Protestant Reformation and the

Catholic Counter -Reformation

Rooted in Jewish tradition/Torah and the person of Jesus of Nazareth

Jesus – rabbi? who encouraged ethical self sacrifice – Love God Love others Care for the

vulnerable/outcastes

Many stories written about the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth

Canon of 4 gospels established 4th century CE

Place Jesus as Messiah of Judaism; also: son of God and resurrected

Proclaims special revelation: Jesus’ message meant to be universal – not just for the Jews

Travels & begins inclusion of Gentiles in synagogues…eventually separate churches

Some conflict with Jerusalem church

Most from Paul Advice to early church

communities How to live in the world Imminent 2nd coming of the

Christ (Messiah/Savior) By 2nd century – church

leaders begin collecting manuscripts

315 CE – Edict of Milan – Constantine Christianity becomes legal

325 CE Council of Nicaea – uniform Christian doctrine

Later 4th century (Emperor Theodosius) Christianity becomes state religion of Roman Empire

382 CE – Latin Vulgate: Old and New Testament

What is the Nature of Christ? “Heresies” – unofficial ideas/

ideas that go against official church; Eg: Nestorians, Arians

Nicene creed meant to settle Eventually doctrine of the

Trinity

Roman Catholic/Latin Church becomes unifying factor among Germanic tribes & others

Charlemagne sees himself as the military protector of the Church

High Middle Ages-High Middle Ages- church power at height

1054 – Latin West v. Byzantine EmpireLatin Church (Roman Latin Church (Roman Catholic)Catholic)

Eastern OrthodoxEastern OrthodoxExcommunicated each other;After 1453 – Moscow/Muscovy declared self center of Orthodoxy

Reconciling classical reasoning (Aristotle) and Christian faith

Thomas Aquinas - Summa TheologicaForms the theological

basis of the Roman Catholic Church

Wealth & power of upper clergy (nobles)Investiture: simony & nepotism

Lack of discipline among clergy Lack of education/knowledge

among clergy Avignon Papacy & Great Schism

John WycliffeWycliffe – theology prof @ OxfordEnglish translation of NT

John Huss – theology prof @ PragueBurned at the stake

This heresy: objected to worldliness of clergy; advocated personal salvation; challenge to church authority

Renaissance Humanism outside of Italy

Different emphasis – concern over problems in society

Search for more personal religious practices

Erasmus, T. More, Rabelais

The The Protestant Protestant ReformationReformation ended the unity of the Christian church in the West –

Christianity was eventually fragmented into dozens of denominations…

Why did Christian unity come to an end and how did that impact society?

Began in German states because it lacked a strong central government

Holy Roman Empire included over 300 semi-independent states

Some wanted independence from the Holy Roman Empire

Weak emperor could not control independent ideas about religion within the German states

started Reformation German monk, became

professor of theology at University of Wittenberg

How did his movement start?

October 31, 1517: nailed on door of Wittenberg Church the 95 Theses –

arguments to debate - Criticized sale of indulgences

Printed copies of Theses spread

justification by faithonly God’s grace through Christ saves; no amount of good works could do it...

priesthood of all believersall Christians are equal before God

these ideas challenged basic church doctrine, tradition and authority…that is, they were heresy

Luther’s conflict with the church led to violence

Peasants revolted - the Lutheran princes crushed the rebellion

Civil War between the HRE supported by Catholic princes & the Lutheran princes

1555 Peace of Augsburg

John Calvin & John Calvin & Predestination Predestination or Doctrine of the ElectProtestant work ethic & success

Anabaptism Many, many others…Significance…

Protestantism spreads ---

While Lutheranism spread in Northern Germany and Scandinavia

Calvinism spread into Scotland (Presbyterians), England (puritans), Netherlands (Dutch Reformed) especially

Huguenots were Calvinists in France

Council of TrentSociety of Jesus/ JesuitsInquisitionIndexGoal: to halt spread of heresy

Options: Try to eliminate Protestantism

Change to Protestantism

….what are other options?

HREHRE Charles V & the German Wars of ReligionCharles’ Habsburg domainsThe TurksLutheranism warPeace of Augsburg 1555 Retirement!!!

Phillip II of Spain– (Charles V’s son)Inherits Spain, Netherlands & later Portugal

Netherlands revolt when P cracks down on independence and Protestantism

Protestant part becomes independent: United Provinces/ Dutch Netherlands

Amsterdam -financial power house

Shipped almost all trade in North, Baltic Atlantic and Arctic seas

Joint stock companies & stock exchanges

freedom of religion, speech & press (more or less)

Science, philosophy, art Tech innovation

France endures religious wars through 4 kings – eventually protestants (Huguenots) are given some religious freedom – for a while… and the right to fortify their towns

(Edict of Nantes)

Why did England officially separate from the Catholic Church?

How did this impact the English Reformation?

England’s King Henry wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon for not producing a male heir to the throne

(daughter: Mary) Catholic Church

forbade divorce - refused to dissolve Henry’s marriage

Henry withdrew England from Catholic Church married Anne Boleyn and created a new church

Act of Supremacy Act of Supremacy - Parliament created Church of England (Anglican Church) with king as its head

King took church lands and abolished monasteries

important Englishmen were required to swear oath accepting king as head of the church instead of the Pope...

Catherine of Aragon - Mary Anne Boleyn - Elizabeth Jane Seymour - Edward Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine ParrSon Edward inherited throne 1st

DivBehDiedDivBehSurv

Henry was NOT a protestant Very few changes were

allowed in the church by Henry

However, changes were made during the period of Henry’s son and the English church adopted more protestant ideas

Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon

Married Catholic Philip II of Spain

Sought to revive Catholicism Protestants revolted Persecution of Protestants led to

her being known (by Protestants) as:

Bloody Mary Bloody Mary (but she wasn’t)

25 years old; ruled 45 years! Protestant; re-established the

Anglican Church as the National Church

“The Virgin Queen” never married because it helped her keep peace w/ other countries

Emphasized loyalty for England over religion

assassination plots against Elizabeth 1587 – forced to order the execution

of her Catholic cousin, Mary Queen of Scots

Catholic Mary (Stuart) had been living in England after haven been driven from Scotland by scandal & Protestant uprising

Catholic Spain wanted Elizabeth dead so Mary could take the throne

assassination plots against Elizabeth 1587 –execution of her Catholic cousin,

Mary Queen of Scots Spain attempted an invasion with their

feared “invincible” Armada (navy) English “pirates” had been attacking

Spanish ships and New World ports The Armada was defeated by the

weather and the smaller, faster English ships

Science to Science to “Enlightenment”“Enlightenment”

How a mixture of Protestantism & How a mixture of Protestantism & Scientific discovery Scientific discovery

led to new ideas led to new ideas

about government…about government…

Scientific RevolutionScientific RevolutionBefore the revolution…Before the revolution…Scholars relied on Scholars relied on established established

authoritiesauthorities for truth for truthEstablished authorities included:Established authorities included:

The Bible & early church writingsThe Bible & early church writingsThe Catholic ChurchThe Catholic ChurchAristotle, Galen (medicine)Aristotle, Galen (medicine)

AstronomyAstronomy beforebefore Revolution: Revolution:

GeocentricGeocentric Theory TheoryEarth is the Earth is the center of the center of the universe. universe.

Planets and sun Planets and sun rotate around it. rotate around it. ((PtolemyPtolemy – – Greek)Greek)

NewNew Theory: Theory: HeliocentricHeliocentric

The The sun is the center sun is the center of the universeof the universe and and planets rotate around itplanets rotate around it

Copernican theoryCopernican theory …. …. KeplerKepler verifies with verifies with math… math… GalileoGalileo with with telescopetelescope

CopernicusCopernicus

KeplerKepler

==GalileoGalileo

NewtonNewton

Natural Laws govern the universe

Inductive Inductive MethodMethod

collectcollectspecifics specifics

generalizationgeneralization

DeductiveDeductiveMethodMethod

generalization/ generalization/ formulaformula

specific specific applicationapplication

Scientific MethodScientific Method

Using carefully conducted Using carefully conducted experiments experiments andand mathematical calculations mathematical calculations to evaluate or verify results to evaluate or verify results of experimentsof experiments

Other leadersOther leaders

DescartesDescartesBaconBaconVesaliusVesaliusHarveyHarveyHookeHooke

Hooke’s drawing of cells

The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution - -Created an atmosphere of Created an atmosphere of skepticismskepticism

(doubt – desire for proof)(doubt – desire for proof)Emphasized the Emphasized the importance ofimportance of

evidenceevidenceImpacted law, study of history, Impacted law, study of history,

chronology and eventually philosophy chronology and eventually philosophy and governmentand government

LawLaw: rules of evidence!: rules of evidence!End to witch trialsEnd to witch trials

HistoryHistory: : critical study of documents, critical study of documents, coins & other historical “evidence”coins & other historical “evidence”

ChronologyChronology: : organizing events of the organizing events of the pastpast

PhilosophyPhilosophy: : skepticism; natural law; skepticism; natural law; deismdeism

PoliticsPolitics: : social contractsocial contract

Early Modern European Early Modern European societysociety

Legal class divisionsClergy, Nobility, commoners

Hierarchy based on birth Privileged nobility

but…growing wealth of bourgeoisie

NobilityNobilityPrivileges / not under common lawTitled lands; arranged marriagesExempt from many taxes; but

charged the peasants fees on everything

increasingly extravagant lifestylesIncreasingly in debt

Looked down on new nobles & gentry

BourgeoisieBourgeoisie

Lower bourgeoisieLower bourgeoisieShop owners

They hired apprentices & servants (“urban workers”)

Lesser merchants

Urban LaborersUrban Laborers artisans: shop workers;

apprentices & journeymen (skilled labor) unskilled labor - wages low

later marriages; new household; nuclear family; unwed mothers; foundling

hospitals, orphanages

PeasantsPeasants prosperity varied – usually very

poorBenefited by domestic system

Political Political Developments Developments

in Europein Europe1600-17501600-1750

Developments in Developments in EuropeEurope

1500: “New Monarchies”1500: “New Monarchies” 1500’s: “Wars of Religion”1500’s: “Wars of Religion” 1600’s:1600’s: rise of “Absolutism” rise of “Absolutism”

ANDAND development of development of English “Constitutionalism”English “Constitutionalism”

1700’s1700’s commercial ventures, commercial ventures, territorial wars territorial wars ANDAND the the “Enlightenment”“Enlightenment”

Primary SourcesPrimary Sources Absolutism / Divine RightAbsolutism / Divine Right

Bishop BossuetBishop BossuetPolitics Drawn from the Very Words Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture, ca. 1675of Holy Scripture, ca. 1675

Social Contract/ Social Contract/ Constitutionalism:Constitutionalism: John LockeJohn LockeTwo Treatises on Government, 1691Two Treatises on Government, 1691

Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire Thirty Years War (1618-1648)Thirty Years War (1618-1648) 1648 Peace of Westphalia1648 Peace of Westphalia

War weakened HREWar weakened HRETreaty weakened the HRE furtherTreaty weakened the HRE further

Austria begins to riseAustria begins to rise Post Louis’ wars: Austria gets Post Louis’ wars: Austria gets

Southern Netherlands & Milan from Southern Netherlands & Milan from Spain as Louis’ gr-son gets SpainSpain as Louis’ gr-son gets Spain

France:France: aided protestants in aided protestants in Thirty Years Thirty Years

WarWarCreates an Creates an absolute absolute monarchymonarchy

Louis XIV –Louis XIV –the Sun Kthe Sun KingingVersailles / churchVersailles / churchWars with the rest of EuWars with the rest of Europerope::

1667-1714 – Wars over 1667-1714 – Wars over thethe Spanish SuccessionSpanish Succession

England:England: Stuarts (Scottish Stuarts (Scottish monarchs) replace the Tudorsmonarchs) replace the TudorsParliament Parliament twicetwice removes Stuart removes Stuart kings from power because they kings from power because they fear: fear:

AbsolutismAbsolutism + +Catholic MonarchyCatholic Monarchy

Charles I (1649)/James II (1688)Charles I (1649)/James II (1688)

1600’s-1700’s1600’s-1700’s

English English protestants saw protestants saw

them as them as connectedconnected

English Civil War-Puritan Revol.English Civil War-Puritan Revol. King Charles I tries to rule as absolute King Charles I tries to rule as absolute

monarch/ persecutes Puritansmonarch/ persecutes Puritans Parliament creates an army to go to Parliament creates an army to go to

war against the kingwar against the king Oliver Cromwell – one of the generalsOliver Cromwell – one of the generals King defeated, tried, executed for King defeated, tried, executed for

treason 1649treason 1649 10 yr. Puritan Rule follows/ Cromwell10 yr. Puritan Rule follows/ Cromwell

The Glorious RevolutionThe Glorious RevolutionUnlike the English Civil Unlike the English Civil War/Puritan Revolution:War/Puritan Revolution:

Parliament removed kingParliament removed king James II James II without bloodshed - 1688without bloodshed - 1688

Mary (J’s prot daughter) and Mary (J’s prot daughter) and William (leader of Dutch William (leader of Dutch Netherlands) replace James; wars Netherlands) replace James; wars with Francewith France

Catholic monarchy outlawed Catholic monarchy outlawed by Parliamentby Parliament

English Bill of Rights of English Bill of Rights of 16891689

Parliament above the monarchyParliament above the monarchy Identifies limitations of monarchyIdentifies limitations of monarchy Protects rights of individuals:Protects rights of individuals:

eg: Fair trial, no “cruel & unusual eg: Fair trial, no “cruel & unusual punishment”punishment”

Mirrors ideals of Mirrors ideals of LockeLocke Creates a Creates a constitutional constitutional monarchymonarchy/ prevents absolutism/ prevents absolutism

SpainSpain Phillip IIPhillip II – counter-reformation!– counter-reformation! Armada defeatedArmada defeated Spain loses the Spain loses the NorthernNorthern Netherlands Netherlands After Phillip II After Phillip II – other weaker – other weaker

rulersrulers By 1715 By 1715 – end of Louis’ wars - – end of Louis’ wars -

Spanish monarchy goes to French Spanish monarchy goes to French Bourbon line, Bourbon line,

SOUTHERNSOUTHERN Netherlands to Netherlands to Austria/HREAustria/HRE

NorthernNorthern ( (DutchDutch) ) NetherlandsNetherlands Gains independence from SpainGains independence from Spain

Confirmed internationally 1648 Confirmed internationally 1648 (Westphalia)(Westphalia)

A Republic A Republic – governed by assembly – governed by assembly of mostly merchant notables/ religious of mostly merchant notables/ religious tolerance enhances trade and tolerance enhances trade and

Only chose military head of state in Only chose military head of state in times of wartimes of war

William IIIWilliam III marries Mary Stuart who marries Mary Stuart who become K & Q of Engl 1689; no heirs…become K & Q of Engl 1689; no heirs…

Baroque movementBaroque movement

Catholic:Catholic:Monarchy & Catholic Monarchy & Catholic Church main patronsChurch main patrons

BerniniBernini

Baroque Baroque movementmovement

Protestant:Protestant:Noble &middle class Noble &middle class patrons, patrons,

Rembrandt