Progressive American PoliticsProgressive American Politics

Unit VIIAUnit VIIA

AP United States HistoryAP United States History

Fundamental Question

►To what extent were levels of American government influenced by progressive ideals?

Progressive Political ReformDirect Democracy

► Secret ballots (Australian ballot) All candidates printed on ballots Vote in privacy at assigned polling

place► Direct primaries► Government of the People

Initiatives► Petition of enough voter signatures

to force an election Referendums

► Legislative proposals determined by electorate

Recalls► Remove elected officials through

local/state elections

Seventeenth Amendment (1913)► Problems

State legislature corruption Electoral deadlocks

► Direct Election of Senators

Progressive Political ReformLocal/Municipalities

► Assert more control and regulation of public utilities and services Built public parks and playgrounds,

sanitation services, municipal services, public schools

Zoning laws (industrial, commercial, residential)

► Local Governments Galveston Plan

► Commissioners and councils directly elected

Dayton Plan► City managers hired as non-partisan

administratorsLincoln SteffensThe Shame of the CitiesInspired social and municipal reform

Progressive Political ReformStates

► Reforms Direct primaries Business regulations Tax reforms Suffrage Temperance State wages Insurance plans Child labor laws

► “Wisconsin Idea” Robert LaFollette Influence and Application

of Education on Politics►Primary elections►Progressive taxes►Workers’ compensation►Regulation of railroads►Limit or eliminate monopolies

and trusts►Supported direct election of

senators

Fourth Party System (1896-1932)► Republicans

Dominated the federal government during this era

Coalition► Industrialists, corporations,

upper-class, fundamentalists, Northeast

Nationalists and Imperialists► Bull Moose Party

aka Progressive Party New Nationalism

► Democrats Coalition

► Solid South, western farmers, urban immigrants, working class

Laissez-faire policies New Freedom

► Socialist Party of America Coalition

► German and Jewish immigrants, unionists, former Populist farmers, Progressive social reformers

Elections► Two members of U.S. House► Dozens of state legislators,

mayors, council members Eugene V. Debs

► Ran in 1904. 1908, 1912, 1920► Received over 900,000 votes in

1912 and 1920

Election of 1896► William Jennings Bryan (D)

Populist rhetoric

► William McKinley (R) Mark Hanna Outspent Bryan 5 to 1 Benefited from recovering

economy► Campaign

Bryan’s stump speeches McKinley’s “front-porch”

William McKinley (R) (1897-1901)► Economy

Klondike Gold Rush (1896-1899) Economic expansion

► Foreign Affairs Annexation of Hawaii (1898) Spanish-American War (1898) China

► Open Door Policy► Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)

► Assassination September 6, 1901 in Buffalo, NY Leon Czolgosz

Election of 1900► William McKinley (R)

William McKinley► Theodore Roosevelt as

VP

► William Jennings Bryan (D) Bimetallism Antiimperialism

Theodore Roosevelt (R) (1901-1909)► Square Deal

Trustbuster Business Regulation Conservation

► Coal Strike of 1902► Panic of 1907► Big Stick Policy

Panama Canal Roosevelt Corollary

Election of 1904► Theodore Roosevelt (R)► Alton B. Parker (D)► Eugene V. Debs

Socialist Party of America

Roosevelt: Trustbuster► Good Trusts & Bad Trusts► Consumer Protection

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

► Prohibited impure and falsely labeled foods and drugs

Meat Inspection Act (1906)► Prohibited misleading labels► Prohibited harmful

chemicals

Roosevelt: Conservationist► 230,000,000 acres under

protection during Roosevelt’s administration

► U.S. Forest Service► Newlands Reclamation Act

(1902) Federal promotion of irrigation in

western states

► National Park Service (1916)► Preservationists

John Muir and Sierra Club

National Parks

Election of 1908► William Howard Taft (R)

Hand-picked by Roosevelt

► William Jennings Bryan (D)

William Howard Taft (R) (1909-1913)► Standard Oil Company of New Jersey v. United

States (1911) Supreme Court ruled trust in violation of

Sherman Antitrust Act Broken up into 33 companies and trust dissolved

► Sixteenth Amendment (1913) Federal graduated income tax

► Dollar Diplomacy

Election of 1912► Woodrow Wilson (D)

New Freedom► Regulate business to promote

competition and small businesses

► Theodore Roosevelt (Prog) “Bull Moose Party” New Nationalism

► Executive regulations of industries and social justice

► William Howard Taft (R) Conservative Republicans and

Progressive Republicans (Insurgents)

► Socialist Party of America Eugene V. Debs

Woodrow Wilson (D) (1913-1921)► Progressive Amendments

Seventeenth Amendment – Direct election of Senators Eighteenth Amendment - Prohibition Nineteenth Amendment – Women’s suffrage

► Progressive Legislation and Policies Federal Reserve Act (1913)

► Central banking system and regulation of monetary policy Federal Trade Commission (FTC) (1914)

► Prevent and eliminate trusts and monopolies Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)

► Strengthened Sherman Act by preventing mergers

► World War I Fourteen Points and League of Nations

Progressive Business Regulation► Federal Trade

Commission (FTC) (1914) Demand annual reports Investigate complaints

► Clayton Antitrust Act (1914) Prohibited monopolistic pricing

policies Held corporate officers

personally responsible for anti-trust violations

Unions not subject to anti-trust laws and court injunctions

Federal Reserve System and Central Banking► Panic of 1907► Federal Reserve Act (1913)

“The Fed”► Price stability, maximum employment, long-term economic growth

Federal Reserve Board► President appointed with Senate consent► FOMC► Monetary Policy

Open-Market Operations Reserve Requirement/Ratio Discount rates

Election of 1916► Woodrow Wilson (D)

“He kept us out of war.”

► Charles Evan Hughes (R) U.S. Supreme Court justice