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Protozoans 8/8/01
1Digital Zoology © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Protozoans
9:06 AM1
Digital Zoology © The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc.
Protozoans
ProtozoansProtozoansProtozoans
Protozoans
9:06 AM2
Digital Zoology © The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc.
Protozoans
PoriferaPorifera
ActinopodaActinopoda
CnidariaCnidaria
ApicomplexaApicomplexa
CiliophoraCiliophora
MolluscaMolluscaAnnelidaAnnelida
EuglenozoaEuglenozoa
BryozoaBryozoa
PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes
RhizopodaRhizopoda
RotiferaRotifera
GranuloreticulosaGranuloreticulosa
NematodaNematodaPriapulidaPriapulidaKinorhynchaKinorhynchaLoriciferaLoricifera
PhoronidaPhoronidaBrachiopodaBrachiopoda
EchinodermataEchinodermata
HemichordataHemichordata
ChelicerataChelicerata
UniramiaUniramia CrustaceaCrustacea
ProtochordataProtochordata
VertebrataVertebrata
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc.
Protozoans
PoriferaPorifera
ActinopodaActinopoda
CnidariaCnidaria
ApicomplexaApicomplexa
CiliophoraCiliophora
MolluscaMollusca
AnnelidaAnnelida
EuglenozoaEuglenozoa
BryozoaBryozoaPlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes
RhizopodaRhizopoda
RotiferaRotifera
GranuloreticulosaGranuloreticulosa
NematodaNematoda
PriapulidaPriapulidaKinorhynchaKinorhynchaLoriciferaLoricifera
PhoronidaPhoronidaBrachiopodaBrachiopoda
EchinodermataEchinodermata
HemichordataHemichordata
ChelicerataChelicerata
UniramiaUniramia
CrustaceaCrustacea
ProtochordataProtochordata
VertebrataVertebrata
MyxozoaMyxozoaMyxozoa
ArthropodaArthropodaArthropoda AnnelidaAnnelidaAnnelida
MolluscaMolluscaMollusca
LophophoratesLophophoratesLophophorates
HemichordataHemichordataHemichordata
ChordataChordataChordata
Otherpseudocoelomates
OtherOtherpseudocoelomatespseudocoelomates
NematodaNematodaNematoda
PoriferaPoriferaPorifera
CtenophoraCtenophoraCtenophoraCnidariaCnidariaCnidaria
PlacozoaPlacozoaPlacozoa
PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthesNemerteaNemerteaNemertea
CiliophoraCiliophoraCiliophoraSarcomastigophoraSarcomastigophoraSarcomastigophora
MicrosporaMicrosporaMicrosporaApicomplexaApicomplexaApicomplexa
MesozoaMesozoaMesozoa
EchinodermataEchinodermataEchinodermata
CrustaceaCrustaceaCrustaceaChelicerataChelicerataChelicerata
UniramiaUniramiaUniramia
ProtochordataProtochordataProtochordata
Digital Zoology © The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc.
PoriferaPorifera PlatyhelmithesPlatyhelmithes MolluscaMollusca ArthropodaArthropoda
HemichordataHemichordataCnidariaCnidaria NemerteaNemertea AnnelidaAnnelida
EchinodermataEchinodermataChordataChordataLophophoresLophophores
PseudocoelomatesPseudocoelomates
ProtozoansProtozoans
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc.
Protozoans
Numbers of speciesNumbers of speciesNumbers of species
Echinodermata
Ciliophora
ChordataMollusca
PlatyhelminthesNematoda
PoriferaAnnelida
Other
Apicomplexa
Other protozoans
Arthropoda
Protozoans 8/8/01
2Digital Zoology © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
Protozoans
9:06 AM7
Digital Zoology © The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc.
Protozoans
General considerationsGeneral considerationsGeneral considerations
l Unicellular heterotrophs, a few are colonial
l Cells that are much more complex than normal animal cells
l Characterized by the way they move
l Unicellular heterotrophs, a few are colonial
l Cells that are much more complex than normal animal cells
l Characterized by the way they move
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc.
Protozoans
Surface to volume ratioSurface to volume ratioSurface to volume ratio
Size Surface Area Surface/volume0.5 mm 0.000007854 0000000001636 480,0000.6 mm 0.1256 0.0004189 2992.0 mm 12.57 4.189 35.0 mm 78.53 163.6 0.5
ProtozoansProtozoans are 0.005are 0.005––0.3 mm in size.0.3 mm in size.
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © The McGraw -Hill Companies, Inc.
Protozoans
Reynold’s numberReynold’sReynold’s numbernumber
Re plUv=Re plUv=Re plUv=
Re = Reyno ld ’s number
p = Density of f luid
l = Measure of s ize
U = Relat ive velocity
v = Viscosity of the f luid
ReRe = = Reyno ld ’sReyno ld ’s numbernumber
pp = Density of f luid= Density of f luid
ll = Measure of s ize= Measure of s ize
UU = Relat ive velocity= Relat ive velocity
vv = Viscosity of the f luid= Viscosity of the f luid
Inert ial forceInert ial force
Viscous forceViscous force
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
Reynold’s numbersReynold’sReynold’s numbersnumbers
Blue whale 108Blue whaleBlue whale 101088
Salmon 10 6SalmonSalmon 1010 66
Human 10 6HumanHuman 1010 66
Diving beetle 10 2Diving beetleDiving beetle 1010 22
Paramecium 10- 3ParameciumParamecium 1010-- 33
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
AmoebaAmoebaAmoeba
Waterexpulsion
vesicle
WaterWaterexpulsionexpulsion
vesiclevesicle
EndoplasmEndoplasmEndoplasm
EctoplasmEctoplasmEctoplasm
PseudopodiaPseudopodiaPseudopodia
NucleusNucleusNucleus
FoodVacuoles
FoodFoodVacuolesVacuoles
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
Amoeboid locomotionAmoeboid locomotionAmoeboid locomotion
Hyaline capHyaline capHyaline cap
EctoplasmEctoplasmEctoplasm
EndoplasmEndoplasmEndoplasm
Direction of movementDirection of movementDirection of movement
Protozoans 8/8/01
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Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
Pseudopodial typesPseudopodialPseudopodial typestypes
Lobopodia
Filopodia
Reticulopodia
Axopodia
LobopodiaLobopodia
FilopodiaFilopodia
ReticulopodiaReticulopodia
AxopodiaAxopodia
Protozoans
9:06 AM14
Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
Pseudopodial typesPseudopodialPseudopodial typestypes
Lobopodia
Filopodia
Reticulopodia
Axopodia
LobopodiaLobopodia
FilopodiaFilopodia
ReticulopodiaReticulopodia
AxopodiaAxopodia
Pylome
Test
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
Pseudopodial typesPseudopodialPseudopodial typestypes
Lobopodia
Filopodia
Reticulopodia
Axopodia
LobopodiaLobopodia
FilopodiaFilopodia
ReticulopodiaReticulopodia
AxopodiaAxopodia
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
Pseudopodial typesPseudopodialPseudopodial typestypes
Lobopodia
Filopodia
Reticulopodia
Axopodia
LobopodiaLobopodia
FilopodiaFilopodia
ReticulopodiaReticulopodia
AxopodiaAxopodia
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
Protozoan skeletonsProtozoan skeletonsProtozoan skeletons
l Chitin
l Calcium Carbonate
– Foraminifera
l Silica
– Radiolarians
l Chitin
l Calcium Carbonate
– Foraminifera
l Silica
– Radiolarians
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
Protozoan skeletonsProtozoan skeletonsProtozoan skeletons
l Chitin
l Calcium Carbonate
– Foraminifera
l Silica
– Radiolarians
l Chitin
l Calcium Carbonate
– Foraminifera
l Silica
– Radiolarians
Protozoans 8/8/01
4Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w-Hi l l Companies, Inc .
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
Protozoan skeletonsProtozoan skeletonsProtozoan skeletons
l Chitin
l Calcium Carbonate
– Foraminifera
l Silica
– Radiolarians
l Chitin
l Calcium Carbonate
– Foraminifera
l Silica
– Radiolarians
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
Cilia and flagella9 + 2 OrganizationCilia and flagellaCilia and flagella9 + 2 Organization9 + 2 Organization
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
EuglenaEuglenaEuglena
NucleusNucleusNucleus
NucleolusNucleolusNucleolus
Water expulsion vesicleWater expulsion vesicleWater expulsion vesicle
ChloroplastChloroplastChloroplast
Paramylon grainsParamylonParamylon grainsgrains
PelliclePelliclePellicle
Paraflagellar bodyParaflagellarParaflagellar bodybody
EyespotEyespotEyespot
FlagellumFlagellumFlagellum
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
TrypanosomesTrypanosomesTrypanosomes
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
Compound ciliatureCompound Compound ciliatureciliature
Protozoans
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Protozoans
EuplotesEuplotesEuplotes
Protozoans 8/8/01
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Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
MyonemesMyonemesMyonemes
Protozoans
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Protozoans
PhagocytosisPhagocytosisPhagocytosis
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
ParameciumParameciumParameciumFood Vacuo leFood Vacuo le
Water expulsionWater expulsion
vesicle (empty)vesicle (empty)
MicronucleusMicronucleusMacronucleusMacronucleusPelliclePellicle
Oral Groove (Oral Groove (PeristomePeristome))
CytostomeCytostome
CytoproctCytoproct
CytopharynxCytopharynx
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
Pellicle structurePellicle structurePellicle structure
AlveolusAlveolusAlveolus
KinetodesmaKinetodesmaKinetodesma
KinetosomeKinetosomeKinetosome
TrichocystTrichocystTrichocyst
CiliumCiliumCilium
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
Compound ciliatureCompound Compound ciliatureciliature
Protozoans
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Protozoans
DigestionDigestionDigestion
CytostomeCytostomeCytostome
CytoproctCytoproctCytoproct
Food vacuoleFood vacuoleFood vacuole
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Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
Water expulsion vessicleWater expulsionWater expulsion vessiclevessicle
AmpullaAmpullaAmpulla
FullFul l E m p t yE m p t y
Endoplasmicreticulum
EndoplasmicEndoplasmicreticulumreticulum
Feeder canalFeeder canalFeeder canal
Excretory poreExcretory poreExcretory pore
Protozoans
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Protozoans
ReproductionReproductionReproduction
l Sexual reproduction
– Conjugat ion
l Asexual
– Binary f ission
– Multiple f ission
l Sexual reproduction
– Conjugat ion
l Asexual
– Binary f ission
– Multiple f ission
Protozoans
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Protozoans
VolvoxVolvoxVolvox
SpermSpermSperm
EggEggEgg
ZygoteZygoteZygote
Body cellBody cellBody cell
SpermSpermSperm
ParentParentParent
Daughters
(Sons)
DaughtersDaughters
(Sons)(Sons)
SexualSexual AsexualAsexual
ZygoteZygoteZygote
Protozoans
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Protozoans
ConjugationConjugationConjugationConjugates join atthe oral area and themicronucleus undergoesmeiosis
Conjugates join atConjugates join atthe oral area and thethe oral area and themicronucleus undergoesmicronucleus undergoesmeiosismeiosis
Protozoans
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Protozoans
ConjugationConjugationConjugation4 micronuclei are formed,Macronucleus remains4 micronuclei are formed,4 micronuclei are formed,Macronucleus remainsMacronucleus remains
Protozoans
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Protozoans
ConjugationConjugationConjugationMicronuclei are exchangedMacronucleus remainsMicronuclei are exchangedMicronuclei are exchangedMacronucleus remainsMacronucleus remains
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Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
ConjugationConjugationConjugationTwo macronuclei andmacronucleus disappearTwo macronuclei andTwo macronuclei andmacronucleus disappearmacronucleus disappear
Protozoans
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Protozoans
ConjugationConjugationConjugationSynkaryon forms from thefusion of micronuceli in each conjugant.
SynkaryonSynkaryon forms from theforms from thefusion of fusion of micronuceli micronuceli in in each conjugant.each conjugant.
Protozoans
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Protozoans
ConjugationConjugationConjugationThree mitotic divisionsproduce 8 nuclei Three mitotic divisionsThree mitotic divisionsproduce 8 nuclei produce 8 nuclei
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
ConjugationConjugationConjugation
Brusca and Brusca 5.31
4 micronuclei becomemacronuclei, 3 disappear,and remaining becomeMicronucleus.
4 micronuclei become4 micronuclei becomemacronuclei, 3 disappear,macronuclei, 3 disappear,and remaining becomeand remaining becomeMicronucleus.Micronucleus.
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
ConjugationConjugationConjugation
Brusca and Brusca 5.31
Mitotic divisions ofmicronuclei and macronucleus
Mitotic divisions ofMitotic divisions ofmicronuclei and micronuclei and macronucleusmacronucleus
Protozoans
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Protozoans
Malaria - humanMalaria Malaria -- humanhuman
SporogonySporogony
SchizogonySchizogony
GametogonyGametogony LiverLiverRBCsRBCs
Protozoans 8/8/01
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Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
Malaria - humanMalaria Malaria -- humanhuman
SporogonySporogony
SchizogonySchizogony
GametogonyGametogony LiverLiverRBCsRBCs
Sporozoites migrate tothe salivary glands
Mosquito's salivainfects human
Oocysts beneathstomach lining
Male gamete
Female gamete
Ingestion ofgametocytes
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
Malaria - humanMalaria Malaria -- humanhuman
SporogonySporogony
SchizogonySchizogony
GametogonyGametogonyLiverLiverRBCsRBCs
Sporozoitesenter liver cells
Schizont
Trophozoite
Ingestion ofgametocytes
Macrogametocyte
Microgametocyte
Protozoans
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Digital Zoology © T h e M c G r a w- H i l l C o m p a n i e s , I n c .
Protozoans
Colonial protozoansColonialColonial protozoansprotozoans
Protozoans
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Protozoans
Colonial choanoflagellateColonialColonial choanoflagellatechoanoflagellate
Flage l lumFlage l lum
Collar ofCol lar of Microvil l iMicrovil l i
