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LANE’S
ENGLISHPronunciation Guide
byRichard R. Lane, Ph.D.
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Copyright © 1977; revised 1988, 2000 by Richard R. Lane
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be changed
without written permission from the publisher.
The world’s most efficacious method for teaching English
pronunciation is freelygive to all students and teachers by-
Lane Press
P.O. Box 17822Stanford, CA 94305USA
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PREFACE
Lane’s English Pronunciation Guide is a drill book designed for
learners of English as aSecond Language. It has two sections:
Consonants and Vowels.
The consonants and vowels give practice in the pronunciation of
40 distinct English sounds.
Each phoneme is indicated by the International Phonetic
Alphabet, accompanied by a list ofalternative English spellings.
There is also a diagram for each sound, showing the position ofthe
tongue, teeth and lips, and indicating whether the sound is voiced
or voiceless, i.e., whetheror not it has a vibration. The correct
positioning of the tongue and other speech organs is vital
to clear pronunciation, therefore, the diagrams should be used
as constant reminders whenworking on minimal pairs.
The words in the drills form a large part of the vocabulary
found in Dr. Lane’s text series
entitled Lane’s English as a Second Language. When used
together, the PronunciationGuide and the texts provide the learner
with continual cross reinforcement of words andsounds.
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CONTENTS
Preface
......................................................................................................................... iiiDiagram
of speech organs
.........................................................................................
vi
CONSONANTS
s (sea)
...................................................................................................................
2z (zebra)
................................................................................................................
3f (foot)
...................................................................................................................
4v (vase)
.................................................................................................................
5t (time)
..................................................................................................................
6d (dog)
...................................................................................................................
7l (leaf)
...................................................................................................................
8r (rain)
...................................................................................................................
9T (theater)
............................................................................................................
10D (the)
..................................................................................................................
11p (page)
...............................................................................................................
12b (bone)
...............................................................................................................
13k (key)
.................................................................................................................
14g (goat)
................................................................................................................
15hw (wheel)
..............................................................................................................
16w (wave)
...............................................................................................................
17 S (shoe)
...............................................................................................................
18Z (garage)
............................................................................................................
19tS (chair)
...............................................................................................................
20dZ (jeep)
................................................................................................................
21m (moon)
..............................................................................................................
22n (nose)
...............................................................................................................
23k (king)
................................................................................................................
24h (hair)
.................................................................................................................
25 j (yes)
.................................................................................................................
26
VOWELS
e (ate
...................................................................................................................
28Q (at)
....................................................................................................................
29i (eel)
..................................................................................................................
30I (ill)
.....................................................................................................................
31aI (night)
...............................................................................................................
32E (net)
..................................................................................................................
33o (own)
................................................................................................................
34ç (on)
...................................................................................................................
35´ (nut)
..................................................................................................................
36A (not)
..................................................................................................................
37
aU (cow)
.................................................................................................................
38çI (coy)
.................................................................................................................
39u (wooed)
............................................................................................................
40U (wood)
..............................................................................................................
41 ju (you)
.................................................................................................................
42
-er/ir/ur/or
..........................................................................................................
43
-ed
.........................................................................................................
44
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SPEECH ORGANS
Voiced sounds are produced with the vocal cords nearly closed
and vibrating. Voiceless
sounds are made with the vocal cords open. In the profile
diagrams, a vibrating lineindicates that the sound is voiced;
dashes indicate that it is voiceless.
Where production of the sound involves movement of the tongue,
lips, or jaw, the startingposition is shown by a solid line, the
direction of movement by an arrow, and the finalposition by a
broken line.
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LESSON FORMAT
The standard lesson is designed for 30 minutes. The teacher may
begin by saying the sound
several times and then pointing out its alternative spellings at
the top of the page. Using thediagram, the teacher should indicate
the position of the lips, teeth and tongue, and whetherthe sound is
voiced or voiceless.
Beginning with the six proper nouns under the diagram, the
teacher should pronounce eachword clearly and have the students
repeat in unison. Then each student should have theopportunity to
say the words individually.
Where possible each sound is given in its initial, medial and
final positions. Because it iseasier to hear and then reproduce the
sound if it is relatively isolated at the beginning and endof a
word, it is recommended that the following order of presentation be
used:
1. initial2. final
3. medial
In presenting each phoneme, the teacher should go down a column
of words modeling eachof them and letting the students repeat in
unison. Finally each student should pronounce the
column individually. Except in advanced classes, it is
recommended that little attention begiven to word meaning. Teachers
should point out that what is important is the sound. This,
ofcourse, may vary from class to class and with a teacher’s
particular style.
At the bottom of each page, there is a list of minimal pairs
which provides a contrastive
exercise between easily confused sounds. By this time, students
have heard the sound (inthe majority of cases) in at least 42
different words so their ability to reproduce and discrimi-
nate it from other sounds should be much higher than when they
began the exercise. Stu-dents may find it helpful if the teacher
pronounces the pure sounds before each of them giveshis recitation
of the pairs. For example, the teacher may say s-z, s-z,
s-z (as sounds, not asletters), before a student attempts
see-z, seal-zeal, sink-zinc , etc. The teacher should
stress
the difference between the voiced and voiceless pairs.
Page 43 gives practice with r including discrimination
between far, fair, fear, and for. Page 44deserves special
attention because it deals with the voiced and unvoiced
pronunciation of dat the end of words.
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TEACHING HINTS
1. Give your students a good model of pronunciation to
follow.
2. Let your students see your mouth when you speak.
3. Do not jump from one exercise to another. Work on one phoneme
at a time. Remember that for astudent to achieve his goal of
accurate pronunciation, he must first hear the sound correctly and
under-stand its proper articulation. This takes time, patience and
drilling.
4. Do not be overly demanding about a student’s pronunciation
the first few times. If a student can notreproduce the sound, you
may stop, go over the articulation, give a couple of distinct
examples, and/or
make a contrast with a similar, but different sound. Failure to
reproduce a sound can easily lead astudent to frustration. A good
teacher will stop well before this point. Remember that repetition
is the
mother of learning, so after identifying a few sounds that are
difficult for your class, repeat them fre-quently during the
course.
5. Note the students with the best pronunciation and always
begin with them during the individualrecitations. This allows the
weaker ones to hear the sound several times before their turn.
6. Use the diagrams to indicate the position of the tongue,
teeth and lips. Be very careful that your
students position these organs correctly, for if you do not,
they will not be able to reproduce the qualityof sound necessary to
speak without an accent. For example, most languages have the sound
of “d”
but in making this sound some speakers put their tongues behind
their teeth and some put them far upon the roof of their mouths.
English speakers put theirs on the gum ridge directly above the
front teeth.Each position gives a different quality “d.” A student
who wants to speak English correctly must, there-
fore, position his tongue accordingly. Be patient, but
demanding. Your students will thank you.
7. Explain that some sounds have a vibration in the throat and
some do not. Those with a vibration(voiced sounds) are indicated in
the text with and those without a vibration (voiceless sounds)
are
shown with in the diagrams. The vibration may be felt by placing
the hand on the throat. Thepresence or absence of the vibration is
extremely important, because it is the only difference between
the pronunciation of the following pairs:
voiceless: s f t T p k hw S tS
voiced: z v d D b g w Z dZ
8. Cognizance of the difference between voiced and voiceless
sounds will aid learners in avoiding avery serious mistake.
Speakers of Indo-European language have a marked tendency to
unvoice final
voiced consonants. When this is done in English, it causes
cab to become cap, bed - bet, pig - pick,
save - safe, his - hiss, edge - etch , etc. It is thus very
important for students to learn to voice final
voicedconsonants.
9. A second mistake to avoid is in the pronunciation of p, t and
k. English, in contrast to many other
languages, requires a light puff of air (aspiration) when these
voiceless consonants are found, espe-cially at the beginning and
end of words ( pipe, tent, kick ). Failure to aspirate
gives a flat effect to
English pronunciation. The strong aspiration that we give these
sounds can be demonstrated by pro-nouncing them while holding a
sheet of paper in one hand about two inches from the mouth.
10. Some languages, particularly Italian and Japanese, have very
few final consonant sounds. Whenspeakers of such languages
pronounce English words with final constants, one often seems to
hear
an extra “a,” for example: cab-a, road-a, bag-a . In fact,
what is happening is the speaker is releasingthe consonant before
the air flow stops. This tendency may be corrected by holding, or
not
releasing the consonant until the air flow stops. This
solution works best with final voiced consonants.
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Although some linguists apply the same remedy to voiceless ones,
this author feels that the aspira-tion of final voiceless
consonants gives a desirable crispness to pronunciation and
produces a cleardistinction
between can and can’t, did and
didn’t, ten and tent, etc.
11. Sounds may be divided into three groups: consonants, vowels
and diphthongs.
CONSONANTS may be subdivided into
A. PLOSIVES - sounds that are stopped abruptly: p, b, t, d, k,
g, tS, dZ
B. CONTINUANTS - sounds that may continue as long as the breath
lasts:
1. fricatives- sounds made by forcing air through a narrow space
causing friction: f, v, w, hw, h,
r, D, T
2. sibilant fricatives- sounds with a whistle: s, z, S,
Z
3. nasal continuants- sounds made by the passage of air through
the nose: m, n, N
4. lateral continuant- sound made by the passage of air around
the sides of the tongue: l
5. semi-consonants (or semi-vowels)- free-flowing sounds with a
vowel-like quality: ju, j
VOWELS are unobstructed voiced sounds. They are often classified
according to the position of thetongue. The sounds may be made on
the FRONT, MIDDLE, or BACK of the tongue which may be ina high,
medium, or low position.
FRONT
high i (eel)I (it)
medium E (edge)low Q (atom)
MIDDLE ´ (up, mama)
BACKhigh u (shoe)
U (book)medium ç (author)low A (ox)
DIPHTHONGS or glides are a combination of two vowel sounds. They
may be shown to progressfrom the high front of the tongue to the
low back.
FRONT j (yes) ju (youth)e (ape)aI (ice)
BACK çI (oil)o (oak)aU (out)
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ACCENT IMPROVEMENT- Two frequently heard defects in English
pronunciation are:
1. a slurring and/or
2. a staccato ta-ta-ta-ta quality
The first problem, slurring, is often heard from speakers of
languages that encourage a liaison between
the end of one word and the beginning of the next. When this is
done in English the result is quiteundesirable. The English ear
does not expect musical or lyrical qualities; it responds to
crispness. Welike to hear one word end before the next begins. Not
only are the consonant endings of many words adefinite obstacle to
linking, intelligibility demands their clear articulation. We want
and need to hear a
difference between:
14 40 ask asked160 1/60 print prints
can can’t be in beingbe beef faint faintedpour pork
To achieve the desired crispness, we have to cut words from one
another by giving full value to conso-
nant endings. Exaggeration is not unwarranted, because the
student will naturally reduce it.
The second problem, a staccato quality, comes from the fact that
in most languages vowels are givenequal stress so that every
syllable has equal value. Stress within the words is achieved by
accentuat-
ing a particular syllable. When English is spoken in this
fashion, the result is a computer-like output.
In English, all syllables of a word are not given equal stress.
Rather the stressed syllable is elongated.
This results in the deformation of other vowels, often turning
them into mere shwas: ´. Thus, studentsof English must learn to
elongate or stretch the vowels, rather than raise their voices, at
the stress point
of words. For example:
dare co men /\ tion, re co men daaa tion
tucon sti /\ tion, con sti tuuu tion
fri
instead of re /\ ge ra tor, teach re friii ge ra tor
a
pro nun ci /\ tion, pro nun ci aaa tion
senre pre /\ ta tive, re pre seeen ta tive
At first, this may sound like encouraging a “cowboy” style of
speech, but given the natural inclination
of students to shorten and equalize all syllables, we must
exaggerate the elongation in practice.
PRACTICAL TIPS:
1. Have students color the tongue in the diagrams with a
highlighter pen to emphasize its position.2. Have students use a
pink or yellow highlighter pen to color code voiced consonants.
This mayalso be done with reading passages to visually reinforce
the need to voice many final consonants.
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CONSONANTS
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Put the teeth together, edge to edge. Keep the tongue flat and
release a
VOICELESS stream of air. Do not let the tongue touch the
teeth.
seaglassbasecityicescience
psalmswordwaltz
Samuel Saturday Spain
Susan Sunday Sweden
say also basesane pencil face
see muscle raceseen person piecesigh mister peacesign lesson
niece
so answer icesown history ricesue bracelet nicesoon possible
close
soup necessary glasssuit responsible force
s z - s s z
sea z bay base race rays
seal zeal knee niece niece kneessink zinc eye ice ice eyessip
zip dough dose close close
sue zoo do deuce use use
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Put the teeth together, edge to edge. Keep the tongue flat and
release a VOICED
stream of air. Do not let the tongue touch the teeth.
zero jazzdozeeasyraisescissorsxylophone
Zachary Zaire Zurich
Zena Zambia Zagreb
zeal easy payszone lazy rays
zoo crazy pleasezoom visit freezezinc music thesezest poison
those
zero result rosezebra season clotheszipper museum iszodiac
cousin his
zenith husband waszigzag opposite does
s z - s s z
see zeal ray rays race rays
seal zeal bee bees cease seassink zinc eye eyes ice eyessip zip
no nose dose doze
sue zoo new news loose lose
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4
Put the upper teeth firmly on the lower lip and force out a
VOICELESS stream of air.
footphonesufferlifeenough
Philip February Florida
Frances Friday France
face left iffame soft off
feet after safefeel before leaffine coffee beeffile office
life
foam effect knifephone defeat loaffood profit rooffool different
laugh
far beautiful roughfor telephone enough
f v - f f v
face vase say safe safe save
feel veal be beef leaf leavefine vine lie life life livefew view
low loaf half have
fairy very shell shelf proof prove
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6
Put the end of the tongue firmly against the roof of the mouth
(not on the teeth!) and
then suddenly release it, letting a VOICELESS stream of air
escape.
tobuttondateaskedThamesdebtindictyachtreceiptmight
Thomas Tuesday Thailand
Teresa Texas Turkey
take metal datetape letter wait
tea detail meatteam writing seattie meeting lighttime between
right
toe country coattone history boattoo victory roottool interest
suit
tooth military boottongue political but
t d - t t d
tea d ray rate mate made
tie die be beat seat seedtime dime tie tight right ridetoe dough
row wrote coat code
to do shoe shoot root rude
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Make the tongue hard. Put it very firmly on the roof of the
mouth, high above the
teeth. Let a VOICED stream of air escape around its sides.
longtallmile
Louis Lebanon Laos
Lisa Louisiana Liberia
late belt salelake salt nail
leaf milk heelleak along meallife color milelike salad file
low early holeloan family coalloose feeling ballloop ceiling
fall
less building calllip bracelet tall
l r - l l r
late rate ray rail foal for
lead read he heel mole morelight right my mile stole storelow
row hoe hole oval over
loom room do duel feel fear
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Put the tongue exactly as for l, but do not touch the roof
of the mouth. Or, makean l and break the contact with the roof
of the mouth. Let a VOICED stream ofair escape.
redcorrectmorewriterhyme
Richard Russia Rumania
Rose Rhine Rome
rake dark or
rain park for
read heart morereal part areright cart car
ride start farrow horn airroad corn hairroom born chair
root horse earred force hereready course beer
l r - r l r
late rate allay array foal forlead read elect erect mole
morelight right collect correct stole store
low row believe bereave oval overloom room ceiling searing feel
fear
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Put the end of the tongue between the upper and lower front
teeth and release a
VOICELESS stream of air.
think
Theodore Thursday Katherine
Thelma Nathaniel Elizabeth
thin ether withthink ethnic bath
thick method paththank author boththumb healthy birththing
wealthy earth
throat athlete tooththeory pathetic mouththought ruthless
souththeater birthday north
thunder cathedral growththousand something fourth
s T - T s T
sank thank six sixth use youth
sink think seven seventh pass pathsick thick eight eighth mouse
mouthsing thing nine ninth force fourth
some thumb ten tenth gross growth
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Put the end of the tongue between the upper and lower front
teeth and release
a VOICED stream of air.
thebathe
they other bathethee mother scathe
these father teethethy brother seethethough rather breathe
those leather sheathethe feather wreathethen weather tithe
them farther clothethis together loathethat northern soothethere
southern smooth
D d - D D s
they day bay bathe they say
thee d tea teethe thee seethy die tie tithe thy sigh
though dough low loathe though sothose doze sue soothe that
sat
this claim disclaim the fame defame
this place displace the base debasethis taste distaste the bait
debatethis favor disfavor the vice devicethis color discolor the
spies despise
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Press the lips together tightly, then release a VOICELESS puff
of air.
paysupportropehiccough
Peter Poland Peru
Patricia Portugal Pakistan
pay copy apepain open tape
page happy keeppea apple cheappiece expert sheeppeace company
hope
pie support soappine capital ropepose opposite typepole hospital
ripe
push expensive souppull comparison step
p b - p p b
pay bay a ape cap cab
pea bee key keep cup cubpie by tie type cop cobpole bowl so soap
rip rib
push bush sue soup rope robe
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Press the lips together tightly, then release a VOICED puff of
air.
berabbitrobecupboard
Benjamin Boston Bolivia
Barbara Belgium Brazil
bay able labbase table cab
bait double crabbe trouble stabbean public rubbeach harbor
tub
by library cubbite subject pubbone rabbit jobboat husband
sob
boom member mobboot number rob
p b b v p b
pay bay base vase cap cab
pea be b v cup cubpie by bile vile cop cobpole bowl boat vote
rip rib
push bush berry very rope robe
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Put the back of the tongue up until it touches the soft palate
and stops the stream of
air. Release the stop with a little VOICELESS puff of air.
keepcandleaccountqueenschoolsackwalkmakeachekhaki
Kenneth California Korea
Katherine Canada Kenya
came uncle makecase pocket take
cake doctor weekkey secret weakkeep broken cokekite liquid
soak
kind market likecoat fiction bikecomb picture backcool factory
bank
cat necklace bookcow breakfast work
k g - k k g
came game may make back bag
coat goat we week rack ragcold gold lie like tack tagcome gum so
soak sack sag
could good do duke lack lag
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Put the back of the tongue up until it touches the soft palate
and stops the stream
of air. Release the stop with a little VOICED puff of air.
goodfoggy
guestghost
Gary God Ghana
Gladys Greece Guatemala
gate ago doggain again jog
guy begin logguide cigar foggo foggy egggoat sugar leg
gas degree baggun forget ragget finger buggive regular rug
girl against biggood together pig
k g g N k g
came game bag bang buck bug
coat goat gag gang muck mugcold gold log long tuck tugcome gum
wig wing luck lug
could good rug rung duck dug
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16
Make the lips round, as for a kiss or to blow out a candle.
Release a strong, VOICE-
LESS stream of air.
when
Whitney Whitehead Whitcomb
Whitman Whipple Wheeler
whale wham nowherewheel whim anywhere
wheat whiz somewherewhy whiff everywherewhile whirl
somewhatwhine whistle awhile
white whiskey meanwhilewhen whisper awhirlwhere whiskers
overwhelmwhat whack
which wheezewhip whether
- hw h hw w hw
air where hair where wear where
eye why high why y whyeel wheel hut what wine whineam wham hen
when witch which
ease wheeze hip whip weather whether
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Make the lips round, as for a kiss or to blow out a candle.
Release a steady
VOICED stream of air.
wetonequeen
Walter Wednesday Wyoming
Wanda Washington Warsaw
way twinwave twice
we twistweek sweetwide swimwife away
wine jewelwoke twentywound betweenwere queen
work quickword question
w v w hw w r
west vest wear where way ray
went vent wine whine weed reedwine vine witch which wide
ridewary very weather whether wise rise
wet vet world whirled won run
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Put the front teeth together, arch the tongue and release a
VOICELESS stream of
air.
shoesugaroceannationmachinecrucialexpansionimpressionchampagneanxiousconscious
Sherlock English Irish
Shari Scottish Spanish
shake ocean fishshape nation dish
she motion wishsheep location cashshy pressure clashshine
crucial crash
show election pushshoe attention washship machine freshshirt
insurance marsh
short delicious punishsugar impression foolish
s S tS S Z S
sea she chop shop confusion Confucian
sigh shy chew shoe allusion Aleutianso show chip ship glazier
glaciersue shoe cheap sheep delusion dilution
sip ship chair share pleasure pressure
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20
Put the end of the tongue firmly against the roof of the mouth,
as for t, then quickly
move the tongue into the arched position for S. Release a
VOICELESS puff of airand drop the lower jaw slightly.
checknaturewitchcello
Charles China Chile
Cherry Czechoslovakia Chad
chain nature eachcheap future teach
cheese culture beachchime picture lunchchoke creature matchchose
feature rich
chew adventure whichchoose structure marchchair literature
couchchest century coach
choice teacher touchchance orchard branch
tS S - tS tS dZ
chop shop e each cheap jeep
chew shoe be beach choke jokechip ship tea teach chin gincheap
sheep pea peach chest jest
chair share lee leech cheer jeer
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21
Put the end of the tongue firmly against the roof of the mouth,
as for d, then
quickly move the tongue into the arched position for Z. Release
a VOICEDpuff of air and drop the lower jaws slightly.
jumpgingraduaterage
Joseph June Japan
Jessica July Germany
jail agent age jade region wage
jeep engine page jeans urgent edge jive danger
orange joke pajamas damage
juice subject bridge joy manager change jet
stranger chargegin graduate college
giant education couragegeneral individual language
tS dZ - dZ g dZ
cheap jeep a age gale jail
choke joke pay page gear jeerchin gin ray rage get jetchest jest
way wage guest jest
cheer jeer say sage guard jarred
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22
Put the lips together and release a VOICED stream of air through
the nose.
moonsummersamecombpalm
Michael Monday Michigan
Mary May Mexico
may lemon samemake woman name
main limit teamme humor seemmeet number timemeal tomato dime
mile summer foammine family combmole complex roommoat comfort
them
moon company armmood chemical thumb
m n - m m n
mail nail say same came cane
me knee see seem seem seenmine nine tie time dime dinemow no foe
foam foam phone
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23
Open the mouth. Put the tongue high up on the roof of the mouth,
with the
sides of the tongue touching the teeth. Release a VOICED stream
of airthrough the nose.
nightfunnyboneknifesignpneumoniaWednesdaymnemonic
Nicholas Nebraska Norway
Natalie Nevada Nigeria
name any rainnail only brain
knee under seenneed owner beannice dinner winenight window
sign
no pencil bonenose danger phonenew money thennuclear control
in
not country onnever expensive an
n m - n n m
nail mail pay pain cane came
knee me bee bean seen seemnight might die dine dine dimeno mow
bow bone phone foam
nor more sue soon then them
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24
Put the back of the tongue up until it touches the soft palate
at the back of the
mouth, the same as for k and g. Release a VOICED stream of
air through the noseto produce the resonance of a bell’s
“ding-dong.”
songtongueanchor
Ming Nanking Beijing
Ching Hong Kong Shanghai
angle king jungle sing
finger thinglonger alonghunger amongyounger tongue
stronger beinganxious goingfunction cominglanguage having
distinct takinglinguistics putting
g N n N Nk N
bag bang ran rang bank bang
gag gang sin sing rank rangrag rang kin king sank sangwig wing
thin thing sink sing
tug tongue sun sung think thing
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25
Open the mouth wide and release a VOICELESS stream of air. The
lips and
tongue are usually shaped to form the following vowel.
hatwhole
Henry Hawaii Hungary
Helen Honduras Haiti
hail behavehate inhale
heel exhaleheat aheadhide behindhike inherit
hole anyhowhome manhoodhope womanhoodhot childhood
him parenthoodher nationhood
- h - h - h
is his am ham a hayit hit at hat e heair hair as has i hi
ear hear all hall 0 hoeold hold and hand u hue
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26
With the mouth open, raise the middle of the tongue to the roof
of the mouth. Re-
lease a VOICED stream of air.
yesonion
Yeats Yorktown Yemen
Young Yankee Yokohama
yes onionyet lawyer
year junioryell senioryawn geniusyard opinion
your millionyou’re billionyoung trillionyield stallion
yellow familiaryesterday communion
- j r j dZ j
oak yoke ram yam jet yet
ear year rear year jeer yeara m yam rung young jell yello r yore
roar yore joke yoke
o n yawn rot yacht juice use
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27
VOWELS
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28
The lips are relaxed and the mouth is open about the width of a
pencil. The middle
of the tongue is arched and moves to the roof of the mouth.
ateaimdaytheysteakbeigegauge
Abraham Spain Jamaica
Amy Haiti Taipei
ace late dayate date may
aim plate rayape face sayaid race payage place way
ache rain hayacre main bayable plain layagent same they
eight name grayacorn came stay
e Q e i e E
rain ran sail seal bait bet
pain pan rail real wait wetmain man pail peel late letcane can
hail heel mate met
feign fan fail feel date debt
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29
The mouth is open and relaxed. The tongue has a low arch in
front.
atlaughhalf
Albert Africa Antwerp
Alexandra Afghanistan Athens
as hatat had
an batand badaunt satatom sad
after manapple panaction ranactual can
answer banaccident tan
Q e Q I Q E
bat bait sack sick pan pen
hat hate lack lick tan tenmat mate tack tick man menfat fate
pack pick than then
rat rate stack stick can Ken
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30
Smile broadly with the teeth almost closed. The tongue is arched
in the middle high
enough to touch the upper teeth at the sides. The tongue is hard
and the muscles ofthe mouth are tense.
eateel
evenpeoplekeyfieldreceivebabymachinephoenix
Ely Egypt Easter
Eve Ethiopia Eden
eat beef meeel beat he
evil bead weeasy beam beeven bean peaeast beak sea
each beach teaequal peace keyeagle please sheeager people
fee
egoist receive theeevening machine knee
i I i E i e
eat it feed fed be bay
feet fit read red me maybeat bit lead led we wayseat sit bead
bed see say
heat hit seed said thee they
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31
Make a little smile with the mouth slightly open. The tongue is
arched, but not as
high as for i.
ithymnwomenhappiness
Isador Israel Italy
Isabel Indiana Illinois
if lipit his
is didin sixill thisitch with
insect shipindustry richinterest chinincrease milk
invention womenimportant living
I i I Q I E
dip deep in an bid bed
lip leap pin pan rid redrip reap tin tan lid ledship sheep fin
fan did dead
chip cheap bin ban hid head
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32
The mouth is half open with relaxed lips. The tongue is low and
flat. As the mouth
closes slightly, the lips are pulled back into a broad smile.
The tongue moves for-ward in a frontal arch, high enough to touch
the sides of the upper teeth.
icebybuybyelieeyeaislenightguideislandheight
Isaac Iowa Iceland
Irene Idaho Ireland
I life byeye wife buy
I’ll knife dieisle night lieaisle right tieice fight pie
item nine myidea fine thyiron line shyidle mine cry
idol sign tryisland shine why
aI E aI i aI o
light let by be by bow
might met my me my mownight net pie pea die doughsight set high
he high hoe
bite bet sigh see sigh so
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33
The mouth is open and the lips are relaxed. The tongue has a low
arch.
endmanysaidsaysguestfriendfeather
Edward Ecuador Edinburgh
Esther Estonia Elbe
any tenend men
edge penerror henelbow thenepic went
escort sentexpert benteditor meantelevator dent
embassy tenteducation vent
E aI E i E Q
pen pine bed bead pen pan
den dine led lead ten tanmen mine red read men manthen thine
said seed then than
when whine dead deed Ken can
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35
The lips are slightly rounded, but relaxed. The mouth is half
open. The tongue is
low and pulled back so that the back is higher than the
front.
offall
aweauthortalkboughtcaughtcough
Augustine Austria August
Audrey Australia Austin
on dog sawoff fog jaw
all talk pawalso walk cawalmost ball lawought soft claw
office cause rawawe coffee crawawful fought drawawkward bought
straw
author thought gnawaudience daughter thaw
ç o ç ´ ç A
call coal dawn done caught cot
fall foal gone gun taught totball bowl fawn fun wrought rothall
hole pawn pun sought sot
mall mole sawn sun naught not
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37
The mouth is open about half way and the lips are relaxed. The
tongue is low, flat
and slightly pulled back.
oddfather
Oscar October Oslo
Octavia Ottawa Oxford
ox hotodd not
opt lotolive gotopera potobject dot
obscure pocketoctopus rocketoctagon doctorobsolete dollar
opposite fatheroperation college
A ´ A Q A o
cot cut box backs hop hope
hot hut rocks racks mop mopenot nut locks lacks sop soaprot rut
socks sacks pop pope
shot shut stocks stacks cop cope
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38
The mouth is half open. The lips are slightly pulled back. The
tongue is low and a
little pulled back. Asthe mouth closes slightly, the lips become
tense and round.
outtownbough
Howard Faust Hangchow
Powell Cracow Lucknow
ow power howowl flower now
out shower cowour tower bowhour sour sowouch down wow
oust town vowounce noun prowoutfit gown plowoutside brown
brow
outcome drown thouourselves clown allow
aU A aU ç aU o
doubt dot towel tall now no
rout rot fowl fall sow soshout shot bowel ball how hoepout pot
howl hall thou though
gout got Powell Paul bow bow
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39
The mouth is half open with rounded lips. The tongue is low and
a little pulled back.
As the mouth closes slightly, the lips are pulled back into a
broad smile. The tonguemoves upwards in a high frontal arch.
voiceroyal
Roy Troy Hanoi
Joyce Doyle Boyd
oil boil boyoily soil toy
ointment toil joyoyster royal soy
loyal coy join ploy
coin enjoypoint annoyvoice alloychoice decoy
noise employpoison convoy
çI aU çI ç çI o
toil towel toil tall toiled told
foil fowl foil fall foiled foldsoy sow soil Saul soiled soldboy
bow boil ball boiled bold
coy cow coil call coiled cold
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40
The lips are round and tense, as if ready to whistle. The tongue
is arched in the
back high enough to touch the sides of the upper teeth.
dotrueflewshoerulegroupfruitschoolthrough
Louis June Peru
Susan Kuwait Sudan
room dosoon to
noon twomoon toofood youwhose who
cool zooschool suesoup shoegroup blue
boot flewfruit true
u U u o u ju
wooed would to toe ooze use
cooed could do dough whose huesshoed should who hoe fool
fuelstewed stood shoe show food feud
who’d hood through throw boot butte
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41
The mouth and lip muscles are relaxed. The tongue is arched high
in the back, but
not enough to touch any teeth.
bookputcouldwoman
Sugarman Goodwin Brookfield
Pullman Woodman Cushman
book putlook foot
took sootcook fullhook bullrook wool
good pullhood pushwood womanwould sugar
could bushelshould cushion
U u U ´ U ç
would wooed book buck full fall
could cooed look luck bull ballshould shoed took tuck wool
wallstood stewed shook shuck pull Paul
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42
The mouth is slightly open and the lips are a little rounded.
The tongue is arched in
the middle and touches the hard palate. As the lower jaw drops
slightly, the tongueis arched toward the back of the mouth.
useyouhuefewfeudviewbeautiful
Eugene Yukon Utah
Eunice Yugoslavia Uganda
you cube fewyouth cute view
use fuse hueused feud cueusual mule queueunit huge value
union music issueunique human rescueunited puny nephewusurp
jewel review
utopia mute continueuniversity hues interview
ju u ju e ju o
use ooze muse maze fuel foal
fuel fool pews pays mule molefeud food hues haze cute coathues
whose fuse phase mute moat
beauty booty cues Kay’s butte boat
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43
´r ´r ´r ´r
early fir fur mayorearth sir cur majorher dirt burn colorfather
firrst turn doctor
mother thirst hurt motorbrother bird nurse harborsister girl
purse laborafter birth curl workfaster virgin burp wordover mirky
church world
Ar Er Ir çr
r air ear orare fair here orefar hair hear for
car bear dear morestar care fear doorarm mare tear warfarm glare
beer floorart stare jeer toreheart snare cheer sorecart chair clear
store
rk rl rm rn rs
park girl arm born horsedark curl farm torn nurse
fork burl harm worn worsecork whirl charm horn forcemark moral
alarm corn courselark mineral firm thorn pursework barrel term warn
farceshark floral form learn sparse
jerk general storm darn cursespark plural norm barn
universe
rt rd rtS rdZ rts
part cord arch large hearts
cart board march charge cartsdart lord church barge partssmart
hoard perch urge chartschart roared birch purge hurtsheart soared
search merge shirtsstart toward lurch verge skirtssport sword porch
scourge sportsshirt bird starch splurge effortsskirt beard scorch
gorge concerts
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When ed comes after an unvoiced consonant (s, S, k,
p, etc.), the final d is UNVOICED andis pronounced
like t.
st St kt. pt ft tSt
danced cashed walked stopped staffed beached
discussed crashed talked helped stuffed coachedincreased washed
worked shopped whiffed hitchedimpressed wished looked mapped
fluffed matched
laced dashed asked flapped miffed crouchedfaced flashed baked
capped graphed munchedraced pushed raked sipped laughed
clenchedchased hushed liked gripped coughed drenched
balanced mashed hiked wrapped roughed patchedinfluenced splashed
packed shipped puffed hatched
When ed comes after a voiced consonant (z, v, m, n, N,
etc.) or a vowel sound (´), the finald is VOICED and is
pronounced d.
zd vd md nd Nd rd
caused lived seemed, listened hanged soaredclosed arrived combed
learned banged boredpaused received blamed gunned wronged tired
amazed beIieved aimed manned belonged wiredseized raved roamed
owned thronged fired
teased waved charmed rained prolonged hiredraised braved foamed
pained winged poured
posed saved roomed fanned clanged flooredcomposed paved dreamed
motioned pinged paperedsupposed craved streamed cautioned ganged
tutored
bd Id Dd gd t´d d´d
rubbed fooled bathed begged painted faded
sobbed ruled breathed hugged panted jadedrobed cooled clothed
tugged fainted waded
ebbed hold mouthed plugged rated raidedbribed mold loathed
sagged mated handedribbed fold smoothed jogged grated paddedwebbed
rolled sheathed tagged dated landed
