PROSES TERBENTUKNYA ENERGI LISTRIK PROSES TERBENTUKNYA ENERGI LISTRIK

PROTONNEUTRON

ELEKTRON

MOLEKUL

BENDA

ATOM

ATOMSATOMS

Energy LevelsEnergy Levels

DEFINISI LISTRIKDEFINISI LISTRIK• TENAGA ATAU USAHA YG TDK TERLIHAT MATATENAGA ATAU USAHA YG TDK TERLIHAT MATA• GERAKAN ELEKTRON DARI TMPAT YANG GERAKAN ELEKTRON DARI TMPAT YANG

BERMUATAN POSITIP MENUJU TEMPAT YANG BERMUATAN POSITIP MENUJU TEMPAT YANG BERMUATAN NEGATIPBERMUATAN NEGATIP

CATATAN :CATATAN : KECEPATAN ELEKTRON/LISTRIKKECEPATAN ELEKTRON/LISTRIK ADALAH 3X10ADALAH 3X1088 m/detik =300.000km/dt m/detik =300.000km/dt

PROSES TERJADINYA PROSES TERJADINYA LISTRIKLISTRIK

1.1. SECARA TERMIS ( PANAS )SECARA TERMIS ( PANAS ) CONTOH : - TERMO KOPEL, PETIR dll.CONTOH : - TERMO KOPEL, PETIR dll.

2.2. SECARA KIMIAWISECARA KIMIAWI CONTOH : - BATU BATERREY, ACUMULATOR/AKI dll.CONTOH : - BATU BATERREY, ACUMULATOR/AKI dll.

3.3. SECARA ELEKTROMAKNETISSECARA ELEKTROMAKNETIS CONTOH : - DINAMO SEPEDA MOTOR/MOBIL, GENERATOR,CONTOH : - DINAMO SEPEDA MOTOR/MOBIL, GENERATOR, MIKROPONE dll.MIKROPONE dll.

66

Basic Sources of ElectricityBasic Sources of Electricity• Friction (gesekan)Friction (gesekan)• Chemical Action (kimiawi)Chemical Action (kimiawi)• Light (cahaya)Light (cahaya)• Heat (panas)Heat (panas)• Pressure (tekanan)Pressure (tekanan)• Magnetism (magnetis)Magnetism (magnetis)

PROSES TERMISPROSES TERMIS• APABILA DUA BUAH BATANG LOGAM APABILA DUA BUAH BATANG LOGAM

YANG BERLAINAN JENIS SALING YANG BERLAINAN JENIS SALING DIHUBUNGKAN DAN PADA LOGAM DIHUBUNGKAN DAN PADA LOGAM TERSEBUT MENERIMA ENERGI TERSEBUT MENERIMA ENERGI

TERMIS/PANAS, MAKA KEDUA UJUNG TERMIS/PANAS, MAKA KEDUA UJUNG LOGAM TERSEBUT TIMBUL LOGAM TERSEBUT TIMBUL

GAYA GERAK LISTRIKGAYA GERAK LISTRIK

PROSES TERMISPROSES TERMIS

Voltage Produced by HeatVoltage Produced by Heat

1010

Photovoltaic CellPhotovoltaic Cell

1111

Photovoltaic CellPhotovoltaic Cell• SchematicSchematic symbolsymbol

++__

• Physical descriptionPhysical descriptionLL __

++ P type semiconductorP type semiconductor

N type semiconductorN type semiconductor

SunlightSunlight

• Specifications: 1 cell produces 1 Watt and .5 VoltsSpecifications: 1 cell produces 1 Watt and .5 Volts– Cells can be connected into arrays.Cells can be connected into arrays.

– Arrays are build with cells in series and parallel.Arrays are build with cells in series and parallel.

1212

Photovoltaic Cell ApplicationPhotovoltaic Cell Application• Used to keep solar powered cars charged Used to keep solar powered cars charged

when not being driven.when not being driven.

1313

Photoresistive CellsPhotoresistive Cells• Schematic symbolSchematic symbol

1414

PILOT PILOT DEVICEDEVICE

AC OR DCAC OR DC

+V+VCCCC

+V+VOUTOUT

Photoresistive Cell Photoresistive Cell ApplicationApplication

•Resistance is proportional to the light source Resistance is proportional to the light source applied.applied.

•The circuit below uses a photoresistive call to The circuit below uses a photoresistive call to bias the base of a transistor. The output of this bias the base of a transistor. The output of this amplifier could be used to power a light (Street amplifier could be used to power a light (Street

Light).Light).

1515

ThermocoupleThermocouple• Schematic symbolSchematic symbol

++__

• Physical DescriptionPhysical Description

Copper WireCopper Wire

Iron Iron WireWire

MatchMatch

Galvanometer:Galvanometer:Measures very Measures very Small currents.Small currents.

ThermocoupleThermocouple

Thermocouple + Galvanometer = PyrometerThermocouple + Galvanometer = PyrometerGroup of thermocouples = ThermopileGroup of thermocouples = Thermopile

1616

Piezoelectric EffectPiezoelectric Effect

• Definition: The property of some crystals (i.e. Definition: The property of some crystals (i.e. Quartz) that when a pressure is exerted on one Quartz) that when a pressure is exerted on one axis, a proportional voltage is present on the axis, a proportional voltage is present on the other axis.other axis.

• Physical Description:Physical Description:

Sound wavesSound wavesQuartzQuartzCrystalCrystal

pressurepressure electricalelectricalwaveswaves

e-e-

OutputOutput

1717

Fuel CellsFuel Cells• Schematic symbolSchematic symbol

FCFC

• Physical descriptionPhysical descriptionLL

ElectrolyteElectrolyte

PotassiumPotassiumHydroxideHydroxide

KOHKOH__ ++

ElectrodeElectrodeElectrodeElectrode

HydrogenHydrogenGasGas

OxygenOxygenGasGas

OperationOperationHH22 gas supplied develops a gas supplied develops a ––

potential on electrode & potential on electrode & ionizes the electrolyte.ionizes the electrolyte.

OO22 gas supplied develops a gas supplied develops a ++ potential on electrode & potential on electrode & ionizes the electrolyte.ionizes the electrolyte.

HH22O is waste product of O is waste product of chemical reaction with no chemical reaction with no

heat loss.heat loss.Used in the space program.Used in the space program.

Ratings: 1.23V, 2KWRatings: 1.23V, 2KW

1818

Magnetohydrodynamic GeneratorMagnetohydrodynamic Generator• Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) electricity is Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) electricity is

generated when ionized gas is passed through a generated when ionized gas is passed through a magnetic field.magnetic field.

• MHD converterMHD converter

Coil forCoil forMagnetic FieldMagnetic Field ++__ OutputOutput

++

__

Anode PlateAnode Plate

Cathode PlateCathode Plate

IonizingIonizingGasGas

(Argon or(Argon orHelium)Helium)

IonizingIonizingGasGas

Gas heated by solar power > 2000FGas heated by solar power > 2000F

Charged BodiesCharged Bodies Charged BodiesCharged Bodies Charged BodiesCharged Bodies

Voltage Produced by PressureVoltage Produced by Pressure

Voltage Produced by LightVoltage Produced by Light

2121

Battery ExperimentBattery Experiment• A grapefruit can be used to produce enough A grapefruit can be used to produce enough

electricity to operate a small radio.electricity to operate a small radio.

PennyPenny NickelNickel

PROSES KIMIAWIPROSES KIMIAWI

TERBENTUKNYA LISTRIK KARENA TERBENTUKNYA LISTRIK KARENA PERCAMPURAN/REAKSI KIMIA PERCAMPURAN/REAKSI KIMIA

ANTARA BEBERAPA JENIS UNSUR ANTARA BEBERAPA JENIS UNSUR KIMIA HINGGA DAPAT KIMIA HINGGA DAPAT

MENGHASILKAN ENERGI LISTRIKMENGHASILKAN ENERGI LISTRIK

PROSES KIMIAWIPROSES KIMIAWI

Voltage Produced by Chemical ActionVoltage Produced by Chemical Action

2525

Sources of ElectricitySources of Electricity

2626

Zinc Carbon Battery CellZinc Carbon Battery Cell• Zn + HZn + H22SOSO44 + H + H22O ZnSOO ZnSO44 + H + H22O + HO + H22

* plate + electrolyte + water sulfated - plate + * plate + electrolyte + water sulfated - plate + water + hydrogen gas.water + hydrogen gas.* End of Life due to H* End of Life due to H22 blanketing around carbon blanketing around carbon

rod.rod.

H2SO4 + H2OH2SO4 + H2O

ZnZn CC

HH22

-- ++

2727

Primary CellsPrimary Cells

AAA CellAAA CellAA CellAA Cell

C CellC Cell

D CellD Cell

2828

Primary CellsPrimary Cells

2929

Primary CellsPrimary Cells• Can not be recharged. Chemical action can Can not be recharged. Chemical action can

not be reversed.not be reversed.• Defect: Polarization: HDefect: Polarization: H22 blanketing around blanketing around

electrode.electrode.• Depolarization agent is added to prevent the Depolarization agent is added to prevent the

HH22 blanketing around electrode . Compounds blanketing around electrode . Compounds rich in oxygen (i.e. MnOrich in oxygen (i.e. MnO22) are used. The O) are used. The O2 2 in in the depolarization agent combines with Hthe depolarization agent combines with H2 2 to to form Hform H22O. (2MnOO. (2MnO2 2 + H+ H2 2 2MnO2MnO3 3 + H+ H22O): O):

• Local Action: Does not contribute to electrical Local Action: Does not contribute to electrical energy.energy.

3030

Battery Dry CellBattery Dry Cell• Flashlight Batteries: Zinc-carbon CellFlashlight Batteries: Zinc-carbon Cell

3131

AA Alkaline CellAA Alkaline Cell• Anode: Manganese DioxideAnode: Manganese Dioxide• Cathode: Zinc PowderCathode: Zinc Powder• Electrolyte: Caustic AlkaliElectrolyte: Caustic Alkali• Separator: Separates + & - Separator: Separates + & -

3232

Lithium CellLithium Cell• Lithium is bonded to a Lithium is bonded to a

thin layer of conductive thin layer of conductive metal and has a porous metal and has a porous separator between it separator between it and the cathode.and the cathode.

• This design allows for a This design allows for a large surface area, large surface area, providing a large providing a large reaction surface & reaction surface & higher discharge rates higher discharge rates compared to other compared to other Lithium cells.Lithium cells.

3333

Silver Oxide CellSilver Oxide Cell• Uses amalgamated zinc anode, silver oxide as the Uses amalgamated zinc anode, silver oxide as the

cathode material, & a potassium hydroxide cathode material, & a potassium hydroxide electrolyte.electrolyte.

• Silver oxide cells are ideal for miniature devices Silver oxide cells are ideal for miniature devices where space is limited.where space is limited.

• Voltage: 1.5 to 1.2 VVoltage: 1.5 to 1.2 V• Uses: Watches Uses: Watches

3434

Silver Oxide CellSilver Oxide Cell

3535

Secondary CellsSecondary Cells• Can be recharged or restored.Can be recharged or restored.• Chemical action can be reversed.Chemical action can be reversed.

3636

Battery ChargersBattery Chargers• Used to restore the charge on Used to restore the charge on

rechargeable batteries.rechargeable batteries.• Used for: AA batteries and car batteries.Used for: AA batteries and car batteries.

3737

Battery Chargers SchematicBattery Chargers Schematic

3838

Battery Chargers P/S Battery Chargers P/S SchematicSchematic

• Parts of a Power SupplyParts of a Power Supply* Stepdown Transformer* Stepdown Transformer* Bridge Rectifier* Bridge Rectifier* Filters* Filters* Regulator* Regulator

3939

Battery Wet CellBattery Wet Cell

4040

Measuring Specific GravityMeasuring Specific Gravity

Determines state of the charge on the battery.Determines state of the charge on the battery.

4141

Lead Acid BatteryLead Acid Battery

4242

Lead Acid BatteryLead Acid Battery• Primary Chemical ReactionsPrimary Chemical Reactions

– Pb + PbOPb + PbO22 + 2H + 2H22 SO SO44-2 -2 2PbSO2PbSO44

-2 -2 + 2H+ 2H22O + 5 eO + 5 e--

• Half Cell Chemical ReactionsHalf Cell Chemical Reactions– Pb + SOPb + SO44

-2-2 = PbSO = PbSO44-2-2 + 2 e + 2 e--

– PbOPbO22 + 4 H + 4 H++ + 2 e + 2 e-- + SO + SO44-2-2 = PbSO = PbSO44

-2-2

chargecharge

dischargedischarge

PbPb PbOPbO22

-- ++ HH22 SO SO44-2-2 HH22 O O

ElectrolyteElectrolyte

SeparatorSeparator

4343

Lead Acid BatteryLead Acid Battery

PlasticPlasticCaseCase

TerminalTerminal

PostPost

TerminalTerminalPostPost

Separator

Separator

Plate

s

Plate

s

4444

Nickel-cadmium CellNickel-cadmium Cell

4545

Dirty Cells cause groundsDirty Cells cause grounds

4646

Cell DamageCell Damage

4747

Batteries in SeriesBatteries in Series

1.5V@1A1.5V@1A 1.5V@1A1.5V@1A 1.5V@1A1.5V@1A 1.5V@1A1.5V@1A__ ++

Physical DescriptionPhysical Description

Electrical SchematicElectrical Schematic++++++++__ __ __ __

OutputOutput6 VDC6 VDC

1A1A

4848

Batteries in ParallelBatteries in Parallel

__++

Physical DescriptionPhysical Description

Electrical SchematicElectrical Schematic

OutputOutput1.5 VDC1.5 VDC

4A4A

1.5V1.5V@1A@1A

__ __ __++ ++ ++

1.5V1.5V@1A@1A

1.5V1.5V@1A@1A

1.5V1.5V@1A@1A

++

__

4949

Batteries in Series-ParallelBatteries in Series-ParallelPhysical DescriptionPhysical Description

Electrical SchematicElectrical Schematic

OutputOutput6 VDC6 VDC

2A2A

__++

__ __ __++ ++ ++

1.5V1.5V@1A@1A

1.5V1.5V@1A@1A

1.5V1.5V@1A@1A

1.5V1.5V@1A@1A

++

__

1.5V1.5V@1A@1A

1.5V1.5V@1A@1A

1.5V1.5V@1A@1A

1.5V1.5V@1A@1A

__++

__ __ __++ ++ ++

PROSES ELEKTRO MAKNETISPROSES ELEKTRO MAKNETIS

APABILA SUATU PENGHANTAR KAWAT APABILA SUATU PENGHANTAR KAWAT (KUMPARAN KAWAT) DIGERAKKAN PADA (KUMPARAN KAWAT) DIGERAKKAN PADA

MEDAN MAKNET MAKA PADA KEDUA MEDAN MAKNET MAKA PADA KEDUA UJUNG KUPARAN KAWAT TERSEBUT UJUNG KUPARAN KAWAT TERSEBUT AKAN TIMBUL GAYA GERAK LISTRIKAKAN TIMBUL GAYA GERAK LISTRIK

( HUKUM FARADAY )( HUKUM FARADAY )

CATATAN:CATATAN: BESAR KECILNYA TEGANGAN LISTRIK DITENTUKAN OLEH BESAR KECILNYA TEGANGAN LISTRIK DITENTUKAN OLEH

PANJANG ATAU PENDEKNYA KAWAT PENGHANTARPANJANG ATAU PENDEKNYA KAWAT PENGHANTAR

PROSES ELEKTRO MAKNETISPROSES ELEKTRO MAKNETIS

5252

GeneratorGenerator• Schematic symbolsSchematic symbols

GG• Output waveformOutput waveform

00

Phase APhase APhase BPhase B Phase CPhase C

5353

GeneratorGenerator• Generates 450 VAC, 60 Hz, 3 phase electricityGenerates 450 VAC, 60 Hz, 3 phase electricity..

MOTOR LISTRIK ARUS MOTOR LISTRIK ARUS SEARAHSEARAH

HUKUM KAIDAH TANGAN HUKUM KAIDAH TANGAN KIRIKIRI

HUKUM KAIDAH TANGAN HUKUM KAIDAH TANGAN KANANKANAN

ELECTROSTATICSELECTROSTATICS

Charged BodiesCharged Bodies Charged BodiesCharged Bodies Charged BodiesCharged Bodies

Electrical ChargesElectrical Charges

Arah Gerakan HoleArah Gerakan Hole

Arah Gerakan ElektronArah Gerakan Elektron

Saklar Terbuka – Lp MatiSaklar Terbuka – Lp Mati

SaklarSaklar Tertutup – Lp hidup Tertutup – Lp hidup

ELECTRIC CURRENTELECTRIC CURRENT Directed DriftDirected Drift + + Random DriftRandom Drift

GENERATORGENERATOR

KEGUNAAN MOTORKEGUNAAN MOTOR

KOMPONEN ELEKTRONIKAKOMPONEN ELEKTRONIKA

ANEKA MACAM RESISTORANEKA MACAM RESISTOR

TAHANAN TAHANAN GESER/TRIMPOT/POTENSIOGESER/TRIMPOT/POTENSIO

ANEKA MACAM KAPASITORANEKA MACAM KAPASITOR

ANEKA MACAM KOMPONENANEKA MACAM KOMPONEN

ANEKA MACAM DIODAANEKA MACAM DIODA

ANEKA MACAM TRANSISTORANEKA MACAM TRANSISTOR

TRANSFORMATORTRANSFORMATOR

SIMBUL TRANSFORMATORSIMBUL TRANSFORMATOR

TRANSFORMATOR TRANSFORMATOR STEPDOWNSTEPDOWN

IGBT 50 AIGBT 50 A

THYRISTOR UNTUK 3 FASATHYRISTOR UNTUK 3 FASA

OPTO TRIAC 4,5 DAN25 AOPTO TRIAC 4,5 DAN25 A

SOLDER DAN PERANGKATNYASOLDER DAN PERANGKATNYA

ANEKA MACAM SAKLARANEKA MACAM SAKLAR

MOTOR STEPPERMOTOR STEPPER

DRIVER MOTOR STEPPER DAN DRIVER MOTOR STEPPER DAN GIGI REDUKSIGIGI REDUKSI

BATERAY KERINGBATERAY KERING

MOTOR INDUKSI 1 FASAMOTOR INDUKSI 1 FASA

BAHAN FOTORESISBAHAN FOTORESIS

Microprocessors

Hard disks are common I/O devices used with are common I/O devices used with computers.computers.

Transistor

Field effect transistorField effect transistor