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QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach. 有助於提高服務品質的前瞻式封包排程機制 政治大學資訊科學所 指導教授:連耀南 學生:溫永全 2007.12.27. Outline. Introduction Related Work Our Approach Performance Evaluation Conclusion. Introduction. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

有助於提高服務品質的前瞻式封包排程機制

政治大學資訊科學所指導教授:連耀南

學生:溫永全2007.12.27

Page 2: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Outline 2

Outline

Introduction Related Work Our Approach Performance Evaluation Conclusion

Page 3: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Introduction 3

Introduction

現今封包網路中, router 對於封包是以 FIFO 的方式處理,並未針對封包的時效性做適當的處理,對於遲到的封包而言,在目的地端幾乎已經沒有補救機會

如果能在傳遞過程中依封包的時效性及重要性做適度的 rescheduling ,讓過遲的封包提前送出,而將有時間餘裕的封包稍緩送出,如此截長補短,可提高網路效能及整體 QoS滿意度

Page 4: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Introduction 4

3GPP UMTS QoS 分類架構

即時性的應用服務,像是 VoIP 以及 VoD ,對於封包的 delay time 以及 jitter 具有嚴格的要求

不同 class 有不同的服務品質要求

Delay Sensitivity

Jitter Sensitivity

Packet Loss Sensitivity

EX.

Conversational High High Low VoIP

Streaming Medium High Low VoD

Interactive Medium Low High Telnet

Background Low No High E-Mail

Page 5: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Introduction 5

如何知道封包早到或遲到 在 ALL-IP Network 上,所有應用皆在同一

個封包交換網路上傳送 網路服務品質管理

QoS 管理架構 ( 例如: IntServ 及 Budget Based QoS) 封包均循有資源管理的指定路徑傳遞 可預定封包到達每一個 hop (router) 的時間及其

送出時間 當封包到達每個 router ,可以知道該封包

早到或遲到

Page 6: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Introduction 6

router 架構

packet forwarding 會依照封包所要傳送的目的地,選取適當的 output queue 將封包插入

我們的排程方法將對個別的 output queue 中的封包進行排程

Scheduler

Input Queue

Output Queue

PacketForwarding

Scheduler

Scheduler

Page 7: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Introduction 7

排程環境 我們的研究假設在兩種排程環境下進行

獨立排程 (Intra-Router Scheduling) 每個 router 根據自身所知的資訊而不參考其他 router

的狀態逕自進行排程 前瞻式排程 (Looking Ahead Scheduling)

router 會參考封包在後續路程上各 router 的狀態進行排程

packet

Router

Sender Receiver

Page 8: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Introduction 8

Our Motivation

per-hop QoS 排程是在每個 hop 內各自進行,如要達到最佳排程,各個 router 之間必須互相分享資訊 我們延續 A New Jitter Control Mechanism by Per-Hop

Packet Scheduling Approach 該研究中每個 router 各自做排程的決定

參考封包在後續路程上各 router 的狀態進行排程,進而改善為前瞻式排程 (example)

另外針對該研究中的 multiple queue 排程演算法,我們也提出改善的方法

Page 9: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Outline 9

Outline

Introduction Related Work Our Approach Performance Evaluation Conclusion

Page 10: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Related Work 10

Related Work文獻一 A New Jitter Control Mechanism by Per-Hop

Packet Scheduling Approach ( 後文簡稱 NJCM)

利用 profit function 的方式表達進入一個 router 的封包的時效性及重要性 當封包進入 router 時,可以得知此封包的服務等級及預

定送出時間 該研究提出與封包傳遞時間相關的四種 profit function ,

router 將視情況賦予該封包一個 profit function , scheduler 根據封包的時間參數及 profit function得到一個 profit ,再以該 profit 決定送出順序

Page 11: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Related Work 11

Four profit function

slope=S1

profit

timeTc

(current time)Td

(expected trans. time)

Ta(soft deadline)

1

profit=1 when Td≦ Taprofit=1+(Td-Ta)*S2 when Ta-(1/S2)≧ Td>Taprofit=0 when Td>Ta-(1/S2)

Tb(hard deadline)

slope=S2

profit

timeTc

(current time)Td

(expected trans. time)

Tb(hard deadline)

1

profit=1+(Td-Tb)*S1 when Td≦ Tbprofit=0 when Td>Tb

profit

timeTc

(current time)Td

(expected trans. time)

Ta(soft deadline)

1

profit=1+(Td-Ta)*S1 when Td≦ Taprofit=1+(Td-Ta)*S2 when Ta-(1/S2)≧ Td>Taprofit=0 when Td>Ta-(1/S2)

Tb(hard deadline)

(Slope-Down)

(Slope-Step) (Double-Slope)

slope=S1

slope=S2

profit

timeTc

(current time)Td

(expected trans. time)

Tb(hard deadline)

1

profit=1 when Td≦ Tbprofit=0 when Td>Td

(Step-Down)

hard local deadline

soft local deadline

pre soft deadline profit rate

post soft deadline profit rate

Page 12: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Related Work 12

兩種 output queue 架構 single preemptive queu

e router router 可將進入的封包插

到 output queue 的任意位置

multiple queue router output queue 是由數個 F

IFO queue 所組成, router只能將欲送出的封包插入其中一個 queue 的尾端

硬體較易實作 研究重點

Scheduler

Buffer Information

Packet In Packet Out

Pre-Scheduler Post-SchedulerPacket In

Buffer Information

Packet In

( 各有對應的排程演算法: SPQ-SA、MQ-SA)

Page 13: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Related Work 13

SPQ-SA (single preemptive queue)

Base case 封包可插入 queue任意位置

Scheduler 依封包 profit function 選擇適當的位置插入使封包送出順序獲得最大 total profit greedy algorithm

原本 queue 內封包順序維持不變,但進入的封包可任意插入 queue 之中

Page 14: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Related Work 14

MQ-SA (multiple queue)

可視為 SPQ 的 special case 只有固定位置可插入

Pre-Scheduler 依封包 profit function 選擇適當的 queue 插入尾端使封包送出順序獲得最大 total profit

Post-Scheduler 以單一 queue 為單位做輪詢 (round robin) 將單一 queue裡面的封包依序全部送出稱為對該 queue 服務

一次

Page 15: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Related Work 15

MQ-SA (cont.)

Post-Scheduler

Post-Scheduler

Page 16: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Related Work 16

Related Work文獻二 A Priority Based Packet Scheduler with

Deadline Considerations two sets of algorithms introduced

Static Priority with Deadline Considerations (SPD)

Dynamic Priority with Deadline Considerations (DPD)

not only simplify the complexity and overhead of a classical Earliest Deadline First (EDF) or Static Priority (SP) algorithm, but also provide a better QoS

Page 17: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Related Work 17

文獻二 (cont.) SPD

sorted according to their priorities

remaining deadline of the packet is checked discarded if the

packet has no remaining deadline line left

partial sorting DPD

modify the priority by remaining deadlines

Page 18: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Related Work 19

Related WorkSummary

NJCM 為獨立排程,並未納入後續 router負載因素;另一方面multiple queue 排程演算法尚有改善空間

其他相關研究沒有針對不同服務等級的服務提供不同優先次序的服務,在 router 對封包重新排程時,必須加以考慮不同類型封包的服務等級,讓資源依優先等級調配,如此可以提高整體滿意度。

Page 19: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Outline 20

Outline

Introduction Related Work Our Approach Performance Evaluation Conclusion

Page 20: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Our Approach 21

Our Approach

設計理念 改善 multiple queue 排程演算法

與 single preemptive queue 排程演算法比較,找出改善的方法

前瞻式排程 估計後續路程上 router 的負載 用以動態調整 profit function 參數,並找出最佳調

整參數

Page 21: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Our Approach 22

Design Challenges

Design Challenge of PMQ-SA 如何改善 multiple queue 排程演算法

Design Challenges of Looking ahead packet scheduling 後續網路狀態因素

如何估計後續 router負載 如何根據結果動態調整 profit function 參數

Page 22: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Our Approach 23

Objectives

改善 multiple queue 排程演算法 效能更逼近 single preemptive queue

前瞻式排程 反應網路狀況 各個 router 之間互相分享資訊以決定較佳的排程

因而提升網路資源使用率、提高 QoS 滿意度

Page 23: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Our Approach 24

Objective function (1/2)

整體 QoS 滿意度 (multiple class) total charge for multiple packet stream of class i

我們的目標就是要找出使 total charge(utility) 最大的 scheduling policy(profit function組合 )

)(3

1 1,,

i

N

jjiiji

j

Cqc

qi,j : quality index for the j-th flow of class iCi : unit price per byte of class iλi,j : number of bytes transmitted by the j-th flow of i (if i=1 or i=2) number of bytes received from the j-th flow of i (if i=3)Ni : number of flow of class i

Page 24: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Our Approach 25

Objective function (2/2)

quality index for a packet stream of class i

αi = 1 - (average delay time)i / Bi(1) (delay time satisfaction factor)

βi = 1 - (average jitter)i / Bi(2) (jitter satisfaction factor)

γi = 1 - (packet loss rate)i (loss rate satisfaction factor) ai (bi、 ci) : quality coefficient of delay time (jitter、 loss rate) for class iBi

(1) (Bi(2)、 Bi

(3)) : upper threshold of delay time (jitter、 loss rate) satisfaction factor

(3)ii

(2)ii

(1)ii

iii

Brate lossor

Bjitter averageor

Bdelay time averagefor 0

cba iii

iq

Page 25: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Our Approach 26

Design Challenge of PMQ-SA 如何改善 multiple queue 排程演算法 NJCM 中的 multiple queue

與 single preemptive queue比較,少最前面的位置以供插隊,導致非常緊急的封包也要排隊

priority multiple queue :讓其中一個 queue 的優先權提高以供較為緊急的封包插入

round-robin queue priority queue

Page 26: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Our Approach 27

如何改善 multiple queue 排程演算法 (cont.) PMQ-SA

round-robin queue作法跟 NJCM MQ-SA 一樣 只要 priority queue 中有封包就必須先服務

Pre-Scheduler Post-SchedulerPacket In

Buffer Information

Packet In

round-robin

Page 27: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Our Approach 28

Design Challenge 1 of Looking ahead packet scheduling如何估計後續 router負載 估計剩餘傳遞時間

利用 Routing Table 中的資訊 反應網路實際狀況及負載 進行後續路程封包排程

假設 router使用 link state routing protocol (e.g. OSPF) 提供幾項 routing metrics計算 link cost

流量負載 可用頻寬 delay time (RTT/2)

Page 28: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Our Approach 30

Design Challenge 2 of Looking ahead packet scheduling 如何動態調整 profit function 參數

IP 封包的傳遞時間起伏不定,使得封包已傳遞時間比預定的時間早到或遲到

當封包到每個 router 即可得知估計的剩餘傳遞時間 (by Routing Table) 比預定剩餘傳遞時間長或短

packet

預定已傳遞時間 預定剩餘傳遞時間

實際已傳遞時間 估計剩餘剩餘傳遞時間

Router

Sender Receiver

Routing Table

早到或遲到? 長或短?

Page 29: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Our Approach 31

封包傳遞中的幾種狀況

遲到

遲到

早到

早到 較預定剩餘傳遞時間長

較預定剩餘傳遞時間短

Router

packet

Sender Receiver

最不緊急:deadline往後延以補救其他封包

最緊急:deadline往前調以補救該封包

較預定剩餘傳遞時間長

較預定剩餘傳遞時間短

Page 30: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Our Approach 32

動態調整 profit function 的 local deadline

Step-Down & Slope-Down hard deadline += c. (dpre+dpost)

Slope-Down & Double-Slope soft deadline += c. (dpre+dpost)

以調整係數 c 決定調整程度 (o<c<1) 如何決定 c

以實驗找出最佳值

名字 ( 以最緊急狀況為例 ) 符號 定義已拖延的時間 dpre 預定已傳遞時間 – 實際已傳遞時間

後續可能延遲的時間 dpost 預定傳遞剩餘時間 – 估計剩餘傳遞時間

估計總拖延時間 dpre+dpost

調整係數 c 調整程度

Page 31: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Our Approach 33

profit profit

profit profit

time

time

time

time

hard local deadline

soft local deadline

soft local deadline

hard local deadline

hard local deadline

hard local deadline

Step-Down (urgent case)adjust hard local deadline backward

Double-Slope (urgent case)adjust hard local deadline backward

Step-Down (elastic case)adjust hard local deadline forward

Double-Slope (elastic case)adjust hard local deadline forward

Page 32: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Our Approach 34

Scheduler

class 1 packets

class 2 packets

class i packets

Step-Down

Slope-Down

Slope-Step

Double-Slope

Single Class (real time)

Multiple Class (real time)

Scheduling policy 1:Step-Down & Step-Slope

Scheduling policy 2:Step-Down & Slope-Down

Scheduling policy 3:Step-Down & Double-Slope

Scheduling policy 12:Double-Slope & Slope-Down

Packet order:maximize overall QoS

整體架構 排程演算法

SPQ-SA

MQ-SA

PMQ-SA

排程環境獨立排程前瞻式排程

Page 33: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Our Approach 35

Scheduling policy

四種 profit function 兩兩組合,共有六種組合,再賦予 conversational class 及 streaming class ,共有 12 種 Scheduling policy

Policy Conversational Streaming Policy Conversational Streaming

1 Step-Down Step-Slope 7 Step-Slope Step-Down

2 Step-Down Slope-Down 8 Slope-Down Step-Down

3 Step-Down Double-Slope 9 Double-Slope Step-Down

4 Step-Slope Slope-Down 10 Slope-Down Step-Slope

5 Step-Slope Double-Slope 11 Double-Slope Step-Slope

6 Slope-Down Double-Slope 12 Double-Slope Slope-Down

Page 34: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Outline 36

Outline

Introduction Related Work Our Approach Performance Evaluation Conclusion

Page 35: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Performance Evaluation 37

Performance Evaluation實驗設計

實驗步驟1. PMQ v.s. MQ

觀察改善 multiple queue 排程演算法的效能2. LA-PMQ v.s. PMQ

觀察前瞻式排程效能• 找出最佳調整係數 (c)

3. Multiple Class 觀察多等級服務的封包調配不同 profit function 間的行為與不同等

級服務間的差異化處理 研究重點在於如何調配 profit function給不同等級的服務

NJCMSPQ-SA

MQ-SA

Intra-Router Scheduling

PMQ-SAOur Approach PMQ-SAOur Approach

Looking Ahead Scheduling

Multiple Class

Page 36: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Performance Evaluation 38

Performance Evaluation (cont.)

實驗工具 NS-2 (ver 2.30)

Single Class 評估指標 Average jitter Packet loss rate Average delay time

Multiple Class 評估指標 Total charge

Page 37: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Performance Evaluation 39

實驗拓墣

Router Router

ReceiverUDP

Sender

UDPSender

UDPSender

UDPSender

TCPSender

RouterRouter

10MB/20ms

10MB/20m

s

10M

B/2

0ms

10MB/

20m

s

10M

B/2

0ms

5MB/20ms 5MB/20ms 5MB/20ms

Cross Traffic Cross Traffic Cross Traffic Cross Traffic

虛線部分代表實驗控制變數

Page 38: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Performance Evaluation 40

實驗 1 : PMQ v.s. MQ (1/4) 實驗目標

觀察改善 multiple queue 排程演算法的效能 控制變數

Traffic Load (1A) Hop Counts (1B) Queue Size (1C)

對照組 FIFO (DropTail) NJCM 中的 MQ、 SPQ

Page 39: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Performance Evaluation 41

實驗 1 : PMQ v.s. MQ (2/4)Result 1A :變動 Traffic Load 的影響

PMQ v.s. MQ (Step-Down)Average Jitter at Different Number of CBR flows

0

2

4

6

3 6 9 12 15 18

Number of CBR flows

Ave

rage

Jitt

er (m

s)

FIFO

SPQ

MQ

PMQ

PMQ v.s. MQ (Step-Down)Loss Rate at Different Number of CBR flows

020406080

3 6 9 12 15 18

Number of CBR flows

Los

s Rat

e (%

)

FIFO

SPQ

MQ

PMQ

PMQ v.s. MQ (Step-Down)Average Delay Time at Different Number of CBR flows

100

150

200

250

3 6 9 12 15 18

Number of CBR flows

Ave

rage

Del

ay (m

s)

FIFO

SPQ

MQ

PMQ

Simulation 1A

Profit Function Step-Down

Number of CBR flows 3,6,9,12,15,18

Hop Counts 4

Queue Size 20 packets

Page 40: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Performance Evaluation 42

實驗 1 : PMQ v.s. MQ (3/4)Result 1B :變動 Hop Counts 的影響

PMQ v.s. MQ (Step-Down)Average Jitter at Different Hop Counts

0

2

4

6

3 4 5 6 7 8

Hop Counts

Ave

rage

Jitt

er (m

s)

FIFO

SPQ

MQ

PMQ

PMQ v.s. MQ (Step-Down)Loss Rate at Different Hop Counts

15

35

55

75

3 4 5 6 7 8

Hop Counts

Los

s Rat

e (%

)

FIFO

SPQ

MQ

PMQ

PMQ v.s. MQ (Step-Down)Average Delay Time at Different Hop Counts

90190290390490

3 4 5 6 7 8

Hop Counts

Ave

rage

Del

ay (m

s)

FIFO

SPQ

MQ

PMQ

(加入一個 priority queue 的確可以使效能更逼近 SPQ)

Simulation 1B

Profit Function Step-Down

Number of CBR flows 12

Hop Counts 3,4,5,6,7,8

Queue Size 20 packets

Page 41: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Performance Evaluation 43

實驗 1 : PMQ v.s. MQ (4/4)Result 1C :變動 Queue Size 的影響

PMQ v.s. MQ (Step-Down)Average Jitter at Different Queue Size

0

2

4

6

15 20 25 30 35 40

Queue Size

Ave

rage

Jitt

er (m

s)

FIFO

SPQ

MQ

PMQ

PMQ v.s. MQ (Step-Down)Loss Rate at Different Queue Size

020406080

15 20 25 30 35 40

Queue Size

Los

s Rat

e (%

)

FIFO

SPQ

MQ

PMQ

PMQ v.s. MQ (Step-Down)Average Delay Time at Different Queue Size

100150200250300350

15 20 25 30 35 40

Queue Size

Ave

rage

Del

ay (m

s)

FIFO

SPQ

MQ

PMQ

(雖然可以改善 MQ ,但由於 multiple queue 的特性,queue size越大 loss rate越大 )

Simulation 1C

Profit Function Step-Down

Number of CBR flows 12

Hop Counts 4

Queue Size 15,20,25,30,35,40

Page 42: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Performance Evaluation 44

實驗 2 : LA-PMQ v.s. PMQ (1/6) 實驗目標

觀察前瞻式排程動態調整 deadline 的效能 找出最佳調整參數 (c)

控制變數 Traffic Load (2A) Hop Counts (2B) Queue Size (2C) Another Topology (2D)

對照組 獨立排程

Page 43: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Performance Evaluation 45

實驗 2 : LA-PMQ v.s. PMQ (2/6)Result 2A :變動 Traffic Load 的影響

LA-PMQ v.s. PMQ (Step-Down)Average Jitter at Different Number of CBR flows

0

1

2

3

3 6 9 12 15 18

Number of CBR flows

Ave

rage

Jitt

er (m

s)

PMQ

LA-PMQ c=0.1

LA-PMQ c=0.2

LA-PMQ v.s. PMQ (Step-Down)Loss Rate at Different Number of CBR flows

020406080

3 6 9 12 15 18

Number of CBR flows

Los

s Rat

e (%

)

PMQ

LA-PMQ c=0.1

LA-PMQ c=0.2

LA-PMQ v.s. PMQ (Step-Down)Average Delay Time at Different Number of CBR flows

108110112114116

3 6 9 12 15 18

Number of CBR flows

Ave

rage

Del

ay (m

s)

PMQ

LA-PMQ c=0.1

LA-PMQ c=0.2

Simulation 2A (Step-Down)

Profit Function Step-Down

Number of CBR flows 3,6,9,12,15,18

Hop Counts 4

Queue Size 20

Page 44: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Performance Evaluation 46

實驗 2 : LA-PMQ v.s. PMQ (3/6)Result 2B :變動 Hop Count 的影響

LA-PMQ v.s. PMQ (Step-Down)Average Jitter at Different Hop Counts

1

1.5

2

2.5

3 4 5 6 7 8

Hop Counts

Ave

rage

Jitt

er (m

s)

PMQ

LA-PMQ c=0.1

LA-PMQ c=0.2

LA-PMQ v.s. PMQ (Step-Down)Loss Rate at Different Hop Counts

1020304050

3 4 5 6 7 8

Hop Counts

Los

s Rat

e (%

)

PMQ

LA-PMQ c=0.1

LA-PMQ c=0.2

LA-PMQ v.s. PMQ (Step-Down)Average Delay Time at Different Hop Counts

50100150200250

3 4 5 6 7 8

Hop Counts

Ave

rage

Del

ay (m

s)

PMQ

LA-PMQ c=0.1

LA-PMQ c=0.2

( 根據 router 後續負載動態調整 local deadline 的確可以改善效能,尤其是 loss rate部分 )

Simulation 2B (Step-Down)

Profit Function Step-Down

Number of CBR flows 12

Hop Counts 3,4,5,6,7,8

Queue Size 20 packets

Page 45: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Performance Evaluation 47

實驗 2 : LA-PMQ v.s. PMQ (4/6)Result 2C :變動 Queue Size 的影響

LA-PMQ v.s. PMQ (Step-Down)Average Jitter at Different Queue Size

0

1

2

3

15 20 25 30 35 40

Queue Size

Ave

rage

Jitt

er (m

s)

PMQ

LA-PMQ c=0.1

LA-PMQ c=0.2

LA-PMQ v.s. PMQ (Step-Down)Loss Rate at Different Queue Size

0

20

40

60

15 20 25 30 35 40

Queue Size

Los

s Rat

e (%

)

PMQ

LA-PMQ c=0.1

LA-PMQ c=0.2

LA-PMQ v.s. PMQ (Step-Down)Average Delay Time at Different Queue Size

100105110115120

15 20 25 30 35 40

Queue Size

Ave

rage

Del

ay (m

s)

PMQ

LA-PMQ c=0.1

LA-PMQ c=0.2

Simulation 2C (Step-Down)

Profit Function Step-Down

Number of CBR flows 12

Hop Counts 4

Queue Size 15,20,25,30,35,40

(綜合實驗 2 ,整體觀察後我們選擇 0.1 當作我們的最佳調整係數,並進行後續實驗 )

Page 46: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Performance Evaluation 48

實驗 2 : LA-PMQ v.s. PMQ (5/6)Topology 2D :魚骨拓墣

Router Router

Receiver

RouterRouter

5MB/20ms

Cross Traffic

Router Router

5MB/20ms

5MB/20ms

5MB/20ms

5MB/20ms

5MB/20ms

Cross Traffic Cross Traffic Cross Traffic Cross Traffic Cross Traffic

UDPSender

UDPSender

UDPSender

UDPSender

10M

B/2

0m

s

10MB/20m

s

10M

B/20

ms

10M

B/2

0m

s

UDPSender

UDPSender

10M

B/20

ms

10M

B/2

0m

s

UDPSender

UDPSender

10M

B/20

ms

10M

B/2

0m

s

UDPSender

UDPSender

10M

B/2

0m

s

10MB/20m

s

UDPSender

UDPSender

10M

B/2

0m

s

10MB/20m

s

Page 47: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Performance Evaluation 49

實驗 2 : LA-PMQ v.s. PMQ (6/6)Result 2D :魚骨拓墣 變動 Queue Size對前瞻式排程效能的影響

LA-PMQ v.s. PMQ (Step-Down)Average Jitter at Different Queue Size

0

0.5

1

1.5

15 20 25 30 35 40

Queue Size

Ave

rage

Jitt

er (m

s)

PMQ

LA-PMQ

LA-PMQ v.s. PMQ (Step-Down)Loss Rate at Different Queue Size

020406080

15 20 25 30 35 40

Queue Size

Los

s Rat

e (%

)

PMQ

LA-PMQ

LA-PMQ v.s. PMQ (Step-Down)Average Delay Time at Different Queue Size

104

114

124

134

15 20 25 30 35 40

Queue Size

Ave

rage

Del

ay (m

s)

PMQ

LA-PMQ

Simulation 2D (Step-Down)

Profit Function Step-Down

Queue Size 15,20,25,30,35,40 packets

(魚骨拓墣中有的接收端較為接近接收端,如此這些封包較不緊急可以稍緩送出以補救其他較為緊急的封包 )

Page 48: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Performance Evaluation 50

實驗 3 :多等級服務 (1/7) 實驗目標

觀察多等級服務的封包調配不同 profit function 間的行為與不同等級服務間的差異化處理

研究重點:我們將藉由實驗找出適合的配方 實驗流程

四種 profit function共存 (3A) 控制變數

Traffic Load 雙 Real-Time 服務等級搭配不同 profit function (3B)

控制變數 VoIP 訊務流數量

Page 49: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Performance Evaluation 51

實驗 3 :多等級服務 (2/7)Result 3A :四種 profit function共存變動 Traffic Load 的影響

Four Profit Function Co-existAverage Jitter at Different Number of CBR flows

0

5

10

15

4 8 12 16 20

Number of CBR flows

Ave

rage

Jitt

er (m

s)

Step-Down

Step-Slope

Slope-Down

Double-Slope

Four Profit Function Co-existLoss Rate at Different Number of CBR flows

020406080

4 8 12 16 20

Number of CBR flows

Los

s Rat

e (%

)

Step-Down

Step-Slope

Slope-Down

Double-Slope

Four Profit Function Co-existAverage Delay Time at Different Number of CBR flows

110120130140150

4 8 12 16 20

Number of CBR flows

Ave

rage

Del

ay (m

s)

Step-Down

Step-Slope

Slope-Down

Double-Slope

Simulation 3A

Profit Function Four profit function co-exist

Number of CBR flows 4,8,12,16,20

Hop Counts 4

Queue Size 20 packets

( 大致上兩兩分為一組, Step-Down與 Step-Slope較差,而 Slope-Down與 Double-Down表現較佳 )

Page 50: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Performance Evaluation 52

實驗 3 :多等級服務 (3/7)3B :雙 Real-Time 服務等級Topology 3B

虛線部分代表實驗控制變數

Router Router

ReceiverUDP

Sender

UDPSender

UDPSender

UDPSender

TCPSender

RouterRouter

3MB/20ms

3MB/20m

s

3M

B/2

0m

s

3MB/

20m

s

3M

B/2

0m

s

3MB/20ms 3MB/20ms 3MB/20ms

Cross Traffic Cross Traffic Cross Traffic Cross Traffic

VoIPData rate:15.2 Kb/s

Packet size:78 Bytes

3MB/20ms

VoDData rate:

0.5 Mb/sPacket size:

1000 Bytes

FTPPacket size:

1000 Bytes

Page 51: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Performance Evaluation 53

實驗 3 :多等級服務 (4/7)3B :雙 Real-Time 服務等級 (cont.) 參數設定

q3=1Bi

(1)=150(ms) (upper threshold delay time satisfaction) Bi

(2)=15(ms) (upper threshold jitter satisfaction)B1

(3)=0.05 (upper threshold of loss rate satisfaction for Conversational class)

Conversational Streaming Background

i 1 2 3

Quality coefficient

ai 0.6 0.8

bi 0.2

ci 0.2 0.2

Unit Price

Ci 0.001 0.0003 0.0001

Number of flows

Ni 15,20,25,30,35,40

1 1

)(3

1 1,,

i

N

jjiiji

j

Cqc

(3)ii

(2)ii

(1)ii

iii

Brate lossor

Bjitter averageor

Bdelay time averagefor 0

cba iii

iq

Page 52: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Performance Evaluation 54

實驗 3 :多等級服務 (5/7)Result 3B :雙 Real-Time 服務等級變動 VoIP數量的影響 (1)

0

500

1000

1500

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Total charge of different scheduling policy

15

20

25

30

35

40

Total charge

Scheduling policy

Number ofVoIP flows

Page 53: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Performance Evaluation 55

實驗 3 :多等級服務 (6/7)Result 3B :雙 Real-Time 服務等級變動 VoIP數量的影響 (2)

Policy 1Thoughput at different number of VoIP flows

020406080

15 20 25 30 35 40

Number of VoIP flows

Tho

ughp

ut (K

B/s

)

VoIP

VoD

FTP

Policy 6Thoughput at different number of VoIP flows

020406080

15 20 25 30 35 40

Number of VoIP flows

Tho

ughp

ut (K

B/s

)

VoIP

VoD

FTP

Policy 1 v.s. Policy 6Average Jitter at different number of VoIP flows

0

5

10

15

15 20 25 30 35 40

Number of VoIP flows

Ave

rage

Jitt

er (m

s)

VoIP-1

VoD-1

VoIP-6

VoD-6

Policy 1 v.s. Policy 6Average Delay at at different number of VoIP flows

100

110

120

130

15 20 25 30 35 40

Number of VoIP flows

Ave

rage

Del

ay (m

s)VoIP-1

VoD-1

VoIP-6

VoD-6

Page 54: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Performance Evaluation 56

實驗 3 :多等級服務 (7/7)Conclude 3B :雙 Real-Time 服務等級 實驗結果結果顯示在我們定義的評估指標下,只要是

將 conversational class賦予 Slope-Down 或 Double-Slope 的 policy 整體效能都有不錯的表現

而觀察整體結果,我們推薦 policy 6

slope=S1

slope=S2

profit

timeTc

(current time)Td

(expected trans. time)

Tb(hard deadline)

1

profit=1+(Td-Tb)*S1 when Td≦ Tbprofit=0 when Td>Tb

(conversational class) (streaming class)

slope=S1

slope=S2

profit

timeTc

(current time)Td

(expected trans. time)

Ta(soft deadline)

1

profit=1+(Td-Ta)*S1 when Td≦ Taprofit=1+(Td-Ta)*S2 when Ta-(1/S2)≧ Td>Taprofit=0 when Td>Ta-(1/S2)

Tb(hard deadline)

Page 55: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Outline 57

Outline

Introduction Related Work Our Approach Performance Evaluation Conclusion

Page 56: QoS-Aware Packet Scheduling by Looking Ahead Approach

Conclusion 58

Conclusion Real-time traffic 的訊務對於 jitter 以及 delay time 有著不同

的要求,但目前網路並未根據封包的服務等級差異性的處理,無法滿足 real-time traffic 的品質要求

我們在每個 router 對封包進行重新排程,並參考封包在後續路程 router 的負載,最後實驗結果顯示我們的方法能有效改善 real-time traffic 的整體效能。並且進一步研究在多服務等級之下對不同重要性的封包做差異化的處理,能有效提高整體滿意度

未來研究方向 其他 routing metric ,甚至其他 routing protocol 設計更多適用於不同網路環境的 profit function ,甚至可以

設計適合非 real-time 服務等級使用的 profit function ,以追求最大的整體滿意度