
(word)
People think that Harley
is a bad person
41 You think I’m a dick after
all that
Temporal clause
(word)
Everything happen before
makes Harley called bad
person
42 HQ: Me? I underestimated
you. And I’m sorry.
Factive verb
(word)
Harley underestimates
Black Canary
43 And took all the credit
while he was at it.
Temporal clause
(word)
Harley considers that
Montoya is a person who
never gives up
44 They call themselves the
Birds of Prey
Implicit cleft
(phrase)
A great group of girs who
can conquer crime
45 Not that he let anyone
know it
Factive verb
(word)
Anyone knows that there
is Harley behind Mr. J
46 HQ : Yeah, but I dare a
lot of people to do a lot of
things, okay?
Implicative verb
(word)
Harley is challenging
people
61
Double Trigger
No Utterances Types of Presupposition
Trigger
Presupposition
1 But however many
times he tried to ditch
me
1. Temporal
(phrase)
2. Factive verb
(word)
1. Her father really
want to ditch her
2. Her father won’t
take care of her
life anymore
2 HQ: If you let me go,
just for now, I’ll get you
that rock back
3. Counterfactual
condition
(sentence)
4. Temporal (word)
3. Harley won’t be
locked by Black
Mask
4. Harley wanted
her life feel free
3 I know the East and
better than anybody
5. Factive (word)
6. Comparison
(phrase)
5. Harley tried to
defend herself
6. Harley wanted
herself to be free
from Black Mask
confinement by
convincing many
things she can do
4 If you wanted to even
come close, you would
have to go to medical
school
7. Counterfactual
condition
(sentence)
8. Change of state
(word)
7. Cassandra will be
lost if she do not
recognize
8. Harley any
further
5 HQ: Puddin’ and I
broke up
9. Implicit cleft
(word)
10. Factive verb
(phrase)
9. There is people
called Puddin’
10. Harley and Joker
ended up their
relationship
6 When I was a kid, my
dad traded me for a six-
pack of beer
11. Temporal clause
(sentence)
12. Factive verb
(word)
11. When Harley was
a kid
12. Harley’s father
traded her for a
six-pack of beer
7 It wasn’t easy. But after
a while, I even opened
up to the possibility of
new love
13. Temporal clause
(phrase)
14. Factive verb
(word)
13. Harley tries to
move on
14. She opened up
her heart for a
62
new love
8 Ten years ago, she
broke a career-making
case
15. Temporal clause
(phrase)
16. Factive verb
(word)
15. Something
happen ten years
ago
16. Renee Montoya
managed to solve
the problem
9 Canary’s been singing at
Roman’s club for
years
17. Definite
descriprion
(phrase)
18. Temporal clause
(phrase)
17. Roman has his
own club
18. Canary as a
singer in
Roman’s club
since years ago
10 HQ: Puddin’ and I
broke up
19. Implicit cleft
(word)
20. Factive verb
(word)
19. Puddin’ is Joker
20. Harley and Joker
ended up their
relationship
11 HQ: Fine. If you try to
run, I will kill you
21. Counterfactual
condition
(sentence)
22. Factive verb
(word)
21. If Cassandra
escape, Harley
wants to kill her
22. Harley is
threatening
Cassandra
12 HQ: Go back to jail, get
out of jail with a bomb
on your neck
23. Change of state
(word)
24. Definite
description
(phrase)
23. Harley suggest
Cassandra to do
the things that
she did before
24. Bomb the jail and
get out
13 Meet the daughter of the
richest, most powerful
Mafia don in Gotham
City
25. Factive verb
(word)
26. Definite
description
(phrase)
25. Bertinelli family
is the richest
family in Gotham
26. Gotham City is a
place that
Bertinelli family
live
14 One day, she comes
home to find her whole
family in the living
27. Temporal clause
(phrase)
28. Factive verb
27. The huntress
come to her
home
63
room (word) 28. The huntress find
her whole family
in the living
room
15 HQ: This way or this
way. That’s what I
thought. Also, I’m outta
groceries
29. Factive verb
(word)
30. Iterative verb
(word)
29. Harley decide to
take some things
30. She also wants to
out of groceries
16 She spends the next 15
years thinking only of
revenge
31. Factive verb
(word)
32. Temporal clause
(phrase)
31. The Huntress
take 15 years
thinking only for
revenge
32. It need 15 years
17 No cop ever gets
anything done until
after they’ve been
suspended
33. Definite
description
(word)
34. Temporal clause
(word)
33. Cop always
finish their job
34. They never stop
until the job
finished
18 If I hand her over, I
want everyone who’s
after me to back off.
35. Counterfactual
condition
(sentence)
36. Temporal clause
(word)
35. If Harley hand
Cassandra over
36. Harley wants
someone to
replace after
19 HQ: Kid, if that burrito
doesn’t make you shit,
I don’t know what will
37. Counterfactual
condition
(sentence)
38. Factive verb
(word)
37. If the burrito
dosen’t make
Cassandra satisfy
38. Harley doesn’t
know what will
happen
20 But you heard what the
cop said. Sionis gone.
39. Definite
description
(phrase)
40. Change of state
(word)
39. The cop said
something
40. Sionis leave
Multiple Trigger
No Utterances Types of Presupposition
Trigger
Presupposition
1 HQ: I don’t know if
it’s the stray
1. Counterfactual
(sentence)
1. It may be stray
Armenian arm
64
Armentan arm hair,
or the fact that his
cheese slices are always
six months out of date,
but no one makes an
egg sandwich like Sal.
2. Factive verb
(phrase)
3. Temporal clause
(phrase)
4. Implicit cleft
(word)
hair
2. The cheese slices
which used
always has
expired since six
months out of
sate
3. It always six
months out of
date or it can be
more
4. Sal was the best
sandwich maker
in Harley’s life
2 Do you know what that
means? That means he's
not just after the kid
anymore
5. Question (word)
6. Temporal (word)
7. Iterative
verb(word)
5. They guessed the
arrival of Sionis
and his army
6. Sionis already
become adult and
grim
7. Sionis once were
kid
3 And what’s worse?
Every person I ever
wronged now felt free
to come and take their
pound of flesh
8. Question (word)
9. Non-restrictive
relative clauses
(phrase)
10. Temporal (word)
8. There is the
worse person
9. People who ever
meet Harley
10. Person that
Harley ever
wronged become
felt free
4 When it comes to me
and Roman Sionis,
there are a lot of
possible answers to this
question and breaking
his driver’s legs.
There’s that time I
called it an “expresso”
11. Temporal clause
(word)
12. Factive verb
(word)
13. Definite
description
(phrase)
14. Definite
description
(phrase)
15. Implicit cleft
(word)
11. Roman Sionis
comes to Harley
Quinn
12. There are lot of
possible thing
will be happen
13. Roman Sionis
known as his
criminal
14. Roman Sioni’s
driver has his leg
broken
65
15. That incident was
perfect
5 If you’ve ever
watched any cop
movie ever, you know
that this is when shit
gets real
16. Counterfactual
(sentence)
17. Factive verb
(phrase)
18. Temporal clause
(word)
16. You must watch
any cop movie
17. The fact that
something really
happen
18. Something shit
gets real came
6 I knew I needed to find
some way to show the
world that I’d cut ties
with Mr.J for good
19. Factive verb
(word)
20. Factive verb
(word)
21. Definite
description
(phrase)
19. Harley must find
another way to
show the world
that she cut ties
with Mr. J for
good
20. Harley tries to
expose that she
broke up with
Joker
21. Mr, J is Harley’s
ex-boyfriend
7 Cops who never
would’ve dared come
after me before were
suddenly doing this
22. Definite
description
(word)
23. Change of state
(word)
24. Temporal clause
(word)
22. Cops never dared
to come before
Harley ended up
with Mr. J
23. Cops come when
Harley ended up
with Mr. J
24. Cops never doing
something to
Harley when she
was with Mr.J
8 And what’s worse?
Every person I ever
wronged now felt free
to come and take their
pound of flesh
25. Question
(sentence)
26. Temporal clause
(word)
27. Change of state
(word)
25. There is the
worse things
come to Harley
26. People who
never hurt by
Harley come to
revenge
27. They come to
66
revenge
9 It took losing
something I truly love
for me to see that the
target on my back was
bigger than I thought
28. Factive verb
(word)
29. Definite
description
(phrase)
30. Comparison and
contrast (phrase)
28. She remember
the tragedy truck
29. She realizes that
the target which
didn’t see was
bigger than she
thought
30. She knows that
the target is
bigger than she
thought
10 I gotta take you back a
few days, to that night
I got shit faced at the
Black Mask Club
31. Comparison and
contrast (phrase)
32. Factive verb
(word)
33. Definite
description
(phrase)
31. Harley tries to
get Cassandra
Cain on her hand
soon
32. Harley seen
Black Mask at
the club
33. Black Mask
appears on his
club
11 Canary spends the next
week settling in to her
new job as Roman’s
personal driver
34. Factive verb
(word)
35. Temporal clause
(phrase)
36. Definite
description
(phrase)
34. The next
Canary’s job is as
a Roman’s
personal driver
35. Canary will work
soon
36. Canary is ready
to be Roman’s
personal driver
12 HQ: If your boys find
it first, swear to God,
you can kill me later
37. Counterfactual
condition
(sentence)
38. Factive verb
(word)
39. Temporal clause
37. If Black Mask’s
army find
diamond first
38. Roman Sionis
can kill Harley
67
(word) 39. Roman Sionis
can kill Harley
soon
13 HQ: No, they’re not.
Do you know what
that means? That
means he’s not just
after the kid anymore
40. Question
(sentence)
41. Temporal clause
(word)
42. Iterative (word)
40. Harley asks for
something
happen means
41. Roman Sionis is
not as a kid again
42. Roman Sionis
grow up
14 HQ: Are you dummies
still sitting there? Fine.
Since you stuck it out
this long, I’ll tell you a
super duper secret-
secret. But you can’t
tell anyone. Okay. Did
you know that Batman
f…
43. Question
(sentence)
44. Temporal clause
(word)
45. Temporal clause
(phrase)
46. Factive verb
(word)
43. Harley asks for
listener’s
presence
44. For those
listeners who still
watch this movie
45. For those
listeners who still
watch this movie
for this time
46. Batman appears
on Harley
thought