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GRAPHIC DESIGN HISTORY IAMANDA HORTONSUMMER 2011

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Rachel Kirkwood

1. IDEOGRAPH2. HIERATIC SCALE3. REBUS4. GREEK (GEOMETRIC)5. GREEK ICONIC ORDER6. GREEK CORINTHIAN ORDER7. DROP CAP8. INITIAL CAP9. CARPET PAGE10. INTERLACES11. LOGOGRAM 12. CALLIGRAPHY13. ROMANESQUE14. STAINED GLASS15. RIBBED VAULT16. FLEURON17. ITALICS18. ROMAN TYPEFACE19. FORESHORTENING20. INFORMATION GRAPHICS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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id·e·o·graph-noun

A picture or symbol that represents a concept or idea

ex:

Characteristics: The picture above shows a car falling off a ledge into water. This might translate as be “Caution while driving, steep cliff.”

Rachel Kirkwood

hi·er·at·ic scale-noun

Representing the sizes of things according to their importance, not neces-sarily how they would appear in actuality.

ex:

Characteristics: It is easy to see who is important: The largest fi gure is Nebamun. Behind him is a smaller fi gure of a woman, his wife, and below him is a still smaller female fi gure, their daughter. We assume he is larger than his wife and both larger than their daughter, these size differences are exaggerated to show his importance.

Ancient Egyptian wall painting from Nebamun’s Tomb 1350 BCE

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re·bus-noun

A form of communication that translates pictorial images into

phonetic sounds.

ex:

Characteristics: the style of the rebus visually corresponds to the message it communicated. It communicates “Chicken Lo Mein” using chicken, a boat (row), and a lion (mane).

Rachel Kirkwood

Greek (ge·o·met·ric)-noun

Characterized by geometric or right angled forms which is well known in ancient Greek pottery.

ex:

Characteristics: This is a very modern interperation of Greek (geometric). The classic Greek key is used as stripes on this pillow, clearly showing geometic, right angled forms.

F. Schumacher & Company Maiandros Weave interpretation

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Greek i·con·ic or·der-noun

A rounded base column with a scroll-like capital

ex:

Characteristics: The Chicago Field Museum of Natural History, like most other museums, follows classical rules, using ionic order columns and a large portico

Chicago Field Museum

Rachel Kirkwood

Greek Co·rin·thi·an or·der-noun

A rounded base column with an Acanthus leaf capital.

ex:

Characteristics: The California State Capitol has all three Greek Orders decorating the building. The Corinthian order columns are showcased on the front of the building.

California State Capital, Sacramento, CA

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drop cap-noun

A large capital letter is dropped inline with the text, so thatthe top does not go over the fi rst line of text.

ex:

Characteristics: Drop caps are used in the modern world for various things. Like the book above they can be used to signify a new chapter or different scene in the book. They can also be used to separate articles in Newspapers or magazines.

Rachel Kirkwood

in·i·tial cap-noun

Initial caps are when a large capital letter is used with text.

ex:

Characteristics: This is a modern version of an initial cap. The design leans more towards an editorial driven layout and look with modern graphic elements. Paper Matters created a custom typeface to be used as decorative initial caps for all future newsletter issues.

Paper Matters, the Domtar fi ne paper newsletter

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car·pet page-noun

A full page decorative design with little to no white space, often had no writing or very little.

ex:

Characteristics: This is from the fi rst chapter of the Al-Quran, Al-Baqarah. Usually, the opening chapter and the fi rst verses of the fi rst chaper of the Al-Quran are heavily decorated with ornamentation and special borders and decoration.

Al-Quran Carpet Page, by Ahmet Karahisari, 16th CE Turkey.

Rachel Kirkwood

in·ter·laces-noun

a woven design look seen most often in Celtic work

ex:

Characteristics: This is a modern version of Celtic interlaces. Many Celtic tattoos incorporate interaces within their design, weather it be a cross, crest, etc. The interlaces fi ll the voided space giving the tattoo intricate detail.

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log·o·gram-noun

a common, abbreviated symbol for a word or phrase that comes up often

ex:

Characteristics: a modern logogram or symbol for the word “at”

Rachel Kirkwood

cal·lig·ra·phy-noun

the art of writing beautifully

ex:

Characteristics: This is a modern version of calligraphy. Achyut Palav painted modern calligraphy on the pavements of Mumbai for the arts festival. The script is an artform that is just as beautiful as a modern abstract painting.

Kala Ghoda Arts Festival 2009

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Ro·man·esque-adjective

The style of architecture from the 9th through the 12th cen-turies, characterized by heavy masonry walls with narrow openings, round arch, the groin vault, and the barrel vault.

ex:

Characteristics: This church in the Philippines is a modern Romanesque building. The building is built of heavy masonary construction. It showcases a varienty of round arches all over the exterior and vaulted ceilings on the inside.

Baclaran Church, Philippines

Rachel Kirkwood

stained glass-noun

glass that has been colored, enameled, painted, or stained. Used in many Gothic churches to tell biblical stories.

Characteristics: This is a modern version of a stained glass window. Designed in 1964 by William Schickel. Athough the window does not tell a story like many Gothic stained glass windows, the window adds beauty and color to the space.

The Shrine of St. Philippine DuchesneSt. Charles, MIssouri, United States

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ribbed vault -noun

The intersection of two or three barrel vaults produces a ribbed vault. They are often edged with an armature of piped masonry often carved in decorative patterns

ex:

Characteristics: When I was a Junior in Highschool I traveled to Germany and was able to tour Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany. This is the church Martin Luther posted his thesis at. The interior of the church was breathtaking, with a highly decorated deciling covered in ribbed vaults. The ribbed vaults all met at the top of the domed ceilng to create a criss cross pattern.

Castle Church, Wittenberg, Germany

Rachel Kirkwood

fl eu·ron-noun

Decorative or graphic elements, often in fl oral motifs, that are placed like type and can be used on the printing press alongside type.

ex:

Characteristics: The spread above describes the Vine Leaf Venetian Arabesque. Found in the printing offi ce of Gabriele Giolito in 1552. Its uses were a line fi nsher, a pointer, and a combinable unit of arabesque pattern.

A Suite of Fleurons by John Ryder, Phoenix House, London 1956.

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i·tal·ics -noun

designating or pertaining to a style of printing types in which the letters usually slope to the right, patterned upon a com-pact manuscript hand. Originally invented in 1501 by Fran-cesco Griffo.They were not originally used as a supporting type to roman characters but were used as their own type-face.

Characteristics: The italic typeface of Aldus, designed and cut by Francesco Griffo in imitation of handwriting. This was the very fi rst italic typeface.

Aldus’s edition of the Roman poet Virgil, April 1501

Rachel Kirkwood

ro·man type·face-noun

Typeface based on the roman letters from antiquity. The term has come to mean the “regular” or upright counterpart of an italic or oblique typeface

ex:

Characteristics: Roman typeface is easily legible. Instead of the severe angle of italics Roman letters are upright and more simple.

The fi rst Roman type used by C. Sweynheym amd A. Pannartz

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fore·short·ening-noun

An illusion in art to reduce or distort in order to convey the illusion of three-dimensional space as seen by the human eye

ex:

Characteristics: The piano seems to go beyond the canvas plane into a 3 dimensional space. The illusion makes us feel as if it is real, like we could step into the painting and sit down to play the piano.

Diminuendo Painting - Lauren Laumbach

Rachel Kirkwood

in·for·ma·tion graph·ic -noun

Decorative or graphic elements, often in fl oral motifs, that are placed like type and can be used on the printing press alongside type.

ex:

Characteristics: This is a information graphic on the amount of sales per year in the fast food industry. It shows the company’s logos within a bar graph to represent the information.