PSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick CHAPTER 12 · Psychodynamic Theories •Trait Theories •Humanistic Theories •Social-Cognitive Theories •Biological Theories •Personality Assessment

PSYCHOLOGYPSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick

CHAPTER 12

Personality


Lecture Overview

• Psychoanalytic/

Psychodynamic Theories

• Trait Theories

• Humanistic Theories

• Social-Cognitive Theories

• Biological Theories

• Personality Assessment


Personality: Key Definition

• Personality: relatively

stable & enduring

patterns of thoughts,

feelings, & actions

1

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Psychoanalytic/

• Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories: examine how unconscious mental forces interplay with thoughts, feelings, & actions

• Early Key Figures:

– Founding Father--Freud

– Neo-Freudians--Adler, Jung, Horney



Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic

Theories: Levels of Consciousness

Psyche - Mind

• Conscious: thoughts or motives

person is currently aware of or

remembering

• Preconscious: thoughts, motives,

or memories that can be easily

brought to mind

• Unconscious: thoughts or motives

that lie beyond normal awareness



Theories: Personality Structures

• Id: instinctual energy

(pleasure principle)

• Ego: rational part of

psyche (reality

principle)

• Superego: the

conscience (morality

principle)

2

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Theories: Defense Mechanisms

• Defense mechanisms: ego’s protective method of reducing anxiety by distorting reality

ID

EGO SUPER EGO



Psychoanalytic/

Psychodynamic Theories:

Psychosexual Stages of Development

• Psychosexual Stages: Freudian idea of five

developmental periods as key to personality

development

– Oral Stage: birth-18 months

– Anal Stage: 18 months-3 yrs

– Phallic Stage: 3-6 yrs

– Latency Stage: 6 yrs-puberty

– Genital Stage: puberty-adulthood

3

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Stage Age Erogenous

Zone Task

Oral 0-18 mos. Mouth Weaning

Anal 18 mos.- 3yrs. Anus Toilet Training

Phallic 3 - 6 yrs. Genitals Overcoming Oedipus Complex

Latent 6 – puberty None Interacting with same sex

peers

Genital puberty - adult Genitals

Establishing intimate

relationships with the opposite

sex





4

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Theories: Neo-Freudian Theorists

• Adler believed that

behavior was

purposeful and goal

directed instead of

motivated by

unconscious forces.



Adler: Individual Psychology

• Motivated by our goals in life

• Inferiority complex

• Will-To-Power

– Superiority

– Full Potential

5


Carl Jung

• Analytical Psychology

• Unconscious

processes

• Motives

– Positive

– Spiritual

• Forces • Personal unconscious

– Sexual • Collective – Aggressive unconscious


Carl Jung

• Archetypes

• Anima - feminine

• Animus - masculine



Theories: Neo-Freudian Theorists

• child’s relationship to parents

• security

– toward people

– away from

people

– against people

• Horney

6

Criticisms

Enduring inRuences

anal tic theories T.11t.&LE: 1 2 • 1

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ause & Reflect: ssessment


Evaluating Psychoanalytic/



1. Using the iceberg analogy, explain Freud’s three levels of consciousness.

2. Label Freud’s five psychosexual stages

Pause & Reflect:

Assessment


Pause & Reflect:

Assessment

1. Explain the relationship between the Id, Ego, and Superego.

2. Identify, explain, and give an example of five defense mechanisms.

7

O

E

A

N

ause & Reflect: sychology & Life

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Trait Theories

• Traits: relatively stable & consistent characteristics used to describe someone

• Key Figures:

– Early Trait Theorists: Allport, Cattell, Eysenck

– Modern Trait Theorists: McCrae & Costa--Five-Factor Model (FFM)


Trait Theorists:

The Five-Factor Model (FFM)C

Study Tip:• Openness (open to new ideas vs. Note the

conventional & narrow in interests) first letter

• Conscientiousness (responsible & organized of each

factorvs. irresponsible & careless)

• Extroversion (sociable & talkative vs. withdrawn & quiet)

• Agreeableness (trusting & good-natured vs. suspicious & ruthless)

• Neuroticism (emotionally unstable & moody vs. emotionally stable & easygoing)


• Psychology helps us

understand personality &

relationships. For

example, place a dot on

each line to indicate your

traits of openness,

extroversion, etc. Then

do the same for your

Pause & Reflect:

Psychology & Life

ideal romantic partner.

8

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ause & Reflect: sychology & Life

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Trait Theorists:

The Five-Factor Model (FFM)

• Researchers asked over

10,000 men & women

from 37 countries what

they wanted in a mate.

• They found:

– high degree of

agreement.

– five-factor traits are at

the top of both lists.


Does Your Personality Match Your

Career Choice?

Pause & Reflect:

Psychology & Life


9

ause & Retie ssessment

1

2

3

4

5

Big Fi~~ Traih

\ I \ I \ I \ I \ I •


Evaluating Trait Theories

• Pro:

– Five-factor model (FFM) helps

describe & organize personality

characteristics using the fewest

number of traits.

• Con:

– Lacks causal explanation

– Stability vs. change

– Ignores situational effects

– Great variations in personality

cannot be accounted for by

4 or 5 traits


Pause & Reflect:

Assessment

1. _____ are relatively stable

personal characteristics used

to describe someone.

2. Label the five factors

3. Tending to be withdrawn,

quiet, passive, & reserved is

known as _____ on the five-

factor model (FFM).


Humanistic Theories

• Emphasis:

– People are naturally good

– Personality develops from

internal feelings & thoughts &

sense of basic worth

– Personality & behavior depend

on perceptions & interpretations

• Key Figures: Rogers & Maslow

10

Well-adjusted indMdwil

Con-.1cldable ove.lap ~ween 'lelt<oocepc omd experience

lncongruenc:-e

Seli«>ncep! Experrence

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selr<oncept omd e ,cperlenc:e


Humanistic Theories:

Rogers’ Key Concepts

• Key component of personality is

the self--what a person defines

as “I” or “me”

• Mental health is related to the

degree of congruence between

the self-concept & life

experiences.

What kind of Mindset do you have?


Carl Rogers

• Low self-esteem or poor mental health

• Result of

– Love and acceptance conditional on

• Behaving

• Expressing



Rogers’s Key Terms (Continued)

• Unconditional Positive

Regard: positive behavior

with no contingencies

attached

• Value of person vs. behavior

• Guide behavior

11

use & Reflect: ritical Thinking


Conditional Love

• To gain parental approval

– Deny true feelings

• Suspects he is not a “nice-

boy”

• Self-esteem


Pause & Reflect:

Critical Thinking

• As a child did you receive primarily conditional or unconditional positive regard?

• According to Rogers, how might this have

affected your adult

personality?



Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

• Self-Actualization: Maslow’s term for the inborn drive to develop all one’s talents & capabilities

• Hierarchy of Needs: Maslow’s proposal

that basic physical necessities

must be satisfied before

higher-growth needs

12

•



Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs


Evaluating Humanistic Theories

• Pro: • Con:

– Many concepts – Naive

incorporated into assumptions

successful – Poor testability & therapy inadequate

evidence

– Narrowness


Social-Cognitive Theories

• Social Cognitive Theories

Personality reflects:

– individual’s interactions

with the environment

– how we think about

the world & interpret

what happens to us

– Key Figures:

Bandura & Rotter

13

Cognitions Behavior

'/4 Personality

I Environment


Social-Cognitive Theories:

Bandura’s Key Terms

• Self-Efficacy: person’s learned expectation of success

• Reciprocal Determinism: cognitions, behaviors, & the environment interact to produce personality


Social-Cognitive Theories:

Rotter’s Key Terms

• Cognitive Expectancies: what people expect to happen & the reinforcement value attached to specific outcomes

• Locus of Control: what people consider the source of life’s rewards & punishments (internal or external locus of control)


Evaluating

Social-Cognitive Theories

• Pro: • Con:

– Emphasizes how – Narrow focus environment affects & – Ignores is affected by unconscious & individuals

– Offers testable, of personality objectives, operationally defined terms, & relies on empirical data

emotional aspects

14

ause & Reflect: ssessment


Pause & Reflect:

Assessment

1. The _____ approach to personality emphasizes internal experiences & the basic goodness of the individual.

2. Rogers believed _____ is essential to a child’s healthy personality development.


Biological Theories

• Three major biological contributors to personality:

• Brain Structures

• Neurochemistry

• Genetic Factors


Neurochemistry

• Sensation seeking

– MAO

– Physical arousal

– Extroverts vs. Introverts

15

Ii


Integrating the Perspectives

Genetics

Shared

Environmental

factors

Unshared

Environmental

factors

Other

factors

• Biopsychosocial

model suggests

multiple theories

provide different

insights &

contribute different

proportions to

personality.



Personality Assessment

• Four methods to measure personality:

1. Interviews

2. Observations

3. Objective Tests (MMPI)

4. Projective Tests

(Rorschach, TAT)

16

I . H ypochondria.sis

2. D epression

3. H )'-scer ia

4. Psrchopath ic d eviate

:5 •• \lascul in it)•- fem.inini ty

6. Paranoia

i. Psychasthen ia

8. Schizophrenia

9. H ypomania

10. Soc ia l imrovers.ion

V,;a.lidity Sca.les;

1. L (lie)

2. F (confusion)

3. K (d e fensiveness)

4.? (cannor say)

:-,..rumerous ph}'Sical complaints

Serious lr d epress ed and pessimistic

Suggestible, immature, self-centered , deman ding

Rebellious, nonconformist

Interests l ike those of other sex

Sus p kious and resentful of others

F earful, agitated , b rood ing

\ •Vith drawn, reclus ive, biz.a r re th inking

D is a-actible, im puls ive, dramu:ic

Shy, ina-ove rre d, self- effacing

T ypica.l l n t e cpre t,uions; o f H igh Scores

Den ies common problems, projects a "s ai n tly" or false picru re

Answers are concra d ic rory

.\ l in im.i zes social an d emotional compl aints

.\lan}' items left unanswere d



Evaluating Methods

of Personality Assessment

• Interviews & • Objective Tests Observations – Pro: standardized – Pro: insights information

– Con: time consuming – Con: possible & expensive deliberate deception,

• Projective Tests social desirability bias,

diagnostic difficulties,– Pro: insights possible cultural bias,

– Con: low reliability & & inappropriate use

validity


End of CHAPTER 12

Personality

17

Documents

PSYCHOLOGY Mr. Fitzpatrick CHAPTER 12 · Psychodynamic Theories •Trait Theories •Humanistic Theories •Social-Cognitive Theories •Biological Theories •Personality Assessment