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Prior to 1942 Prior to 1942 Invasion of Austria 1938 Invasion of Austria 1938 Sept 1, 1939: Hitler invades Sept 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland; France / England Poland; France / England declare war declare war Hitler and Stalin take over a Hitler and Stalin take over a bunch of little countries bunch of little countries 1940 France falls to Hitler 1940 France falls to Hitler 1940 Battle of Britain 1940 Battle of Britain Dec 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor Dec 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor bombed; U.S. enters war bombed; U.S. enters war

Prior to 1942 Invasion of Austria 1938 Sept 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland; France / England declare war Hitler and Stalin take over a bunch of little

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Page 1: Prior to 1942  Invasion of Austria 1938  Sept 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland; France / England declare war  Hitler and Stalin take over a bunch of little

Prior to 1942Prior to 1942 Invasion of Austria 1938Invasion of Austria 1938 Sept 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland; Sept 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland;

France / England declare warFrance / England declare war Hitler and Stalin take over a bunch of Hitler and Stalin take over a bunch of

little countrieslittle countries 1940 France falls to Hitler 1940 France falls to Hitler 1940 Battle of Britain1940 Battle of Britain Dec 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor bombed; Dec 7, 1941 Pearl Harbor bombed;

U.S. enters warU.S. enters war

Page 2: Prior to 1942  Invasion of Austria 1938  Sept 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland; France / England declare war  Hitler and Stalin take over a bunch of little

War PlansWar Plans December 22, 1941: December 22, 1941:

Churchill and Churchill and Roosevelt met for Roosevelt met for three weeks to work three weeks to work out war planout war plan

Decision to strike Decision to strike against Hitler first against Hitler first because Germany because Germany and Italy were seen and Italy were seen as a greater threatas a greater threat

Page 3: Prior to 1942  Invasion of Austria 1938  Sept 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland; France / England declare war  Hitler and Stalin take over a bunch of little
Page 4: Prior to 1942  Invasion of Austria 1938  Sept 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland; France / England declare war  Hitler and Stalin take over a bunch of little
Page 5: Prior to 1942  Invasion of Austria 1938  Sept 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland; France / England declare war  Hitler and Stalin take over a bunch of little

The Battle of the AtlanticThe Battle of the Atlantic Allies depended on supplies from U.S.; After Allies depended on supplies from U.S.; After

America’s entry into the war, Hitler was America’s entry into the war, Hitler was determined to prevent food and war determined to prevent food and war supplies from reaching Britain and the USSR supplies from reaching Britain and the USSR

Hitler ordered submarine attacks against Hitler ordered submarine attacks against supply ships (wolf packs) while the Allies supply ships (wolf packs) while the Allies organized convoys of cargo ships with organized convoys of cargo ships with destroyer and airplane escortsdestroyer and airplane escorts

In the first seven months of 1942, In the first seven months of 1942, German U-German U-boats sank 681 Allied ships in the Atlanticboats sank 681 Allied ships in the Atlantic

Only in 1943 do the Only in 1943 do the Allies make gains Allies make gains because of the increased effort in ship because of the increased effort in ship buildingbuilding

Game at: Game at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_gms_battle_http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_gms_battle_atlantic.shtmlatlantic.shtml

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ALLIES ATTACK U-BOATSALLIES ATTACK U-BOATS

U-426 sinks after attack from the air, January 1944. Almost two-thirds of all U-boat sailors died during the Battle of the Atlantic.

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THE EASTERN FRONTTHE EASTERN FRONTTurning point of the war: Turning point of the war: Battle of StalingradBattle of Stalingrad

Russia at war against Germany since 1941Russia at war against Germany since 1941 Stalingrad: a major industrial center in RussiaStalingrad: a major industrial center in Russia

• Hitler wanted to capture Caucasus oil fields Hitler wanted to capture Caucasus oil fields and destroy Stalingradand destroy Stalingrad

August 1942: series of bombing raids sets much of the city on fire; this was followed by weeks of hand-to-hand combat in the city

Then winter set in:• Germans unprepared: wearing summer

uniforms / short on food• Soviet army brings in fresh supplies and

surrounds the city cutting off German supply lines

• Germans now were on the defensive The Germans surrendered in January 1943 Soviets begin to move west on the offense

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BATTLE OF STALINGRADBATTLE OF STALINGRAD

•The Soviets lost more than 1 million men in the battle (more than twice the number of deaths the U.S. suffered in all the war)•Stalin never forgave Roosevelt and Churchill for not helping out

Page 10: Prior to 1942  Invasion of Austria 1938  Sept 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland; France / England declare war  Hitler and Stalin take over a bunch of little

THE NORTH AFRICAN FRONTTHE NORTH AFRICAN FRONT ““Operation TorchOperation Torch” ” Invasion of Axis-Invasion of Axis-

controlled North Africa in controlled North Africa in 19421942

Led by American General Led by American General Dwight D. EisenhowerDwight D. Eisenhower

Allied troops land in Allied troops land in Casablanca, Oran and the Casablanca, Oran and the Algiers in AlgeriaAlgiers in Algeria

Fought Fought Afrika Korps led Afrika Korps led by German General Edwin by German General Edwin RommelRommel (“the Desert (“the Desert Fox”) into EgyptFox”) into Egypt

Germans surrender in May Germans surrender in May 19431943

Map at: Map at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwarhttp://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_el_alamein.shtmls/wwtwo/launch_ani_el_alamein.shtml

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CASABLANCA MEETINGCASABLANCA MEETING FDR and Churchill met in Casablanca FDR and Churchill met in Casablanca

• 1) Plan amphibious invasions of France 1) Plan amphibious invasions of France and Italyand Italy

• 2) Only unconditional surrender would be 2) Only unconditional surrender would be acceptedaccepted

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ITALIAN CAMPAIGNITALIAN CAMPAIGN Allies easily took Sicily in 1943Allies easily took Sicily in 1943 King Emmanuel III stripped Mussolini King Emmanuel III stripped Mussolini

of his power and had him arrestedof his power and had him arrested• Germans rescued him by dropping 100 Germans rescued him by dropping 100

parachutists at his mountain prison and flying parachutists at his mountain prison and flying him to Munich.him to Munich.

• Mussolini is captured April 28,1945 by Italian Mussolini is captured April 28,1945 by Italian partisans.partisans.

• They shot him and hung his body upside down They shot him and hung his body upside down in Milan Square.in Milan Square.

Hitler’s forces continued to resist the Hitler’s forces continued to resist the Allies in Italy; Hitler’s strategy: he Allies in Italy; Hitler’s strategy: he would rather fight in Italy than on would rather fight in Italy than on German soilGerman soil

Not until 1945 and the collapse of Not until 1945 and the collapse of Germany was Italy secured by the Germany was Italy secured by the AlliesAllies

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ALLIES LIBERATE EUROPEALLIES LIBERATE EUROPEthe Allies left the Allies left fake clues, set fake clues, set up phantom up phantom army, and sent army, and sent fake radio fake radio messages to messages to make it look make it look like the like the invasion would invasion would take place take place near Calaisnear Calais

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D-DAY JUNE 6, 1944D-DAY JUNE 6, 1944 ““Operation Operation

Overlord” Overlord” Commander Commander

General Dwight General Dwight D. EisenhowerD. Eisenhower

Also called “D-Also called “D-Day,” Day,”

June 6, 1944June 6, 1944 Largest land-Largest land-

sea-air operation sea-air operation in military in military historyhistory

Established a Established a second front for second front for the warthe war

D-Day was an amphibious landing – soldiers going from sea to land

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D-Day (Operation Overlord)D-Day (Operation Overlord) Allied forces landed at Normandy in Allied forces landed at Normandy in

Northern FranceNorthern France• 3 divisions land via parachute behind 3 divisions land via parachute behind

German linesGerman lines• Remaining British, American, and Canadian Remaining British, American, and Canadian

forces landed at beaches named Gold, Juno, forces landed at beaches named Gold, Juno, Sword, Utah, and OmahaSword, Utah, and Omaha

Despite heavy losses, Allies hold Despite heavy losses, Allies hold the beachthe beach

Within a month, the Allies had landed 1 Within a month, the Allies had landed 1 million troops, 567,000 tons of supplies million troops, 567,000 tons of supplies and 170,000 vehiclesand 170,000 vehicles

Map at: Map at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_overlord_chttp://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/launch_ani_overlord_campaign.shtmlampaign.shtml

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OMAHA BEACH 6/6/44

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Landing at Normandy

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Planes drop paratroopers behind enemy lines at Normandy, France

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FRANCE FREEDFRANCE FREED After bombing roads, bridges, After bombing roads, bridges,

and German troops there was and German troops there was a gap in enemy defense linea gap in enemy defense line

General George Patton led General George Patton led Third Army through the gap Third Army through the gap and liberated Paris on August and liberated Paris on August 25, 194425, 1944

By September 1944, the Allies By September 1944, the Allies had freed France, Belgium had freed France, Belgium and Luxembourgand Luxembourg

That good news and the That good news and the American’s people’s desire American’s people’s desire not to “change horses in not to “change horses in midstream” helped elect FDR midstream” helped elect FDR to an unprecedented 4to an unprecedented 4thth term term

General George Patton (right) was instrumental in Allies freeing

France

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The Battle of the BulgeThe Battle of the Bulge October 1944, Allies captured October 1944, Allies captured

first German town, Aachenfirst German town, Aachen Battle of the Bulge - Germans Battle of the Bulge - Germans

final counter attack on the final counter attack on the western frontwestern front• Hitler hoped breaking through Hitler hoped breaking through

the Allied line would break up the Allied line would break up Allied supply lines Allied supply lines

• December, German tank December, German tank divisions and 200,000 German divisions and 200,000 German troops attacked Alliestroops attacked Allies

• The Germans drove 60 miles The Germans drove 60 miles into Allied area creating a into Allied area creating a “bulge” in the line“bulge” in the line

• reinforcements arrived and reinforcements arrived and the allies were able to push the allies were able to push the Germans backthe Germans back

• Battle a turning point: Germans Battle a turning point: Germans were now on the defensive in the were now on the defensive in the Eastern Front tooEastern Front too

American soldiers photographed in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge.

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Battle of the BulgeBattle of the Bulge Before the attack started, English speaking Before the attack started, English speaking

German soldiers dressed in American uniforms German soldiers dressed in American uniforms went behind the lines of the Allies and caused went behind the lines of the Allies and caused havoc by spreading misinformation, changing havoc by spreading misinformation, changing road signs and cutting telephone lines. Those road signs and cutting telephone lines. Those who were caught were shot after a court martial who were caught were shot after a court martial

The Battle of the Bulge was the largest The Battle of the Bulge was the largest battle fought by the Americans in battle fought by the Americans in World War Two. 600,000 American troops . 600,000 American troops were involved in the battle. The Americans were involved in the battle. The Americans lost 81,000 men while the Germans lost lost 81,000 men while the Germans lost 100,000 killed, wounded and captured.100,000 killed, wounded and captured.

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BATTLE OF THE BULGEBATTLE OF THE BULGE Little seemed to Little seemed to

have changed, but have changed, but in fact the Germans in fact the Germans had sustained had sustained heavy losses: heavy losses: 120,000 troops, 120,000 troops, 600 tanks and 600 tanks and 1,600 planes1,600 planes

Battle a turning Battle a turning point: Germans point: Germans were now on the were now on the defensive in the defensive in the Eastern Front tooEastern Front too

Page 30: Prior to 1942  Invasion of Austria 1938  Sept 1, 1939: Hitler invades Poland; France / England declare war  Hitler and Stalin take over a bunch of little

LIBERATION OF DEATH CAMPSLIBERATION OF DEATH CAMPS

While the British and While the British and Americans moved westward Americans moved westward into Germany, the Soviets into Germany, the Soviets moved eastward into moved eastward into German-controlled PolandGerman-controlled Poland

The Soviets discovered The Soviets discovered many death camps that the many death camps that the Germans had set up within Germans had set up within PolandPoland• Find thousands of starving Find thousands of starving

prisoners and extensive prisoners and extensive evidence of the murdersevidence of the murders

• Stunned Soviets call it a Stunned Soviets call it a “murder camp”“murder camp”

The Americans also The Americans also liberated Nazi death camps liberated Nazi death camps within Germanywithin Germany

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Liberation of the Death CampsLiberation of the Death Camps

General (later US President) Dwight Eisenhower

inspecting prisoners' corpses at a liberated concentration

camp, 1945

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FDR DIES; TRUMAN PRESIDENTFDR DIES; TRUMAN PRESIDENT•On April 12, 1945, FDR suffered a stroke and died– his VP Harry S Truman became president

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ALLIES TAKE BERLIN; HITLER ALLIES TAKE BERLIN; HITLER COMMITS SUICIDECOMMITS SUICIDE

By April 25, 1945, the Soviet army had By April 25, 1945, the Soviet army had stormed Berlinstormed Berlin

Hitler hid in his underground headquarters Hitler hid in his underground headquarters in Berlinin Berlin

On April 29, he married his longtime On April 29, he married his longtime girlfriend Eva Braun girlfriend Eva Braun then wrote a last note then wrote a last note in which he blamed the Jews for starting in which he blamed the Jews for starting the war and his generals for losing itthe war and his generals for losing it

The next day he gave poison to his wife The next day he gave poison to his wife and shot himself; bodies were then burnedand shot himself; bodies were then burned

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V-E DAYV-E DAY General Eisenhower General Eisenhower

accepted the unconditional accepted the unconditional surrender of the Third Reichsurrender of the Third Reich

On May 8, 1945, the Allies On May 8, 1945, the Allies celebrated V-E Day – victory in celebrated V-E Day – victory in Europe DayEurope Day

The war in Europe was finally The war in Europe was finally overover

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American soldier celebrating the end of the war

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Unconditional SurrenderUnconditional SurrenderV-E celebration in New York City