PRINCIPALS OF PRINCIPALS OF ECOLOGYECOLOGY

CHAPTER 3CHAPTER 3

BEGININIGS OF ECOLOGYBEGININIGS OF ECOLOGY

ECOLOGYECOLOGY- SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF - SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ORGANISMS AND THEIR ORGANISMS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTSENVIRONMENTS

LIVING ENVIRONMENTLIVING ENVIRONMENT

BIOSPHEREBIOSPHERE- PORTION OF EARTH - PORTION OF EARTH THAT SUPPORTS LIFETHAT SUPPORTS LIFE

BIOTIC FACTORSBIOTIC FACTORS- ALL LIVING - ALL LIVING ORGANISMS THAT INHABIT AN ORGANISMS THAT INHABIT AN ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

NONLIVING ENVIRONMENTNONLIVING ENVIRONMENT

ABIOTIC FACTORSABIOTIC FACTORS- NON LIVING - NON LIVING PARTS OF THE ENVIRONMENTPARTS OF THE ENVIRONMENT

LEVELS OF ORGANIZATIONLEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

POPULATIONPOPULATION- GROUP OF ORGANISMS - GROUP OF ORGANISMS OF ONE SPECIESOF ONE SPECIES

COMMUNITYCOMMUNITY- COLLECTION OF - COLLECTION OF INTERACTING POPULATIONSINTERACTING POPULATIONS

ECOSYSTEMECOSYSTEM- INTERACTIONS AMONG - INTERACTIONS AMONG THE POPULATIONS IN A COMMUNITY THE POPULATIONS IN A COMMUNITY AND ITS SURROUNDINGSAND ITS SURROUNDINGS

HABITATHABITAT- PLACE WHERE AN - PLACE WHERE AN ORGANISM LIVESORGANISM LIVES

SPECIES RELATIONSHIPSSPECIES RELATIONSHIPS

AUTOTROPHSAUTOTROPHS- ORGANISMS THAT - ORGANISMS THAT USE ENERGY FROM THE SUN TO USE ENERGY FROM THE SUN TO MAKE ITS OWN FOODMAKE ITS OWN FOOD

HETEROTROPHSHETEROTROPHS- ORGANISMS THAT - ORGANISMS THAT DEPEND ON AUTOTROPHS AS THEIR DEPEND ON AUTOTROPHS AS THEIR SOURCE OF NUTRIENTS AND ENERGYSOURCE OF NUTRIENTS AND ENERGY

SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPSSYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIPS

COMMENSALISMCOMMENSALISM- ONE SPECIES - ONE SPECIES BENEFITS WHILE THE OTHER IS NOT BENEFITS WHILE THE OTHER IS NOT HARMED OR BENEFITEDHARMED OR BENEFITED

MUTUALISMMUTUALISM- BOTH SPECIES BENEFIT- BOTH SPECIES BENEFITPARASITISMPARASITISM- ONE BENEFITS WHILE - ONE BENEFITS WHILE

THE OTHER IS HARMEDTHE OTHER IS HARMED

The producers: AutotrophsThe producers: Autotrophs

Plants use the sun’s Plants use the sun’s energy to manufacture energy to manufacture food in a process called food in a process called photosynthesis.photosynthesis.

MORE SPECIES MORE SPECIES RELATIONSHIPSRELATIONSHIPS

SCAVENGERSSCAVENGERS- FEED ON - FEED ON CARRIONCARRION

DECOMPOSERSDECOMPOSERS- BREAK - BREAK DOWN AND ABOSORB DOWN AND ABOSORB NUTRIENTS FROM DEAD NUTRIENTS FROM DEAD ORGANISMSORGANISMS

MORE SPECIES MORE SPECIES RELATIONSHIPSRELATIONSHIPS

CARNIVORESCARNIVORES- MEAT - MEAT EATERSEATERS

HERBIVORESHERBIVORES- PLANT - PLANT EATERSEATERS

OMNIVORES-OMNIVORES- EAT PLANTS EAT PLANTS AND ANIMALSAND ANIMALS

MATTER AND ENERGY IN MATTER AND ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEMSECOSYSTEMS

FOOD CHAINFOOD CHAIN- A CHAIN OF - A CHAIN OF FOOD TRANSFER FROM ONE FOOD TRANSFER FROM ONE ORGANISM TO ANOTHERORGANISM TO ANOTHER

TROPHIC LEVELTROPHIC LEVEL- A FEEDING - A FEEDING STEP IN THE PASSAGE OF STEP IN THE PASSAGE OF ENERGY AND MATERIALSENERGY AND MATERIALS

MATTER AND ENERGY IN MATTER AND ENERGY IN ECOSYSTEMSECOSYSTEMS

FOOD WEBFOOD WEB- ALL POSSIBLE - ALL POSSIBLE FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS FEEDING RELATIONSHIPS AT EACH TROPHIC LEVEL AT EACH TROPHIC LEVEL IN A COMMUNITYIN A COMMUNITY

FOOD CHAINFOOD CHAIN

FOOD CHAINFOOD CHAIN

FOOD WEBFOOD WEB

ECOLOGICAL PYRAMIDECOLOGICAL PYRAMID

ENERGY PYRAMIDENERGY PYRAMID- SHOWS - SHOWS AMOUNT OF ENERGY AT AMOUNT OF ENERGY AT EACH TROPHIC LEVELEACH TROPHIC LEVEL

BIOMASS PYRAMIDBIOMASS PYRAMID- AMOUNT - AMOUNT OF LIVING ORGANIC MATTER OF LIVING ORGANIC MATTER AT EACH LEVELAT EACH LEVEL

Chemical CyclesChemical Cycles

Nutrients are not replenished Nutrients are not replenished by sunby sun

Nutrients are limitedNutrients are limitedThey must be recycled in They must be recycled in

ecosystemsecosystemsNutrients and water cycle on Nutrients and water cycle on

a global scalea global scale

The Carbon CycleThe Carbon Cycle

Carbon cycleCarbon cycle- the movement of - the movement of carbon through the environmentcarbon through the environment

Photosynthesis Photosynthesis 6H 6H220+ 600+ 6022 + energy + energy C6H C6H1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22

Respiration Respiration C C66HH1212OO66 + 6O + 6O22 6CO 6CO22 + energy + energy

Carbon CycleCarbon Cycle

CARBON CYCLECARBON CYCLE

NITROGEN CYCLENITROGEN CYCLE

NITROGEN MAKES UP 78 % NITROGEN MAKES UP 78 % OF AIROF AIR

NN2 2 MUST BE CONVERTED MUST BE CONVERTED INTO OTHER COMPOUNDS INTO OTHER COMPOUNDS BEFORE USED BY LIVING BEFORE USED BY LIVING THINGSTHINGS

NITROGEN CYCLENITROGEN CYCLE

NITROGEN CYCLENITROGEN CYCLE

NITROGEN-FIXING NITROGEN-FIXING BACTERIA CONVERT NBACTERIA CONVERT N22 TO AMMONIA (NHTO AMMONIA (NH33) INTO ) INTO AMMONIUM IONS OR AMMONIUM IONS OR NITRATESNITRATES

NITROGEN CYCLENITROGEN CYCLE

PLANTS ABSORB NITRATES PLANTS ABSORB NITRATES BY ROOTSBY ROOTS

PLANTS MAKE AMINO ACIDSPLANTS MAKE AMINO ACIDSHUMANS GET NITROGEN BY HUMANS GET NITROGEN BY

EATING PLANTS OR EATING PLANTS OR ORGANISMS THAT EAT THEMORGANISMS THAT EAT THEM

NITROGEN CYCLENITROGEN CYCLE

DECOMPOSERS BREAK DECOMPOSERS BREAK DOWN WASTES AND DOWN WASTES AND REMAINS OF DEAD REMAINS OF DEAD ORGANISMS AND RELEASE ORGANISMS AND RELEASE AMMONIAAMMONIA

START AGAINSTART AGAIN

Nitrogen CycleNitrogen Cycle

NITROGEN CYCLENITROGEN CYCLE

WATER CYCLEWATER CYCLE

EVAPORATIONEVAPORATIONCONDENSATIONCONDENSATIONPRECIPITATIONPRECIPITATION

Water CycleWater Cycle

BIOMESBIOMES

ICEICETUNDRATUNDRATAIGATAIGA GRASSLANDGRASSLANDDESERTDESERTTEMPERATE FORESTTEMPERATE FORESTTROPICAL RAINFORESTTROPICAL RAINFOREST