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Proximal Humerus Fractures ORIF & Arthroplasty. Reza Omid, M.D. Assistant Professor Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Keck School of Medicine of USC. Introduction. 5-7% of all fractures 80% treated nonoperatively (Neer) Bimodal incidence - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Proximal Humerus Fractures ORIF &
ArthroplastyReza Omid, M.D.
Assistant ProfessorDepartment of Orthopaedic
SurgeryKeck School of Medicine of USC
Introduction• 5-7% of all fractures
• 80% treated nonoperatively (Neer)
•Bimodal incidence
•Bone quality- important factor in obtaining secure fixation
Proximal Humeral Anatomy
Understanding Fracture PatternsUnderstanding Fracture Patterns–4 bony fragments4 bony fragments»Lesser TubLesser Tub»Greater TubGreater Tub»HeadHead»ShaftShaft
Neer, JBJS ‘70
Proximal Humerus FracturesFracture PatternsFracture Patterns
–StableStable»Fx not controlled by muscleFx not controlled by muscle
–UnstableUnstable»Fx controlled by attached muscleFx controlled by attached muscle
Proximal Humerus FractureFracture AnatomyFracture Anatomy
–Greater Tub – posterior, proximalGreater Tub – posterior, proximal–Lesser Tub – medial, inferiorLesser Tub – medial, inferior–Head – remaining tub or Head – remaining tub or fx energyfx energy
–Shaft – medial, superiorShaft – medial, superior
Proximal Humerus FractureFracture AnatomyFracture Anatomy
Consideration for Surgery
Bone QualityComorbidities
Functional demandVascularity???
Gerber JBJSAm 1990: 1486-94
Vascularity– anterior humeral circumflex
» Anterolateral branchOf AHC (arcuate artery)Along lateral aspect of groove
Brooks JBJSBr 1993: 132-136
•Vascularized through interosseous anastomoses
•Between metaphyseal vessels (via posterior humeral circumflex) and the arcuate artery after ligation of the anterior circumflex humeral.
Coudane JSES 2000: 548
•Arteriography done on 20 patients after proximal humerus fractures.
•80% had disruption of AHC artery•15% had disruption of PHC artery•Since AVN is rare (bw 1-34%)
after fx it suggests the PHC artery may be dominant supply
Hettrich JBJSAm 2010: 943-8
–MRI cadavers–posterior humeral circumflex
–supplied 64% of head (superior, lateral and inferior).
Hertel Criteria
Hertel et al JSES 2004:13:427
–Medial calcar segment <8mm–Medial hinge is disrupted (>2mm displacement of the diaphysis)
–Comminution of the medial metaphysis
–Anatomic neck fracture
Bastian JSES 2008: 2-8• Follow-up study by Hertel showed
that initial predictors of humeral head ischemia doesn’t predict development of AVN.
•80% of patients with “ischemic heads” did NOT collapse
• Fixation is worth considering even if signs of ischemia are present
Nonoperative Treatment
Immobilize initiallyPassive ROM 2-3 weeks
– supine FE– supine ER– pendulums
AROM at 6 weeks or when consolidated
77% good to excellent results-Zuckerman 1995
Optimal Treatment•UNKOWN????•JSES 2011: 1118-1124 (RCT ORIF vs Non-op)
•JSES 2011: 747-55 (RCT ORIF vs Non-op
•JSES 2011: 1025-1033 (RCT Hemi vs Non-op)
•JOT 2011 (RCT ORIF vs Non-op)
Three-Part FracturesFixation Options
– Percutaneous Pins– Interfragmentary Suture/Wire
–Plate/Screws– IM Nail– Blade Plate
–Hemiarthroplasty
ORIF Technique
Reduction & Grafting
•Impaction grafting of head
•Iliac crest cube•Fibular strut
Tag Tuberosities
Reduction & Grafting
Close Book
Plate
• Four precise holes for medial calcar support that provide a stable fixation in the calcar neck while preventing varus tilt and settling of the humeral head
• Proximal Screws angle towards posterior portion of humeral head to take advantage of the good
bone quality of the posterior portion • 3.5mm locking screw holes establish a
stable bone and plate construct • 3.5mm partially threaded screw options
allow for compression of fragments and ability to pull the head fragments into reduction• Polished suture holes allow for soft
tissue and tuberosity fixation23
Humeral Fracture Plates
Restore the calcar! • “Medial comminution significantly decreased
the stability of proximal humeral fracture fixation constructs. Calcar restoration with screw fixation significantly improved the stability of repaired fractures in cadaveric
specimens.”
Ponce BR. The Role of Medial Comminution and Calcar Restoration in Varus Collapse of Proximal Humerus Fractures Treated with Locking PlatesJ Bone Joint Surg Am, 2013 Aug 21;95(16):e113 1-7. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.K.00202
Fig. 1Figs. 1-A through 1-E Radiographs and diagram illustrating the fracture models and fixation constructs used. Fig. 1-A Medial comminution without calcar fixation. Fig. 1-B Noncomminuted fracture without calcar fixation. Fig. 1-C Medial comminution with calcar fixation. Fig. 1-D Noncomminuted fracture with calcar fixation. Fig. 1-E Diagrammatic illustration of the PHILOS plate.
DePuy/Synthes Philos Plate – only 2 calcar screw holes
Proximal humeral fractures: Regional differences in bone mineral density of the humeral head affect the fixation strength of cancellous screws
• Implant loosening as a result of poor bone quality is a serious complication after internal fixation of displaced fractures of the proximal humerus.
• investigated the relationship between trabecular BMD and the pullout strength of cancellous screws to determine regions in the humeral head that provide stronger fixation
for cancellous screws.– trabecular BMD of the humeral head has a significant effect on the pullout strength of
cancellous screws. – Central and posterior regions are best. Avoid superior-anterior region.
Tingart Tingart et al, et al, JSES 2006JSES 2006
Designed to sit lower on the greater tuberosity Removed the 2.7mm screw holes Minimizing subacromial impingement
Thinner design to reduce soft tissue irritation 4-point bending was completed Results show LP Plate is stronger than the predicate plate
(Synthes) 4 Medial Calcar “kick stand” screws to prevent varus
tilt/settling of humeral head Anatomic fit with right and left plates and different
length plates 3-hole (89mm) 6-hole (112mm) 9-hole (135mm)
Made from 316L Stainless SteelNovember 20, 2011 26
Low Profile Plate Design
6 proximal suture holes for soft tissue/tuberosity fixation Easy in-situ needle passing through angled and
scalloped holes Also used as wire holes for initial plate fixation
4 Proximal 3.5mm screw holes Utilizing locking or compression screws
5 Calcar 3.5mm screw holes Utilizing locking or compression screws Parallel in AP view 3o divergence in S/I view and Lateral view
Distal 3.5mm screw holes Utilizing locking or compression screws Compression slot utilizing compression screws
November 20, 2011 27
Low Profile Plate Specifications
Conclusions•Best to perform repair for acute fracture•Anatomic restoration of humeral height
and version•Secure tuberosity fixation•Repair the cuff•Tenodesis of the LHB•Early protected PROM, close supervision
of the rehabilitation program