Protecting Society and helping keep people safe Slide 1 Innovation Knows No Rank

Protecting Society and helping keep people safe Slide 1

Innovation Knows No Rank

Protecting Society and helping keep people safe Slide 2Protecting Society and helping keep people safe Slide 2

“Through the Looking Glass: Emerging Understandings of Cybercrime in GMP”

Paul White (Strategy & Policy Officer – GMP)

Clive McGoun (Senior Lecturer – MMU)

https://www.google.co.uk/url?q=http://bugsnet.org/universities/&sa=U&ei=scIbVYrXHsLOaNPXgbAL&ved=0CBoQ9QEwAg&usg=AFQjCNEQY02Xu-vpVtGcXYgl9kWMI1sCrQ


Presentation content

• Background and context• Literature review• Research objectives• Methodology• Results and implications• Recommendations for future research• Experience of being a Research Fellow



Background and context

• Cybercrime an evolving and growing threat (Europol, 2014)

• Mainstream cyber awareness, capacity and

capabilities across law enforcement (UK Cyber Security

Strategy, 2011)

• Cybercrime a GMP research priority…

“keeping a pace with the changing threat and up-skilling our workforce in how to respond to this type of crime”



Research objectives1. Outline the extent to which online behaviour leads to

demand on GMP

2. Capture the perception of police officers and staff on the scale and nature of this demand

3. Capture police officer and staff perceptions of their role in servicing demand resulting from online behaviour

4. Contribute to discussions on the use of the term ‘cyber’ in describing particular forms of internet behaviour and the implications that this may have for policing.



Methodology

• Mixed methods approach• Quantitative data analysis

– GMP crime records (1 January to 31 December 2014)– Sampling framework to filter data

• Self-administered, dual media survey– Two GMP divisional areas– 28 November to 12 December 2014– Non-probability, purposive sampling



Results



0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Offence type (Crime Tree 'level 4')

Fraud Violence w ithout injury

Miscellaneoust crimes agains society* Other sexual offences

Hate incidents Public order offences

Rape Robbery of personal property

Theft from the person Traff icking of drugs

Vehicle offences

Figure 1:GMP Crime Records Data

• Over 3,300 records

• 33.78% ‘Fraud’

• 27.17% ‘Violence w/o injury’

• 35.71% involved some kind of harassment or abuse

• 14.75% of a sexual nature



0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

Attacks against a

computer, online

network or services (e.g.

virus/ malicious software)

Sexual offences and

grooming

Offences related to indecent images of

children on the internet

Online abuse (e.g. bullying, harassment,

stalking)

Online fraud Online theft The supply of illegal

commodities (e.g. drugs,

people trafficking)

Rarely/ Never

Occasionally

Frequently/Very Frequently

Figure 2:Crime & incidents staff said they deal

with resulting from internet behaviour • On average deal with

around 6 per week

• Spending around 12% of

their time

• Most commonly deal with

‘online abuse’

• 64.77% feel the time they

spend dealing with it is increasing



0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

In my current role I should be dealing with incidents and crimes

which are the result of the way someone has behaved on the

internet

Crimes and incidents resulting from internet behaviour should only be dealt with by specialist

units who are trained to investigate them

Crimes and incidents resulting from online behaviour should only be investigated by regional and/ or national law enforcement agencies

Strongly disagree/ agree

Neutral

Stongly agree/ Agree

Figure 3:Roles and responsibilities

Figure 4:Knowledge, skills and training



• 25.93% were clear on the

definition of cybercrime

• 45.68% were not clear

• 67.07% rarely/ never use the

term ‘cyber’

• 64.63% rarely/ never encounter

others using the term 0.00%

10.00%

20.00%

30.00%

40.00%

50.00%

60.00%

70.00%

80.00%

90.00%

100.00%

How often do you use the term ‘cyber’ to describe crimes or incidents you deal with (e.g.

cybercrime, cyber bullying, cyber stalking etc)?

How often do you encounter other people using the term ‘cyber’ to

describe crimes or incidents?

Rarely/ Never

Occasionally

Very frequently/ Frequently

Figure 5:Experience of the term ‘cyber’



Summary of implications• Support for College of Policing hypotheses

– Low in numbers compared with ‘conventional crime’– But is increasing– Many associated with vulnerability, public protection & safeguarding

• Support not widespread for mainstream personnel having

role in dealing with the phenomena• Scope to nudge personnel who stand neutral on issues• Confidence in skills and knowledge not widespread• Term ‘cyber’ not widely used by mainstream personnel• Opportunity to change the discourse on cybercrime• Reflection of changing nature of crime



Recommendations for future research

• Focus groups/ interview follow-up• Extend the research across other areas• Review data trends over time • Explore perceptions of victims• Explore issues around vulnerability and safeguarding



Experience of being a Research Fellow…



Arrested Development: an exploration of training and culture within Greater

Manchester Police

Roger Pegram and Professor Peter Clough



Introduction

• Study sought to review police training and culture• Also how evidence based policing is integrated into

police training• Qualitative study had eight interviewees (trainers) from

within OLWD (Organisational Learning and Workforce Development

• Study brought forward five main topic areas


Five Main Themes

• Behaviours• Training of Special Constabulary• Standards and Culture• Inter-branch working and the cultural dynamics• Well-being• ‘Academic’ police Vs ‘Trade’ police


Behaviours

• Trainers felt there was a lack of emphasis on the attitudes and behaviours element of the KUSAB mnemonic

• Felt there was an over focus on legal knowledge and definitions

• Interviewee One: “We concentrate on definitions and things like that, we are not good at soft skills”


Special Constabulary

• Feeling that Specials’ training could be improved to that of new recruit standard

• Allocation of Specials’ training to training staff is unfair and ad-hoc

• Interviewee Five: “Specials’ training is like school sports day it is too inclusive and fair, nobody ever fails”


Standards and Culture

This was a strong theme included:• Quality of training• Standards of uniform

and behaviour• Equipment• Standard of trainers• Operational competence

• Interviewee Five: “Training is development and if you want to develop the force you need to develop training first”


Inter-Branch Working/Culture

• Everyone is working harder than their peers!

• An ‘us and them’ culture *especially between crime and uniform training

• Isolated in their own areas of business

• Interviewee One: “ I believe that the people in crime training think they have a higher status”

• Interviewee Six: “Irrespective of specialism we are all police officers”


Well-Being

• Feeling of disparities in workload and allocation of work

• Agile working• Routines – trainers

sticking to the same course

• Interviewee Four: “ You have officers who will go on the sick with exhaustion quite genuinely and some others who are still sat in the sun”


Academic Cop Vs Trade Cop

• Training in the Psychological, Criminological, and Sociological matters that make up the A and B of the KUSAB mnemonic

• Interviewee Six: “Just because they are not an academic does not mean they cannot talk about academia”

• Interviewee One: “Psychobabble”


Pracademics

• In conclusion there are many areas to further explore using evidence based techniques to assess and improve police training in the areas identified from this qualitative analyses

• In essence the opinion is that an ‘educated’ police officer is a better officer and is more likely to be an effective crime fighter


Taking Time for Crime

• ‘…training was focussed on procedures and legal use of police powers rather than on becoming an effective crime-fighter. The emphasis is on removing risk rather than proactive intervention. Some evidence-based knowledge is taught, but there is little evidence that this is being applied on the ground (CID officers being the exception). (HMIC, 2012, pp.2)


“Exploring Citizens First Contact with Police and how this effects confidence

levels in the Police Service”

Samuel Norman(Police Sergeant– GMP)

Peter Joyce (Senior Lecturer – MMU)



Project Context and Objectives

The context of this research is to ensure Policing is conducted in an efficient manner, by identifying best practice at ‘First Contact’ which has a positive effect

on the public’s confidence in policing.Aims:Review pre existing literatureConduct QuestionnaireReview findingsIdentify what effects

confidence

Objectives:Identify ‘Best practice’Facilitate changeReduce demand



Methodology‘A quantitative methodology by way of questionnaire. The

questionnaire consisted of structured, continuous response questions, using a series of 5-point Likert-style response

scales. ‘

How was this done? Why?Bivariate analysis of quantitative

data set.Open ended question allowed for

customer focused improvements.Opt In v Opt out.


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https://www.google.co.uk/url?q=http://www.ashtoncollege.com/theimportance-face-face-communication/&sa=U&ei=mMIrVbChEIGlsgHtoYGwDg&ved=0CCQQ9QEwBw&usg=AFQjCNGYyux7th63JYAds8dyZsi_P51JFw

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https://www.google.co.uk/url?q=http://allthingsd.com/20130116/exclusive-surveymonkey-raises-850-million-in-debt-and-equity-for-tender-offer-including-new-investment-from-googles-new-late-stage-unit/&sa=U&ei=68IrVZKVGsS3sQGOt4LoAQ&ved=0CBYQ9QEwAA&usg=AFQjCNEyoiB1ZW_iBee9sTJt129U86o4PQ


Results

‘Good contact harbours increased confidence, whilst negative contact show’s decreasing confidence levels in the police.’



Where do we go from here???

•Utilise Technology to shape best practice •Customer Service Skills- Most critical position is that of call takers (Script v Humanity)•Stakeholder Focus Groups•National Research•GMP-MMU and Fellowships



Questions….



Innovation Knows No Rank


“The effectiveness of E-Learning in a Police Environment”

Helen Selisny (Trainer – GMP)

Rod Cullan (Senior Lecturer – MMU)



“What Factors Drive Victim Satisfaction with the Police”

Sarah Duffin (Projects Assistant – GMP)

Jon Bannister (Criminology Professor – MMU)



GMP / MMU Fellows

Name: Sarah Duffin

Tutor: Jon Bannister, MMU

Research topic:

What factors drive victim satisfaction with the Police?

Research: Aims, methodology, key findings, recommendations

Fellowship: Reflections on being a fellow


Background and context


• Why did I decide to do the fellowship?

• Why did I choose this topic?

• What is victim satisfaction and why is it important?


Aims and objectives


• Undertake a targeted analysis of victim satisfaction data

• Explore whether there are particular groups of people or locations that have lower victim satisfaction to inform operational policing activity so that resources can be effectively targeted


Methodology

Stage 1: Review of existing literature to identify a series of factors which can influence victim satisfaction with the police

Stage 2: Descriptive analysis of GMP victim satisfaction data (crosstabs)

Stage 3: Advanced analysis of GMP victim satisfaction data (logistic regression)


Key findings – literature review

Key factors which influence satisfaction:

1) Demographic factors

2) Previous contact / confidence in the police

3) Process factors e.g. arresting a suspect


Data analysis


Key findings – crosstabs


Key findings – Logistic Regression

Factors which have a significant impact on satisfaction:

1) Undertaking the actions the victim expected

2) Providing follow up information

3) Reassuring the victim

4) Responding in a reasonable time

5) Taking the matter seriously


Implications• Police should focus on improving the process for

updating victims of crime, managing victim expectations and providing a high quality policing service

• Research findings support work that is already going on in GMP e.g. communications skills training

• Recommendations for future research


Reflections

• Fellowship has been challenging yet rewarding

• Useful skills and knowledge

• Time is the biggest challenge


Supporting Staff: GMP Research Initiative Focussing on Understanding Absenteeism Linked to

Psychological Illness

Researcher: Constable Adele OwenSupervisor: Prof. Christine Horrocks


Aims & Objectives• To explore current attendance management processes

within GMP for sickness absence.• To review current support given to staff with

psychological illness.• To explore why staff with psychological illness choose

to go absent or remain in the workplace.• To identify what support staff experiencing

psychological illness would find beneficial to help them remain in the workplace & assist in recovery.


Methodology

Phase 1

Focus groups for staff with experience of ‘psychological illness’ while serving within GMP

Phase 2

1 to 1 interviews with supervisors who have personal experience and/or have supervised a person with experience of such illness.


Key Findings

• Attendance Management Guidance – perceived to be too ‘tick box’ focused.

• Supervisors need specific training to identify and support those with psychological illness.

• Stigma around psychological illness is perceived to exist within GMP.

• CIC (Employee Assistance Programme) support was generally perceived to be beneficial.


Research Quotations“Typical bloke. I tried to soldier on”. (Male PC)

“What doesn’t kill you makes you stronger but it could well have killed me”. (Female Police Staff)

“Were you in a straight jacket when you were off sick?” (PC to a PC)

“Because you’re “off with stress”, you’re ‘wagging it’ and ‘taking the piss out of the cops’” (Male PC)

“What is missing in this organisation is a willingness to talk about it”. (Senior Police Officer)



“Police officers are conditioned to deal with difficult things and on the whole hide their emotions and that’s

how lots of police officers get through the day. They will go and deal with a cot death or some horrible gory incident but then put it out of their head and move on to the next thing. The danger is that officers don’t talk

about their feelings. It’s considered hard to admit because it’s perceived as showing a sign of

weakness.” (Senior Police Officer)



Future Research

• Evaluations of:

• New attendance management guidance • ‘Expert by Experience’ Supervisor training• An internal anti-stigma campaign• Peer Support Network


Insider Research Issues

•Concern initially about staff participation.•Research participants and/or colleagues?•Importance of not bringing pre-conceived ideas to my research.•Rank & role - power dynamics•The challenge of completing research in addition to the day job.



Thank you for listening.

Please feel free to contact me for further information:

[email protected]



Questions….


Documents

Protecting Society and helping keep people safe Slide 1 Innovation Knows No Rank