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Protists
Simple Eukaryotes
Regents Biology 2006-2007
DomainBacteria
DomainArchaebacteria
DomainEukaryotes
Common ancestor
Simple Eukaryotes
General characteristics
� Classification criteria
� eukaryotes
� not animal, plant or fungi
Regents Biology
That’s more ofwhat they’re not
& notwhat they are!
Protist Diversity
� A great variety in ways of life
� one-celled to many-celled
� autotrophs (photosynthesis) to heterotrophs (have to eat)
� asexual to sexual reproduction
Regents Biology
� asexual to sexual reproduction
� pathogens to beneficial
� sessile to mobile
Protist Diversity
� Animal-like Protists
� heterotrophs, predators� Amoeba
� Paramecium
� Stentor
Paramecium with food vacuoles stained red
Regents Biology
� Stentor
Amoeba ingesting a Paramecium
Protist Diversity
� Plant-like Protists
� autotrophs, photosynthesis
� Euglena
� algae
� diatoms
Regents Biology
� diatoms
Protist Diversity
� Parasitic & pathogen Protists
� malaria
� Giardia
� trypanosomes
Plasmodium
Regents Biology
Giardia
Trypanosoma
Protist Diversity
� Beneficial & necessary Protists
� phytoplankton
� small algae + diatoms
� much of the world’s photosynthesis
� produces ~90% of atmospheric oxygen
Regents Biology
� produces ~90% of atmospheric oxygen
� zooplankton
� heterotroph protists
� key ecological role at base of marine food web
Mmmmmm!Keeps me goin’!
Kingdom: Animals
Complex Eukaryotes
2007-
2008
DomainBacteria
DomainArchaea
DomainEukarya
Common ancestor
Complex Eukaryotes
Animal Characteristics
� Heterotrophs
� must ingest others for nutrients
� Multicellular
� complex bodiescomplex bodies
� No cell walls
� allows active movement
� Sexual reproduction
sponges jellyfish flatworms roundworms mollusks segmentedworms
insectsspiders
starfish vertebrates
segmented body internal skeleton
Animal Evolution
many-celled
Ancestral Protist
tissues
left-right symmetry
separate digestive system
Invertebrate: Porifera
� Sponges
� no organized tissues or organs
� food goes in & waste comes out same opening
food taken into each cell separately
comes out same opening
Invertebrate: Cnidaria
� Jellyfish, hydra, sea anemone, coral
� tissues, but no organs
� two cell layers
� predators
� tentacles surround mouth opening
� digested material absorbed into cells
Invertebrate: Platyhelminthes
� Flatworms
� tapeworm, planaria
� mostly parasitic
� digestive tube
tapeworm
� now have separate mouth & anus
Invertebrate: Nematoda
� Roundworms
� digestive tube
� have separate mouth & anus
� many are parasitic
hookworm� hookworm
Invertebrate: Mollusca
� Mollusks
� clams, snails, squid
� soft bodies, mostly protected by hard shells
� digestive tube
Invertebrate: Annelida
� Segmented worms
� earthworms, leeches
� segments are all the same
� digestive tube
fan worm leech
Invertebrate: Arthropoda
� Spiders, insects, crustaceans
� most successful animal group
� segmented
� allows jointed legs & arms
� exoskeleton
Arthropod groupsarachnids8 legs, 2 body partsspiders, ticks, scorpions
insects6 legs, 3 body parts
crustaceansgills, 2 pairs antennaecrab, lobster, barnacles, shrmp
Invertebrate: Echinodermata
� Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumber
� radial symmetry
� spiny exoskeleton
� Vertebrates
� fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
� internal bony skeleton
� backbone
skull-encased brain
Vertebrata
becomes brain & spinal cord
� skull-encased brain
becomes vertebrae
becomes gills or Eustachian tube
becomes tail or tailbone
Oh, look…your first
baby picture!
Vertebrates: FishLampreys, salmon, trout, sharks450 mya
� Characteristics
� body structure
� paired fins
� scales
� body function
gills
body
� breathe with gills
� two-chambered heart
� cold-blooded (ectotherm)
� reproduction
� external fertilization
� external development in aquatic egg
lung
buccalcavity
glottisclosed
Vertebrates: Amphibian
� Characteristics
� body structure� legs (walk on land)
� moist skin
� body function� breathe with lungs & through skin
frogssalamanders toads
350 mya
� breathe with lungs & through skin
� three-chambered heart
� cold-blooded (ectotherm)
� reproduction� external fertilization
� external development in aquatic egg
� metamorphosis (tadpole to adult)
Vertebrates: Reptiles� Characteristics
� body structure� dry skin, scales, armor (shells)
� body function� breathe with lungs
� three-chambered heart
250 myadinosaurs, turtles lizards, snakesalligators, crocodile
� three-chambered heart
� cold-blooded (ectotherm)
� reproduction� internal fertilization
� external development in hard-shelled egg
embryoleatheryshell
chorion
allantoisyolk sac
amnion
Vertebrates: Birds� Characteristics
� body structure� feathers & wings
� thin, hollow bone;flight skeleton
� body function
150 myafinches, hawk ostrich, turkey
� body function� very efficient lungs & air sacs
� four-chambered heart
� warm-blooded (endotherm)
� reproduction� internal fertilization
� external development in hard-shelled egg
trachea
anteriorair sacs
lung
posteriorair sacs
Vertebrates: Mammals� Characteristics
� body structure� hair
� specialized teeth
� body function� breathe with lungs, diaphragm
220 mya / 65 myamice, ferret elephants, batswhales, humans
musclescontract
� breathe with lungs, diaphragm
� four-chambered heart
� warm-blooded (endoderm)
� reproduction� internal fertilization
� internal development in uterus
� nourishment through placenta
� birth live young
� mammary glands make milk
diaphragmcontracts