Proceedings 10 Cryo

8/13/2019 Proceedings 10 Cryo

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CZECH NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR COOPERATIONWITH THE INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF REFRIGERATION (IIR)

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC

CZECH INDUSTRIAL GAS ASSOCIATION

FACULTY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING OF THE CZECH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITYCZECH ASSOCIATION OF MATHEMATICIANS AND PHYSICISTS

10thCRYOGENICS 2008IIR Internatina! Cn"eren#e

C$$i%%in% A&' A an C&

Pra*a' C+e#* Re,-.!i#A,ri! & / 0' 112

PROCEEDINGS

INSTITUT INTERNATIONAL DU FROID


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INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF REFRIGERATION


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A!! ri3*t% re%er4e5 N ,art " t*i% ,-.!i#atin $a6 .e re,r-#e' %tre in aretrie4a! %6%te$' r tran%$itte in an6 "r$ r .6 an6 $ean%' e!e#trni#%'$e#*ani#a!' ,*t#,6in3' re#rin3 r t*er7i%e' 7it*-t t*e ,rir ,er$i%%in "t*e a-t*r%5

P-.!i%*e .6

I#ari% Lt5' Conference ManagementN8$5 Dr5 H!9* 2

&21 11 Pra*a 2C+e#* Re,-.!i#

7775i#ari%5#+

ISBN :;2


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CONTENTSCOMMITTEES...................................................................................................................21

LIST OF EXHIBITORS.....................................................................................................23

OPENNINGLECTURE...................................................................................................25

CR08-63................................................................................................................................2THE IIR' YESTERDAY' TODAY AND TOMORROW555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555;

C-!$. D5 55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555;

HELIUMLI!UEF"CTION.......................................................................................35

CR08-62................................................................................................................................3THE CENTENARY OF THE FIRST LI@UEFACTION OF HELIUM5555555555555555555555555=;

S#-r!# R5G5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555=;

CR08-56................................................................................................................................#5FIFTY YEARS FROM HELIUM LI@UEFACTIONIN CZECHOSLOVAIAAND A NEW TURBINE TECHNOLOGY555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555>0

ai%er Z5&' -.a M5' -nera R5=' Pr-8 5>' a"rata S5>' S#*-%tr P50' C*r+ V5'5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555>0

CR08-1................................................................................................................................53IMPROVEMENTS OF HELIUM LI@UEFACTION REFRIGERATION PLANTSAND APPLICATIONS55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555550=

M-e*!e33er M5' Berai% 5


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CR08-12................................................................................................................................$1THE DEVELOPMENT OF A VUILLEUMIER CRYOCOOLER FOR NEWZEALANDS HIGH TEMPERATURE SUPERCONDUCTOR INDUSTRY555555555555555:&

G%#*7entner M5A5' T-#er A5S55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555:&

CR08-20................................................................................................................................$$

THE EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF LI@UID HELIUM AT SOUTH POLESTATION DURING THE AUSTRAL WINTER 5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555::Baer R5A5' S-!!i4an P5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555::

HELIUMTEMPER"TURETECHNI!UES..........................................................................................10

CR08-0#..............................................................................................................................10$CRYOGENIC SYSTEM

OF THE SWISS ULTRA=

G"S SEP"R"TION"NDLI!UEF"CTION.....................................................................................151

CR08-5$..............................................................................................................................153LI@UID DISTRIBUTION FROM STRUCTURED PACINGS ANDDISTRIBUTORS UNDER TILT AND MOTION RELEVANT TO FLOATINGCRYOGENIC AIR SEPARATION PLANTS55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555&0=

a!.a%%i M5A5&' Wa!ie B5' W*ite V5&' Be!! C55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555&0=

CR08-#3..............................................................................................................................161COMPLE SEPARATION OF MULTICOMPONENT FLOWS TO ETRACTINDUSTRIAL AND INERT GASES5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555&?&

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Bnaren V5 L5&' L%6a4 N5 P5' Si$nen O5 Y-555555555555555555555555555555555555555&?&

CR08-#1..............................................................................................................................16SOLUBILITY OF PROPANE AND ETHANE IN LI@UID OYGEN5555555555555555555555&?;

H-%%in1 FOOT CRYOGENIC INTERMODAL ISO CONTAINERS55555555555555555555555555555555555&:=

M8t! P5' L8n% M5' C*r+ V555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555&:=

CR08-53..............................................................................................................................201

CRYOGENIC LI@UID TRANSFER POSSIBILITIES / FOCUS ON STATICVACUUM INSULATED PIPES555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555551&

Ta8#% D5' C*r+ V555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555551&

USEOF LO& TEMPER"TURESIN INDUSTRY..........................................................................................211

CR08-5..............................................................................................................................213THERMODYNAMIC STUDY OF THE SIMULTANEOUS PRODUCTION OFELECTRICAL AND COOLING POWER FROM LNG 555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555&=

Pari%e 5A5R5& ' E%te4e% A5D5S5&5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555&=

CR08-51..............................................................................................................................223GAS IMPURITIES FREEZING OUT TECHNOLOGIES5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555=

!e,a! 5' Ste P55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555=

CR08-#$..............................................................................................................................22MULTISTAGE CRYOGENIC TREATMENT OF MATERIALS PROCESSFUNDAMENTALS AND EAMPLES OF APPLICATION55555555555555555555555555555555555555;

A!a4a L5A555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555;

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CRYOSTOR"GEOF CELLS "ND TISSUES......................................................................235

CR08-06..............................................................................................................................23FROM THE TISSUE BAN TO THE TISSUE ESTABLISMENT5555555555555555555555555555=;

Mia P5' Stra48 H5' Hr6n48 A55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555=;

CR08-32..............................................................................................................................2#5VENTILATION OF CRYOSTORAGE FACILITIES OF TISSUEESTABLISHMENTS55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555>0

Lain M5 &' Mia P5 ' D48 5 555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555>0

CR08-25..............................................................................................................................2#$SPECIAL E@UIPMENT FOR CRYOPRESERVATION OF TISSUE IN ASTANDARD FREEZING UNIT55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555>:

S,r! G5&' !in3ner E5' @-in3er 5=555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555>:

USEOF LO& TEMPER"TURESIN CRYOTHER"PY................................................................................255

CR08-55..............................................................................................................................25THE LI@UID AIR CRYOCHAMBERS FOR WHOLE


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POSTERS'

HIGH TEMPER"TURESUPERCONDUCTI%ITY.......................................................................283

CR08-1#..............................................................................................................................285DESIGN' FABRICATION AND TEST RESULTSON A CONDUCTION COOLED HTS MAGNET555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555520

n*an B5' Se* 5' ie S5' M6-n3*7an5 S5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555520

CR08-23..............................................................................................................................2$3ANALYSIS ON THE @UENCH AT THE CONDUCTION


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CR08-1$..............................................................................................................................3#$MATHEMATICAL MODELS CONCERNING THE DESIGN OF COLUMN FORISOTOPIC ECHANGE PROCESS IN THE PILOT PLANT FOR TRITIUM ANDDEUTERIUM SEPARATION55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555=>:

G*er3*ine%#- S5&' P,e%#- G5&555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555=>:

CR08-15..............................................................................................................................355THE CREATION OF VEHICLES FOR MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION OFLI@UEFIED GASES55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555=00

Za%*!6a,in R5A5' C*ere$n6#* O5Ya5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555=00

CR08-28..............................................................................................................................363THE INCREASE OF EFFICIENCY AND SAFETY OF LI@UID HYDROGENTRANSPORTATION5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555=?=

C*ere$n6#* O5Ya55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555=?=

CR08-2$..............................................................................................................................31

THE CREATION OF VAPOR COOLING DEVICES FOR LI@UID OYGEN INSTATIONARY RESERVOIRS USING LI@UID NITROGEN AS A COOLINGREAGENT555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555=;&

C*ere$n6#* O5Ya5' rne4a I5I55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555=;&

"UTHOR INDEX.............................................................................................................3

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COMMITTEESTh( I)t(*)+t,)+ C)/(*()( C,tt((

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A!ee6 M5 Ar*ar4' R-%%iaStan A-3-%t6n7i#+' USA*n G5 Ba-%t' Pre%5 C$$5 C&' IIR' USA

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Diier C-!$.' Dir5 IIR' Fran#eVa#!a4 C*r+' Pre%5 C$5 A' IIR' C+e#* Re,-.!i#

Ra!" Her+3' Pre%5 C$$5 A&' IIR' Ger$an6Bri% A5 I4an4' R-%%ia

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P*i!i,,e Le.r-n' Hea Se#tin A' IIR' Fran#eO$ar Mai7an' U

L#%!e6 M# Gann' CanaaHan% @-a#' Ger$an6

Stani%!a4 a"rata' C+e#* Re,-.!i#Ra!,* S#-r!# (#*air$an)' U

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Pa4e! MiaVera M-%i!48Pa4e! Ur.an%e" Ota

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Th( E4,t*,+ C,tt((

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ICARIS Lt5' Conference ManagementLai%!a4 er4ina Da!i.r er4ina' Dire#tr%

R$ana 48' PrQe#t $ana3er


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LIST OF EXHIBITORSRegistered till April 5, 2008

"CD CRYO "G

G-ten.er3%tra%%e &' CH&> M-en#*en%teinS7it+er!an

P*ne >& ?& >&= 1=1' Fa >& ?& >&= 1==E;? &?::E= & 21&:: =1;1' Fa >= & 21&:: =1?1E2' ?21 H9%in3-e

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P*ne == =2: ;1 ; ;' Fa == =2: ;1 ; ;;E


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HEROSE GH.7 "*+t*() )4 M(t+(E!!6: >0=& 01: &1

E: (1) 0&& ?;? =01' Fa >: (1) 0&& ?;? &=>E' 11?1 Orna3 (MI)

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P*ne =: 1=: ?10 & Fa =: 1=: ?10 >::E


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OPENNINGLECTURE

0


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CR08-63THE IIR7 YESTERD"Y7 TOD"Y "ND TOMORRO&

C-!$. D5

Internatina! In%tit-te " Re"ri3eratin (IIR)'&;; .-!e4ar Ma!e%*er.e% ;01&; Pari%' Fran#e

"BSTR"CT

T*e %e#n *a!" " &:t* #ent-r6 %*7e .t* a %*ar, in#rea%e in t*e e$an "r #!%tra3e' re"ri3erate tran%,rt' nee% " 4ari-% "a#trie% an in t*e e4e!,$ent "%-##e%%"-! re"ri3eratin3 $a#*ine%5 &:12 7a% t*e 6ear " t*e #reatin " t*e Internatina!In%tit-te " Re"ri3eratin5 T*e IIR *a t*en t aa,t t ne7 #*a!!en3e% %-#* a% t*e

,rte#tin " t*e en4irn$ent' t ne7 -%e% " re"ri3eratin an %#ienti"i# ,r3re%%5

INTRODUCTIONT*e IIR i% #e!e.ratin3 it% *-nret* anni4er%ar65 T*e "ir%t ,art " t*e tet e%#ri.e% t*e#reatin t*e IIR' 7it* t*e *i%tr6 " arti"i#ia! #!' t*e &:12 e4ent an t*e "ir%t 6ear% " t*i%ne7 internatina! .65 T*e %e#n ,art e,!ain% 7*at t*e IIR i% ta6' t*e #*an3e% t*at*a4e a,,eare re3arin3 t*e #*a!!en3e%' t*e r3ani+atin an t*e a#tin%5

I < THE CRE"TION OF THE IIR

+= I)t*4t,)At = ,5$5 n O#t.er 0' &:12' =111 %,e#ia!i%t% in t*e "ie! " arti"i#ia! #! 3at*ere in t*e

Gran A$,*it*eatre " t*e Sr.nne in Pari%5 T*e6 *a #$e t atten t*e "r$a! ,enin3" t*e Fir%t Internatina! Cn3re%% " Re"ri3eratin5 T*e Cn3re%%' 7*i#* !a%te a 7ee anattra#te a tta! " 0111 ,arti#i,ant% "r$ >1 #-ntrie%' 7a% a re%-nin3 %-##e%%5Re,re%entati4e% "r$ t*e 7r!% " %#ien#e' #$$er#e' in-%tr6 an 34ern$ente#*an3e 4ie7% n !7 te$,erat-re%' re"ri3eratin te#*n!36' "' a,,!i#atin% "arti"i#ia! #! in trae an in-%tr6' an !e3i%!ati4e i%%-e%5 T*e Cn3re%% #-!$inate in t*e"-nin3 " t*e Internatina! A%%#iatin " Re"ri3eratin in an-ar6 &:1:5 It .e#a$e aninternatina! r3ani+atin' t*e Internatina! In%tit-te " Re"ri3eratin' in &:15

W*i!e it 7a% e!e#tri#a! en3ineerin3 t*at *a taen t*e 7r! .6 %tr$ in t*e !a%t K-arter "t*e &:t* #ent-r6' t*e .atn ,a%%e t t*e #! in-%tr6 in t*e ear!6 6ear% " t*e ne7 #ent-r65B-6er% in#!-e .re7erie% an i#e


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t*e %a7in3 " .!#% " i#e "r$ ,!!-te ri4er% an !ae% 3a4e etra i$,et-% t t*ee4e!,$ent " $a#*ine% t*at #-! $an-"a#t-re #!ean arti"i#ia! i#e5 T*e ,r-#er% "nat-ra! i#e !7ere t*eir ,ri#e% in a "r-it!e%% e""rt t re4er%e t*e tie5

T*e "ir%t $a#*ine t ,r-#e a #ntin--% -t,-t " i#e 7a% in4ente .6 t*e Fren#*.-%ine%%$an Ferinan Carr95 Hi% iea 7a% t re!ea%e a$$nia "r$ a 7ater %!-tin .6

*eatin3 it' t #nen%e t*e 4a,-r -ner ,re%%-re -nti! it 7a% !iK-e"ie' an t*en t a!!7t*i% !iK-i t e4a,rate an e,an in a %ea!e %,a#e5 T*i% 7-! etra#t *eat "r$ anaQinin3 %,a#e 7it* 7ater' 7*i#* 7-! i$$eiate!6 "ree+e5 T*e 4a,-r 7-! .ea.%r.e .6 t*e [aK-a a$$nia\' a"ter 7*i#* t*e #6#!e 7-! .e re,eate5 A ,rtt6,e7a% ,!a#e in a .re7er6 in Mar%ei!!e in &20:5 Carr9% i#e $a#*ine .e#a$e rat*er "a$-%7*en it 7a% i%,!a6e at t*e Pari% Wr! E,%itin " &2?;5 He 7a% a!rea6 in3 a .ri%trae .e"re t*en t*e Cn"eerate% *a .-3*t %e4era! $a#*ine% "r$ *i$ -rin3 t*eA$eri#an Ci4i! War (&2?&


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"r+en $eat "r$ A-%tra!ia t En3!an %a"e!6 in &2;: -%in3 ne " t*e%e $a#*ine%5 T*in3%$4e 4er6 "a%t a"ter t*i%5 In &:1;' Ar3entina e,rte >0 111 tn% " "r+en $eat tEn3!an a!ne5

L7


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7ere a!! in4ite t %a6 a "e7 7r%5 a$er!in3* Onne%' 7* re,re%ente t*e D-t#*34ern$ent' t t*e ,,rt-nit6 t e"ine t*e $i%%in " t*e Internatina! A%%#iatin "Re"ri3eratin [t .rin3 t3et*er a!! n7!e3e .earin3 n !7 te$,erat-re\`>5 He a!%e$,*a%i+e t*at re%ear#* n arti"i#ia! #! an it% a,,!i#atin% 7a% " i$,rtan#e t a!!#-ntrie% an a!! %#ia! #!a%%e%5 T*e #n3re%% n re"ri3eratin' %ai a$er!in3* Onne%'#-! *e!, t e,an [internatina! %!iarit6b t*at ,re#i-% trea%-re " *-$anit6\5 In#n#!-%in' *e e$,*a%i+e t*e i$,rtan#e " %t-6in3 t*e ,*6%i#a! ,r,ertie% " $atter atetre$e!6 !7 te$,erat-re%5 T*i% 7-! "-rt*er #!ari"6 t*e re!atin%*i, .et7een $atter ane!e#tri#it6' t*-% ,re%er4in3 t*e rea$ " [ener36 re%er4ir% " a %i+e t*at ,a%%e%i$a3inatin\5 T*e Fren#* ,*6%i#i%t a#K-e%


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`$rta3e .an A!39rie et e T-ni%ie\ in Pari% 7a% attene .6 n!6 %i " t*e 2$e$.er% " t*e ee#-ti4e #$$ittee5

Di%#-%%in% n re%tr-#t-rin3 e%i3ne t ,!a#e t*e A%%#iatin n a %!i "inan#ia! .a%i%7ere ,%t,ne -nti! t*e en " t*e ,ea#e ta!% in Ver%ai!!e%5 On -ne &' &:1' t*eA%%#iatin 7a% re,!a#e .6 t*e Internatina! In%tit-te " Re"ri3eratin5 T*i% *a a "ar $re

ti3*t!6 #-ntrie% attenin3 / t t*e7e!#$e %,ee#* 3i4en .6 Ri#ar' t*e Fren#* Mini%ter " A3ri#-!t-re5 Ri#ar e$,*a%i+et*at t*e 7ar *a tr-!6 .r-3*t *$e t*e .ene"it% " re"ri3eratin3 "5 T*e net %te, 7a% t$ae a #n#erte e""rt t i$,r4e t*e a##e%%i.i!it6 " t*e #! in-%tr65 A $re "ar 6ear%' 7*i#* #4er%a!! "ie!% " re"ri3eratin te#*n!3ie%' a% 7a% t*e #a%e &11 6ear% a35 It i% a 3reat ,!ea%-re"r $e t*at t*e net ne 7i!! tae ,!a#e in Pra3-e in 1&&5 I *,e 6- 7i!! a!! atten it5

CONCLUSION

In #n#!-%in' t*e IIR i% &11 6ear% !5 H7e4er' it i% %ti!! 6-n3 re"ri3eratin ,re%er4e%*ea!t* an K-a!it6 " !i"ef We %ti!! *a4e a !t " 7r t t*r-3*-t t*i% #ent-r6't3et*er' "r a .etter *ea!t*' "r a .etter en4irn$ent' in a 7a6 " %-%taina.!e e4e!,$ent5

I *,e t*e #$in3 3eneratin 7i!! #ntin-e t #e!e.rate t*e IIR in &12' 7it* $an6 $re,e,!e an $an6 $re #-ntrie% an #$,anie% in *ea!t*ier an %a"er 7r! "r e4er6ne5

NOT"

T*e "ir%t ,art " t*i% ,a,er ,artia!!6 #$e% "r$ a tet " Dir 4an De!"t' 7*i#* 7i!! .e t*eintr-#tin " a .r#*-re ,-.!i%*e "r t*e IIR Centenar6 in 1125

REFERENCES& Diene!' H5 L5' Line *i%tr6 " a te#*n!36 #r,ratin &2;: (11>)5 Van De!"t' D5' Free+in3 P*6%i#%5 Heie a$er!in3* Onne% an t*e @-e%t "r C!((11;)5= M-%e-$ Ber*aa4e' ar#*i4e% " Heie a$er!in3* Onne%' in45 N5 &:15> B-!!etin O""i#ie! - Pre$ier Cn3r]% Internatina! - Fri' N%5 & (&:1:)0 B-!!etin Men%-e! e !A%%#iatin Internatina!e - Fri (&:&1


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HELIUMLI!UEF"CTION

=0


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CR08-62THE CENTEN"RY OF THE FIRST LI!UEF"CTION OF HELIUM

S#-r!# R5G5

r6% Te#*n!36' Br4a!e Ra' S-t*a$,tn' SO&; &@P' U5

"BSTR"CT

T*i% ,a,er $ar% 112 a% t*e Centenar6 Year %in#e t*e "ir%t !iK-e"a#tin " *e!i-$5 On &1 t*

-!6 &:12' Pr"e%%r Heie a$er!in3* Onne% an *i% tea$ "ir%t !iK-e"ie *e!i-$ at *i%Cr63eni# La.ratr6' Uni4er%it6 " Leien' T*e Net*er!an%5

Be"re e%#ri.in3 t*i% !iK-e"a#tin e4ent' t*e ,a,er i%#-%%e% t*e #n%iera.!e i""i#-!tie%a$er!in3* Onne% *a t 4er#$e in a#*ie4in3 *i% %-##e%%5 In #ntra%t t *i% ri4a!%'De7ar an O!%+e7%i' *e a,te t*e "ir%t e4er [.i3 %#ien#e\ a,,ra#* t .-i! -, a !ar3e

!a.ratr6 at Leien' 7it* t*e eten%i4e in"ra


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H7e4er' .e"re 7e ! at t*e #n%eK-en#e% " *i% a#*ie4e$ent' !et -% ea$ine *7Onne% 4er#a$e $an6 ,r.!e$% t a#*ie4e *i% %-##e%%' 7*en *i% $ain #$,etitr%' Sira$e% De7ar' at T*e R6a! In%tit-tin' Lnn' an Dr ar! O!%+e7%i' at T*ea3ie!!nian Un4er%it6' ra7' "ai!e5

2. ONNES "ND HIS COMPETITORS7 DE&"R "ND OLS@E&S:I

De7ar' *a4in3 .een t*e "ir%t t !iK-e"6 *6r3en in &2:2 7*i!e 7rin3 7it* a %$a!! tea$at t*e R6a! In%tit-tin' %et -t t !iK-e"6 *e!i-$ in t*e %a$e 7a6 7it* t*e %a$e te#*ni#a!a%%i%tant% an t*e %a$e !7 !e4e! " "-nin35

O!%+e7%i' 7rin3 a3ain 7it* a %$a!! tea$' %et -t t !iK-e"6 *e!i-$ in t*e %a$e $annera% *i% ear!ier %-##e%%"-! "ir%t !iK-e"a#tin%' .-t a3ain 7it* a !7 !e4e! " "-nin35

Onne% rea!i%e %*rt!6 a"ter *i% &22 a,,int$ent a% Pr"e%%r " E,eri$enta! P*6%i#% atLeien' at t*e a3e " : 6ear%' t*at t*e %-##e%% " *i% ne7 Cr63eni# La.ratr6 reK-ire a

ne7 a,,ra#* ( ,r.a.!6 t*e "ir%t .i3 %#ien#e a,,ra#* )5

O4er a #ntin--% ,eri " ? 6ear%' *e %et a.-t .-i!in3-, t*e eten%i4e in"ra


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O4er a ,eri " 6ear%' Onne% #arrie -t$ea%-re$ent% t te%t an #n"ir$ 4an er Waa!%%t*erie%' in#!-in3 t*e *e!i-$ 3a% i%t*er$%' % a%t ,rei#t t*e #riti#a! PVT ,ara$eter% neee tattain !iK-e"a#tin 7it* *i% a4ai!a.!e !iK-e"iereK-i,$ent5

In "a#t' 4an er Waa!%% #ntri.-tin% 7erere#3ni%e 7r!111 "r t*e en7$ent " re%ear#* t*r-3*-t t*eU t .e a$ini%tere .6 t*e R6a! S#iet65 De7ar #-! e,e#t !itt!e *e!, "r$ t*i%%-r#e' *a4in3 $ae % $an6 ene$ie%5

=:


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In ra7' t*ere 7a% !itt!e r n 34ern$ent"-nin3' an O!%+e7%i an Wr.!e7%i *a t -%et*eir %$a!! re%-r#e% t #arr6 -t t*eir re%ear#*'7*i#* *a in#!-e t*e

"ir%t !iK-e"a#tin " 63en' #ar.n $nie an

nitr3en5 T*e6 a!% a#*ie4e t*e ,r-#tin "!iK-i *6r3en in a tran%itr6 Qet in &22>' %$e &>6ear% .e"re De7ar% a#*ie4e$ent5 H7e4er'Wr.!e7%i 7a% %eri-%!6 .-rne' an ie %na"ter7ar%' "r$ an e,eri$ent n t*e ,*6%i#a!

,r,ertie% " *6r3en in &2225 O!%+e7%i#ntin-e n *i% 7n' t #nen%e an %!ii"6ar3n5 Onne% re#3ni%e *i$ a% t*e [,re#-r%r "#r63eni#%\' .-t t*at 7it* !i$ite "-nin3 *e #-!nt .e a %eri-% ri4a! in t*e #$,etitin t !iK-e"6

*e!i-$5

F,*( 5.+tand of the first li)uefaction of helium

5. G"SES "ND M"TERI"L RESOURCES IN 1$08

It i% i$,%%i.!e ta6 t i$a3ine *7 i""i#-!t 7a% e4er6 a%,e#t " !7 te$,erat-re %#ien#ein &:125

G+(

T*e 3a%e%' reK-ire in a ,-re %tate' "r t*e %t-6 " t*eir ,r,ertie% an "r -%e a%re"ri3erant%' neee t .e ,r-#e an ,-ri"ie n a DIY .a%i% a% reK-ire in t*e!a.ratr65 T*e6 7ere nt a4ai!a.!e #$$er#ia!!65

H6r3en 7a% $ae .6 t*e e!e#tr!6%i% " 7ater' ,-ri"ie 4er *eate #ata!6%t% an rie.e"re %trin3 at !7 ,re%%-re in 3a% *!er%' r at *i3*er ,re%%-re% in #6!iner%5 He!i-$7a% a 4er6 rare 3a% in &:12' an t*e $aQr re#3ni%e %-r#e 7a% a rare $inera!' $na+ite%an' 7*i#* Onne% .taine "r$ Nrt* Car!ina' USA5 W*en *eate' t*e %an #-!

,r-#e a.-t & !itre " i$,-re *e!i-$ 3a% at & .ar "r$ ea#* 3 " %an5 E!a.rate,-ri"i#atin %te,%' tain3 $an6 $nt*%' 7ere t*en neee t re$4e e4er6 #nta$inant

in#!-in3 *6r3en' .e"re t*e *e!i-$ ,r-#t 7a% a##e,ta.!e "r a !iK-e"a#tin atte$,t5Onne% -%e a.-t >11 !itre% " 3a% in #ntin--%

#ir#-!atin "r *i% "ir%t %-##e%%"-! !iK-e"a#tin' ,r-#in3 a 4!-$e " !iK-i " a "e7 ten%" $i!!i!itre%5

T*e ##-rren#e " *e!i-$ in nat-ra! 3a%e% ( at 15= t 51 d ) 7a% nt ,-.!i#i%e -nti! &:1;.6 Ca6 an M#Far!an `' 7*i!e t*e "ir%t ,r-#tin i nt %tart -nti! !ate &:&; inHa$i!tn' Ontari' Canaa' an ear!6 &:&2 in Frt Wrt*' Tea%' USA5

I)t*()t+t,)In%tr-$entatin 7a% #r-e' t %a6 t*e !ea%t' in #$,ari%n 7it* ta655

A #n%tant 4!-$e 3a% t*er$$eter 7a% t*e $%t re!ia.!e' e$,!6in3 a %$a!! #,,er .-!."i!!e 7it* *e!i-$ -ner ,re%%-re' 7it* t*e a.%!-te te$,erat-re 4ar6in3 !inear!6 7it*

,re%%-re 7n t &1' a.-t t7i#e t*e #riti#a! te$,erat-re^ .-t ,re%%-re reain3% at !7erte$,erat-re% 7ere nt re!ia.!e ini#atr%' e35 "r t*e NBP at >55

>1


33/343

P!atin-$ re%i%tan#e t*er$$etr6 7a% t*e a!ternati4e $ean% " $ea%-rin3 te$,erat-re' .-ta3ain .e!7 &1' 7a% nt re!ia.!e5

C)t*t,)+ +t(*,+ /* *A(), (Meta!!i# $ateria!% " #n%tr-#tin in t*e "r$ " t*in' t*e #$,re%%e 3a% 7a% 7e!! .e!7 it% e%ti$ate Tin4er%in te$,erat-re "r *e!i-$' an 7a% !e int a Ha$,%n re#-,erati4e #!in3 %,ira!enin3 in a T e,an%in 4a!4e5

B6 &:11' t*e 3a% t*er$$eter *a rea#*e an a,,arent te$,erat-re " 0 an %t,,e$4in3 7n' .-t n !iK-i #-! .e %een5 It 7a% t*en rea!i%e t*at t*e t*er$$eter 7a%

.e*a4in3 a% t*-3* i$$er%e in !iK-i5

Gin3 .eneat* t*e #r6%tat' 7it* an e!e#tri# !i3*t' Onne% !e -,7ar% int t*e 3!a%%#r6%tat an #!ear!6 %a7 t*e !iK-i $eni%#-% [%tanin3 -t %*ar,!6 ( n#e %een ) !ie t*ee3e " a ni"e a3ain%t t*e 3!a%% 7a!!\5

He *a inee !iK-e"ie *e!i-$ `=5

>&


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Hi% i$$eiate re3ret 7a% t*at *i% "rien Pr"e%%r 4an er Waa!% 7a% in A$%tera$' an7-! *a4e t 7ait %e4era! a6% t %ee t*e !iK-i "r *i$%e!" at t*e %e#n !iK-e"a#tin r-n5

On t*e %a$e a6' 7it* *i% "ir%t !iK-e"a#tin r-n' Onne% 7a% a.!e t $ea%-re t*e nr$a!.i!in3 ,int at >5=' an e%ti$ate t*e #riti#a! te$,erat-re at 051 5 He a!% nte t*e

-ne,e#te!6 !7 en%it6 " t*e !iK-i at &0 3!itre (&03$=)' an t*e etre$e!6 !7%-r"a#e ten%in5

He a!% trie t rea#* t*e tri,!e ,int' .6 re-#in3 t*e 4a,-r ,re%%-re5 He rea#*e ;$$ H3(#rre%,nin3 t &5; ) .-t t*e *e!i-$ re$aine !iK-i5

Fr t*e net &= 6ear% -nti! &:&' Onne% 7-! -%e !ar3er an !ar3er 4a,-r ,-$,%',r.a.!6 rea#*in3 a $ini$-$ te$,erat-re " 152=' .-t %ti!! t*e *e!i-$ re$aine !iK-i5 It7a% .e3innin3 t a,,ear t*at *e!i-$ re$aine !iK-i t a.%!-te +er5

T*e %a$e a6' Onne% %ent a te!e3ra$ t De7ar ann-n#in3 *i% %-##e%%5 De7ar% re,!6

%*7% *i% #$,!i#ate "ee!in3% t*-%CONGRATULATIONS5 GLAD MY ANTICIPATION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF THEACHIEVEMENT BY NOWN METHODS CONFIRMED5 MY HELIUM WORARRESTED BY ILL HEALTH BUT HOPE TO CONTINUE LATER ON5

. THROUGH THE DOOR TO M"CROSCOPIC !U"NTUM PHYSICS

Fi4e 6ear% !ater in &:&=' a$er!in3* Onne% 7a% a7are t*e N.e! Pri+e in P*6%i#% "r *i%%-##e%%"-! !iK-e"a#tin " *e!i-$5 Hi% i%#4er6 " %-,er#n-#ti4it6 in $er#-r6 in &:&&7a% nt e4en ,art " t*e rea%n% "r *i% N.e! a7ar5 H7e4er' *e $ae #ertain in *i%

a##e,tan#e %,ee#* t $entin %-,er#n-#ti4it6' e,re%%in3 *i% 7ner a.-t [t*e a.r-,t!%% " e!e#tri#a! re%i%tan#e\5 In aitin' *e $entine t*e etre$e!6 !7 en%it6 " !iK-i*e!i-$' an %-33e%te t t*e N.e! a-ien#e t*at e,!anatin% "r t*e%e %tran3e ,*en$ena[#-! ,%%i.!6 .e #nne#te 7it* t*e ne7 K-ant-$ t*er6\5 H7 ri3*t *e 7a%f

8. SUBSE!UENT DE%ELOPMENTS' " BRIEF CHRONOLOGY #

F!!7in3 n t*e 7r " Onne%' in &:? ee%$ %!ii"ie *e!i-$ at Leien .6 t*ea,,!i#atin " ,re%%-re% a.4e ? .ar' an e%ta.!i%*e t*e $e!tin3 #-r4e -%in3 an a!!


35/343

B-t it 7a% nt -nti! &:?&' 7*en *i3* #-rrent' *i3* "ie!' T6,e II %-,er#n-#tr% 7erei%#4ere' t*at an6 a,,!i#atin " %-,er#n-#ti4it6 #-! .e3in t .e #n%iere %eri-%!6`?5

A "-rt*er &1 6ear% " e4e!,$ent !e t t*e !ar3e %#a!e $an-"a#t-re " N.Ti an N.=Sn#n-#tr% %-ita.!e "r ,7er en3ineerin3 a,,!i#atin% in $tr%' 3eneratr%' #a.!e%' "a-!t

#-rrent !i$iter% an tran%"r$er%5 H7e4er' t*e ,7er en3ineer% *a4e*e%itate %in#e t*en' a.-t t*eir -%e " T6,e II %-,er#n-#tr%' .e#a-%e " t*e !ar3e %#a!e!iK-i *e!i-$ reK-ire$ent%5

T*e &:21% %a7 t*e ne7 e4e!,$ent " 0 T' !iK-i *e!i-$ #!e' %-,er#n-#tin3$a3net% 7it* a &$ ia$eter .re' !eain3 ire#t!6 t t*e in4entin " Ma3neti#

Re%nan#e I$a3in3 an it% -%e a% a $ei#a! ia3n%ti# t!5 Sin#e t*en' $%t *%,ita!%ar-n t*e 7r! *a4e in4e%te in MRI' a!! -%in3 !iK-i *e!i-$' 7*i!e *i3*er "ie!%' !7er%tra6 "ie!%' an i$,r4e #$,-ter te#*niK-e% are !eain3 t "-n#tina! MRI (e35 "r

%t-6in3 .rain "-n#tin% ) 7*en #$.ine 7it* !iK-i *e!i-$


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$. REFERENCES

&5 S#-r!# R5G' Hi%tr6 an Ori3in% " Cr63eni#%, (&::)' O"r Uni4er%it6 Pre%%'O"r5

5 Ca6 H5P5 an M#Far!an D5F5' 5A$5C*e$5S#5'(&:1;) : &0=5

=5 a$er!in3* Onne% H5' C$$-n5P*6%5La.5' Leien (&:12) &12 ^ Pr#5R5A#a5'A$%tera$ (&:12) &&' &?25

>5 Ti$$er*a-% 5D5 an Ree R5P5(Eitr%)' Cr63eni# En3ineerin3Fi"t6 Year% "Pr3re%%' (11;)' S,rin3er' Ne7 Yr5

05 Bareen 5' C,er L5N5 an S#*rie""er 5R5' P*6%5 Re4 5'(&:0;) &12 &&;05

?5 -n+!er 5E5' B-e*!er E5' H%- F5S5U5 an Werni# 5H5' P*6%5 Re45 Letter%' (&:?&) ? 2:5

;5 Benr+ 5G5 an M-!!er 5A5' Z5 P*6%5' (&:2?) B?>'&2:5

>>


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CR08-56FIFTY YE"RS FROM HELIUM LI!UEF"CTION

IN C@ECHOSLO%":I""ND " NE& TURBINE TECHNOLOGY

ai%er Z5&' -.a M5' -nera R5=' Pr-8 5>' a"rata S5>' S#*-%tr P50' C*r+ V5'&In3er%! Ran' Pra3-e' C+e#* Re,-.!i# (Fer DJn "r$er!6)

C*art Fer' DJn' C+e#* Re,-.!i#=PBS' Ve!8 BJte' C+e#* Re,-.!i#

>In%tit-te " P*6%i#%' A#ae$6 " S#ien#e% " C+e#* Re,5' Pra3-e' C+e#* Re,50ATEO' Hrae# r8!49' C+e#* Re,-.!i#

"BSTR"CT

W*en #e!e.ratin3 &11 6ear% " *e!i-$ !iK-e"a#tin at t*e #n"eren#e Cr63eni#% 112 inPra3-e' it i% 7rt* t ! .a# nt t*e ,art " *e!i-$ *i%tr6 in t*i% ,art " 7r! an int*e C+e#* Re,-.!i# %,e#i"i#a!!65 It i% Q-%t "i"t6 6ear% "r$ "ir%t %te,% "r *e!i-$ !iK-e"a#tinin t*e In%tit-te " N-#!ear P*6%i#% " t*e C+e#* A#ae$6 " S#ien#e5 Te#*n!36 "He!i-$ !iK-e"ier% *a% .een e4e!,in3 in t*e Fer #$,an6 "r t*irt6 6ear%' t*en5 T*i%re%ear#* reK-ire e4e!,$ent " *e!i-$ t-r.ine%' 7*i#* 7a% rea!i+e .6 ATEO an PBS#$,anie%5 S-##e%%"-! e4e!,$ent " *i3*!6 e""i#ient t-r.ine% 7it* $a3neti# .rae% -%in36na$i# 3a% .earin3% 7a% a .a%e " ne7 ,r-#tin .ran#*' 7*i#* *a% .een #ntin-in3 -,ta6 7it* %erie% %-,,!ie% t t*e $%t re#3ni+e E-r,ean $an-"a#t-rer% " *e!i-$!iK-e"ier%5

PIONEERING "FTER THE &ORLD &"R II

He!i-$ !iK-e"a#tin 7a% a !n3< ti$e ,ri4i!e3e " %e4era!!a.ratrie% in t*e 7r!5 Sti!! in t*e 6ear &:>?' t*ere 7ere"i"teen !a.% n!6 in t*e 7r!' 7* ,erate a *e!i-$ !iK-e"ier7it* a ,er"r$an#e " %e4era! !iter% ,er *-r5 T*e%e 7erere%-!t% " %e4era!


38/343

In%tit-te " Pr.!e$% " P*6%i#% 7it* ire#t %-,,rt " t*e A#ae$6 $e$.er P5 L5 a,it%a(Fi35 &) an *i% tea$5Uner %-,er4i%in " t*e De,art$ent " LT' t*e !iK-e"ier 7a% e%i3ne an $an-"a#t-rein t*e SB 7r% in DJn (C*art Fer' a5%5' n7) ' in t*e 6ear% &:0; t&:025 It 7a% a#a%#ae t6,e -%in3 %-.#!in3 7it* !iK-i nitr3en an !iK-i *6r3en5 T*e ,er"r$an#e7a% 2 !iter% " LHe r &0 !iter% " LH re%,e#ti4e!65 It 7a% .-i!t in t*e ne7 ,re$i%e% " t*eLT De,art$ent in ej near Pra3-e' 7*ere in t*e ni3*t "r$ & t &= A,ri! &:?1 *e!i-$7a% !iK-e"ie "ir%t5 A% t*e %e#n in%ta!!atin' Line !iK-e"ier 7it* ,er"r$an#e " =!iter%*-r in t*e %a$e 6ear5

CUSTOMI@ING OF :"PIC"S LI!UEFIER

In#rea%in3 nee% " t*er !a.ratrie% in C+e#*%!4aia an %$e t*er #-ntrie% " t*eCentra! an Ea%tern E-r,e "a#e i""i#-!tie% 7it* i$,rt "r$ t*e USA r Ger$an6'7*ere t*e *e!i-$ !iK-e"ier% 7ere a!rea6 #$$er#ia!i+e5 Ba%e n %-##e%%"-!$an-"a#t-rin3 " t*e "ir%t !iK-e"ier' it 7a% e#ie t*at #$$er#ia! ,r-#tin 7-! .e

!#ate at SB' DJn5T*i% 7a% a3ain %-,,rte.6 P5 L5 a,it%a5 Hi%In%tit-te ,r4ie#-$entatin a% a .a%e "rt*e ne7 e%i3n' a!rea67rin3 a% ,rtt6,e' 7it*a ;,t) (;+)4(* ,)t(+4/ hA4*() ,).T*i% t6,e " !iK-e"ier 7a%

%-33e%te an "ir%t ti$e.-i!t .6 a,it%a in &:=>5D-rin3 t*e Wr! War II'!iK-e"ier% n t*i% .a%i% 7ere

.-i!t .6 C!!in% in USA an.6 Mei%%ner in Ger$an65T*e ,eri " e4e!,$entan $an-"a#t-rin3 " t*e%e!iK-e"ier%' na$e!6 ZH> anZH: (Fi35 =) 7it*

,r-#tin >'0 an : !iter%LHe*-r re%,e#ti4e!6%tarte in DJn in &:?>5Bt* t*e t6,e% 7ere

eK-i,,e 7it* e,aner%5 A!t*-3* $an-"a#t-rin3 " a,,arat-%e% " #,,er an %tain!e%%%tee! 7a% n *i3* !e4e! in t*e 7r% t*at ti$e' $an-"a#t-rin3 " e,aner 7a% a ne7#*a!!en3e "r e%i3n an $an-"a#t-rin3 te#*n!365T*e ,rin#i,a! ,art " t*e !iK-e"ier' e#i%i4e "r t*e #rre#t "-n#tin an e%,e#ia!!6 "r t*e

,er"r$an#e " t*i% -nit' i% t*e ;,t) (;+)4(*5 T*e e,aner $-%t ,erate 7it* a *i3*aia.ati# e""i#ien#6 an re!ia.!65 T*i% i% rat*er an ea#tin3 e$an in 4ie7 " t*e !7

te$,erat-re% (2 t & ) " t*e $4in3 ,art% %-#* a% t*e ,i%tn 7it* #6!iner an 4a!4e%5Sin#e a!! n7n !-.ri#ant% are -n-%a.!e at t*e %er4i#e te$,erat-re " t*e e,aner' 3a%!-.ri#atin i% e""e#te *ere ire#t!6 .6 t*e 7rin3 $ei-$' i5e5 *e!i-$5 T*ere i% a %$a!!3a, .et7een t*e ,i%tn an #6!iner' t*r-3* 7*i#* %$e " t*e e,ane *e!i-$ e%#a,e%an "r$% a 3a% !a6er ,re4entin3 #nta#t " t*e %-r"a#e% " t*e ,i%tn an t*e #6!iner5 T*e

F,*( 3.#elium li)uefier #6 'ith the oscilloscope and therecords of the indicator diagrams from top7 a normal, b 'ithpremature c and delayed closure of the e9haust !al!e

>?


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,ti$-$ 7it* " t*i% 3a, i% 3i4en' n t*e ne *an' .6 t*e a$i%%i.!e a$-nt " t*ee%#a,in3 3a%' 7*i#* %*-! .e a% %$a!! a% ,%%i.!e' an' n t*e t*er *an' .6 t*e ne#e%%it6" ,re4entin3 ,%%i.!e #nta#t .et7een ,i%tn an #6!iner5 T*e ,i%tn ia$eter a$-nt% t=0 $$' #!earan#e i% 1'112 $$ at t*e ia$eter at t*e 7rin3 te$,erat-re%5 Sin#e t*e$ateria! " t*e #6!iner i% %tain!e%% %tee!' 7*i!e t*e ,i%tn i% $ae " #ar.n %tee! 7it* a%-r"a#e " ,!a%ti#' .t* ,art% *a4e i""erent #e""i#ient% " t*er$a! e,an%in an $-%t#n%eK-ent!6 .e $ae 7it* a 7ier #!earan#e in %-#* a 7a6 t*at n!6 a"ter #!in3 t t*e7rin3 te$,erat-re i% t*e $entine 4a!-e " 1'112 $$ attaine5A ,art " t*e $ea%-rin3 %6%te$ " t*e !iK-e"ier 7a% an e!e#tri# $ea%-rin3 %6%te$ re#rin3a #ntin--% ini#atr ia3ra$ " t*e ,i%tn e,aner -rin3 ,eratin5 T*i% ia3ra$re,re%ent% t*e e,enen#e " t*e ,re%%-re in t*e 7rin3 %,a#e " t*e e,aner n t*e

,%itin " t*e ,i%tn in t*e #6!iner5 It ,r4ie% t*e .e%t in"r$atin n t*e "-n#tin " t*ee,aner an it $ae% ,%%i.!e #ntr! " it% ,eratin n an %#i!!%#,e (Fi35 = a t #)5T*e "ir%t !iK-e"ier 7a% "ini%*e in t*e DJn 7r% (,art " t*e tr-%t C*e,% t*at ti$e) in&:?05 T7 6ear% !ater' t*e !iK-e"ier% ZH> an ZH: 7ere in%ta!!e in %e4era! !a.ratrie% in

t*e C+e#*%!4aia' P!an an DDR (Ea%t Ger$an6)5 S-##e%%i4e!6' t*er 7ere .-i!t ntn!6 in t*e%e #-ntrie% .-t in P!an' H-n3ar6 an B-!3aria5 A4ai!a.i!it6 " !iK-e"ier%ena.!e ,r3re%% in .a%i# re%ear#* in ,*6%i#%' %-,er#n-#ti4it6 an t*eir a,,!i#atin% in#-ntrie% " t*e ea%tern .!# " t*at ti$e i4ie E-r,e5 En#$,a%%in3 " t*at ti$ei""i#-!t ,r.!e$% " $an-"a#t-rin3 an ,eratin " t*e%e !iK-e"ier% 7a% n!6 t*e "ir%t %te,'7*i#* ,ene 7a6 t "-rt*er e4e!,$ent5H7e4er -niK-e 7ere t*e "ir%t !iK-e"ier% 7it* t*eir#n#e,t' t*e ,eratin an $aintenan#e reK-ire#ntin--% attentin5 Si$i!ar!6 it 7a% 7it* t*ea##e%%rie%5 Oi! !-.ri#ate ,i%tn #$,re%%r% 7it*

in%-""i#ient i! %e,aratin i nt a!!7 !n3 ti$e,eratin5 He!i-$' !iK-e"ie in a !itt!e %e,aratrin%ie t*e !iK-e"ier' 7a% ,erii#a!!6 an 7it*t*er$a! !%%e% tran%"erre t !ar3er -t%ie %tra3eDe7ar%' t*%e " re!ati4e!6 %$a!! %i+e 7it* nitr3en%*ie!in35 T*e e,aner 7re n #n%tant %,ee't*e n!6 7a6 " #ntr! " ,er"r$an#e 7a% t*e"i!!in3 " t*e #6!iner .6 t*e ti$in3 " 4a!4e%5Merni+atin 7a% t*e net %te, %tartin3 7it* ;1%5A ne7 , /*(( ;,t) ;*(*7a% e4e!,e

.6 CD Pra3-e (Fi35 >)5 T*e ne7 !iK-e"ier;


40/343

Th( +*(t ,(/,(* @HR50 7a%e%i3ne in DJn' t*at ti$ea!rea6 t*e %tate enter,ri%eF(*' in t*e *a!" " ;1%5 It*a t7 ,i%tn e,aner%'

.-i!t'0 inre"ri3eratin re3i$e re%,e#ti4e!65 T*i% !iK-e"ier i% %ti!! in,eratin at t*e S9+? "+4(A / S,()( ,) B*+t,+9+5(Fi35 0)Ant*er ne7 t6,e 7a% a ;+t ,(/,(* @HR20(Fi35 ?)'7it* a %in3!e e,aner5 It% ,er"r$an#e 7a% 0 !iter% "!iK-i *e!i-$ ,er *-r5 It 7a% e!i4ere "r %e4era!i$,rtant ,rQe#t% n a,,!i#atin% " %-,er#n-#ti4it65 It7a% a.!e t 7r in #nitin% " in-%tria! %-rr-nin3 in

$nt*% !n3 ,eratin5

HELIUM DE&"RS7 CRYOST"TS "ND CRYOGENICSYSTEMS

A H(3- H(#4,()t *(/*,(*+t*7a% e%i3ne a!% in ;1%"r #ntin--% #!in3 " %!i %a$,!e% t te$,erat-re% int*e ran3e " ten% " $ ( Fi35 ; < 7it* Stan S$rj)5

A ran3e " %-,erin%-!ate 4e%%e!% "r %tra3e an tran%,rt "*e!i-$' a% 7e!! a% ,-r,%e!6 e%i3ne #r6%tat% "r t*e nee%" re%ear#* in !7 te$,erat-re ,*6%i#% 7ere e4e!,e an

e!i4ere t*at ti$e5

F,*( 5.+7 .*ero9 #R50 li)uefier, :0 years in operation in the +lo!a$ Academy of S#ien#e%

F,*( 6.R# 20 li)uefier'ith a helium -e'ar

500 liter

>2


41/343

T,,r-#t%

" t*at in 7ere

< t*e *At+t /* + ;(*)4t,9( +4*;( in%ta!!e at t*e In%tit-te " N-#!earRe%ear#* in D-.na near M%#7 (Fi35 2)< *At+t /* ;(*)4t,9( +)(t / A*+t*)("r t*e -rt#*at4 In%tit-te "Hi3* Ener3ie% in M%#7< a %-,er !ar3e *e!i-$ #r6%tat =' $ in ia$eter an &1 $ in !en3t* "r te%t% " !ar3e%-,er#n-#ti4e $a3net% "r t*e IVTAN M%#7< + *At+t /* + NMR ;(t*(t(* e4e!,e .6 t*e I)t,tt( / S,()t,/,I)t*()t / "SCR7a% i%tin3-i%*e .6 a 4er6 !7 e4a,ratin " !iK-i *e!i-$5 It7a% a!% $an-"a#t-re at Fer' t*en5A 4er6 -niK-e ,r3ra$ 7a% a *t+t,) *At+t /* +

;(*)4t,9( ()(*+t* J?4+7it* a ,7er " 0MVA 7it* a %-,er#n-#ti4e rtr5 T*e rtatin3#r6%tat a!!7e #!in3 " 7inin3 at a %,ee " =111r,$ 7it* !iK-i *e!i-$ e!i4ere "r$ t*e %tra3e4e%%e! 4er a rtatin3 Qint5Fr an e,eri$enta! $tr Sa 00 W 7it* a%-,er#n-#ti4e 7inin3' a #r6%tat 7it* $ini$-$ 3a,

.et7een t*e ;(*)4t,9( t+t*an t*e rtr an7it* a.i!it6 t re%i%t a *i3* trK-e .et7een t*e%-,er#n-#ti4e 7inin3 an t*e -ter 4e%%e! " t*e

#r6%tat 7a% e4e!,e5T*e $%t #$,!e #r63eni# %6%te$ 7a% e4e!,e'

.-i!t an ,erate "r a ,rQe#t " a ;(*)4t,9(+)(t, (;+*+t* / ?+,)5 B6 %e,aratin " ie%" irn an $an3ane%e' *i3* 7*itene%% " a!in 7a%a#*ie4e "r ,r-#tin " t, K-a!it6 #*ina5An in-%tria!


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FROM THE PISTON EXP"NDERS TO TURBINES

F-rt*er e$an n in-%tria! a,,!i#atin% " %-,er#n-#ti4it6 reK-ire *i3*!6 re!ia.!e!iK-e"ier%5 Rtatin3 $a#*ine% 7ere t*e an%7er " e%i3ner%5 S#re7 #$,re%%r% in%tea "t*e ,i%tn ne% an raia! t-r.ine% in%tea " ,i%tn e,aner%5De4e!,$ent " e,aner% 7a% %tarte at t*e R((+*h I)t,tt( / F4 +)4

R(/*,(*+t,) t(h)A K"TE:O7 +..7 ,) H*+4( :*+9(7 t4+A=in #


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Fir%t " a!! PBS 4(,9(*,( / t*,)(%tarte /* L,)4( ".G.7 M),h5 02 t-r.ine% 7eree!i4ere "r t*e !iK-e"ier LA "r re"ri3eratin " %-,er#n-#ti4e $a3net% Sie$en%-rin3 t*e ,eri &:22 t &::5 T-r.ine% 7ere e!i4ere in t7 ,ie#e% "r ea#* !iK-e"ier5T*e %a$e it 7a% 7it* a!! t*e !iK-e"ier% e%#ri.e .e!7 e#e,t t*e !iK-e"ier Critte I$,ianti7it* "-r t-r.ine% PBS5"TE:O 4(9(;(4 )(> +*(* t*,)( HEXT 1 +)4 HEXT 1.8 7it* #!in3 ,7er&111W an &211 W re%,e#ti4e!6 -rin3 &:22 t &::&5 &> " t*e$ 7ere e!i4ere t!iK-e"ier% " Line an Fer5 PBS7 +.. 4(9(;(4 )(> tA;( /3D *+4,+-+,+ >h((5Mea%-re$ent%' ne .6 ATEO at t*e #-%t$er' ini#ate *i3* t-r.ine e""i#ien#6 ;2 t21d5Sin#e &::& PBS #ntin-e t*eir e4e!,$ent ine,enent!65 Ste, .6 %te,' ne7 t6,e% 7ere

,-t 4er t t*er !iK-e"ier%5T6,e HET 150 eK-i,,e 7it* =D 7*ee!% 7a% e!i4ere in &1 ,ie#e% "r 0 !iK-e"ier% L0 "Line5

Ne7 t6,e HET &'0' #!in3 ,7er &011 W *a% .een e!i4ere in 0? ,ie#e% %in#e &::0

"r t*e Line !iK-e"ier' $are TCF &15Ant*er a#*ie4e$ent a% a##e,tan#e " t*e net t6,e HET 7it* $ai$-$ ,7er 111 W"r t*e L",* L,,4(!iK-e"ier HELIAL&111 %in#e t*e 6ear 11 in t*e a$-nt " =1

,ie#e%5Ant*er t6,e HET&5& 7a% e!i4ere in "-r $i"i#atin% "r a -ni4er%it6 !iK-e"ier " t*e#$,an6 CRIOTEC I;,+)t,in t*e 6ear 11;5

Wit* %6%te$ati# 4(9(;()t +)4 ,))9+t,)' PBSa#*ie4e #n%iera.!e re%-!t% in in#rea%in3 " t*e t*er$6na$i# e""i#ien#6 " t-r.ine%(Fi35 &&) an re!ia.i!it6 " t*eir ,eratin< T*e %,ee 7a% in#rea%e -, t =?1 111 r,$' 7*i#* ena.!e t e%i3n t-r.ine% 7it*$ai$-$ e""i#ien#6 "r a!! t*e in,-t ,ara$eter%5< Cir#-$"erentia! 4e!#it6 n t*e -ter ia$eter " t*e 7*ee! a#*ie4e =;1 $%5< I$,!e$entatin " =D e%i3n an $an-"a#t-rin3 " aia! 7*ee!% n CNC $a#*ine t!%5(Fi35 &&5.)< Cn%iera.!e in#rea%e " .earin3 #a,a#it6 " t*e aia! .earin35 Cir#-$"erentia! 4e!#it6

n t*e -ter ia$eter a#*ie4e 01 $%5< Raia! .earin3% 7ere i$,r4e< Met* " 6na$i# .a!an#in3 " t-r.ine rtr% at ,eratin %,ee 7a% i$,!e$ente5Mea%-re$ent " t*e a$,!it-e " rtr 4i.ratin% ,r4e #n%iera.!e re-#tin at#$$er#ia! %erie% ,r-#tin5

F,*( 11. The PBS HEXT turbinea @left7 >he turbine bodyb >he turbine :- 'heels 0 to 8,5 mm diam

0&


44/343


45/343

CR08-1IMPRO%EMENTS OF HELIUM LI!UEF"CTION REFRIGER"TION PL"NTS "ND "PPLIC"TIONS

M-e*!e33er M5' Berai% 55> "r$ 1 !* -, t :1 !*5 T*eran3e i% #4ere .6 t*ree %i+e% " !iK-e"ier% < L;1' L&>1 an L21' 7*i#* are a!! .a%e-,n a C!a-e #6#!e5 FIGURE & %*7% t*e ,r#e%% "!7 ia3ra$ " an L


46/343

*eat e#*an3er% E=&1 < E=&?15 A"ter t*at it i% t*rtt!e .6 t*e T


47/343

T*e -ter ,i,in3 *a% .een $ini$i%e5 T*e !iK-e"a#tin an ,-ri"i#atin ,r#e%% *a% .eene%i3ne in %-#* a 7a6 t*at n i#in3 n -ter ,i,e


48/343

C$,re%%r 7it* LIN 7it* LIN Per"r$an#e a4era3e 7 LIN 7 LIN Per"r$an#e a4era3e

$a%%"!7 Vk!iK Vk!iK in#rea%e in#rea%e Vk!iK Vk!iK in#rea%e in#rea%e

`3F% `!F* `!F* `d `d !F* `!F* `d `d

;:50 := &:1 0> &0= :1 ;1

?&5? ? &01 0& &&0 ;1 ?>

0>5 &:; &=1 0 &1& ?1 ?2

>152 &>1 ;2 21 ;1 =; 2:

=>5= &&? 0; &1> 0: =1 :;

;50 :& >0 &1 >? 0 2?

&5& ?2 =: ;> => = >;

&;5; 0> ; &1 2 &0 2?

&>50 >& &: &&; & && 22TCF&1

;>L;1

TCF&1

:2 L;1

TCF01

?;

L

&>1

TC

F1

:0

L

&>1

TC

F1

:&

L21

TCF01

0L21

T+( 1"erformance data of LC*plants

COMP"RISON OF PERFORM"NCE D"T"' L-SERIES %S. TCF

TABLE & %*7% ,er"r$an#e ata " t*e L

#$,re%%r $a%% "!75 Cn%eK-ent!6' t*e %,e#i"i# #$,re%%in ,7er in,-t ,er !iK-e"ie*e!i-$ #-! .e %i3ni"i#ant!6 re-#e5 Fr !iK-e"a#tin' %,e#i"i# #$,re%%r ,7er i%e"ine a%

[ ]%,DL#el$(m"p li)Comp >>= (&)

7*ere P#$,i% t*e %*a"t ,7er " t*e *e!i-$ re#6#!e #$,re%%r5 In TABLE ata "r t*eL


49/343

C$,re%%r 7it* LIN 7it* LIN ,k%,e# a45 ,k%,e# 7 LIN 7 LIN ,k%,e# a45 ,k%,e#

$a%%"!7 ,k%,e# ,k%,e# e#rea%e e#rea%e ,k%,e# ,k%,e# e#rea%e e#rea%e

`3F% `WF! L*e `WF! L*e `d `d `WF! L*e `WF! L*e `d `d

;:50 152& &5> =0 &50> 5? >&

?&5? 15:1 &5=? => &5;2 5:& =:

0>5 152; &5= => &5;1 520 >1

>152 15: &5?? >> &520 =501 >;

=>5= 15: &52; 0& &52& =500 >:;50 15:: 51& 0& &5:0 =5? >?

&5& &51 &5;; >= 51> =511 =

&;5; &51= 512 01 51& =5;0 >?

&>50 &5&& 5> 0> 5 >5&; >;

L21

TCF01

=>

L21

TCF01

>1

TCF

1

>:L&>

1

TCF

1

>;

TCF&1

>

L&>

1

L;1

TCF&1

>:

L;1

T+( 2.+pecific compression po'er for LC* plants

LiK-e"a#tin #a,a#itie% " 1!* 7it*-t ,-ri"ier ,eratin *a4e .een a#*ie4e5 C! 7nti$e "r$ a$.ient t ,eratin te$,erat-re i% !e%% t*an 50 *-r%5 T #! 7n a %i$i!arTCF01' a,,ri$ate!6 > *-r% 7ere ne#e%%ar65

CONCLUSION

B6 -%in3 *i3*


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CR08-#E%OLUTION OF THE ST"ND"RD HELIUM LI!UEFIER R"NGE

Cai!!a- A5' Ai3-6 G5' Cri%,e! S5' De!#a6re F5' Gra.i9 V5' Da-3-et P5

AIR LI@UIDE' A4an#e Te#*n!3ie% Di4i%in' R-e e C!9$en#i]re'B5 P5 &0' =2=?1 Sa%%ena3e' Fran#e

"BSTR"CT

T*e %tanar *e!i-$ !iK-e"ier an re"ri3eratr ran3e' #a!!e He!ia! an e%i3ne .6 AirLiK-ie DTA' *a% re#ent!6 .een -,3rae in rer t i$,r4e t*e e""i#ien#6 " t*e%e$a#*ine%5 Inee' 4er t*e $-!ti


51/343

T*e e%i3n " t*e He!ia! &111111=111 ran3e 7a% t*ere"re aa,te t t*e%e %,e#i"i#reK-ire$ent%' tr6in3 t "in a 3 #$,r$i%e .et7een re"ri3eratin an !iK-e"a#tin' inrer t "-!"i! %,e#i"i#atin% reK-irin3 4ari-% $e% " ,eratin5

A"ter %i 6ear% " e,erien#e 7it* t*e He!ia! &111111=111 ran3e' ,a%t ,rQe#t% 7ere

ana!6%e5 Fir%t' Air LiK-ie ea$ine t*e "ie! " a,,!i#atin% "r 7*i#* t*e%e %6%te$%7ere in%ta!!e5 FIGURE & / -,,er !e"t #rner / %*7% t*e 4ariet6 " #-%t$er a,,!i#atin%"r 7*i#* t*e He!ia! %6%te$% ,r4ie a %!-tin5 T7 $ain "ie!% a,,ear %6n#*rtrn#entre% an !iK-e"a#tin #entre%5 T*e6 #n%tit-te a.-t ;0d " t*e nee% in ter$% " *e!i-$!iK-e"a#tin anr re"ri3eratin5 Ne4ert*e!e%%' t*e re$ainin3 0d re4ea! ne7 $aret% !ie#! an -!tra1 L* 20 L* &21 L*

LiK-e"a#tin #a,a#it6 7it* LN 21 L* &;0 L* =11 L*

Re"ri3eratin #a,a#it6 7it*-t LN &=1 W >&0 W ;01 W

Re"ri3eratin #a,a#it6 7it* LN &?1 W 011 W :11 WT+( 15#elial 000E2000E:000 performances

Operation modes

Liquefiers

Mixed modes

Refrigerators

Operating temperatures

T = 4.5K

T>10K

T 30%

!a"e

simu#ation

"$amer

Liquefa"tion

"enters

M&

'eutra# (eam

)n*e"tor

+o#d neutronsour"e

,T

-n"$rotrons

Applications

F,*( 15 Characterisation of past #elial proFects

?1


52/343

Re3arin3 t*e ,eratin3 te$,erat-re%' FIGURE & / .tt$ !e"t #rner / %*7% t*at $%t "t*e ,rQe#t% 7r at !iK-i *e!i-$ te$,erat-re5 Ne4ert*e!e%%' in re#ent 6ear%' $re an$re ,rQe#t% at te$,erat-re% a.4e &1 7ere .rn in i""erent "ie!% %-#* a% HTSa,,!i#atin%' #! ne-trn %-r#e% an %,a#e #*a$.er%5 T*e %tanar $a#*ine% $-%t re$ain"!ei.!e t a!!7' 7it* $inr $i"i#atin%' ,eratin at t*i% te$,erat-re ran3e5

Fina!!6' t*e !a%t ,art " t*e ana!6%i% " ,a%t ,rQe#t% #n#ern% t*e n %ite ,er"r$an#e5 T*e3ra,* n FIGURE & / .tt$ ri3*t #rner / %*7% t*at $re t*an >1d " t*e in%ta!!atin%in ,eratin e#ee t*e 3-arantee ,er"r$an#e .6 $re t*an =1d5 T*e%e #n%er4ati4ere%-!t% !e t a .etter n7!e3e " t*e $a#*ine% a% 7e!! a% " t*eir #$,nent%5 T*i% .etter#ntr! " t*e ,r#e%% an #$,nent !i$it% en#-ra3e Air LiK-ie t ,r,%e a %!-tin#!%er t t*e #-%t$er nee%5

Mre4er' ,7er #n%-$,tin .e#$in3 a $aQr t,i#a! #n#ern' Air LiK-ie e#ie att*e %a$e ti$e t ana!6%e t*e e""i#ien#ie% " t*e He!ia! ran3e5 Ea#* $a#*ine #an .e#*ara#teri%e .6 a %,e#i"i# #n%-$,tin' 7*i#* i% e"ine a% t*e rati .et7een t*e ,7er

i%%i,ate t a$.ient at 7ar$ en an t*e ,7er a.%r.e at t*e #! te$,erat-re5 TABLE %*7% t*at t*e %,e#i"i# #n%-$,tin " ea#* He!ia! #rre%,n%' "r a !iK-e"a#tin $e7it*-t !iK-i nitr3en (LN) ,re


53/343

e,enin3 n t*e ,eratin3 $e%5 T*e ,r#e%% %t-ie% ,er"r$e 7ere .a%e n t*ei""eren#e% .et7een re"ri3eratin an !iK-e"a#tin $e%5

In re"ri3eratin $e (Fi3-re = / !e"t %ie)' t*e #-%t$er% a,,!i#atin i% $aintaine at a#n%tant te$,erat-re 7it* a !iK-i *e!i-$ .at*' 7*ere e4a,ratin a.%r.% t*e ,7erinQe#te int *e!i-$5 S$e 3a% i% 3enerate an re#4ere in t*e #! . *eat e#*an3er%5T*e .i!


54/343

In !iK-e"a#tin $e (Fi3-re = / ri3*t %ie)' n #! 3a% i% ret-rne t*r-3* t*e *eate#*an3er% e#e,t "r t*e "!a%* 3enerate .6 t*e -!e1 3 in rert #! t*e 3a% 7n t t*e !iK-e"a#tin ,int' an t*en a3ain &2 3 in rer t !iK-e"6*e!i-$5

In t*at 7a6' ne #an ea%i!6 -ner%tan t*at in a !iK-e"a#tin $e' t-r.ine% *a4e t etra#t$re ,7er t*an in a re"ri3eratin $e' 7*erea% in a re"ri3eratin $e' t*e *eat

e#*an3er% $-%t ,r4ie t*e !ar3e%t %-r"a#e' ,arti#-!ar!6 "r t*e !a%t *eat e#*an3er' % a%t re#4er t*e $ai$-$ #! ent*a!,6 " t*e #! 3a% 3enerate .6 t*e a,,!i#atin5 W*ent*e He!ia! 7a% e%i3ne "r a $ie $e' t*e e""i#ien#6 in #a%e " a ,-re !iK-e"a#tin$e r a ,-re re"ri3eratin $e 7-! nt *a4e .een t*e $ai$-$ %in#e t-r.ine% an*eat e#*an3er% are ,erate in ""


55/343

Wit*in t*e i4er%it6 " a,,!i#atin%' t*e reK-ire$ent% "r !iK-e"a#tin an re"ri3eratin$e% are 4er6 i""erent in ter$% " ,r#e%% %,e#i"i#itie%' %#,e " %-,,!6' #ntr! %6%te$'an %6%te$ ,eratin3 a,,ra#*5 T*e re#ent e4!-tin " t*e Air LiK-ie He!ia! ran3e re!ie%n t*e #*i#e " t*e e%i3n $e in rer t ,r,%e a %tanar %6%te$ ,ti$i%e "r t*ee%ire ,eratin $e5

T*e ran3e i% t*ere"re %,!it int t7 %erie% !iK-e"ier% an re"ri3eratr%5 T*i% %e,aratin,er$it% ne t .tain t*e $ai$-$ %,e#i"i# #n%-$,tin 7it* a 3i4en #$,re%%r "r t*e,eratin $e #*%en .6 t*e #-%t$er5 T*e ne7 He!ia! E4!-tin ran3e i% #$,%e "t*ree %i+e% " #! .e% %$a!!' $ei-$ an !ar3e5 Fr ea#* %i+e' t*e #-%t$er%%,e#i"i#atin !ea% t t*e e%i3n $e "r 7*i#* t*e ,er"r$an#e 7i!! .e ,ti$i%e!iK-e"a#tin r re"ri3eratin5 T*e ne7 ran3e n7 #n%i%t% " t*ree !iK-e"ier% He!ia! SL'He!ia! ML an He!ia! LL^ an t*ree re"ri3eratr% He!ia! SF' He!ia! MF an He!ia! LF5 E4eni" t*e eterna! ,art% " t*e #! .e% " He!ia! re"ri3eratr% an !iK-e"ier% " t*e %a$e %i+eare ienti#a!' t*e *eat e#*an3er% an t*e t-r.ine% 7i!! .e i""erent .ein3 ,ti$i%e "r t*e#*%en ran3e5

2.2 T*,)( I;*9(()tS$e %t-ie% *a4e a!% .een ,er"r$e re3arin3 t*e in"!-en#e " t-r.ine% e""i#ien#ie%5 Wee%ti$ate t*e i$,a#t " in#rea%in3 e""i#ien#6 n t*e !iK-e"a#tin rate5 T*e re%-!t% " t*e#a!#-!atin are 3i4en in Ta.!e =5 T*i% in"r$atin ,-%*e Air LiK-ie t 7r n t*ee""i#ien#6 " t*e t-r.ine%' tr6in3 t i$,r4e t*e%e "i3-re% n t*eir %$a!!e%t $a#*ine% t*atn!6 etra#t %e4era! *-nre% " 7att%5

T*i% *a% .een $ana3e t*an% t t*e -%e " =D


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3. BENEFITS "ND "D"PT"TIONS OF THE ST"ND"RD PRODUCT

T*e %tanar He!ia! -nit% are ei#ate t .e -%e "r a $ai$-$ ran3e " a,,!i#atin%'"r$ !iK-e"a#tin #enter% t re"ri3eratin a,,!i#atin%5 Hen#e' t*i% ,r-#t $-%t "-!"i! a !t" i""erent reK-ire$ent% an %*-! re$ain "!ei.!e5

3.1 B()(/,t / St+)4+*4 H(,+ R+)(Fir%t' t*i% ,r-#t $-%t re$ain ea%6 t ,erate' %in#e t*e n-$.er " ,eratr% ei#ate t#r63eni#% *a% .een e#rea%in3 in $%t #enter%5 T*e He!ia! i% t*en tta!!6 #ntr!!e .6 aei#ate ,er"r$in3 #ntr! %6%te$' in rer t aa,t a-t$ati#a!!6 ,eratin% t t*e !a4ariatin% " t*e %6%te$5 It i% eK-i,,e 7it* %-ita.!e %en%r% an a-t$ati# 4a!4e% 7*i#*$ae% it ea%6 t ,erate5 T*e #ntr! %6%te$ #an a!% .e e,rte t*r-3* a %-,er4i%r 7it*"rien!6 inter"a#e%5 T*i% %-,er4i%r #an ""er i""erent !e4e!% " #ntr! "r$ %i$,!e$nitrin3 " ,ara$eter% -, t a tta! re$te #ntr! 7it* rer% 3i4en t*r-3* t*e%-,er4i%in3 %6%te$5 Dia3n%i% an ,er$anent #*e# 7it* re#rin3 i% t*en $ae ea%ier5 AirLiK-ie DTA a!% ,r,%e% a re$te a##e%% t t*e PLC t*r-3* a $e$ % t*at an ""i#ee,ert #an 3i4e ire#t a%%i%tan#e t ea#* #-%t$er5

He!ia! ,r-#t a!% #n%tit-te% a *i3* re!ia.i!it6 %!-tin 7it* re-#e $aintenan#e' re%tin3n t*e -%e " 4er6 r.-%t #$,nent% %-#* a% i! !-.ri#ate %#re7 #$,re%%r%' a!-$ini-$

,!ate "in *eat e#*an3er% an Air LiK-ie 7n %tati# 3a% .earin3% t-r.ine%' #*ara#teri%e .6a #a!#-!ate MTBF *i3*er t*an &01'111 *-r%5 T*e%e t-r.ine% are e%i3ne' $an-"a#t-rean te%te in rea! #nitin% in t*e Air LiK-ie DTA 7r%*,%' 7*i#* a!!7% #ntr! "t*e 7*!e ,r#e%%' an K-a!i"i#atin " t*e t-r.ine% .e"re e!i4er65 T*i% %e#-re% t*ee!i4er6 %#*e-!e an t*e ,er"r$an#e% " t*e $a#*ine%5 T*e re-#e $aintenan#e ena.!e%ne t ,r,%e a ,r-#t aa,te "r a !n3 an #ntin--% ,eratin ti$e 7it*-t %*-t5 &1&= $.ar & !

3a%e-% >5 &1&= $.ar ;5 !

3a%e-% 1C &1&= $.ar ;1 !

3a%e-% &0C & .ar ;0& !

T*e 3a%e-% %tate at 1C &1&=50 $.ar i% "ten ente a% %tanar te$,erat-re an,re%%-re (STP) r Tn,n' in ,*6%i#% r %#ien#e ne $%t!6 re"er% t t*at5 At t*e 3a% in-%tr6a3ain%t it t*e % !

a"ter &> a6% %tan


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3. LHE SUPPLY BY SELF-OPER"TED LI!UEFIER

In Ger$an6 a#t-a!!6 near!6 01 *e!i-$ !iK-e"ier% are in -%e' %e4era! " t*e$ taen int,eratin 7it*in t*e !a%t 6ear% n!65 LiK-e"ier% are ,erate $%t!6 .6 -ni4er%itie% r e535

.6 in%tit-te% " t*e Ma P!an# r Lei.ni+ %#iet65 T*%e ,!ant% 3enera!!6 #$,ri%e t*e"!!7in3 #$,nent%

#! . (!iK-e"ier) an #6#!e #$,re%%r

i! re$4a!^ !ine rier

3a% $ana3e$ent an 3a% ana!6%i%

%tatinar6 LHe 4e%%e! an e7ar "i!!in3 %tatin5

Fr t*e re#4er6 %6%te$ in aitin i% neee

"ee1 $o)

a *i3* ,re%%-re #$,re%%r "r 11 b =11 .ar

a *i3* ,re%%-re %tra3e 4!-$e at 11 b =11 .ar5

A,,ri$ate!6 11 $p " "!r %,a#e are reK-ire' ,art!6 -t%ie " t*e .-i!in35 Aitina!%-,,!6 " #!in3 7ater an " LNi" -%e "r ,re50 W* ,er ! LHe in t*e ,a%t5 Be%ie% t*at t*e aitina! ,7er #n%-$,tin " t*e *i3*

,re%%-re #$,re%%r% $-%t nt .e ne3!e#te "r an at !ea%t ne

#. C"USES FOR HELIUM LOSSES

O"ten t*e #a-%e% "r *e!i-$ !%%e% in %,ite " an ei%tin3 re#4er6 %6%te$ are -n#!ear t t*ere%,n%i.!e ,er%n%5 In $%t #a%e% K-ite tri4ia! #a-%e% #an .e ienti"ie .6 n #!%erin%,e#tin

;1


62/343

< tran%,rt e7ar% nt #nne#te t t*e re#4er6 %6%te$

< .at* #r6%tat% #-t "" "r$ t*e re#4er6 %6%te$ -rin3 re"i!! ("r in%-""i#ienti$en%ine !ine% r in%tr-$ent%)

< LHe e7ar% are ,ene e%,ite e!e4ate ,re%%-re in%ie (-e t it% *i3* en%it6 t*ere!ea%e 3a% 4!-$e eK-a!% t an a,,re#ia.!e *e!i-$ a$-nt)

< e#e%%i4e #!


63/343

Wit* a PU1 a,,r5 "r N' Or CO5 A3ain%t it "r t*e ,!ar HO $.ar an &5? $.ar i% "-n5

T*i% re,re%ent% a ,er"e#t!6 -na##e,ta.!e #nitin

< S$a!! !eaa3e% r "r3tten 4a!4e% at t*e in!et ,rt% !ea i$$eiate!6 t i$$en%ei$,-ritie% (7it* ,%iti4e ,re%%-re nat-ra!!6 n t*e t*er *an t a,,r,riate *e!i-$!%%e%)

< T*ere i% a %e4ere ri% t %-# in a$.ient air int LHe e7ar% r #r6%tat% #nne#te tt*e re#4er6 %6%te$5 Fr+en air #an ,!-3 ne# t-.e% an .!7


64/343

F,*( 1' +cheme of a helium reco!ery system in a multi


65/343

PULSE TUBES"ND

OTHER REFRIGER"TORS

;0


66/343


67/343

"-n#tinin3 ,ti$i+atin " t*e *i3* #a,a#it6 DIPTR %6%te$%5 In "a#t' t*e ener36#n%-$,tin " t*e *i3* #a,a#it6 #r6#!er% i% %i3ni"i#ant!6 3reater t*at " t*e $ei-$#a,a#it6 ne%5 T*-%' t*e #e""i#ient " ,er"r$an#e t*at #n%ier% .t* t*e #!in3 ,7eran t*e rate " 7r tran%"er t t*e 3a% %*-! .e ,ti$i+e t en%-re t*e *i3*e%t #!in3#a,a#it6 an $ini$-$ 7r5 Here' 7e %t-6 t*e in"!-en#e% " t*e #!er 3e$etr6 an,eratin3 ,ara$eter% " t*e t-.e %e#tin n t*e #!in3 #a,a#it6 an #e""i#ient "

,er"r$an#e .6 -%in3 t*e e4e!,e $e!5 F-rt*er$re' in rer t ,ti$i+e t*e,er"r$an#e " t*e ,-!%e t-.e #r6#!er' t*e e""e#t " ri"i#e 4a!4e an -.!e in!et aree,!re a% 7e!!5

PHYSIC"L MODEL "ND GO%ERNING E!U"TIONS

A -.!e in!et Stir!in3 t6,e ,-!%e t-.e #!er #ntain% %e4era! #$,nent% %-#* a%' a ,i%tn7*i#* 3enerate% ,re%%-re %#i!!atin%' t*e %tain!e%% %tee! re3eneratr 7*i#* a#t% a% a ,r-%$ei-$' t*e t-.e t*r-3* 7*i#* t*e 7rin3 "!-i "!7% "ree!6' *eat e#*an3er% 7*i#*$ae e%ira.!e t*er$6na$i# #nta#t 7it* t*e 3a%' an ri"i#e' ne .6,a%% !ine an a

re%er4ir5 Fi3-re & %*7% a %#*e$ati# 4ie7 " a %in3!e5 T*er$a! .e*a4ir " t*e re3eneratr an *eat e#*an3er% are iea!T*e *6r6na$i# an t*er$a! .e*a4ir " t*e #r6#!er i% ,rei#te .6 #!a%%i#a!t*er$6na$i# $e!5 In t*i% re%,e#t t*e $a%% an ener36 .a!an#e eK-atin% are a,,!ie t%i #ntr! 4!-$e%5 Te$,erat-re an ,re%%-re are a%%-$e t .e %,atia!!6 a4era3e in t*e#ntr! 4!-$e% e#e,t in t*e t-.e %e#tin an re3eneratr5 Na! ana!6%i% te#*niK-e i%e$,!6e t %i$-!ate t*e t-.e %e#tin .e*a4ir n-$eri#a!!65 Fr t*e re3eneratr a !ineartren i% a#K-ire "r t*e ,re%%-re an te$,erat-re i%tri.-tin a!n3 t*e re3eneratr5 T*ei$,!i#it #ntr! 4!-$e $et* i% -%e t ,er"r$ t*e %,atia! i%#reti+atin " #n%er4atin" $a%% an ener36 in t-.e %e#tin5 T*e na! ana!6%i% i% -%e t i4ie t*e 7*!e t-.e

%e#tin int a %erie% " #ntr! 4!-$e%5 T*e t-.e %e#tin i% i4ie int (n) #ntr!4!-$e% in !n3it-ina! ire#tin5

T*e te$,erat-re' ,re%%-re' en%it6' $a%%' an 3a% ,r,ertie% " ea#* #ntr! 4!-$e area##-nte in t*e #enter " t*at #ntr! 4!-$e5 T*e ne i% %-,,%e t .e in t*e #enter "

;2


68/343

ea#* #ntr! 4!-$e5 T*e %e#n rer -, " "dt dt >

= +

(&)

& &5 5 ( )

cp cp cp cpt

cp cp F cp

cp cp h cp cp

d> d" d > > C " "

dt " dt dt > "

= +

()

[ ]( ) ( )( )F t cp F cp d reg F t ac

" C " " C C " "

t

= + +

(=)

u u

u u u

u

&

( !n &) ( )>(

( ( ) ( ) (

( &) (& !n ) )>(

)

)

t

reg reg c h h h

c h t

c h c h c c h

t t t

reg c t F d h t F & h t

h h h

reg reg Fc h

t c

h c h c c

"

- Lt > > > >

> > > > > > >

C > " " C > " " C > "

> > >- L "> >

>> > > > > t

=

+

+ +

(>)

&5 ( )i i i

i i

t t i

> " > > Rm m

t t " "

= +

(0)

' & ' ' & '&

( ( ) ( ))' i ' i ' i ' i'i' 'i t ' 'i

' 'i

> > > > >$ A $ A

t C 9 9

+ = + + (?)

( )res t & t res

res

" C " "

t

=

(;)

In t*e a.4e %6%te$ " eK-atin%T*e %-.%#ri,t (i) e%i3nate% t*e n-$.er " #ntr! 4!-$e% in t*e t-.e %e#tin 7*i#* i%4ar6in3 "r$ & t n5

T*e te$,erat-re at t*e .-narie% i% %*7n .6 %-,er%#ri,t u an i% e"ine a% "!!7%

;:


69/343

u

&( ) ( )

cp cp h cp h> > > # " " > = + (2)

u( (1' ) ) ( )

c t c c c> > t > # m > = + (:)

u

( ( ' ) ) ( )h t h h h> > L t > # m > = +

(&1)

T*e *6ra-!i# #n-#tan#e " t*e re3eneratr regC i% .taine "r$ t*e +en6 !a7

e%ta.!i%*e "r ,r-% $eia `?5

5>

reg reg

reg

reg reg

- % "C

L R>

= (&&)

7*ere' ,er$ea.i!it6 ' i% e,re%%e in ter$% " t*e ,re%%-re r, #e""i#ient fC an t*eRe6n!% n-$.er Reh `?' ;5

ReRe

Reh

h f

hf hc

h g pass

-%

C

m-a'here C b and

A

= = + =

(&)

T*e 4a!-e " t*e #e""i#ient% a' . an # "r i""erent %it-atin% #an .e "-n in `25 We *a4e#*%en t*e e$,iri#a! #rre!atin "r t*e %#i!!atin3 "!7 7*i#* 7a% ,r,%e .6 Tanaa `:5

Heat tran%"er .et7een t*e 3a% an t-.e 7a!! in t-.e %e#tin i% .taine "r$ t*e N-%%e!tn-$.er eK-atin -ner %#i!!atin3 "!7' in #$,!e "r$ a% e%#ri.e .6 rn*-%er `&15

RESULTS "ND DISCUSSION

T*e 3e$etr6 an ,eratin3 ,ara$eter% " t*e #r6#!er' 7*i#* *a% .een #n%iere in t*e,re%ent ,a,er' are ,re%ente in Ta.!e &5

#$,re%%r %7e,t 4!-$e($=) &5;0E t-.e 7a!! t*i#ne%% ($) &511 E


70/343

re%er4ir5 T*e ,re%%-re% are #$,ara.!e in a$,!it-e 7it* an .4i-% ,*a%e %*i"t' a% t*ea.4e "i3-re i%,!a6%5

F,*( 2'Comparison of pressures at different locations of the cryocooler

In "i3-re = t*e in%tantane-% te$,erat-re a!n3 t*e a!ternate t-.e %e#tin *a% .eenre,re%ente5 In t*i% "i3-re t*e te$,erat-re *a% .een ,!tte at i""erent #6#!e ti$e% in#$,ari%n 7it* t*e #6#!e a4era3e te$,erat-re a!n3 t*e t-.e %e#tin5

F,*( 3'nstantaneous temperature along the tube

Fi3-re > %*7% t*e in"!-en#e " t*e #r6#!er ri"i#e #n-#tan#e n #!in3 #a,a#it65T*e e""e#t " re%er4ir 4!-$e *a% .een re,rte in t*i% "i3-re a% 7e!!5

A% e,e#te ,ti$i+e 4a!-e% are .%er4e n t*e #!in3 #a,a#it6 " t*e #r6#!er' 7*i#*e,en n t*e re%er4ir 4!-$e5 C!in3 #a,a#it6 " t*e #r6#!er in#rea%e% a!$%t &1d

.6 in#rea%in3 t*e re!ati4e re%er4ir 4!-$e "r$ : t &25 N %i3ni"i#ant in#rea%e i%.%er4e in t*e #!in3 #a,a#it6 7*en t*e re!ati4e re%er4ir in#rea%e% $re5 T*e %i3ni"i#ante""e#t " ri"i#e #n-#tan#e i% nti#ea.!e in t*i% "i3-re5 T*e trae "" .et7een t*e ,*a%e%*i"t an3!e' .et7een ,re%%-re an 4e!#it6 at t*e #! en an ,re%%-re a$,!it-e in t*et-.e %e#tin re%-!t% i% a% an ,ti$-$ a% "i3-re > i%,!a6%5

2&


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F,*( #'Cooling capacity of the cryocooler !s orifice conductance

Fi3-re 0 re,re%ent% t*e 4ariatin " #!in3 #a,a#it6 4%5 "reK-en#6 " %#i!!atin% ati""erent a4era3e ,re%%-re% " t*e #r6#!er5 A %i3ni"i#ant in#rea%e i% .%er4e in #!in3#a,a#it6 a% t*e a4era3e ,re%%-re " t*e #r6#!er in#rea%e% "r$ &1 t 0 .ar5 T*i% "i3-re%*7% t*e in"!-en#e " t*e "reK-en#6 " %#i!!atin% n t*e #r6#!er #a,a#it6 a% 7e!!5

F,*( 5'?ffect of a!erage pressure and fre)uency on cyocooler capacity

Fi3-re ? %*7% t*e e""e#t " -.!e in!et 4a!4e #n-#tan#e n #r6#!er #e""i#ient ",er"r$an#e "r i""erent $a3nit-e% " a!ternate t-.e a%,e#t rati%5 B6 in#rea%in3 t*e-.!e in!et 4a!4e #n-#tan#e #!in3 #a,a#it6 " t*e #r6#!er e#rea%e% -e t t*ee#rea%e " t*e $a%% "!7 rate at t*e #r6#!er #! *ea5 H7e4er' .6 in#rea%in3 t*e-.!e in!et #n-#tan#e' t*e rate " 7r tran%"er t t*e 7rin3 "!-i e#rea%e% a% 7e!!5T*-%' an ,ti$-$ i% .%er4e n #r6#!er #e""i#ient " ,er"r$an#e -e t t*e trae ""

.et7een t*e #!in3 #a,a#it6 an tran%"erre 7r t t*e 3a%5

T 4eri"6 t*e re%-!t% " t*e ,re%ent $e!' t*e #!in3 #a,a#it6 an t*e tran%"erre ,7er tt*e 7rin3 "!-i *a4e .een #$,are 7it* e,eri$ent at t*e %a$e ,eratin3 ,ara$eter%

an 3e$etr6 `&&5 T*e #$,-tatina! $e! ,rei#t% &? W #!in3 #a,a#it6 at 21 #!

2


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F,*( 6'?ffect of double inlet !al!e and alternate tube section aspect ratio oncryocooler coefficient of performance

en te$,erat-re 7it* &52 W net ,7er tran%"er t t*e 3a%5 Re%-!t% %*7 t*at 5>de4iatin i% "-n .et7een t*e #!in3 #a,a#it6' ,rei#te .6 t*e $e! an t*at " t*ee,eri$ent5 T*e e,eri$enta! $e! re,rt% t*e #!in3 #a,a#it6 " &= W at 21 7it*#$,re%%r ,7er " =5& W5 T*e rea%n% " t*e i""eren#e .et7een t*e tran%"erre ,7ert t*e 3a% ,rei#te .6 -r $e! an t*e e,eri$ent in#!-e t*e #$,re%%r e""i#ien#6 an!%t 7r -e t t*e entr,6 3eneratin' 7*i#* *a4e nt .een #n%iere in t*e ,re%ent%t-65

CONCLUSION

T*e *6r6na$i# an t*er$a! .e*a4ir " a *i3* #a,a#it6 Stir!in3 PTR 7a% ,rei#te .6#ntr! 4!-$e ana!6%i% $e!5 Na! ana!6%i% te#*niK-e 7a% e$,!6e t %i$-!ate t*et-.e %e#tin .e*a4ir n-$eri#a!!65 T*e in"!-en#e% " t*e t-.e %e#tin 3e$etr6 an,eratin3 ,ara$eter% n t*e #!in3 #a,a#it6 an #e""i#ient " ,er"r$an#e *a4e .een%t-ie5 In rer t ,ti$i+e t*e ,er"r$an#e' t*e e""e#t " ri"i#e 4a!4e an -.!e in!et*a% .een e,!re a% 7e!!5 T*e #!in3 #a,a#it6 " 01 W at 21 7it* =5: W net ,7ertran%"er t t*e 3a% *a% .een ,rei#te .6 t*e #$,-tatina! $e!5 Re%-!t% *a4e .een#$,are 7it* e,eri$ent% an a 3 a3ree$ent 7a% .%er4e5

NOMENCL"TURE

( )A m area S*,;t S;(**,;t

( F )C N $g% %,e#i"i# *eat #a,a#it6 ac a"ter #!er

fC inertia #e""i#ient c #! en

cC #$,re%%r #n-#tan#e ch9 #! *eat e#*an3er

oC ri"i#e #n-#tan#e cp C$,re%%r

dC -.!e in!et #n-#tan#e g Ga%

( )- m ia$eter # *t en

( F )h ( m % *eat tran%"er #e""i#ient h H6ra-!i#

2=


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# Hea4i%ie "-n#tin hh9 *t *eat e#*an3er

( F 5 )% ( m % t*er$a! #n-#ti4it6 i ne n-$.er

( )% m ,er$ea.i!it6 F -.!e in!et Q-n#tin

( )L m !en3t* t T-.e

( F )m $ g s $a%% "!7 rate p #n%tant ,re%%-re

n n-$.er " ne% ' Wa!!

1u N-%%e!t n-$.er reg Re3eneratr

( )" bar ,re%%-re pass Pa%%a3e

"e Pe#!et n-$.er u .-nar6 4a!-e

( )r m rai-% G*((?

( F )R N $g% 3a% #n%tant Pr%it6

Re Re6n!% n-$.er ( F 5 )$g m s 6na$i# 4e!#it6

( )t s ti$e (&F )s an3-!ar 4e!#it6

( )> % te$,erat-re ( )( ' rate " 7r tran%"er

=( ) m 4!-$e ( )9 m e!e$ent !en3t*

REFERENCES

`& P,e%#- G5' Ra#en# V5' Gra3a!ian E5 an Ra$an6 Ba!a P5' A Criti#a! Re4ie7 " P-!%e T-.eCr63eneratr Re%ear#*' Int5 5 Re"ri35 V!5 >' 11&' =1' ?:


74/343

CR08-58GREEN CRYOGENICS' THE USE OF N"TUR"L CON%ECTION

TO IMPRO%E THE EFFICIENCY OF CRYOGENS "NDCRYOCOOLERS

S#-r!# R5G5&' Wan3 C5

&r6% Te#*n!36' Br4a!e Ra' S-t*a$,tn' SO&; &@P' U5Cr6$e#*5 In#5' &&= Fa!% Dri4e' S6ra#-%e' NY &=&&' USA5

"BSTR"CT

Cr63eni#% an Cr63eni# En3ineerin3 are $aQr -%er% " ener36' .6 t*eir nat-re in,r4iin3 r -%in3 re"ri3eratin r [#! \at !7 te$,erat-re%5

T*e $a3nit-e " t*i% ener36 i% in4er%e!6 ,r,rtina! t t*e !7e%t te$,erat-re an i% "ar!ar3er t*an t*e ent*a!,6 a.%r.e .6 t*e #r63en ,r-#e' r .6 a #r6#!er#nen%er5

E#n$6 an [3reen [ ,ra#ti#e i% .e#$in3 in#rea%in3!6 i$,rtant in Cr63eni#% t

&5 re-#e ener36 re!ate e$i%%in%'5 re-#e #%t " $ain3 #r63en%' an t*e #%t " !%%e% in %tra3e an -%e " t*e$'=5 re-#e !%%e% in *an!in3 an tran%"er5

Nat-ra! #n4e#tin #an .e -%e a% a $aQr "a#tr "r re-#in3 raiati4e' #n-#ti4e' an#n4e#ti4e *eat in

Re#ent 7r .6 C*a Wan3' Cr6$e#* In#5 S6ra#-%e' NY ' USA' *a% re4ea!e *7 t*e*e!i-$ !iK-e"a#tin ,er"r$an#e " #r6#!er #nen%er% #an .e %i3ni"i#ant!6 i$,r4e5

Si$,!e $i"i#atin% t t*e #! *ea " a Cr6$e#* PT>&1 ,-!%e t-.e#r6#!er#nen%er *a% !e t a ?;d in#rea%e in *e!i-$ !iK-e"a#tin rate' at t*e %a$e#$,re%%r ,7er5 T*e%e $i"i#atin% are t*e "ir%t e,eri$enta! re%-!t% "r$ -%in3 nat-ra!

#n4e#tin t en*an#e t*e ,re#!in3 " t*e *e!i-$ .i!


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T*i% ,a,er i%' ,er*a,%' a .e3innin3' .-t it e% i!!-%trate *7 t*e -%e " nat-ra! #n4e#tin#an ""er %$e \3reen\ #reentia!% !eain3 t i$,r4e e""i#ien#65

T*e %tartin3 ,int i% t*e "a#t t*at' 7it* e#rea%in3 te$,erat-re' nat-ra! #n4e#tin *eattran%"er #e""i#ient% in#rea%e .6 &1 / &11 "! in t*e 4a,-r near t*e !iK-i .i!in3 ,int5 Inaitin' t*e !#a! te$,erat-re 3raient' r %trati"i#atin' in t*e 4a,-r #an 3i4e ri%e t a

"-rt*er en*an#e$ent " t*e *eat tran%"er .6 a "a#tr " &1 r $re' in' "r ea$,!e' *e!i-$4a,-r at &15 T3et*er' t*e%e *eat tran%"er en*an#e$ent% a,,ra#* &111 ti$e% t*ea$.ient #n4e#tin *eat tran%"er #e""i#ient%' % t*at' "r ea$,!e' *e!i-$ 4a,-r at &1#an tran%"er *eat t' r "r$' %!i %-r"a#e% a% e""e#ti4e!6 a% t*e %-.#!e !iK-i at >5

T*e%e 4er6 !ar3e en*an#e$ent% #an .e -%e a4anta3e-%!6 in %e4era! 7a6%5

T*i% ,a,er re,rt% n t7 %eK-entia! e4e!,$ent%' na$e!6

(a) !7 !%% e7ar% an(.) #r6#!er#nen%er%5

1. N"TUR"L CON%ECTION IN THE DESIGN OF LO& LOSS DE&"RS

T*e .i!


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3. ENH"NCEMENT OF CONDENS"TION R"TE

A n-$.er " #n4e#tin "eat-re% nee t .e #n%iere t $ai$i%e #nen%atin5

3.1 C()t*+ ;,t,) ,) *At+t )(?Sin#e t*e t*er$.et7een -,,er an !7er en%5 T*-% t*e re3eneratr (r re#-,eratr) 7a!! #an .e -%e'a##ienta!!6 r e!i.erate!6' a% a #ntin--% *eat e#*an3e %-r"a#e "r #!in3 t*e7n7ar .-nar6 !a6er "!7 " #nen%a.!e 3a%5

T*ereti#a! ana!6%i% an e,eri$enta! te%t% .6 Wan3 in 11&' ` an 110' `= an t*%e

.6 Z*- et a! `> an Ra4e et a! `0' *a4e ini#ate t*at %i3ni"i#ant #!in3 e""e#t% area4ai!a.!e5

One !i$it n t*e #!in3 e""e#t $a6 .e t*e ,!ain %-r"a#e area " t*e re3eneratr5 It i%t*ere"re ,%t-!ate t*at i$,r4e *eat tran%"er $a6 .e .taine .6 in#rea%in3 t*e *eattran%"er area 7it* a %et " !7 t*er$a! #n-#ti4it6 4erti#a! %tain!e%% %tee! "in%' r *i3*t*er$a! #n-#ti4it6 *ri+nta! #,,er ,in% r rin3%' ,er*a,% &

3.# I)t(*+t,) >,th ;t ,) )4(),) ;(*/*+)(

C!ear!6' a .a!an#e $-%t .e $ae .et7een t*e i%tri.-te #! taen "r$ t*ere3eneratrre#-,eratr an ,-!%e t-.ee,aner t-.e%' an t*e #n%eK-ent re-#tin in%,t #!in3 ,7er " t*e #! *ea5 Ca-tin i% t*ere"re neee in nt $i"6in3 t*e t-.e%7it* t $-#* aitina! *eat tran%"er %-r"a#e .6 ain3 t $an6 4erti#a! "in%' r*ri+nta! ,in% r rin3%5

Re-#in3 #n4e#ti4e *eat tran%"er #an .e a#*ie4e .6 a,,!6in3 !a6er% " MLI%-,erin%-!atin t t*e t-.e %-r"a#e%5 T*i% re-#tin i% e$n%trate .6 t*e i""eren#e in!iK-e"a#tin rate% .et7een Te%t% an & e%#ri.e .e!75

3.5 R+4,+t,) ,)A% $entine ear!ier' t*e #r6#!er#nen%er in#rea%e% t*e $a%% "!7 in t*e 4a,-rt*er$%6,*n !,5 A% a re%-!t' t*er$a!!6 "!atin3 *ri+nta! raiatin %*ie!%' (n #!ert*an ;1) an nt t*er$a!!6 atta#*e t t*e #r6#!er *ea' 7i!! .e aeK-ate!6 #!e .6t*e 4a,-r "!7 % a% t a.%r. a!! =11 raiatin 7n t*e #r6%tat ne#5 A!ternati4e!6' i"t*e raiatin %*ie!% are t*er$a!!6 atta#*e t t*e .tt$ " t*e "ir%t %ta3e' t*en t*e6 $a6

2;


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a!% a%%i%t t*e ,re#!in3 " t*e 7n7ar .-nar6 !a6er "!7 " #nen%a.!e 3a% at t*e*i3*er te$,erat-re%' a% 7e!! a% a.%r.in3 =11 raiatin 7n t*e ne#5 T*e%e a!ternati4e%7i!! .e te%te !ater n5

3.6 M+th,) *A(* +)4 *At+t )(? ((t*,(Fr $ai$-$ ,re#!in3' t*e 4era!! te$,erat-re 3raient% in t*e #r6#!er #! *ea an

#r6%tat ne# %*-! .e #!%e!6 %i$i!ar5 It "!!7% t*at t*e !en3t* " t*e #! *ea %*-!$at#* t*e !en3t* " t*e #r6%tat ne#' r .e %!i3*t!6 %*rter5

#. PRELIMIN"RY EXPERIMENT"L RESULTS

S "ar' > ,re!i$inar6 te%t re%-!t% *a4e .een .taine `;' -%in3 $i"i#atin% t t*eCr6$e#* PT>&1 *e!i-$ !iK-e"ier#r6#!er e%#ri.e in Re"eren#e `=' a% "!!7%

Te%t &5 Re%-!t a#*ie4e 7it* $i"i#atin% t #! *ea e%#ri.e in Re"eren#e `=' in ?1Le7ar 7it* &21$$ ia$eter ne#5

Te%t 5 A% Te%t & .-t 7it* re$4a! " G&1 %!ee4e an %-,erin%-!atin ar-n #! *ea'

a!% #nen%in3 #i!' a% %*7n %#*e$ati#a!!6 in Fi3-re &5

F,*( 1.#elium li)uefaction 'ith pulse tube cold head inside de'ar nec$

de'ar nec$O 2 portion of do'n stream flo' of helium gas to be li)uefiedO

: a thermosyphon loopO = pulse head cold headO 5 st

stage cooling stationO 2nd

stagecooling stationEcondenser

Te%t =5 Re-#tin " ia$eter " e7ar ne# "r$ &21 $$ t &01 $$ in ne7 ?1L e7ar'an aitin " *ri+nta! #,,er "in% t n%ta3e ,-!%e t-.e an re3eneratr5

22


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Te%t >5 A% Te%t = .-t 7it* aitin " *ri+nta! raiatin %*ie!%"in% at t*e !7er en "t*e &%t%ta3e re3eneratr' a% %*7n %#*e$ati#a!!6 in Fi3-re 5

F,*( 2.Latest helium li)uefaction system 'ith pulse tube cryocooler

helium de'arO 2 de'ar nec$O : fins on the 2ndstage regeneratorO = ststage coolingstationO 5 radiation shieldsEfins on the ststage regeneratorO pulse tube cold headO

G fle9ible linesO 8 fins on the 2ndstage pulse tubeO 6 2ndstage coolingEcondenserO0 compressor

T*e ,er"r$an#e i$,r4e$ent%' in ter$% " !iK-e"a#tin rate% ,er a6' are !i%te in Ta.!e &5

Te%t & Te%t Te%t = Te%t >LiK-e"a#tin rate &52 La6 &051 La6 &:50 La6 &5> La6

T+( 1' >est results

It #an .e %een *7 t*e $i"i#atin% !e t %i3ni"i#ant i$,r4e$ent% in t*e !iK-e"a#tinrate' "r$ &52 La6 t &5> La6' an in#rea%e " ?; d5

It %*-! .e ae t*at a ne7!6 $ae #! *ea 7it* #,,er "in% n t*e n %ta3ere3eneratr an ,-!%e t-.e 7a% -%e "r Te%t% = an >5

F-rt*er te%t% %*-! ena.!e $re i$,r4e$ent% in #nen%in3 ,er"r$an#e t .e a#*ie4e-%in3 nat-ra! #n4e#ti4e *eat tran%"er' t7ar% t*e t*ereti#a! !i$it' "r ea$,!e' "=> La6 "r a &W>5 #r6#!er5

2:


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CONCLUSIONS

Si$,!e $i"i#atin% are ,%%i.!e t i$,r4e t*e !7 !%% .i! ,-!%e t-.e #r6#!er5 Cr63eni#% 11&' >&'>:&:?5

=5 Wan3 C5' E""i#ient *e!i-$ re#nen%in3 -%in3 a > ,-!%e t-.e #r6#!er5 Cr63eni#%110' >0' ;&:5

>5 Z*- S5W5' et a!5' > ,-!%e t-.e re"ri3eratr an e#e%% #!in3 ,7er5 A45 Cr65 En3511' >;A' ?==15

05 Ra4e A5' Tr!!ier T5' Tan#*n 5' an Pr-49 T5' In#rea%e in Per"r$an#e " > ,-!%et-.e #r6#!er5 Pr#5Cr6Pra3-e 11?ICEC &' 11?' 0&05

?5 Wan3 C5' Inter$eiate #!in3 "r$ re3eneratr an ,-!%e t-.e in a > ,-!%e t-.e

#r6#!er5 Cr63eni#%' 112' >2' t .e ,-.!i%*e5;5 Wan3 C5' an S#-r!# R5G5' I$,r4e$ent in ,er"r$an#e " #r6#!er% a% #nen%er%5Cr63eni#%' 112' >2' a##e,te "r ,-.!i#atin5

:1


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CR08-12THE DE%ELOPMENT OF " %UILLEUMIER CRYOCOOLER FORNE& @E"L"NDS HIGH TEMPER"TURE SUPERCONDUCTOR

INDUSTRY

G%#*7entner M5A5' T-#er A5S5

Uni4er%it6 " Canter.-r6' Ne7 Zea!an

"BSTR"CT

A V-i!!e-$ier #r6#!er 7it* a ,rQe#te #!in3 #a,a#it6 " &11 W at ;; *a% .eene4e!,e at t*e Uni4er%it6 " Canter.-r6 in Ne7 Zea!an5 W*i!e $%t #r6#!er% -%e$e#*ani#a! #$,re%%r% 7it* a%%#iate 4i.ratin' !eaa3e an !-.ri#atin ,r.!e$%' t*eV-i!!e-$ier #n#e,t e$,!6% a t*er$a! #$,re%%r 7it* n!6 a $ar3ina! $e#*ani#a! 7r

in,-t reK-ire$ent5 T*i% ,a,er *i3*!i3*t% it% %i3ni"i#ant e%i3n a4anta3e% an ,re%ent%re%-!t% "r$ a #$,-ter $e! t*at Q-%ti"ie% t*i% a,,ra#*' e%,ite t*e a,,arenti%a4anta3e " t*e Carnt !i$itatin ari%in3 t7i#e5

INTRODUCTION

Ne7 Zea!an *a% in4e%te in *i3* te$,erat-re %-,er#n-#tr te#*n!36 (HTS) an i%n7 in a %i3ni"i#ant ,%itin 3!.a!!65 Vari-% !#a! #$,anie% *a4e a!rea6 %,-n "" t*i%te#*n!36 %-#* a% HTS


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ni%6 an *ea46 / K-ite "ten a e#i%i4e #riterin in %$e #r6#!er a,,!i#atin%5 A *i3*er$4in3 $a%% " a !ar3er $e#*ani#a! #$,re%%r a!% !ea% t $re %e4ere .a!an#in3 i%%-e%5

A ,r$i%in3 a!ternati4e i% t -%e a t*er$a! #$,re%%r t*at #reate% a ,re%%-re 4ariatin .6a #*an3e in t*e te$,erat-re " t*e 7rin3 3a% in%tea " a #*an3e in 4!-$e a% in are#i,r#atin3 ,i%tn $a#*ine5 T*i% ,rin#i,!e i% .a%e n R-!,* V-i!!e-$ier% in4entin

"r$ &:&; `> an .a%i#a!!6 #n%i%t% " a Stir!in3 *eat en3ine t*at i% #-,!e t a Stir!in3re"ri3eratr 7*i!e %*arin3 t*e %a$e 7rin3 3a%5 W*i!e it #an .e ar3-e t*at a #n%iera.!ei%a4anta3e " -%in3 a *eat en3ine a% a #$,re%%r !ie% in t*e "a#t t*at t*e Carnt ,ena!t6*a% t .e ,ai t7i#e' %i3ni"i#ant e%i3n a4anta3e% $a6 %ti!! Q-%ti"6 t*e i$,!e$entatin "t*e V-i!!e-$ier #n#e,t5 T*i% i% t*e #a%e e4en $re % i" a e%i3n i% #*%en t*at ,r$i%e%t .e a% near!6 a% e""i#ient a% a $e#*ani#a!!6 ri4en a% 7i!! .e %*7n .e!75

1.2 &*?,) ;*,),;(A V-i!!e-$ier re"ri3eratr ,erate% .et7een t*ree te$,erat-re !e4e!% / *t' a$.ient an#!5 It% 7rin3 ,rin#i,!e #an .e .e%t -ner%t .6 "ir%t !in3 at *7 a $e#*ani#a!

#$,re%%r


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,rin#i,!e^ *7e4er' t*e $e#*ani#a! #$,re%%r n t*e ri3*t *an %ie i% re,!a#e .6 a *eaten3ine 7*i!e t*e re$ainin3 #$,nent% in t*e re"ri3eratr are ienti#a! (Fi3-re )5

F,*( 2'uilleumier refrigerator

Here' t*e ,re%%-re 4ariatin% are #reate .6 a #*an3e in te$,erat-re " t*e 7rin3 3a%5 Anaitina! i%,!a#er $4e% t*e 3a% .et7een t7 *eat e#*an3er% an a!ternate!6 e,%e%$%t " t*e 3a% t a *t te$,erat-re an t a #! te$,erat-re5 Sin#e t*e 4era!! 4!-$e "t*e %6%te$ re$ain% #n%tant at a!! ti$e% t*e 3a% ,re%%-re 4arie% 7it* t*e te$,erat-rea##rin3 t t*e EK-atin " State5 A3ain' #$,re%%r an re"ri3eratr ,art% are #nne#te

4ia a ,rt5 Fi3-re = %*7% a #$,ari%n .et7een t*e Carnt Ce""i#ient% " Per"r$an#e(COP) "r a V-i!!e-$ier $a#*ine an a Stir!in3 re"ri3eratr at 3i4en #! en te$,erat-re%5A$.ient te$,erat-re i% a%%-$e t .e =11 7*erea% t*e *t te$,erat-re " t*e *eaten3ine in t*e V-i!!e-$ier #n"i3-ratin i% &111 5

1511

1510

15&1

15&0

151

150

15=1

15=0

15>1

15>0

1 &1 1 =1 >1 01 ?1 ;1 21 :1 &11C.4 ;+( t(;(*+t8*( E:

COP-F

Stir!in3 (&11d e""i#ient)

Stir!in3 (;0d e""i#ient)

Stir!in3 (?0d e""i#ient)

V-i!!e-$ier

F,*( 3'Comparison of the Carnot


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T*e ia3ra$ i!!-%trate% t7 t*in3% t*e Carnt


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U%in3 *eat a% t*e $ain ener36 in,-t a!!7% a *i3* ener36 tran%"er rate ,er -nit 4!-$e an,er -nit $a%% 7*i#* i% " ,arti#-!ar i$,rtan#e "r t*e e$an " *i3*er #!in3 #a,a#itie%5Heat #an .e a,,!ie t t*e %6%te$ 7it*-t an6 ni%e r 4i.ratin% an t*e "a#t t*at i""erent*eat %-r#e% #an .e -%e e,enin3 n t*e reK-ire$ent% r t*e en4irn$ent " t*ea,,!i#atin $a6 .e an aitina! %i3ni"i#ant .ene"it5 W*i!e' at "ir%t %i3*t' it $a6 %ee$irre%,n%i.!e "r$ a t*er$6na$i# 4ie7,int t -%e e!e#tri# *eatin3' t*e %it-atin !%i""erent i" t*e e""i#ien#6 " $e#*ani#a! #$,re%%r% i% taen int a##-nt (%ee ia3ra$ inFi3-re =)5 E!e#tri# *eatin3 i% 4er6 #n4enient an reai!6 a4ai!a.!e an' a"ter a!!'$e#*ani#a! #$,re%%r% a!% -%e e!e#tri#it65

T*an% t re#ent e%i3n e4e!,$ent% %-#* a% "!e-re .earin3% an !inear $tr%' t*eV-i!!e-$ier #n#e,t i% n7 $re attra#ti4e t*an it $a6 *a4e .een %e4era! 6ear% a35 A!%'a4an#e% in $ateria!% *a4e ,-%*e t*e .-narie% in t*e -%e " !i3*t,i%tn#6!iner arran3e$ent% #an .e $e!!e5

Fi3-re > %*7% *7 a.4e $entine V-i!!e-$ier #r6#!er #n"i3-ratin 7a% $e!!ein SAGE5 Bt* t*e re"ri3eratr ,art in t*e !7er *a!" an t*e t*er$a! #$,re%%r in t*e t,*a!" #$,ri%e t*e %a$e #$,nent%5 Bt* -.!e


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F,*( #'+A?


86/343

t .e "-n 7*ere t*e Carnt e""i#ien#6 7a% rea%na.!6 *i3* at a %ti!!


87/343

T*e ,rei#te Carnt e""i#ien#6 a!% r,% 7it* a e#rea%in3 #! %,a#e te$,erat-re .-t ina nn

,artia!!6 .a%e n iea! a%%-$,tin% e%,ite t*e "a#t t*at it tae% a n-$.er " crea!it61 !iter% ,er a6" !iK-i *e!i-$ S-t* P!e Statin *a% *i%tri#a!!6 *a t .e3in t*e a-%tra! 7inter 4ie7in3

%ea%n 7it* =>'111 !iter%5 O" t*i% a$-nt =>d i% %-,,!ie t t*e ,rQe#t% 7*i!e ??d i%.i!e a7a65 B6 #a,t-rin3 t*e .i!e "" 3a% an -%in3 ,-!%e t-.e te#*n!36 ?0d " t*e!iK-i *e!i-$ #an n7 .e e!i4ere t t*e ,rQe#t% an n!6 =0d i% -nre#4era.!e5 N7'=>'111 !iter% #an %-,,!6 ,rQe#t% 7it* $re t*an 21 !iter% ,er a6 #$.ine tta!5 Mre

,rQe#t% t*at reK-ire !iK-i *e!i-$ #an .e "-ne' r t*e !3i%ti#a! !a n t*e S-t* P!e#an .e re-#e5 S-t* P!e Statin *a% re#ent!6 ,r#-re t*ree Cr6$e#* PT>&1 ,-!%e t-.e#r6'111 !iter We%%in3tn !iK-i *e!i-$%tra3e e7ar%5 T*e%e -nit% are t-ne t re

N4e$.er " a 3i4en 6ear 7*en t*e a$.ient te$,erat-re% 7ar$ -, en-3* "r air#ra"t t%a"e!6 "!6 in an -t " t*e %tatin' an en% n &0 Fe.r-ar6 ea#* 6ear 7*en t*e a$.ientte$,erat-re% "a!! .e!7 t*e %a"e ,eratin3 te$,erat-re% " t*e air#ra"t5 T*e %tatin #!%e%t a!! in#$in3 an -t3in3 tra""i# n t*i% ate5 A %$a!! #re7 " %tatin ,eratin%

,er%nne! an %#ienti%t% re$ain .e*in an 7r t*r-3*-t t*e a-%tra! 7inter5 A!!!3i%ti#% tae ,!a#e 7it*in t*e = $nt*% 7*i!e t*e %tatin i% ,en -rin3 t*e a-%tra!%-$$er5 A!! $ateria!' %#ienti"i# eK-i,$ent' "' "-e!' ,er%nne!' et#5 $-%t .e in ,!a#e7*en t*e %tatin #!%e% n &0 Fe.r-ar65

T*ere *a% .een a #ntin--% %#ienti"i# ,re%en#e at A$-n%enS#tt S-t* P!e Statin%in#e &:0;5 It 7a% ri3ina!!6 a $eter!3i#a! %tatin .-t 4er t*e 6ear% *a% e4!4e int a%tatin t*at %-,,rt% #-ttin3 e3e %#ien#e ,rQe#t%' %$e " 7*i#* #an .e ,er"r$e at nt*er !#atin n t*e ,!anet5 In &:22 !iK-i *e!i-$ 7a% -%e "r t*e "ir%t ti$e t #!a%tr,*6%i#a! re#ei4er% t*at are !in3 at etre$e!6 "aint ener36 %i3nat-re% "r$ t*e

C%$i# Mi#r7a4e Ba#3r-n (CMB) raiatin an t*e ri3in% " t*e -ni4er%e5 T*e !7re!ati4e *-$iit6 (RH) " t*e at$%,*ere' n i-rna! #6#!e' an t*e "a#t t*at a te!e%#,e #an

.e ,inte at a %,e#i"i# !#atin in t*e #e!e%tia! $e "r !n3 inte3ratin ,eri% $ae% t*eS-t* P!e an iea! ,!a#e "r a%tr,*6%i#a! 7r5 Sin#e t*en !iK-i *e!i-$ *a% .een -%e

::


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in#rea%in3!6 "r a 4ariet6 " ,rQe#t% 4er t*e 6ear%' ,eain3 in 11? an 11;5 +ee*igure 5

T*ere are !3i%ti#a! #*a!!en3e% in4!4e 7it* 3ettin3 !iK-i *e!i-$ t t*e S-t* P!e an$aintainin3 a %-,,!6 t*ere5 Lar3e 4!-$e%' -%-a!!6 in in#re$ent% " &='&>1 !iter GarnerLHe e7ar%' $-%t tra4e! .6 %*i, r .e "!7n a,,ri$ate!6 &1'111 $i!e% 4ia #$$er#ia!an $i!itar6 air#ra"t "r$ t*e #ntinenta! USA (CONUS)' t*r-3* Ne7 Zea!an' t t*e#a%t " Antar#ti#a' an n 7n t t*e S-t* P!e5 T*i% %i+e tran%,rt e7ar Q-%t "it% int*e #ar3 *! " t*e LC


90/343

"#e $rac%ing

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li(uid empt) 11 *ept

F,*( 2 >he logistics chain from C&1+ to +outh "ole

F,*( 3?arly in the cryogenics history of +outh pole the station 'ould run out of L#e before theaustral 'inter obser!ing season 'as o!er :% refers to the :,000 gallon transport de'ar and (,(2, (: refer to the (essington de'ars

&1&


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T*e S-t* P!e A%tr,*6%i#a! Pr3ra$ 3re7 "a%ter t*an t*e S-t* P!e Cr63eni#%Pr3ra$5 Te!e%#,e% ,erate -t%ie an !iK-i *e!i-$ 7a% %tre in !ar3e tran%,rte7ar% in t*e %a$e in*%,ita.!e en4irn$ent5 Sea!% "r+e an "ai!e' 4a#--$ in%-!atin%7ere !%t' an !ar3e K-antitie% " LHe 7ere ra,i!6 e4a,rate5 T*e Unite State%Antar#ti# Pr3ra$ (USAP) an t*e NSF K-i#!6 !earne t*at *eate %*e!ter% "r e6 ,ie#e%" eK-i,$ent *a t .e .-i!t' .-t t*e ,!annin3 an ee#-tin " %-#* enea4r% i% a $-!ti ,-!%e t-.e #r6re"ri3eratr' t*e PT>&1 t*at #-! .e#-%t$ "itte t t*e ne# t-.e " a We%%in3tn e7ar' re!iK-e"6 t*e .i!e "" 3a% an raint*e #nen%ate .a# int t*e e7ar' a!! at a #%t " 2 i!7att% " in,-t ,7er5 Ant*er >i!7att% " ,7er ,er -nit 7-! .e reK-ire t #! t*e a%%#iate #$,re%%r "r a tta!" & i!7att% ,er -nit r =? i!7att% "r %6%te$% "itte t a!! t*ree We%%in3tn%5 T*i% i% a%-.%tantia! ,7er %a4in3% 4er !ar3er a!!


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Wessington +olumes

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T*e #-$-!ati4e tta! " 3a% red5 T*e%e %a4in3% 7ere re,eate in 11;5

Aitina! "-e! an ,7er %a4in3% 7ere $ae in 11; 7*en t*e ne7 #r63eni#% "a#i!it67a% $i"ie t -%e t*e a$.ient te$,erat-re " t*e S-t* P!e t #! t*e a%%#iate#$,re%%r% an *eat t*e .-i!in35 A 3!6#! #!in3 !, an *eat e#*an3er% 7erein%ta!!e in t*e "a#i!it6 t*at re$4e 7a%te *eat "r$ t*e #$,re%%r% an i%tri.-te itt*r-3* t*e t*ree $-!e% " t*e #r63eni#% "a#i!it65 T*e $e#*ani#a! #*i!!er% 7ere taen""!ine an a %a4in3% " > i!7att% ,er %6%te$ 7a% rea!i+e "r a tta! %a4in3% " &i!7att%5 Le%% "-e! i% a!% -%e t *eat t*e .-i!in3 "r e4en $re ,7er an "-e! %a4in3%5

2008 +)4 th( Ft*(T*e S-t* P!e #r63eni#% in"ra%tr-#t-re i% n7 e%ta.!i%*e5 T*e #a,a.i!it6 t ,r4ie a%$-#* a% 21 !iter% ,er a6 " !iK-i *e!i-$ t a%tr,*6%i#a! ,rQe#t% n7 ei%t%5 T*i% i% a

F,*( #n 200G : cryorefrigeration units 'ere fully operational #elium gas from the transportde'ars 'as plumbed into the system resulting in all : (essington de'ars increasing in !olume o!er

the course of the season

&10


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&11d i$,r4e$ent 4er %ea%n% 7it*-t t*e ne7 inn4atin%5 T*e ,r3ra$ a!% *a% t*e#a,a.i!it6 t .e "!ei.!e an t 3r7 7it* e4e!,in3 te#*n!365 T*e S-t* P!e#r63eni#% ,r3ra$ a% 7e!! a% t*e a%tr,*6%i#a! ,rQe#t% it %-,,rt% *a% 3r7n "r$ in"an#6t $at-rit65 T*e te!e%#,e% are n7 %tartin3 t in#r,rate ,-!%e t-.e te#*n!36 int t*eire%i3n an -%in3 #r6re"ri3eratr% in%tea " #r6%tat% t ee, t*eir ete#tr% #!5 B6ee,in3 a.rea%t " t*e !ate%t te#*n!36' -,3rain3 eK-i,$ent an in%tr-$ent% a% neee'#are"-! $nitrin3' an .ein3 inn4ati4e it i% !ie!6 t*at in#rea%e i$,r4e$ent% 7i!! .erea!i+e a$n3 a!! %tae*!er% 7it*-t a %-.%tantia! in#rea%e in #%t t t*e %tatin5

CONCLUSION

Se4era! "a#tr% 7ere in4!4e 7it* t*e %-##e%%"-! t-rn ar-n " t*e S-t* P!e Cr63eni#%,r3ra$5 Fir%t' a!! $e$.er " t*e LiK-i He!i-$ Wrin3 Gr-, *a a %tae in t*e %-##e%%" t*e ,r3ra$5 A!! *a e,erti%e in area% t*at 7ere re!e4ant t t*e ,r3ra$5 Cn"eren#e%7ere attene an $an-"a#t-rer% 7ere #n%-!te t e,!re ,tin% an ne7 te#*n!365

Se#n' .-3et% 7ere e%ta.!i%*e "r t*e #n%tr-#tin " a #$,re*en%i4e #r63eni#%

"a#i!it65 It 7a% eter$ine t*at t*e #%t " !%t %#ienti"i# ata "ar -t7ei3*e t*e #%t "#n%tr-#tin3 t*e ne7 "a#i!it6 an t*e ,-r#*a%e " *e!i-$ !iK-e"ier%5 B6 .rin3in3 t*e#r63eni# eK-i,$ent an in%tr-$ent% inr% an ,r4iin3 a 7ar$ %,a#e "r t*e#r63eni#% te#*ni#ian t 7r t*e e7ar%' tran%"er !ine%' 4a#--$ ,-$,% an t*ereK-i,$ent #-! .e ,rte#te "r$ t*e *ar%* S-t* P!e en4irn$ent an ,r,er!6$aintaine5

Cr6re"ri3eratr% *a .een !e at in t*e ,a%t .-t t*eir #%t' #$,!eit6' an !a# "re!ia.i!it6 $ae t*e$ a K-e%tina.!e #*i#e "r -%e at t*e S-t* P!e5 P-!%e t-.ete#*n!36 i% $re re!ia.!e .e#a-%e " t*e !a# " $4in3 ,art% in t*e #! *ea an

a%%#iate 7it* t*at re!ia.i!it6 i% !e%% 7nti$e an !e%% $aintenan#e5 T*e6 are !e%%e,en%i4e t ,-r#*a%e' !e%% e,en%i4e t ,erate' ,r-#e !e%% 4i.ratin' an 3enera!!6 *a4e!n3er !i"eti$e% t*an traitina! #r6#!er% %-#* a% GM r Stir!in3 #6#!e%5 T*e6 are $re%-ite t t*e #*a!!en3e% ,re%ente t t*e Cr63eni#% Pr3ra$ at t*e S-t* P!e5

"C:NO&LEDGMENTS

T*e a-t*r% 7-! !ie t t*an e%%e 5 A!#rta at Ra6t*en P!ar Ser4i#e% "r *i%in4a!-a.!e in,-t t t*e S-t* P!e Cr63eni#% ,r3ra$ "r 4er &0 6ear%5 T*an% a!% tC*a Wan3' Peter Gi""r' an Brent Zer!e at Cr6$e#*' In#5 "r t*e e%i3n' in%ta!!atin'an te%tin3 " t*e #r6re"ri3eratin %6%te$% at t*e S-t* P!e' Eie R7e at We%%in3tn'

an t t*e NSF "r "-nin3 t*i% 4ent-re5REFERENCES

&5 Wan3' C5' E""i#ient He!i-$ Re#nen%in3 U%in3 a > P-!%e T-.e Cr6#!er'Cr63eni#% (110) >0 ;&:5 Han. " C*e$i%tr6 an P*6%i#%' ?:t*Eitin' CRC Pre%%' In#' B#a Ratn' FL(&:2:)=5 Van S#i4er' S5 W5' He!i-$ Cr63eni#%' P!en-$ Pre%%' Ne7 Yr' Ne7 Yr (&:2?)

&1?
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00112275http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00112275


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HELIUMTEMPER"TURE

TECHNI!UES

&1;


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CR08-0#CRYOGENIC SYSTEM

OF THE S&ISS ULTR"-COLD NEUTRON SOURCE

An3*e! A5&

' B!a- B5&

' Da-$ M5&

' ir#* 5&

' Gri3rie4 S5

&Pa-! S#*errer In%tit-te' CH


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F,*( 1'>he layoutof the ultrahe solid -2moderator @left panel and thecombined helium

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