Raj Board Class 11 Book - Vyavasay Adhyayan

8/12/2019 Raj Board Class 11 Book - Vyavasay Adhyayan

1/309

O;olk;

v;;u

d{kk 11 osQ fy, ikB~;iqLrd

jktdh;jktdh;jktdh;jktdh;jktdh; fo|ky;ksa esafo|ky;ksa esafo|ky;ksa esafo|ky;ksa esafo|ky;ksa esa fu%kqYd forj.k gsrqfu%kqYd forj.k gsrqfu%kqYd forj.k gsrqfu%kqYd forj.k gsrqfu%kqYd forj.k gsrq

20122012201220122012ek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesjek/;fed f'k{kk cksMZ] jktLFkku] vtesj

& lkHkkj && lkHkkj && lkHkkj && lkHkkj && lkHkkj &

jk"Vh; 'kS f{kd vuqla/k ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhjk"Vh; 'kS f{kd vuql a/k ku vkSj izf' k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhjk"Vh; 'kS f{kd vuqla/k ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhjk"Vh; 'kS f{kd vuql a/k ku vkSj izf' k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyhjk"Vh; 'kS f{kd vuql a/kku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn] ubZ fnYyh

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2/309

fo"k; lkexzh

vkeq[k iii

Hkkx 1 % O;olk; dsvk/kj 1&173

v;k; 1 % O;olk; dh izfr ,oams'; 2&23

v;k; 2 % O;kolkf;d la xBu osQ Lo:i 24&58

v;k; 3 % futh] lkoZ tfud ,oa HkweaMyh; mie 59&82

v;k; 4 % O;kolkf;d lsok, 83&118

v;k; 5 % O;olk; dh mHkjrh ifr;k 119&152

v;k; 6 % O;olk; dk lkekftd mkjnkf;Ro 153&173,oaO;kolkf;d uSfrdrk

Hkkx 2 % O;kolkf;d la xBu] fok ,oaO;kikj 174&332

v;k; 7 % oa Qiuh fuekZ.k 175&195

v;k; 8 % O;kolkf;d fok ds ksr 196&223

v;k; 9 % y?kq O;olk; 224&243

v;k; 10 % vka rfjd O;kikj 244&271

v;k; 11 % va rjZk"Vh; O;kikj 1 272&299

v;k; 12 % va rjZk"Vh; O;kikj 2 300&332

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3/309

Hkkx 1

O;olk; osQ vkkkj

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4/309

v;k; 1

O;olk; dh izo`Qfr ,oa ms';

vfkxe ms';

bl v;k; osQ v;;u osQ i'pkr~vki%

O;olk; dh vokkj.kk o mldh fo'ks"krkvksa dh O;k[;k dj losaQxs_

O;olk;] is'kk rFkk jkstxkj osQ fof'k"V y{k.kksadh rqyuk dj losaQxs_ O;kolkf;d f;kvksa dk oxhZdj.k dj losaQxs rFkk m|ksx ,oaokf.kT; dk vFkZ

Li"V dj losaQxs_

fofHkUu izdkj osQ m|ksxksa dks crk losaQxs_

okf.kT; lslacafkr f;k&dykiksadksle>k losaQxs_

O;olk; osQ ms';ksadk fo'ys"k.k dj loasQxs_

O;kolkf;d tksf[keksa ,oamuosQ dkj.kksadh izo`Qfr dk o.kZu dj losaQxs_ ,oa

O;olk; izkjaHk djrsle; ftu ewyHkwr dkjdksa dks;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,] mudhfoospuk dj losaQxsA

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5/309

1-1 ifjp;

tkfgj gS fd pkjksa lgikfB;ksadk okrkZyki

O;olk; osQ vFkZ] izo`Qfr ,oams'; ij osaQfnzrFkkA lHkh ekuo le;kuqlkj viuh vko';drkvksadh iwfrZ gsrq fofHkUu izdkj dh oLrqvksa,oalsokvksa dh bPNk vuqHko djrs gSaA oLrqvksa,oa lsokvksals vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gsrqoqQN yksx mu phtksa dk mRiknu ,oa fo;djus yxsftudh nwljksa dks t:jr gksA vktlHkh vkkqfud lektksa esaO;olk; ,d eq[;vkfFkZd f;k gS] ftldk lacak euq";ksadh

vko';drkuqlkj oLrqvksa,oalsokvksadk mRiknu,oa fo; djuk gSA fofHkUu vkfFkZd f;kvksadk ms'; euq";ksadh oLrqvksa,oalsokvksadheakx dksiwjk djosQ ku dekuk gSA O;olk;gekjs thou dk osaQnzfcanq gSA ;|fi gekjkthou vkkqfud lekt dh cgqr&lh laLFkkvksa]

tSls& fo|ky;] egkfo|ky;] vkS" kk ky;]jktuSfrd ny rFkk kkfeZd laLFkkvksalsizHkkforgksrk gS] ysfdu jkstejkZosQ thou esaeq[;izHkko O;olk; dk gh gksrk gSA blfy, ;gegoiw.kZgkstkrk gSfd O;olk; dh vokkj.kk]izo`Qfr ,oams'; dks igysle> ysaA

1-2 O;olk; dh vokkj.kk

O;olk; 'kCn dh O;qRifk O;Lr jguslsgqbZgSA vr% O;olk; dk vFkZ O;Lr jguk gS]rFkkfi fo'ks"k lnaHkZesa] O;olk; dk vFkZ,sls

fdlh Hkh kaks ls gS] ftlesa ykHkktZu gsrqO;fDr fofHkUu izdkj dh f;kvksa esafu;fer:i ls layXu jgrsgSaA os f;k,vU; yksxksadh vko';drkvksa dh larqf"V gsrqoLrqvksa osQmRiknu] ;&fo; ;k fofue; vkSj lsokvksadh vkiwfrZ ls lacafkr gk sldrh gaSA

bejku] euizhr] tkslsiQ rFkk fiz;adk d{kk nl esa lgikBh jgs gSaA mudh ijh{kk,lekIr gksusosQ cknos#fpdk osQ ?kj esabdsgksrsgSa] tks mu lHkh dh fe=k gSA tc os viuh ijh{kkvksaosQ fnuksa osQ vuqHkoksadksvkil esackaV jgsFks] rHkh #fpdk osQ firkth Jh j?kqjkt pkSkjh mudk gky&pky iwNrsgSaA osizR;sdlstkuuk pkgrs gSafd mudh Hkkoh ;kstuk D;k gSA ysfdu dksbZHkh lqfuf'pr mkj ughans ikrkA Jhj?kqjkt Lo;a esa,d O;olk;h gSa] os mUgsaO;olk; dkspquus dh lykg nsrsgSatks ,d vk'kktud ,oapqukSrhiw.kZ thouo`fk gSA tkslsiQ bl fopkj lsmksftr gksdj dgrk gS fd ^gk O;olk; okLro esa


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4 O;olk; v;;u

izR;sd lekt esaeuq"; viuh vko';drkvksadh larqf"V gsrqvusoQksa izdkj dh f;k,djrsgSaA ;s f;k, foLr`r :i ls nks lewgksa esaoxhZo`Qr dh tk ldrh gSa vkfFkZd ,oavukfFkZdA vkfFkZd f;k,] osf;k,gSa] ftuosQ}kjk ge vius thou&;kiu osQ fy, kudekrsgSa] tcfd vukfFkZd f;k, I;kjo'k]lgkuqHkwfr osQ fy,] Hkkoqdrko'k ;k ns'k HkfDrvkfn osQ fy, dh tkrh gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy,],d Jfed }kjk iSQDVjh esadke djuk] ,dMkWDVj }kjk vius fDyfud esadk;Z djuk],d izcakd }kjk vius dk;kZy; esa dkedjuk rFkk ,d f'k{kd dk fo|ky; esav;kiudk;Zdjuk vkfn mnkgj.kksa esa] lHkh viuhthfodk miktZu osQ fy, dk;Z dj jgs gSaA

vr% ;slHkh vkfFkZd f;kvksa esa layXu gSaAnwljh vksj ,d x`g.kh }kjk viusifjokj osQfy, Hkkstu idkuk ;k ,d o` O;fDr dkslM+d ikj djkus esa ,d ckyd }kjk lgk;rkdjuk vukfFkZd f;k, gSa] D;ksafd ;sf;k,;k rks izseo'k ;k lgkuqHkwfro'k dh tk jgh gSaAvkfFkZd f;kvksa dks Hkh vkxs rhu Jsf.k;ksa esafoHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS] tSls O;olk;]kakk ;k jkstxkjA vr% O;olk; dks ,d

vkfFkZd f;k osQ :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkldrk gS] ftlesa oLrqvksa dk mRiknu ofo; rFkk lsokvksadksiznku djuk lfEefyrgSA mijksDr f;kvksadk eq[; ms'; lektesaeuq";ksadh vko';drkvksadh iwfrZdjosQku dekuk gSA

1-3 O; kolk f;d f; kvk s a dh fo'k s" krk,

lekt esaO;kolkf;d f;k,vU; f;kvksalsfdl izdkj fHkUu gSaA ;g le>us osQ fy,O;olk; dh izo`Qfr vFkok blosQ vkkkjHkwry{k.kksadksbldh vf}rh; fo'ks"krkvksaosQ lnaHkZ

esaLi"V djuk pkfg,] tksfuEufyf[kr gSa%(d) ;g ,d vkfFkZd f;k gS%

O;olk; dks,d vkfFkZd f;k le>k tkrkgS] D;ksafd ;g ykHk dekus osQ ms'; ls;kthou&;kiu osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] u fdI;kj osQ dkj.k vFkok eksg] lgkuqHkwfr ;kfdlh vU; Hkkoqdrk osQ dkj.kA

([k) oLrqvksavkSj lsokvksadk mRiknu

vFkok mudh izkfIr%oLrqvksadks miHkksDrkvksaosQ miHkksx osQ fy, lqyHk djkus ls iwoZO;kolkf;d bdkbZ;ksa }kjk ;k rks budk mRiknufd;k tkrk gS ;k fiQj budk ; fd;k tkrkgSA vr% izR;sd O;kolkf;d bdkbZ ftuoLrqvks a esa O;kikj djrh gS mudk ;k rksLo;a mRiknu djrh gS ;k vkiwfrZ djus osQfy, mRikndksa ls izkIr djrh gSA oLrq, ;krks miHkk sDrk oLrq, gks ldrh gSa tks izfrfnu

dke vkrh gSa] tSls phuh] iSu] uksV cqd ;kiwathxr oLrq, tSls e'khu] iQuhZpj vkfnAlsokvksa esa ;krk;kr] cSad rFkk fo|qr dhvkiwfrZ vkfn dks lfEefyr fd;k tk ldrkgS] tks miHkksDrkvk sa dks lqfokkvksa osQ :i esalqyHk djk;h tkrh gSaA

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5O;olk; dh fr ,oa ms';

(x) ekuoh; vko';drkvk sa dhlarqf"V osQ fy, oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dkfo; ;k fofue;%izR;{k ;k vizR;{k :ils O;olk; esa ewY; osQ cnys oLrqvks a vkSjlsokvksa dk gLrkarj.k o fofue; lfEefyrgSA ;fn oLrqvksa dk mRiknu] mRiknd }kjkLo;a osQ miHkksx osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS rks

,slh f;k O;kolkf;d f;k ugha dgykrhgSA ?kj esa ifjokj osQ lnL;ksa osQ fy, Hkkstuidkuk O;olk; ugha gSa] ysfdu fdlh jsLrjk esa vU; O;fDr;ksa dks cspus osQ fy, Hkkstuidkuk O;olk; gSA bl izdkj O;olk; dh;g ,d vko';d fo'ks"krk gS fd oLrqvks a;k lsokvk sa dk ;&fo; ;k fofue; gksukpkfg,A

(?k) fu;fer :i ls oLrqvksa vkSj

lsokvksa dk fofue;% O;olk; dh ,dfo'ks"krk ;g gS fd blesa fu;fer :i lsoLrqvksavkSj lsokvksadk ysu&nsu gksrk gSA ,dckj dk ; ;k fo; lkkkj.kr% O;olk;ughadgykrkA mnkgj.kkFkZ] ;fn dksbZ O;fDr

viuk ?kjsyw jsfM;ks pkgs ykHk ij gh cspsO;kolkf;d f;k ugha dgyk,xh] ysfdu;fn og viuh nqdku ij ;k ?kj lsfu;fer:i ls jsfM;kscsprk gSrks;g ,d O;kolkf;df;k dgyk,xhA

() ykHk vtZu%izR;sd O;kolkf;df;k ykHk osQ :i esavk;&vftZr djusosQ

ms'; lsdh tkrh gSA fcuk ykHk dek, dksbZHkh O;olk; yacs le; rd dk;Zjr ugha jgldrkA blhfy, O;olk;drkZ O;olk; dkfo; dh ek=kk c


8/309

6 O;olk; v;;u

fd ykHk fdruk gksxkA cfYd lrr~ iz;klksaosQ ckotwn Hkh gkfu dh vk'kadk lnSo cuhgh jgrh gSA

(N) tksf[ke osQ ro% tksf[ke ,dvfuf'prrk gS] tksO;kolkf;d gkfu dh vksjbafxr djrk gS] ftudk dkj.k oqQN izfrdwyvFkok vokafNr ?kVdksa ls gSA tksf[keksa dk

lacak oqQN O;kolkf;d ?kVukvksa lsgS] tSlsmiHkksDrkvksa dh ilan ;k iQS'ku esa ifjorZu]mRiknu fofk;ksa esa ifjorZu] dk;ZLFky ijgM+rky ;k rkyscanh] cktkj&izfrLikkZ] vkx]pksjh] nq?kZVuk,] izko`Qfrd vkink, vkfn lsgksrk gSA dksbZHkh O;olk; tksf[keksals vNwrkughajgrkA

AglaSem School
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1-4 O;olk; is'kk rFkk jkstxkj esarqyuk

tSlk igyscryk;k tk pqdk gS fd vkfFkZdf;kvksa dksrhu eq[; oxksZaesa foHkkftr fd;ktk ldrk gS%1- O;olk;

2- is'kk3- jkstxkkjO;olk; dk vfHkizk; mu vkfFkZd f;kvksalsgS] ftudk lacak ykHk dekusosQ ms'; lsoLrqvksadk mRiknu ;k ;&fo; ;k lsokvksadh iwfrZ lsgSA O;olk; esalayXu O;fDr }kjkviuh vk; ykHk osQ :i esa n'kkZ;h tkrh gSA

is'ks esa] os f;k, lfEefyr gSa] ftuesafo'ks"k Kku o n{krk dh vko';drk gk srh gS

vkSj O;fDr budk iz;ksx viuskaks esavk;vtZu gsrqdjrk gSA bl izdkj dh f;kvksaosQ fy, is'ksoj laLFkkvksa}kjk lkkkj.kr;k oqQNekxZ nf'kZdk, o vkpkj lafgrk, cukbZtkrhgSaA is'ks esalyXu O;fDr;ksa dksis'ksoj dgktkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ fpfdRld] fpfdRlk is'ksesa Hkkjrh; fpfdRld ifj"kn* osQ fu;ekuqlkjdk;Z djrsgSaA odhy Hkkjrh; ckj dkmafly*osQ vuq:i odkyr osQ is'ks esadk;Zjr gksrsgSaA ys[kkdkj ys[kkadu is'kslslacafkr gSarFkk^Hkkjrh; pkVZMZ,dkmaVsaV~l baLVhV~;wV* osQ fu;eksaosQ vuqlkj dk;Zdjrs gSaA

jkstxkj dk vfHkizk; mu kakk sa ls gS]ftuesa yksx fu;fer :i ls nwljksa osQ fy,dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj cnys es a ikfjJfed izkIr

djrs gSaA os O;fDr tks vU; O;fDr;ksa }kjkfu;qDr fd, tkrs gSa] deZpkjh dgykrs gSaAvr% os O;fDr tks dkj[kkuksa esa dke djrs gSavkSj cnys esa osru vFkok etnwjh ikrs gSarFkk dkj[kkus osQ ekfydksa dh ukSdjh esa yxsgksrs gSaa] mUgsa dkj[kkuksa osQ deZpkjh dgrs gSaAblh izdkj tks O;fDr cSadksa] chek daifu;ks a;k ljdkjh foHkkxksa osQ dk;kZy;ksa esa izcakdk sa]lgk;dksa ] Dydks] pijkfl;ksa ;k pkSdhnkjksaosQ :i esa dk;Z djrs gSa] osjkstxkj djusokysoxZ osQ varxZr vkrs gSaA

1-5 O;kolkf;d f;kvksadk oxhZdj.k

fofHkUu O;kolkf;d f;kvksadks nks foLr`roxks easoxhZo`Qr fd;k tk ldrk gS& m|ksx

,oa okf.kT;A m|ksx ls rkRi;Z oLrqvksa dkmRiknu vFkok izf;.k gSA okf.kT; esa oslHkh f;k,lfEefyr dh tkrh gSa] tksoLrqvksaosQ vknku&iznku] laHkj.k rFkk forj.k dkslaHko cukrh gSaA bu nksoxksosQ vkkkj ij geO;kolkf;d iQeks dks vkS|ksfxd m|e rFkkokf.kfT;d m|e dh Jsf.k;ksa esafoHkDr djldrs gSaA

vc gesa O;kolkf;d f;kvksadk foLrr

v;;u djuk gS%

1-6 m|ksx

m|ksx ls vfHkizk; mu vkfFkZd f;kvk sa lsgS] ftudk lacak lalkkuksa oQksmi;ksxh oLrqvksaesa ifjorZu djuk gSA m|ksx 'kCn dk iz;ksx

AglaSem School
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10/309

8 O;olk; v;;u

mu f;kvks a osQ fy, fd;k tkrk gS] ftuesa;kaf=kd&midj.k ,oa rduhdh dkS'ky dkiz;ksx gksrk gSA buesa oLrqvk sa osQ mRiknuvFkok izf;k rFkk i'kqvksa osQ iztuu ,oaikyu ls lacafkr f;k, lfEefyr gSaA O;kidvFkksZa esa m|ksx dk vFkZ leku oLrqvksa vFkoklacafkr oLrqvksa osQ mRiknu es a yxh bdkbZ;ksa

osQ lewg ls gSA mnkgj.k osQ fy,] :bZvFkok dikl ls lwrh oL=k vkfn cukus okyhlHkh bdkbZ;k sa dks m|ksx dgrs gSaA bUgha osQled{k cS dx] chek vkfn oQh lsok, Hkhm|ksx dgykrh gSa] tSls&cSa dx m|ksx] chekm|ksx vkfnA m|ksxksa dks rhu O;kid Jsf.k;k sa

esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS& izkFkfedm|ksx] f}rh;d ;k ek;fed m|ksx ,oar`rh;d ;k lsok m|ksxA

(d) izkFkfed m|ksx%bu m|ksxkssaesa] oslHkhf;k, lfEefyr gSa ] ftudk lacakizko`Qfrd lalkkuksa osQ [kuu ,oamRiknurFkk i'kq ,oaouLifr osQ fodkl lsgSA

bu m|ksxksadks iqu% bl izdkj oxhZo`Qrfd;k tk ldrk gSA

(v) fu"d"kZ.k m|ksx% ;s m|ksx mRiknksadks izko`Qfrd ksrksa ls fu"df"kZr djrsgSaA fu"d"kZ.k m|ksx vkkkjHk wr dPpseky dh vkiwfrZ djrs gSa tks izk;%

O;olk;

m|ksx okf.kT;

f}rh;d;k ek;fed

fu"d"kZ.k

r`rh;d;k lsokizkFkfed

tufud

fofuekZ.kh jpukRed

f=kefo'ys"k.kkRed izfd;k laxzg.k

O;kikj O;kikj osQ lgk;d

vakrfjd ckg~;

Fkksd iqQVdj vk;kr fu;kZr iquu;kZr

chek cSafdax ,oafokifjogu HkaMkj.k foKkiu

O;kolkf;d f;k,lkfj.kh

AglaSem School
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Hkwfe ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA bum|ksxksa osQ mRiknksa dks nwljs fofuekZ.khm|ksxksa }kjk cgqr&lh mi;ksxh oLrqvksaesa ifjofrZr fd;k tkrk gSA eq[;fu"d"kZ.k m|ksxk sa esa [ksrh djuk]mR[kuu] bekjrh ydM+h] f'kdkj rFkkeNyh idM+uk vkfn dks lfEefyr

fd;k tkrk gSA(c) tufud m|ksx% bu m|ksxksadk eq[;

dk;Zi'kq&if{k;ksadk iztuu ,oaikyurFkk ouLifr mxkuk gS] rkfd mudkmi;ksx vkxsfofHkUu mRiknksaosQ fy,fd;k tk losQA tufud m|ksx] ikSkksaosQ iztuu osQ fy, ^cht rFkk ikSklaokZu (ulZjh) daifu;k* blosQ fo'ks"k

mnkgj.k gSaA blosQ vfrfjDr i'kqiztuuiQkeZ] eqxhZikyu] eNyh ikyu vkfntufud m|ksxkssaosQ vU; mnkgj.k gSaA

() f}rh;d ;k ek;fed m|ksx% bum|ksxksa esa [kuu m|ksxksa }kjk fu"df"kZreky dksdPpseky osQ :i esaiz;ksxfd;k tkrk gSA bu m|ksxksa}kjk fufeZreky ;k rks vafre miHkksx osQ fy,mi;ksx esayk;k tkrk gS ;k nwljsm|ksxksa

esa vkxs dh izf;k esa mi;ksx fd;ktkrk gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ dPpk yksgk [kuu]izkFkfed m|ksx gS] rksLVhy dk fuekZ.kdjuk f}rh;d ;k ek;fed m|ksx gSAek;fed m|ksxksadks vkxsfuEu Jsf.k;ksaesa foHkDr fd;k ldrk tkrk gSA

(v) fofuekZ.k m|ksx% bu m|ksxkssa}kjkdPpseky dks izfozQ;k esa ysdj mUgsa vfkdmi;ksxh cuk;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj ;sizk:i mi;ksfxrk dk ltu djrsgSaA;sm|ksx dPpseky lsrS;kj ekycukrs gSa] ftudk ge mi;ksx djrsgSaA fofuekZ.kh m|ksxksadksmRiknu izf;k

osQ vkkkj ij pkj Jsf.k;ksaesacakVktk ldrk gS%

fo'ys"k.kkRed m|ksx% ;sm|ksx ,dgh mRikn osQ fo'ys"k.k ,oaiFkdhdj.k}kjk roksa dks mRikfnr djrs gSa]tSls&rsy 'kkskd dkj[kkusA

o`Qf=ke m|ksx% ;sm|ksx fofHkUu la?kVdksadks ,df=kr djosQ izf;k }kjk ,d

u;s mRiknksadk :i nsrs gSa] tSls&lheasVm|ksxA izf;k;h ;k izeh; m|ksx% osm|ksx]tks iDosQ eky osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy,fofHkUu ozQfed pj.kksalsxqtjrsgSaAmnkgj.kkFkZ&phuh rFkk dkxk m|ksxA

lEesfyr m|ksx% tks m|ksx ,d u;kmRikn rS;kj djusosQ fy, fofHkUuiqtks dkstksM+rs gSaA mnkgj.kLo:i&

Vsyhfotu] dkj rFkk daI;wVj vkfnA(c) fuekZ .k m|ksx% ,sls m|ksx] tSls&Hkou]

cakk] iqy] lM+d] lqjax rFkk ugjksa osQfuekZ.k esalayXu jgrs gSaA bu m|ksxksaesa vfHk;kaf=kdh rFkk okLrqdykRedpkrq;Z egoiw.kZvax gksrs gSaA

AglaSem School
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10 O;olk; v;;u

(x) r`rh;d ;k lsok m|ksx%bl izdkj osQm|ksx izkFkfed rFkk f}rh;d m|ksxksa dkslgk;d lsok,lqyHk djkus esa layXugksrsgSarFkk O;kikfjd f;k&dykiksadkslaiUu djkrsgSaA ;sm|ksx lsok&lqfokklqyHk djkrs gSaA O;kolkf;d f;kvksaesa] ;s m|ksx okf.kT; osQ lgk;d vax

le>stkrsgSa] D;ksafd ;sm|ksx&O;kikjdh lgk;rk djrsgSaA bl oxZesa;krk;kr]cSa dx] chek] eky&xksnke] nwjlapkj]fMCck&canh rFkk foKkiu vkfn vkrsgSaA

1-7 okf.kT;

okf.kT; esa nksizdkj dh f;k,lfEefyr gSa]igyh ostks eky dh fch vFkok fofue;

osQ fy, dh tkrh gSa] bUgasO;kikj dgrsgSaAnwljh osfofHkUu lsok,tksO;kikj esalgk;dgksrh gaSA bUgsalsok,savFkok O;kikj lgk;df;k, dgrs gSa] ftuesaifjogu cSa dx] chek]nwjlapkj] foKkiu] iSosQtx ,oaxksnke O;oLFkkvkfn lfEefyr gksrh gaSA okf.kT;] mRikndvkSj miHkksDrk osQ chp dh vko';d dM+hdk dke djrk gSA blesa os lHkh f;k,lfEefyr gksrh gSa] tksoLrq ,oalsokvksaosQ

vckk izokg dkscuk, j[kusosQ fy, vko';dgksrh gSaaA vr% okf.kT; dks bl izdkj lsifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gSfd ;sosf;k,gaStksfofue; esa vkusokyh ckkkvksa dksnwjdjrh gSaA fofue; lacakh ckkk dksO;kikj nwjdjrk gS] tks oLrqvksadks mRiknd lsysdj

miHkksDrk rd igqapkrk gSA ifjogu LFkku lacakhckkk dksnwj djrk gS] tksoLrqvksadksmRiknuLFky lsfch LFky rd ystkrk gSA laxzg.k,oaHkaMkj.k] le; lacakh jQdkoV dksnwj djrsgaSA blesaeky dksxksnke esa fch osQ le;rd j[kk tkrk gSA xksnke esa j[ks eky ,oaLFkkukarj.k osQ le; ekxZ eas eky dh pksjh]

vkx] nq?kZVuk vkfn tksf[keksalsgkfu gksldrhgSA bu tksf[keksalseky dk chek dj lqj{kkiznku dh tk ldrh gSA bu lHkh f;kvksaosQfy, vko';d iwath] cSad rFkk vU; fokh;laLFkkuksa ls izkIr gksrh gSA foKkiu osQ }kjkmRiknd ,oaO;kikjh] miHkksDrkvksadkscktkj esamiyCk oLrqvksa,oalsokvksaosQ lacak esalwpuknsrsgSaA vr% okf.kT; lsvfHkizk; mu f;kvkas

lsgStksoLrq,oalsokvksaosQ fofue; esavkusokyh O;fDr] LFkku] le;] fok ,oa lwpuklacakh ckkkvkasdksnwj djrh gaSA

1-7-1 O;kikj

O;kikj okf.kT; dk vfuok;Zvax gSA bldkvFkZoLrqvksadh fch] gLrkarj.k vFkok fofue;ls gSA ;g mRikfnr oLr qvk sa dks vafremiHkksDrkvksa dksmiyCk djkrk gSA vkt osQ

;qx esa] oLrqvksadk mRiknu o`gn~iSekus ijfd;k tkrk gS] ysfdu mRikndksa osQ fy,viuh oLrqvksadh fch izR;sd miHkksDrk dksvyx&vyx dj ikuk nq"dj gSA O;kikjhe;LFk osQ :i esa O;kikfjd f;k,djrs gq,fofHkUu cktkjksa esa miHkksDrkvksa dks oLrq,

AglaSem School
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miyCk djkrsgSaA O;kikj O;fDr vFkkZr~mRikndrFkk miHkksDrk lacakh ckkk dks nwj djrk gSAO;kikj dh vuqifLFkfr esacMs+iSekusij mRiknulaHko ugha gks ldrk gSA

O;kikj dks nkscMs+ oxksesafoHkkftr fd;ktk ldrk gS& vkarfjd vkSj ckA vkarfjdvFkok ns'kh O;kikj esaoLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksadk

vknku&iznku ,d gh ns'k dh HkkSxksfyd lhekvksaosQ vanj fd;k tkrk gSA blh dks vkxsFkksdvkSj iqQVdj O;kikj esa foHkkftr fd;k tkldrk gSA tc oLrqvksa dk ;&fo; cM+hHkkjh ek=kk esa fd;k tkrk gS] rks mls FkksdO;kikj rFkk tc oLrqvkas dk ; fo;vis{kko`Qr de ek=kk esafd;k tkrk gS] rks mlsiqQVdj O;kikj dgk tkrk gSA ck ,oafons'khO;kikj esaoLrqvksa,oalsokvksadk vknku&iznku

nks ;k nksls vfkd ns'kksa osQ O;fDr;ksavFkoklaxBuksa osQ e; fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn oLrqvksadk ; nwljsns'k lsfd;k tkrk gS] rks mlsvk;kr O;kikj dgrs gSa rFkk tc oLrqvksa dkfo; nwljs ns'kksa dksfd;k tkrk gS] rks mlsfu;kZr O;kikj dgrs gaSA tc oLrqvksadk vk;krfdlh vU; ns'k dks fu;kZr djus osQ fy,fd;k tkrk gS] rksmlsiquZfu;kZr ;k vk;kr&fu;kZrO;kikj dgrsgSaA

1-7-2 O;kikj osQ lgk;d

O;kikj esa lgk;d f;kvksa dks O;kikj osQlgk;d dgrs gSaA bu f;kvksa dks lsok,Hkhdgrs gSa] D;ksafd ;s m|ksx ,oa O;kikj esalgk;d gksrh gSaA ifjogu] cSadx] chek] HkaMkj.k

,oa foKkiu O;kikj osQ lgk;d dk;Z gSa]vFkZkr~;s osf;k,sgSatkslgk;d dh HkwfedkfuHkkrh gSaA okLro esa] ;s f;k, u osQoyO;kikj eas lgk;d gksrh gSa] cfYd m|ksx esaHkh lgk;d gksrh gSavkSj bl izdkj ls iwjsO;olk; osQ fy, lgk;d gksrh gSaA okLro esalgk;d f;k,iwjs O;olk; dk rFkk fo'ks"k

:i lsokf.kT; dk vfHkUu vax gaSA ;sf;k,saoLrqvksaosQ mRiknu ,oa forj.k easasvkus okyhckkkvksa dks nwj djus esa lgk;d gksrh gSaAifjogu eky dks,d LFkku lsnwljs LFkkurd ys tkus esa lgk;d gksrk gSA cSadx]O;kikfj;ksa dksfokh; lgk;rk iznku djrh gSAchek fofHkUu izdkj dh tksf[keksa ls lqj{kkiznku djrk gSA HkaMkj.k laxzg.k O;oLFkk osQ}kjk le; dh mi;ksfxrk dk l`tu djrk gSA

foKkiu osQ ek;e lslwpuk,izkIr gksrh gSaAnwljs'kCnksaesa] ;sf;k,eky osQ LFkkukarj.k]laxzg.k] fokh;u] tksf[ke lslqj{kk ,oa ekydh fch laokZu dks ljy cukrh gSaA lgk;ddk;ksZa dk la{ksi esa o.kZu fuEu gS%

(d) ifjogu ,oa laizs"k.k% oLrqvksadk mRiknu oqQN fof'k"V txgksaij gksrk gSAmnkgj.kkFkZ&pk; vle esa] #bZ xqtjkr rFkkegkjk"Vesa] twV if'peh caxky vkSj mM+hlkesa] phuh mkj izns'k] fcgkj rFkk egkjk"Vvkfn esa] ysfdu miHkksx osQ fy, bu oLrqvksaoQh vko';drk ns'k osQ lHkh Hkkxksa esa gksrh gSALFkku lacakh ckkk dks lM+d ifjogu] jsyifjogu ;k rVh; tgktjkuh nwj djrh gSAifjogu osQ }kjk dPpk eky mRiknu LFky

AglaSem School
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14/309

12 O;olk; v;;u

ij yk;k tkrk gSrFkk rS;kj eky dks dkj[kkuslsmiHkksx osQ LFkku rd ystk;k tkrk gSAifjogu osQ lkFk laizs"k.k ek;eksa dh Hkhvko';drk gksrh gS] ftlls dh mRiknd]O;kikjh ,oa miHkksDrk ,d nwljs lslwpukvksadk vknku&iznku dj loasQA vr% Mkd ,oaVsyhiQksu lsok,saHkh O;kolkf;d f;kvksadh

lgk;d ekuh tkrh gSaA([k) cSa dx ,oa fok% ku osQ fcuk

O;olk; dk lapkyu laHko ugha] D;ksafd kudh vko';drk ifjlaifk;ksa osQ ; djusrFkk fuR;&izfr osQ O;;ksa dks iwjk djus osQfy, gksrh gSA O;olk;h vko';d ku jkf'kcSad ls izkIr dj ldrs gSaA cSad fok dhleL;k dk lekkku dj O;olk; dh lgk;rkdjrs gSaA okf.kfT;d cSad vfkfod"kZ ,oa

udn lk[k] .k ,oa vfxze osQ ek;e lsjkf'k mkkj nsrs gSaA cSad pSdksa dh olwyh kuvU; LFkkuksa ij Hkstus rFkk O;kikfj;ksa dhvksj ls fcyksa dks Hkqukus dk dk;Z Hkh djrsgaSA fons'kh O;kikj esa] okf.kfT;d cSad vk;krdksa,oa fu;kZrdksa nksuks a dh vksj ls Hkqxrku dhO;oLFk k Hk h djrs gS aA okf.kfT;d cS adtulkkkj.k ls iwath ,df=kr djus esa HkhoaQiuh izorZdksa dh lgk;rk djrs gSaA

(x) chek% O;olk; esavusoQksa izdkjosQ tksf[ke gksrs gSaA dkj[kku s dh bekjr]e'khu] iQuhZpj vkfn dk vkx] pksjh ,oa vU;tksf[keksa ls cpko vko';d gSA eky ,oavU; oLrq, pkgs xksnke esa gksa ;k ekxZesa]muosQ [kksus vFkok {kfrxzLr gkstkus dk Hk;

jgrk gSA deZpkfj;ksadh Hkh nq?kZVuk vFkokO;kolkf;d tksf[keksalslqj{kk vko';d gSAchek bu lHkh dkslqj{kk iznku djrk gSA ,dlkkkj.k lsizhfe;e dh jkf'k dk Hkqxrku djchek oaQiuh ls gkfu vFkok {kfr dh jkf'k dh,oa 'kkjhfjd nq?kZVuko'k pksV ls gksus okyh{kfr dh iwfrZdjkbZ tk ldrh gSA

(?k) HkaMkj.k%izk;% oLrqvksa osQ mRiknuosQ rqjar i'pkr~gh mudk mi;ksx ;k fo;ugha gksrkA mUgsavko';drk iM+us ij lqyHkdjkusosQ fy, xksnkeksa esalqjf{kr j[kk tkrk gSAeky dks{kfr ls cpkus osQ fy, mldh lqj{kkvko';d gksrh gSA blfy, mlosQ lqjf{krlaxzg.k dh fo'ks"k O;oLFkk dh tkrh gSA HkaMkj.kO;kolkf;d bdkb;ksasdks laxzg.k dh dfBukbZdksgy djus esa lgk;rk iznku djrk gSrFkk

oLrqvksa dksml le; miyCk djkrk gStcmudh vko';drk gksrh gSA oLrqvksadh yxkrkjvkiwfrZ}kjk ewY;ksadksmfpr Lrj ij j[kk tkldrk gSA

() foKkiu% foKkiu oLrqvksa osQlaokZu dh egoiw.kZfofk;ksa esals,d gSAfo'k s" k :i ls miHkksDrk oLrqvk sa tSls&bySDVksfud oLrq,] Lopkfyr okgu] lkcqu]fMVjtsaV ikmMj vkfnA buesalsvfkdka'k dkfuekZ.k ,oackkkj esa vkiwfrZ vusoQksa NksVh&cM+hbdkb;k sa }kjk dh tkrh gSA mRikndksa ,oaO;kikfj;ksadk izR;sd miHkksDrk ls O;fDrxr:i esafeyuk laHko ugha gksrkA fo; c


15/309


rd igqpkuk vko';d gksrk gSA lkFk ghmiHkksDrk dks oLrqvksaosQ iz;ksx] xq.kokk rFkkewY; vkfn osQ lacak esa LikkZRed tkudkjhnsdj vius mRikn [kjhnusdks yqHkkusosQ fy,oLrqvksadk foKkiu vko';d gSA bl izdkjfoKkiu cktkj esa miyCk oLrqvksa osQ lacakesa lwpuk nsus,oa miHkksDrk dksoLrqfo'ks"k

dks ; djusosQ fy, rRij djusesalgk;dgksrk gSA

1-8 O;olk; osQ ms';

O;olk; dk izkjaHk fcanq dksbZms'; gksrk gSAlHkh O;olk; oqQN ms';ksadks izkIr djusosQizfr vfHkeq[k gksrs gSaA ;s ms'; ml vksjlaosQr djrsgSa] foQ O;olk;h vius dk;ksosQcnysD;k izkIr djuk pkgrs gSaA lkkkj.kr;k

;g le>k tkrk gSfd O;olk; dk lapkyuosQoy ykHk dekusosQ fy, gksrk gSA O;olk;hLo;a Hkh ;g n'kkZrs gaS fd oLrqvksa vFkoklsokvksaosQ mRiknu ;k forj.k djusesamudkeq[; y{; ykHk dekuk gh gSA leLr O;olk;gh ykxr ls vfkd dekus dk O;kolkf;;ksadk iz;kl dgykrk gSA nwljs'kCnksaesa] O;olk;dk ms'; ykHk vftZr djuk gS] tks ykxr ijvkxe dk vkfkD; gSA vkt osQ ;qx esa] ;gloZlEefr ls Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS fdO;kolkf;d bdkb;k lekt dk ,d vax gaSvkSj muosQ oqQN ms';] lkekftd mkjnkf;Roksalfgr gksus pkfg, rkfd osyacsle; rdpy losQarFkk izxfr dj losQaA ykHk] vxz.khms'; gksrk gS] ysfdu ,dek=k ughaA

;|fi ykHk dekuk gh O;olk; dk ,dms'; ugha gks ldrk] ysfdu blosQ egodh mis{kk ughadh tk ldrhA izR;sd O;olk;dk ;g iz;Ru gksrk gSfd tks oqQN Hkh mlusfuos'k fd;k gS mlls vfkd izkIr fd;ktk,A ykxr ls vkxe dk vkfkD; ykHkdgykrk gSA ykHk O;olk; dk fofHkUu dkj.kksa

ls ,d vko';d ms'; ekuk tkrk gSA(v) ;g O;olk;h osQ fy, vk; dk ksr gSA(c) ;g O;olk; osQ foLrkj osQ fy,

vko';d fok dk ksr gksldrk gSA(l) ;g O;olk; dh oqQ'ky dk;Z'kSyh

dk |ksrd gksrk gSA(n) ;g O;olk; dk lekt osQ fy,

mi;ksxh gksus dh LohdkjksfDr Hkh gksldrk gSA rFkk

(u) ;g ,d O;kolkf;d bdkbZdh izfr"Bkdks c


16/309

14 O;olk; v;;u

;gh dkj.k gSfd ,slk O;olk; eqf'dy lsgh feyrk gSftldk ms'; osQoy vfkd lsvfkd ykHk dekuk gksA

1-8-1 O;olk; osQ cgqeq[kh ms';

fdlh m|e osQ ykHk esa yxkrkj o`f] lektdks mi;k sxh lsok, iznku djus osQ dkj.k gks

ldrh gSA okLro esa ms'; gj ml {ks=k esaokaNuh; gS] tks izR;sd {ks=k esa O;olk; dksthfor j[krs gSa rFkk le`f dks izHkkfordjrs gSaA ;fn fdlh O;olk; dks vko';drkrFkk y{; esa larqyu j[kuk gS rks mls cgqeq[khms';ksa dks Hkh vius lEeq[k j[kuk gksxkA ogosQoy ,d y{; dks lkeus j[kdj egkjFkgkfly ugha dj ldrkA ms'; izR;sd {ks=kesa fof'k"V rFkk O;olk; osQ vuq:i gksuspkfg,A mnkgj.kkFkZ&fo; ek=kk dk fukkZj.kgksuk pkfg,] tks iwath ,df=kr djuh gS mldkvuqeku gksuk pkfg, rFkk mRikn dh bdkbZ;ksadk y{; Hkh fukkZ fjr gksuk pkfg,A ms';;g crkrs gSa fd O;olk; fuf'pr :i ls;g dk;Z djus tk jgk gS rkfd og viusf;kdykiksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj losQ rFkkvius dk;Z osQ fu"iknu esa lqkkj yk losQA

O;olk; osQ fy, ms';ksa dh vko';drkizR;sd ml {ks=k esa gksrh gS] tgk fu"iknuifj.kke O;olk; osQ thfor jgus vkSj le`fdks izHkkfor djrs gSaA muesa ls oqQN {ks=kksa dko.kZu uhps fd;k x;k gS%(d) ckkkj fLFkfr%ckkkj fLFkfr lsrkRi;Z

,d m|e dh mlosQ izfr;ksfx;ksalslacafkr

voLFkk ls gSA ,d m|e dks viusmiHkksDrkvksadksizfr;ksxh mRikn miyCkdjokusrFkk mUgsalarq"V j[kusosQ fy,vius iSjksa ij ekcwrh ls [kMs+ jgukpkfg,A

([k) uoizorZu% uoizorZu ls rkRi;Z u,fopkjksadk lekos'k ;k ftl fofk ls

dk;Zfd;k tkrk gSmlesa oqQN uohurkykus ls gS R;sd O;olk; uoorZudh nks fofk;k gSaA

mRikn vFkok lsok esauoizorZu rFkk mudh iwfrZesa fuiq.krk rFkk lf;rk esauoi zorZu dh vko';drkA dksbZ HkhO;olk; vkkqfud izfr;ksfxrk osQ ;qx esafcuk uoizorZu osQ iQy&iQwy ughaldrkAvr% uoizorZu ,d egoiw.kZ ms'; gSA

(x) mRikndrk% mRikndrk dk ewY;kadumRiknu osQ ewY; dh fuos'k osQ ewY; lsrqyuk djosQ fd;k tkrk gSA bldk iz;ksxoqQ'kyrk osQ eki osQ :i esa fd;k tkrkgSA yacs le; rd pyrs jgus rFkkizxfr osQ fy, izR;sd m|e dksmiyCklzksrksadk] vfkdre lnqi;ksx djrs gq,fo'kky mRikndrk dh vksj y{; j[kukpkfg,A

(?k) HkkSfrd ,oa fokh; lalkku% izR;sdO;olk; dksla;a=k (IykaV)] e'khu rFkkdk;kZy; bR;kfn tSls&HkkSfrd ksrksarFkkfokh; lalkkuksadh vko';drk gksrh gSAbu dks"kksadh lgk;rk lslalkkuksaoLrqvksa,oalsokvksadk mRiknu dj osQ miHkksDrkvksa

AglaSem School
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rd igqpk tk losQA O;kolkf;d bdkb;kbu ksrksadksviuh vko';drkuqlkj izkIrdj mudk n{krkiw.kZiz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

() ykHkktZu%ykHkktZu lsrkRi;Zfofu;ksftriwath ij ykHkktZu lsgSA izR;sd O;olk;dk ,d eq[; ms'; ykHk dekuk gksrkgSA ykHk O;olk; dh liQyrk dk ,d

lqn


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16 O;olk; v;;u

jgrh gSA 'kq gkfu;ksa esa ;k rks gkfu gksxhvFkok gkfu ugha gksxhA vkx yxuk] pksjh gksuk;k gM+rky gksuk 'kq gkfu;ksaosQ mnkgj.k gSaA;fn ;s?kVuk, ?kfVr gksrh gSarks gkfu gksxhrFkk bu ?kVukvksaosQ ?kfVr u gksus ij gkfuugha gksxhA

1-9 O;kolkf;d tksf[keksadh izo`QfkO;kolkf;d tksf[keksadksle>usosQ fy, budhfof'k"V fo'ks"krkvksadk Kku vko';d gS%

(d) O;kolkf;d tksf[ke vfuf'prrkvksaosQ dkj.k gksrs gaS%vfuf'prrk ls rkRi;Z]Hkfo"; esagksus okyh ?kVukvksadh vufHkKrkls gSA izko`Qfrd vkink,] eakx vkSj ewY; esaifjorZu ljdkjh uhfr esaifjorZu] rduhdes a lq kkj vkfn ,sl s mnkgj.k gS a ftulsvfuf'prrk cuh jgrh gSA ;sifjorZu O;olk;osQ fy, tksf[ke osQ dkj.k gks ldrs gSaA budkj.kksadk igyslsKku ughagks ldrk gSA

([k) tksf[ke izR;sd O;olk; dkvko';d vax gksrk gS%izR;sd O;olk; esatksf[ke gksrk gSA dksbZ Hkh O;olk; bllsvNwrk ughagSA ;|fi O;olk; esagkfu dhek=kk fHkUu gks ldrh gSA tksf[ke dksde

fd;k tk ldrk gS ysfdu lekIr ugha fd;ktk ldrkA(x) tk sf[ke dh ek= kk eq[;r%

O;olk; dh izo`Qfr ,oa vkdkj ij fuHkZjdjrh gS% O;olk; dh izo`Qfr (mRikfnr,oa fofr oLrqvk sa vkSj lsokvksa o sQ izdkj)rFkk O;olk; dk vkdkj (mRiknu ,oa fo;

dh ek=k k) ;ss eq[; ?kVd gSa tks O;olk; esatksf[ke dh ek=kk dk fukkZj.k djrs gSaAmnkgj.kkFkZ&tks O;olk; iQS'ku dh phtks a esaysu&nsu djrs gSa] muesa tksf[ke dh ek=kkvfkd gksrh gSA mlh izdkj o`gn~ Lrjh;O;olk; es a y?k q Lrjh; O;olk; dh vis{kktksf[ke vfkd gksrk gSA

(?k) tksf[ke mBkusdk izfriQy ykHkgksrk gS%tksf[ke ugha rksykHk ugha,d iqjkukflkar gS] tkslHkh izdkj osQ O;olk;ksa esaykxwgksrk gSA fdlh O;olk; esavfkd tksf[kegksus ij ykHk vfkd gksusdk volj gksrk gSAdksbZHkh m|eh Hkfo"; esa vfkd YkkHk ikusdh ykylk esagh vfkd tksf[ke mBkrk gSAykHk bl izdkj tksf[ke dk ,d izfriQy gSA

1-9-1 O;kolkf;d tksf[keksaosQ dkj.kO;kolkf;d tksf[keksaosQ vusoQksa dkj.k gksrs gSaftudksfuEufyf[kr HkkxksaesafoHkkftr fd;ktk ldrk gS%

(d) izko`Qfrd dkj.k%izko`Qfrd vkink,tSls&ck


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(x) vkfFkZd dkj.k% bu dkj.kksa esaeky dh eakx esa vfuf'prrk] izfrLikk Z]ewY;] xzkgdksa ls ns; jkf'k] rduhd esa ifjorZu;k mRiknu dh fofk esa ifjorZu vkfn dkslfEefyr fd;k tk ldrk gSA fokh; leL;kvksaesa .k ij C;kt nj esa o`f] djksa dh Hkkjhmxkgh vkfn Hkh bl izdkj osQ dkj.kk sa dh

Js.kh esa vkrs gSaA ifj.kker% O;olk; lapkyuykxr (O;;) vlaHkkfor :i ls vfkdgks tkrh gSA

(?k) vU; dkj.k%buesavn'; ?kVuk,tSl&jktuSfrd mFky&iqFky] e'khuksa esa [kjkch]ckW;yj dk iQV tkuk] eqnzk foue; nj esamRkkj&p


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18 O;olk; v;;u

m|ksx ;k lsok dkspquuk ilan djsxk ftlesavfkd ykHk vftZr djus dh vk'kk gks]ysfdu ;g fu.kZ; cktkj esa xzkgdk sa dhvko';drk rFkk m|eh osQ rduhdh Kku ,oamRikn fo'ks"k osQ fuekZ.k esamldh #fp lsizHkkfor gksxkA

([k) iQeZ osQ vkdkj% O;olk; osQ

vkjEHk djrs le; O;olk; osQ vkdkj ;kmlosQ foLrkj] fu.kZ; lacakh igyw ;g nwljkegoiw.kZfu.kZ; gS] ftldk ;ku j[kk tkukpkfg,A oqQN ?kVd cMs+ vkdkj osQ i{k esa gksrsgSa] rksvU; mls lhfer j[kusosQ i{k esa gksrsgSaA ;fn m|eh dks ;g fo'okl gksfd mlosQmRikn dh ekax ckkkj esa vPNh gksxh rFkk ogO;olk; osQ fy, vko';d iwath dk izcakdj ldrk gSrksog cMs+ iSekus ij O;olk;

izkjaHk djsxkA ;fn ckkkj dh n'kk vfuf'prgS rFkk tksf[ke Hkkjh gSa rks NksVs iSekus dkO;olk; gh csgrj jgsxkA

(x) LokfeRo osQ Lo:i dk pquko%LokfeRo osQ lacak esa laxBu dk :i ,dkdhO;kikj] lk>snkjh ;k la;qDr iwth daiuh dk gksldrk gSA mi;qDr LokfeRo Lo:i dk pqukoiwath dh vko';drk] Lokfe;ksa osQ nkf;Ro]ykHk osQ foHkktu fofkd vkSipkfjdrk, ]O;olk; dh fujarjrk fgr&gLrakrj.k vkfnij fuHkZj djsxkA

(?k) m|e dk LFkku%O;olk; izkjaHkdjrs le; ;ku esaj[kus okyk ,d vR;aregoiw.kZ?kVd gSog LFkku] tgkO;kolkf;df;kvksadk lapkyu gksxkA blosQ lacak esa

fdlh Hkh =kqfV dk ifj.kke ph mRiknuykxr] mfpr izdkj osQ mRiknu fuos'kk sa dhizkfIr esa vlqfokk rFkk xzkgdk sa dks vPNhlsok nsus esa dfBukbZ osQ :i esa gksxkA m|eosQ LFkku osQ pquko djus es a dPps eky dhmiyfCk] Je] fctyh vkiwfr Z] cS afdx];krk;kr] laisz"k.k] HkaMkj.k vkfn egoiw.kZ

fopkj.kh; ?kVd gSaA() izLFkkiu dh fok O;oLFkk%fok

O;oLFkk ls vfHkizk; izLrkfor O;olk; dksizkjaHk djus rFkk mldh fujarjrk osQ fy,vko';d iwath dh O;oLFkk djuk gSA iwathdh vko';drk LFkk;h laifk;ksa tSls& Hkwfe]Hkou] e'khujh rFkk lktks&lkeku rFkk pkywlaifk;ksa tSls&dPpk eky] nsunkj (iqLrd.k) rS;kj eky dk LVkWd vkfn esafuos'k

djusosQ fy, Hkh iwath dh vko';drk gksrhgSA nSfud O;;ksadk Hkqxrku djus osQ fy, Hkhiwath dh vko';drk gksrh gSA leqfpr fokh;;kstuk (v) iwath dh vko';drk (c) lzksrtgkls iwath izkIr gkslosQxh rFkk (l) iQeZesaiwath osQ loksZke mi;ksx dh fuf'pr :ijs[kkcukbZtkuh pkfg,A

(p) HkkSfrd lqfokk,%O;olk; izkjaHkdjrs le; HkkSfrd lqfokkvksadh miyfCkdk Hkh ;ku j[kuk pkfg, ftlease'khu rFkklktks&leku] Hkou ,oalgk;d lsok,'kkfeygSa] D;kasfd ;sHkh cM+s egoiw.kZ ?kVd gksrsgSaAbl ?kVd dk fu.kZ; O;olk; dh izfr ,oavkdkj fok dh miyCkrk rFkk mRiknu izf;kij fuHkZj djsxkA

AglaSem School
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(N) la;a=k vfHkU;kl (IyakV ysvkmV)%tc HkkSfrd lqfokkvksadh vko';drk, fuf'prgks tk, rksm|eh dksla;=k dk ,slk uD'kkcukuk pkfg, ftlesa lHkh vko';d lqfokk,'kkfey gksaA

ftlesa og bu HkkSfrd lqfokkvksa dksO;ofLFkr dj losQA vfHkU;kl (uD'kk) ls

vk'k; izR;sd ml oLrqdh O;oLFkk djus lsgStksfdlh mRikn osQ fuekZ.k osQ fy, vko';dgks] tSls&e'khu] ekuo] dPpk eky rFkk fufeZreky dh Hkk Sfrd O;oLFkkA

(t) l{ke ,oa opuc dkexkjcy% izR;sd m|e dks fofHkUu dk;ks dksiwj k dju s osQ fy, l{ke ,oa opucdkexkj cy dh vko';drk gksrh gS rkfdHkkSfrd rFkk fokh; lalkkuksa dks okafNr

mRikn esa ifjofrZr fd;k tk loss QA dk sbZ Hkhm|eh lHkh dk;ks dk s Lo;a ugha dj ldrkAvr% mls oqQ'ky vkSj voqQ'ky Je rFkkizcakdh; deZpkfj;ks a dh vko';drkvk sa esa

rknkRe; LFkkfir djuk pkfg,A deZpkjh viusdke Js"B rjhosQ ls dj losaQ blosQ fy,izf'k{k.k rFkk mRizsj.k dh leqfpr O;oLFkkHkh djuh gksxhA

(>) dj lacakh ;kstuk% vkt&dydj vk;kstuk ,d vko';d dk;Zcu x;kgS] D;ksafd ns'k esafofok dj dkuwu izpfyr

gS] tksO;olk; dh dk;Zfofk osQ izR;sd igywdks izHkkfor djrs gSaA O;olk; osQ izorZd dksfofHkUu dj dkuwuksa osQ varxZr dj nkf;RorFkk O;kolkf;d fu.kZ;ksaij muosQ izHkko osQlacak esa igys ls lkspdj pyuk pkfg,A

(.k) m|e izorZu%mijksDr ?kVdksa osQfo"k; esa fu.kZ; ysus osQ mijkar] ,d m|eh,d m|e osQ okLrfod izorZu osQ fy,dk;Zokgh dj ldrk gS ftldk rkRi;ZfofHkUu

lalkkuksadksxfr'khyrk iznku djuk] vko';ddkuwuh vkSipkfjdrkvksadh iwfrZ] mRiknu izf;kdk Jhx.ks'k rFkk fo; izorZu vfHk;ku dksizksRlkgu nsuk gksxkA

eq[; 'kCnkoyh

O;olk; is'kk izkFkfed uoizorZuHkaMkj.k YkkHk jkstxkj f}rh;dchek lkekftd mkjnkf;Ro tksf[ke m|ksxr`rh;d [kuu fofuekZ.k

AglaSem School
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20 O;olk; v;;u

lkjka'k

O;olk; dh vokkj.kk rFkk fo'ks"krk,%O;olk; ls vk'k; mu vkfFkZd f;kvksalsgS] ftuesa] lekt esa euq";ksadh vko';drkvksa dhiwfrZ djrsgq, ykHk dekus osQ ms'; lsoLrqvksavkSj lsokvksadk l`tu ,oafo; fd;k tkrkgSA bldh fof'k"V fo'ks"krk,gSa% 1- vkfFkZd f;k 2- oLrqvksavkSj lsokvksadk mRiknu ,oaizkfIr3- ekuoh; vko';drkvksadh larqf"V osQ fy, oLrqvksavkSj lsokvksadk fo; ,oafofue;4- fu;fer :i ls oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksadk ysu&nsu 5- ykHk vtZu 6- izfriQy dh vfuf'prrk

,oa7- tksf[ke osQ roAO;olk;] is'kk rFkk jkstxkj esa rqyuk%O;olk; dk vfHkizk; mu vkfFkZd f;kvksalsgSftudk lacak ykHk dekusosQ ms'; lsoLrqvksadk mRiknu] ;k ;&fo;] ;k lsokvksa dh iwfrZlsgksA is'ksesa osf;k,lfEefyr gSa ftuesafo'ks"k Kku o n{krk dh vko';drk gksrh gSvkSj O;fDr budk iz;ksx viuskaks esa djrk gSAjkstxkj dk vfHkizk; mu kakksalsgSftuesa yksx fu;fer :i ls nwljksasosQ fy, dk;Zdjrs gSavkSj cnysesa ikfjJfed izkIr djrs gSaA bu rhuksadh rqyuk LFkkiuk dh fofk] dk;Zdh izo`Qfr]vko';d ;ksX;rk] iqjLdkj ;k izfriQy] iwath fofu;kstu] tksf[ke] fgr gLrkarj.k rFkk vkpkjlafgrk osQ vkkkj ij fd;k tk ldrk gSAO;kolkf;d f;kvksa dk oxhZdj.k%O;kolkf;d f;kvksadks nks foLrr oxksesafoHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS% m|ksx vkSj okf.kT;Am|ksx lsrkRi;ZoLrqvksa,oainkFkksZdk mRiknu vFkok lalkfkr djuk gSA m|ksx izkFkfed]f}rh;d ;k ek;fed rFkk r`rh;d lsok m|ksx gksldrsgSaA izkFkfed m|ksxksa esa oslHkh f;k,lfEefyr gSaftudk lacak izko`Qfrd lalkkuksaosQ [kuu ,oamRiknu rFkk i'kq,oaouLifr osQfodkl lsgSA izkFkfed m|ksx fu"d"kZ.k (tSls[kuu) vFkok tufud (tSls eqxhZikyu) izdkjosQ gSaA f}rh;d ;k ek;fed m|ksxksa esafu"d"kZ.k m|ksxksa}kjk fu"df"kZr eky dks dPps eky osQ:i esa iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ;sm|ksx fofuekZ.kh ;k jpukRed dgykrs gks ldrsgSaA fofuekZ.khm|ksxksadksfo'ys"k.kkRed] o`Qf=ke izf;k rFkk O;ofLFkr osQ :i esafoHkkftr fd;k tk ldrkgSA r`rh;d ;k lsok m|ksx izkFkfed rFkk f}rh;d m|ksxksadks lgk;d lsok, lqyHk djkus esa

layXu jgrsgSa rFkk O;kikj lacafkr dk;ksZaesaHkh lgk;rk djrsgSaAokf.kT; lsrkRi;ZO;kikj vkSj O;kikj dh lgk;d f;kvksa lsgSA O;kikj dk lacak oLrqvksa

osQ fo;] gLrkarj.k vFkok fofue; lsgSA bldksvkarfjd (ns'kh;) rFkk ck (fons'kh) O;kikjosQ :i esa foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSA vkarfjd O;kikj dksiqu% Fkksd O;kikj ;k iqQVdj O;kikjesafoHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,d vU; foHkktu ck O;kikj] vk;kr] fu;k Zr vFkok iqufuZ;kZrO;kikj osQ :i esaHkh gksldrk gSA O;kikj dh lgk;d f;k,osgSatksO;kikj dkslgk;rk iznkudjrh gSaA buesaifjogu rFkk lapkj] cSafoaQx ,oa fok] chek] HkaMkj.k rFkk foKkiu lfEefyr gSaA

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Raj Board Class 11 Book - Vyavasay Adhyayan