Prevalence of Ectoparasites and Endoparasites of Carabao in

E – International Scientific Research Journal, VOLUME – V, ISSUE – 3, 2013, ISSN 2094 - 1749

Prevalence of Ectoparasites and Endoparasites of Carabao in Region I

Rosenio c. Silvestre, Fe M. Camalig and Juliana Q. Silvestre

Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University

Bacnotan, La Union, Philippines ABSTRACT

This study identified the different ectoparasite and endoparasite species of carabao in Region I; determined the seasonal prevalence of ecto and endoparasites of carabao in Region I per province and per species; and determined the seasonal degree of endoparasite infection of carabao in Region I. Purposive sampling technique was used to identify the sampling sites. A total of 1,120 carabaos from the five provinces of Region I were randomly selected for the collection of ectoparasites and fecal samples. The parasites were identified based on their physical characteristics. The fecal samples were subjected to Modified McMaster and Modified Stoll’s Technique of fecalysis. Data were analyzed using frequency counts and percentages. Nine ectoparasite species affect carabao in Region I. They were the Boophilus, Culex, Haematopinus, Lyperosia, Musca, Sarcophaga, Simulium, Stomoxys, and Tabanus species. Ectoparasites were more prevalent during the rainy season. Majority of the carabaos in all the provinces of Region I were affected with ectoparasites regardless of species with Lyperosia and Simulium being the most prevalent species.. Eight endoparasite species affect carabao in Region I. They were the Amphistome, Eurytrema, Fasciola, Monieza, Strongyle type, Strongyloides, Toxocara and Trichuris species. Endoparasites were more prevalent during rainy season and Strongyle type were the most prevalent species during both seasons. Degree of endoparasitic infection of carabao in |Region I was greater during the rainy season. INTRODUCTION

Carabaos (Bubalus bubalis) are an integral part of Philippine agriculture. They play an important role in the economy as suppliers of milk, meat and draft power. They are used mainly as work animals by millions of farmers in land preparation and in transporting farm inputs and produce. Almost all or 99.8% of the carabao inventory in the country belongs to small holder farmers who raise an average of two carabaos and own about two hectares of land (Cabanilla, 1997). Of these farmers, about 85% maintain these animals for draft purposes.

The Philippine climate is tropical with abundant rainfall that can go over 406.4 centimeters, high humidity of 50-90% and temperature range of 21.11-29.24oC which is conducive for the growth multiplication and perpetuation of ecto and endoparasites (Manuel

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1983). Moreover, the system of raising animals in the countryside where cattle and carabaos are tethered in the backyard during the night and in open field during the day favors direct infection of the animal through the soil or the grass.

Parasitism is generally believed to be the most important disease problem of domestic animals raised in the rural areas. Gibe and Baguio (1983) estimated 10% of the total value of livestock is lost annually because of parasitism.

The effects of internal parasite on their host are food competition, deficiency syndrome, decreased food utilization, reduced appetite with a concomitant reduction of food intake, increased passage of food through the digestive tract or decreased synthesis of protein in skeletal muscle (Soulsby, 1983).

Enormous economic loss caused by parasites are attributable to loss in body weight, reduced milk production, loss from condemnation of organs or whole carcass, poor feed conversion efficiency, poor reproductive performance and secondary decreased body resistance to bacterial, viral, rickettsial, nematode and protozoan infection as well as the cost of veterinary drugs used to treat and control the infection.

They are vectors of diseases like anthrax, brucellosis, erysipelas, malaria, hemorrhagic septicemia, equine encephalomyelitis, vesicular stomatitis, epizootic abortion, looping ill, pyemia, tularemia and caseous lymphadenitis in sheep, anaplasmosis, babesiosis, summer mastitis, infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis, surra, equine infectious anemia, hog cholera, eastern encephalitis, stomatitis etc. (Kaufman (1996), Soulsby (1982), Beaver et. al. (1984), Blood et. al. (1983), Urquhart et. al. (1996), Manuel (1985), Levine (1978) and Aiello, 1998). They also cause paralysis, anemia and death (Aiello, 1998 and Espidido, 1992).

Therefore, it is essential to establish the identity, prevalence of ecto and endoparasite species and the degree of endoparasite infection of carabao during the dry and rainy season. Data or information derived will serve as basis for the formulation of herd health program and development project for livestock in the Region consequently improving livestock production. OBJECTIVES 1. To identify the different ectoparasite and endoparasite species of carabao in Region I during rainy and dry season; 2.To determine the seasonal prevalence of ectoparasite and endoparasite species of carabao in Region I per province; 3.To determine the seasonal prevalence of ectoparasites of carabao in Region I per species; and 4.To determine the seasonal degree of endoparasite infection of carabao in Region I. Materials and Methods Selection of Towns Fifty percent of the total number of towns per province were randomly selected for the collection of external parasites and fecal samples. A total of 10 towns each in Ilocos Norte and La Union, 12 towns in Ilocos Sur and 24 towns in Pangasinan were selected.

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Selection of Animals A total of twenty (20) carabaos, i.e. five (5) from each of the four (4) barangays owned by farmers were randomly selected from each town. Ectoparasite Collection Lice were acquired by handpicking or by using a pair of forceps from the different parts of the body. Flies were obtained from the head, withers, shoulder, thorax, belly, flank, tail and legs using a fine net. Collected samples were placed in properly labeled vials containing 70% ethyl alcohol as preservative. Identification and classification was done one at a time with the use of magnifying lens and microscope at the IVM Parasitology Laboratory, DMMMSU, Bacnotan La Union. Fecal Collection for Endoparasites At least 10 grams of fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum or from freshly voided feces of carabao. The samples collected were placed in properly labeled plastic bag. Lactic acid was added to samples not immediately examined then stored in the refrigerator to arrest the development of the ova. The fecal samples were examined in the laboratory using Modified McMaster technique and Modified Stolls’ method. Data Gathered Ectoparasite Species Identified. The external parasites were classified and identified with the aid of magnifying lens and microscope. Endoparasite Species Identified. The internal parasites were identified through fecalysis with the aid of a microscope.

Prevalence of Ectoparasites. This was computed by dividing the total number of carabaos infested over the total number of carabaos examined and multiplied by 100. Prevalence of Endoparasites. This was computed by dividing the total number of carabaos infected over the total number of carabaos examined and multiplied by 100. Egg per gram count (E.P.G.). This was computed using the following formula. Modified McMaster Technique = number of eggs counted from the two chambers multiplied by 50 Modified Stolls’ Technique = number of eggs counted multiplied by 100 Degree/Level of Parasite Infection. This was based on the guidelines for the interpretation of fecal egg count in an animal. Guide for the interpretation of worm egg counts in cattle and carabao.

Worm Species

EPG Degree of Infection

Light Moderate Heavy

Mixed infection <200 200-700 >700

Haemonchus 200 200-500 >500 Bunostomum 20 20-100 >100

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Cooperia 500 500-3000 >3000 Oesophagustomum 10-150 150-3000 >500 Trichostrongylus 50 50-300 >500

Hansen and Perry,1994 Results and Discussion Ectoparasite Species Identified Table 1 shows the ectoparasite species identified affecting carabao in Region 1. There are nine (9) ectoparasite species identified affecting carabao in Region 1 during the rainy and dry season. They are Boophilus, Culex, Haematopinus, Lyperosia, Musca, Sarcophaga, Simulium, Stomoxys, and Tabanus species. However, their occurrence vary per province and season. Plate 1. Ectoparasite species identified in Region I

In Ilocos Norte eight (8) species (Boophilus, Haematopinus, Lyperosia, Musca, Sarcophaga, Simulium, Stomoxys, and Tabanus species) are present during the rainy season and eight (8) species (Culex, Haematopinus, Lyperosia, Musca, Sarcophaga, Simulium, Stomoxys and Tabanus species) during the dry season.

Photos covered by Kaufman, Soulsby & Urquhart

Haematopinus spp. Boophilus spp. Culex spp.

Musca spp. Sarcophaga spp.

Lyperosia spp.

Simulium spp. Stomoxys spp. Tabanus spp.

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Table 1. Identified ectoparasite species affecting carabao in the various provinces of Region I during rainy and dry season.

SPECIES

PROVINCE

ILOCOS NORTE ILOCOS SUR LA UNION PANGASINAN

Rainy Dry Rainy Dry Rainy Dry Rainy Dry Season Season Season Season

Boophilus X X X X X X X Culex X X X X Haematopinus

Lyperosia Musca Sarcophaga Simulium Stomoxys Tabanus No. of species (9)

8

8

7

8

7

7

8

8

Among the carabaos examined in Ilocos Sur, seven (7) species (Haematopinus,

Lyperosia, Musca, Sarcophaga, Simulium, Stomoxys, and Tabanus species) are observed during the rainy season and eight (8) species (Culex, Haematopinus, Lyperosia, Sarcophaga, Simulium, Stomoxys, and Tabanus species) during the dry season. During both seasons, seven (7) species (Haematopinus, Lyperosia, Musca, Sarcophaga, Simulium, Stomoxys, and Tabanus species) affect carabaos in La Union and eight (8)species in Pangasinan (Culex, Haematopinus, Lyperosia, Musca, Sarcophaga, Simulium, Stomoxys, and Tabanus species). Prevalence of Ectoparasites Per Species Figure 1 shows the mean seasonal prevalence of ectoparasites of carabao in Region 1, Philippines per species. Among the species of ectoparasites identified, majority (Lyperosia 92%, Simulium 92%, Stomoxys 49%, Musca 29%, Sarcophaga 27% Tabanus 12%, Culex (2%) and Boophilus 1%) are more prevalent during the rainy season except for Haematopinus (23%) species which is more predominant during the dry season (40%). However, Lyperosia and Simulium species consistently registered the highest prevalence during both seasons.

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92 92

49

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91 91

32

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9

1 00

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rosia

Simulium

Stomox

ys

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ca

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coph

aga

Haematop

inus

Taba

nus

Culex

Booph

ilus

RainyDry

High prevalence of flies during rainy season substantiates the claim of Soulsby (1982) that adult flies are adapted to definite range of temperature and variation of humidity. They are most abundant in early summer, decreasing in number during the hottest part of the year and increasing again in the cooler months.

Figure 1. Mean seasonal prevalence of ectoparasites of carabao per species (%)

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100 100 100 100100 100 10098

0

20

40

60

80

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120

Ilocos Norte IlocosSur La Union Pangasinan

Rainy

Dry

Further, Urquhart et. al. (1996) disclosed that the abundance of flies is due to their very

short breeding period, where their eggs hatch quickly and their larvae mature in as short as 4 days, breeding to enormous numbers very rapidly. Although Culex species was not identified during the rainy season in the provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur and La Union, this does not reflect the true picture of its prevalence. This could have been due to the time of collection which affects their presence within the sampling site. Prevalence of Ectoparasites Per Province

The seasonal prevalence of ectoparasites of carabao per province are presented in Figure 2.

All the provinces of Region I recorded 100 percent prevalence rate of ectoparasites

during the rainy and dry season, except for Pangasinan (98%) which registered lower prevalence rate. This implies that almost all the carabaos examined in all the towns are infested with ectoparasites regardless of species during both seasons. These results could be associated with the observations of Rivera et. al. (1983) as cited by Garcia (2002) that climatic conditions play a very important role in the survival and transmission of parasites egg and larvae. The presence of bodies of water such as creek, ponds and rice fields in the area, may have contributed to the occurrence of these parasites, because water provides favorable condition for parasitic survival and development.

Figure 2. Mean seasonal prevalence of ectoparasites of carabao per province (%)

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Endoparasite Species Identified The endoparasite species identified in carabao during the rainy and dry season are presented in Table 2. There are eight (8) endoparasite species identified in carabao in Region 1 They are the Amphistome, Eurytrema, Fasciola, Moniezia, Strongyle type, Strongyloides, Toxocara and Trichuris species. However, their occurrence vary per province and season. These species are among the species identified by Manuel (1983) affecting carabao in the country. Plate 2. Endoparasite species identified in Region 1

Table 2. Identified endoparasite species of carabao in Region I during rainy and dry season.

In Ilocos Norte, five (5) species (Eurytrema, Fasciola, Strongyle type,,Strongyloides, and Toxocara, species) were identified during both seasons.

SPECIES

PROVINCE

ILOCOS NORTE ILOCOS SUR LA UNION PANGASINAN

Rainy

Dry

Rainy

Dry

Rainy

Dry

Rainy

Dry

Season Season Season Season Amphistome X X X X X Eurytrema X X X Fasciola X Monieza X X X X

Amphistome spp. Eurytrema spp. Fasciola spp. Monieza spp.

Strongyle type Strongyloides spp. Toxocara spp. Trichuris spp.

Photos covered by Kaufman, Soulsby & Urquhart

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Strongyle type Strongyloides X

Toxocara Trichuris X X No. of species (8)

5

5

6

5

6

7

6

8

Among the carabaos examined in Ilocos Sur six (6) species (Eurytrema, Fasciola, Strongyle type, Strongyloides, Toxocara and Trichuris) of endoparasites are identified during rainy season and five (5) species (Amphistome, Moniezia, Strongyle type, Toxocara and Trichuris species) during the dry season. During rainy season in La Union, six (6) species (Amphistome, Fasciola, Strongyle type, Strongyloides, Toxocara and Trichuris species) were identified and seven (7) species (Eurytrema, Fasciola, Moniezia, Strongyle type, Strongyloides, Toxocara and Trichuris, species) during the dry season. There were six (6) species (Fasciola, Moniezia, Strongyle type, Strongyloides Toxocara and Trichuris species) identified in Pangasinan during rainy season and eight (8) species (Amphistome Eurytrema Fasciola Moniezia Strongyle type, Strongyloides, Toxocara and Trichuris species) during dry season. Seasonal Prevalence of Endoparasites Per Species Figure 3 presents the mean seasonal prevalence of endoparasites of carabao per species. Strongyle type ( 87%) followed by Fasciola (61%) species were the most prevalent among the endoparasites of carabao during the rainy season. Strongyle type (51%) remained the most prevalent during the dry season followed by Toxocara (29%) species. Amphistome, Eurytrema and Moniezia species were the least prevalent endoparasites of carabao during both seasons. The high population of endoparasite species could be due to topography and microclimatic condition that favors the development of eggs as claimed by Hansen and Perry (1994). They disclosed that high humidity and warm temperature favor the development of eggs into infective larvae.

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la

Toxoc

ara

Trichu

ris

Strong

yloides

Amph

istom

e

Eurytre

ma

Mon

ieza

Rainy

Dry

Figure 3. Seasonal prevalence of endoparasites of carabao per species (%)

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100

9188 88

67

57

79

53

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Ilocos Norte IlocosSur La Union Pangasinan

Rainy Dry

Prevalence of Endoparasites Per Province

Figure 4 shows the mean seasonal prevalence of endoparasites of carabao in all the provinces of Region I, Philippines.

All the provinces registered higher prevalence rate (La Union 100%, Ilocos Sur 91%,

Ilocos Norte and Pangasinan 88%) of endoparasites during the rainy season compared to that of dry season (Ilocos Norte 79%, La Union 67%, Ilocos Sur 57% and Pangasinan 53%). This implies that more carabaos are infected with endoparasites during the rainy season. Higher prevalence rate during the rainy season could be associated with the claim of Soulsby (1983) that the development of parasitism depends not only on the type of nutrition, age, stocking density and kind of management practices but also on the amount of rainfall that largely influences the number and activity of parasites. Temperature, relative humidity and other factors are likewise favorable for the multiplication and survival of different parasitic forms.

Figure 4. Mean seasonal prevalence of endoparasites of carabao per province (%)

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130

91

344

36

222

919

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24

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8 31 1 2 1 2 5 6 14 4 1 0 0 3 0 10 0 0 3 0 1 4 10 0 1 7 4 0 114

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Rainy Dry Rainy Dry Rainy Dry Rainy Dry

Ilocos Norte Ilocos Sur La Union Pangasinan

Strongyle TypeToxocara

Fasciola

TrichurisStrongyloides

Eurytrema

MoniezaAmphistome

Moderate

Moderate

Moderate

Mean EPG Count and Degree of Endoparasite Infection Per Species and Province Figure 5 shows that Strongyle type consistently registered the highest EPG count during the rainy and dry season in all the provinces of Region I, Philippines except for La Union during the dry season where Toxocara spp. registered the highest EPG count. Strongyle type recorded moderate degree of infection during the rainy season in La Union and Pangasinan. Similarly, Toxocara registered moderate degree of infection in L Union during the rainy season. All other species registered light degree of infection with endoparasites. Although Fasciola spp. falls under “light” infection, this should not be the sole basis for considering the degree of infection because the EPG count does not correlate well with the actual parasitic load. More emphasis should be given to the severity of clinical symptoms. The egg-producing capacity of liver fluke is very high and each fluke may produce 5,000–2,000 eggs per day throughout its life. The eggs are carried through the bile to the gall bladder which may serve as reservoir of eggs for a considerable time. Eggs are expelled from the gallbladder when it contracts during digestion, and large number of eggs are released during these contractions. This means that the number of liver fluke eggs in a fecal sample is not an accurate indication of the number of parasites in the liver, nor of the amount of damage done to the host (Hansen and Perry, 1994).

Figure 5. Mean EPG count and degree of endoparasites infection per species and province

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Degree of Endoparasite Infection Per Province

Table 3 shows the seasonal degree of endoparasite infection of carabao in the various provinces of Region I, Philippines based on EPG count. Among the provinces of Region I, La Union registered “heavy” degree of endoparasite infection. Ilocos Norte and Pangasinan recorded “moderate” degree while Ilocos Sur had “light” degree of infection during the rainy season. Nonetheless, all the provinces registered “light” degree of infection during the dry season.

Table 3. Degree of endoparasite infection of carabao in Region 1, Philippines per province

Province

Degree of Infection Rainy Season Dry Season

La Union Heavy Light Pangasinan Moderate Light Ilocos Norte Moderate Light Ilocos Sur Light Light

Light degree of endoparasite infection could account for the regular and effective control and preventive measures practiced by farmers which reduced parasitic infection in addition to the unfavorable weather condition during summer for the development of endoparasites. The severity of endoparasite infection could have been influenced by the movement of animals from one place to another. Manuel and Galdones (1982) stated that the level of nutrition, kind of management and amount of rainfall influence the severity of parasitism. Moreover, Siegmund (1979) also claimed that young animals are more often affected with parasitism compared to adult as this may be due to their decreased resistance as young animals can not mobilize phagocytes or produce antibodies as efficiently as older animals. It is known fact that old animals are more resistant to parasitic infection than calves. Parasitic infection could be attributed to the claim of Hansen and Perry (1994) that gastrointestinal parasite infection depends on the following main factors: (1) numbers of infective larvae (L3) ingested by the host, which is influenced by climate, (2) a suitable vegetation, (3) a high livestock density, (4) grazing patterns in close proximity with other carabaos and other animals, (5) absence of deworming programs and or improper use of anthelmintic, which includes the time and frequency of administration.

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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Conclusions Based from the results the following conclusions were derived: A. Ectoparasites Nine species of ectoparasites infest carabao in Region I. They are the Boophilus, Culex, Haematopinus, Lyperosia, Musca, Sarcophaga, Simulium, Stomoxys, and Tabanus species. They are more prevalent during the rainy season. Simulium and Lyperosia were the most predominant species. Ectoparasites infest majority of carabaos during both seasons. B. Endoparasites Eight endoparasite species infect carabao in Region I. They are the Amphistome, Eurytrema, Fasciola, Moniezia, Strongyle type, Strongyloides, Toxocara and Trichuris species. They are more prevalent during the rainy season. Strongyle type are the most predominant species. Degree of endorapasite infection is greater during the rainy season. RECOMMENDATIONS Based from the foregoing study, the researchers recommend the following: Information dissemination relative to the prevalence, harmful effects, control and prevention of parasites should be instituted. Control measures of ectoparasites must be directed to the biological and management practices to prevent and control their occurrence. Year round deworming program should be strictly imposed to control the occurrence of endoparasites. LITERATURE CITED AEILLO SE. 1998. The Merk Vet. Manual. 8th ed. New Jersey: Merk and Co. Inc. pp 625-648. ARGANA, R.R. and S&T Media Service. 2001 The Carabao from the Farm to the Market. PCARRD Press Release No. 108. BAGANI, AO. 1999. Distribution of Helminth Infection of Carabaos in Ilocos Sur.Undergraduate thesis. DMMMSU- Bacnotan La Union. BARCELO, PM. and VG. ANCHETA. 1998. Comparative Study on the Resistance of Native Goat and Anglo-Nubian grade Goats to Haemonchus conturtos Infection. Research and Extension Journal. DMMMSU-Bacnotan La Union.p15. BEAVER PC. JUNG RC. and CUPP WE. 1984. Clinical Para. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger. p. 648.

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BLOOD DC. RADOSTITS OM. and HENDERSON JA. 1983. Veterinary Medicine. 6th ed. London: Bailliere Tindal.pp.107-370-639-962. BOCARILE, AB. 1998. The Occurrence of Gastrointestinal Parasite in La Union Undergraduate Thesis. DMMMSU-NLUC, Bacnotan La Union. CABANILLA LS. 1997. “An evaluation of the Slaughter Band on Carabaos”. (EO 626). Center fro Policy and Dev. Studies. UPLB. pp. 7-19. ESPIDIDO, EV. 1992. Tick and Tick Control. Philippine Animal Health Center (PAHC). Vol.5, No.1, Jan-Feb. Quezon City, Phil. P.64. GARCIA LP. The Prevalence of Ectoparasite Infesting Philippine Carabao in the Phil. Vet. Med. Undergraduate Thesis. 2002 GIBE ZL. and BAGUIO SS. 1983. Phil. Recommends for Animal Health Care. pp.1-5, 35-45. GUYAB, A. 1998. Distribution of Helminth infection of Cattle in Ilocos Sur. Undergraduate Thesis. DMMMSU- NLUC, Bacnotan La Union. HANSEN J. and PERRY B. 1994. The Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Control of Helminth Parasites of Ruminants. FAO. Rome, Italy. pp 317, 18, 19, 20, 21, 33, 39. KAUFMAN J. 1996. Parasitic Infections of Dom. Anim. Birtkhawser Verlay. Boston. pp.130-334. LAMETA, K.T. and M.F. MANUEL. 1981. A survey of the Helminth Parasites of Cattle and Carabaos Slaughtered in Metro Manila Abbattoirs. The Philippine Journal of Veterinary Medicine. Vol.XX, no.2. p46 LEVINE ND. 1978. Vet. Para. Burges Publisher Co. Minneapolis, Minnesota. pp.158-178. MANUEL MF. 1983. Parasitic Diseases of water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in the Philippines. The Phil. J Vet. Med. Vol. XXII, no.2.p108. MANUEL MF. 1985. “Parasitic Disease of Water Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in the Phil. The Phil. J Vet. Med. Vol XXII. No.2 p.118 MANUEL MF. and GALDONES AC. 1982. Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminths of Cattle and Carabao Calves in Central Luzon, Phil. The Phil. J Vet. Med. p60 MANUEL, MF. 1992. Parasitic Helminths of economic Importance and Strategic Deworming for Better Swine Management. Proceedings 8th Congress of the Federation of Asian Veterinary Association 21-25 Nov. 1992. Philippine Veterinary Medical Association. P276-277.

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NACNAC, JB. 2002. Identification of Gastrointestinal Parasite Affecting Philippine Carabao in Ilocos Norte. Undergraduate Thesis. DMMMSU-NLUC, Bacnotan La Union. RANJHAN, SK. 1992. Buffalo Production in Asia with Preference to Philippine Proceedings 8th Congress of the Federation of asian Veterinary Association. Manila Philippines. p177. SEIGMUND OH. 1979. The Merck Vet. Manual. 5th edition. New Jersey Merck and Co. Inc. p674-675. SOULSBY EJ. 1982. Helminths, Anthropods and Protozoa of Dom. Anim. 7th ed. Philadelphia; Lea and Febiger. pp. 393-462 URQUHART GM. ARMOUR J. DUNCAN JL. DUNNE AM. JENNIGS W. 1996. Vet. Para. 2nd ed. Scotland: Blackwell Science Ltd. pp.1

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Prevalence of Ectoparasites and Endoparasites of Carabao in