1. NOTABLE THINKERS / IMPORTANT PEOPLE IN EDUCATION Plato – considered education as the key in fashioning and supporting his Republic

- Author of the first educational treaties in the history of education called Republic- “Philosophy is the Highest Music”- Idealist who views that man, in his earthly existence, is only an imperfect image of his real self, a

perfect being in the realm of human thought Aristotle – perhaps the greatest philosopher, originated the term Lyceum

- Advocated rationalism with his view that man’s ability to reason is the one attribute which distinguishes him from other creation and places him above all of them

- Education and teaching are always about an object and should have content. In the Aristotelian teaching act, the teacher instructs a learner about some object, some body of knowledge, or some discipline. Teaching and learning never represent merely an interpersonal relationship or the expression of feelings. They are always about disciplined inquiry into some aspect of reality. ... the school should cultivate and develop each person's rationality

Rudolf SteinerAnthroposophy – Spiritual discipline, a source of spiritual knowledge and a practice of inner development– seeks to support individuals who are working on their own inner development and who wish to bring the fruit of that inner work to benefit the wider world.

Socrates– He believed that we are here in this world to be happy and that the path of happiness is thru

knowledge which leads to virtue that leads to happiness- Learning is the seeking of truth in matters, and it occurs when after questioning and interpreting

the wisdom and knowledge of others, one comes to recognize their own ignorance. Skills and knowledge are acquired by: (1) interpreting the statements of others; (2) testing or examining the knowledge or wisdom of those reputed (by themselves or others) to be wise; (3) showing those who are not wise their ignorance; (4 ) learning from those who are wise; (5) examining oneself; (6) exhorting others to philosophy; (7) examining the lives of others; (8) attaining moral knowledge.

John Dewey– education is life itself and a continuous reconstruction of experience for social efficiencyThe parson of practical (functional) psychology and was principal delegate of the progressive association in the US education throughout the first half of the 20th century–declared Francis Wayland Parker as “father of progressive education”

Francis Wayland Parker – father of progressivist education

Robert hutchins George counts Burrhus Frederic Skinner – Operant Conditioning Theory Edward Lee Thorndike – formulated the three laws of learning, remedies, reading exercise and effect

- Formulated the Theory of Identical Elements Ivan Pavlov – Russian physiologist who formulated the Classical Conditioning Theory

Alfred Binet – author of the intelligence test Albert bandura David Ausubel – the proponent of meaningful learning David Hume – argued that there are only two kinds of reasoning: probable and demonstrative Blaise Pascal – Michel de Montaigne – Sextus Empiricus – Immanuel Kant- advocate of transcendental idealism Kurt Levin Jerom Bruner – initiated the thought of discovery learning Wolfgang Kohler – Gestalt theorist Max Wertheimer - Gestalt theorist Kurt Koffka - Gestalt theorist St. Albert the Great – teacher of St. Thomas Aquinas St. Thomas Aquinas – famous student of St. Albert the Great St. Dominic – a well educated Spaniard who founded the Order of Preachers in 1216 St. Ignatius of Loyala John Locke –Father of English Empiricism

- Tabula rasa – mind is blank at birth- secondary qualities are qualities that we impose on an object: color, smell, texture, etc

Francis Bacon- formulated Induction, a response against deductive logic- Known by his fundamental thesis in education known as “Knowledge is power”

Francis Fenelon John Baptist de la Salle Henry Newman William James Maria Montessori – known for her philosophy: “Respect for the child’s individuality and

encouragement of his personal freedom“– a doctor of medicine who first turned to educate handicapped and underprivileged youth and later introduced a new pedagogy for teaching young children. This new pedagogy is characterized by freedom and individually prepared environment and specific goals of developing the child.

Froebel – originated the concept of kindergarten John Watson – development does not proceed through a series of stages, instead he pointed that

development is a continuous process marked by the gradual acquisition of new and more sophisticated behavioral patterns or habits

Eric Erikson – proponent of the Theory of Pyschosocial Stage of Human Development Kohlberg – Theory of Moral Development of Humans Thomas Hurley – coined the term agnosticism meaning “not being able to know” Sigmund Freud –believed that all human being pass through a series of psychosexual stages of

development Jean Piaget – the exponent of the Cognitive Theory of Human Development Jesus Christ – greatest Teacher of all time William James – American psychologist and philosopher who coined the term “self-esteem” as one of

the oldest concepts in psychology . Freire – celebrated for his strike on what he describes the banking concept of education where the

learner is believed to be a blank account to be stuffed by the mentors Lewis-Lerman – major proponent of Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale which was published in 1916 Pedro Poveda – proposed the idea of what we describe today as Faculty Development Program

Charles Horton Cooley – advocate of “self-concept” idea Edmund Husserl – founded that phenomenology promotes the idea that the natural world is largely

shaped by the human mind Kierkegaard and Nietzsche – generally considered as the Fathers of Existentialism Thomas Reid – founder of the Common Sense School of Philosophy Karl Marx – author of the Communist Manifesto (1848) Rene Descartes – often called the father of Philosophy; his most important works are Principles of

Philosophy, Discourse on Method and Meditation John Donne – English poet who wrote “No man is an island” Pierre Laplace – formulated Divine Calculator which is a mathematical physicist of all sorts knowing the

velocities and positions of all the particles in the world at a particular instant, could calculate all that had happened and all that would happen

Thomas Huxley – asserted the propositions “God exists” and “God does not exist” are meaningless Kung –Fu- Tysu - considered Ancient China’s greatest philosopher Kalki –a messiah in Hindu which will make his appearance on a white horse and brandishing a flaming

sword and that this savior will save the righteous and destroy the wicked at the end of the 4th world period

Adolf Hitler – “Everyone in Germany is a National Socialist – the few outside the party are either lunatics or idiots”

Abraham Maslow – “The great cause of much psychological illness is the fear of knowledge of oneself, of one’s emotions, impulses, memories, capacities and potentialities of one’s destiny”

William Graham Sumner – coined the world Ethnocentricism Auguste Compte – French founder of Positivism who believes that individuals had a moral obligation to

serve the interest of others for the “greater good” of humanity- Termed the word “Sociology”

Thomas Hobbes – authored the Leviathan, great political treatise Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi – developed the object lesson method wherein it use concrete objects as the

basis of form, number and name of lessons Sophists – members of a group of itinerant educators in Ancient Greece during the period from 470 to

370 BC who emphasized rhetoric, public speaking and other practical skills Ausubel – Expository testing Robert Gagne – advocated the employment of the task analysis model in teaching

2. EDUCATIONAL CONCEPTS

Academic freedom – pertains to the search and dissemination of truth which should be untrammeled and unencumbered by academic, political, religious or any form of bias or prohibitions, especially on the part of those who administer and supervise educational institutionsAccountability - means holding teachers, administrators and also school board members responsible for student performance or for the use of educational fundsActing mechanics of teaching – role playing and dramatizationAdjustment – term used to indicate how well an individual has been able to make peace internally with the surrounding world, making possible to the teacher to measure the social behavior of students

Affective – the motional facet of an individual’s inner life, including attitudes, feelings, disposition and outlooks, which have a tendency to color interactions with others and with exterior activitiesAffective questions – questions asked in performing certain activities such as pronunciation of words Analysis - Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, refers to the ability to differentiate between facts and inferences, to recognize faulty assumptions and be able to breakdown concepts, principles, etc into its component parts for better understanding

- A part of cognitive domain of the taxonomy of educational objectives which involves breaking down a subject into its components

Anecdotal records – recorded observations of student behavior made during routine class work or perhaps in the halls or at the libraryAnimation – use a response of slightly different static images to trick the human eye into believing it is screening in motion

- In e-learning it can be applied to explain complex ideas and processessAssessment – the process of determining, estimating, and evaluating a broad range of evidence concerning student achievement and other characteristics

- A way of finding out whether learning has taken place or measuring how much learning has taken place

Assimilation – refers to altering responses to the environment to be consistent with the schemata; it is also known as the process whereby those of different cultures learn how to adjust to another culture

- The process through which a person forsakes his or her own cultural tradition to become a part of a different culture

Associative Learning – a type of learning that involves an accurate understanding of the relationships of things or situationsAssociativity – the idea that the sum is independent of the order in which things are addedAugustinians – missionaries led the rise of parochial Schools in Cebu in 1565Axiology – the branch of philosophy that deals with values in generalBehaviorism – an educational philosophy which asserts that the only reality in the physical world that we recognize through careful, scientific observationBeing needs – Maslows’ last three needs – knowledge and understanding, aesthetic and self-actualization, these needs are by no means completely satisfiedBrainstorming – conversation or discussion technique of teaching where there is a group meeting to stimulate creative thinking and develop new ideas

- A technique in which an individual or a group generates a large number of solution to a problem without censoring them before a period of evaluating them

Centration – children’s ability to focus on more than one dimension of a problem; it characterizes Piaget’s second or preoperational periodChalk board – most important audiovisual aid material in the classroom because almost all learning items can be written or illustrated on itClassroom Management – refers to the proper arrangement of seats and setting of students’ plans, attention given to proper lighting, ventilation, heating cooling, cleanliness of the classroom and proper placement and arrangement of classroom fixtures

- possibly the most difficult aspect of teaching for may teachers and indeed experiencing problems in this area causes some to leave teaching altogether

Cloze test – a good diagnostic device which shows the reading difficulty of an individual studentComprehension – the lowest level of understanding in the taxonomy of educational objectives

- the ability to understand without necessarily being able to analyze or apply informationConcept – an idea that embodies what is common to a whole set for things that have one or more properties in common

Conceptual Approach – an approach in learning that involves the process of delivering ideas, rules, concepts or principle from a given set of related factsConditioned response – the teacher writes down on the board a small letter “c”, makes small letter “c” sound simultaneously. Then the student writes small letter “c” Constructed-response format – assessment procedures that require the student to create an answer instead of selecting an answer form a set of choicesContextualization – refers to understanding an idea, word, skill, event, etc in the context or setting in which it occursCognitive dissonance – mental tension produced by conflicting cognitions, it has drive like properties leading to reductionCognitive domain – refers to the memory and reasoning objectives in Bloom’s TaxonomyCognitive Learning – an outcome of learning that focuses in the acquisition of knowledge, facts and information, principles, ideas, concepts, understanding, reasoning, formulas , etc.Colloquium – a class organization usually at a level in which conference related to advanced research projects constitutes the essential part of the class activity and serves as a means for planning, executing, and evaluating progress on research projectsConfiguration – theory that refers to the unified or total pattern of organization of learning situation so that the components or elements lose their distinctivenessConfucianism – teaches work life through devotion to the family, loyalty to elders, filial piety, love of learning, civil services and universal love and justice.Construction projects – projects involve the exploitation of tools and supplies for the production of material objectsCounseling – the area of helping people to help themselvesCritical thinking – comprises the mental process, strategies and representations of people used to solve problem, make decision and learn new concepts.

- Solving problems by means of general concepts of higher order relationships- This instruction generally emphasizes basic analytical skills applicable to a wide variety of

intellectual experiencesCue – a stimulus that through previous experience, indicates a situation where if a correct response is made, areinforcer will or will not followCurriculum – the term used to denote a body of courses and learning experiencesDeductive development method – a method of developing a lesson where the generalization rule or formula is followed by specific examplesDescriptive Research – the aim of this type of research is to find out the causes or effects of certain phenomena and institute remedial measures if there is a problemDevelopment – described as the qualitative and progressive series of change of an orderly and coherent type toward the goal of maturityDiagnostic questions – questions given to find out what pupils or students know and what they do not know about a certain lesson, or whether they studied their lesson or not, their strengths and weaknesses, habits, interest and among othersDidactic Approach – the power of the study by means of this approach is to discover the moral lesson that the literary piece wants to impartDiscipline – refers to the process of developing among the students self-control, sense of responsibility and orderly conduct and recognition of and submission of legitimate authority and controlDistance Education – a type of education project which uses interactive television, the internet and other modern communication technologiesDomain – used in the taxonomy of educational objectives, a major category of educational objectives: cognitive, affective or psychomotor

Dramatization – telling a story through a play or dramaDrill – refers to memorizing a learning material until recurrence of the same material become automaticEducation – equivalent to learning outcomes like knowledge, skills, attitudes, appreciation and values.Educational behaviorism – educational philosophy constructed on the basis of setting established behavior and scheming the situation of learners to induce their behavior in positive waysEducational Field Trips – taking a class out of classroom and bringing it to their place where the object of lesson is inEducational Psychology – study of how human learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational intervention, the psychology of teaching and the social psychology of school as organization.Educational Reform – an arrangement which endeavor to cause an organized transformation in educational theory or practice crossways a community or societyE-learning – the new term for what is known as web based training or WBTEpistemology – branch of philosophy where the major concerns are the nature of knowledge, the process of knowing and the grounds for establishing the validity of knowledgeEssentialism – Contemporary Educational Theory that puts emphasis on the essential subject like the 3R’s in the primary level and a concerted study of mathematics, services, humanities, language and literature in the secondary and higher education.Essentialism – refers to the traditional or back to the basics approach to education Esthetic projects – projects are aimed at some enjoyable experiences as for instance, having an excursion or reading a poemEthics – “Moral Philosophy”Ethology – study of biological bases of behavior including evolution, causation and developmentExistentialism – basic principle is “Existence precedes essence” Expository lecture – type of lecture which explains and clarifies a topic, a fact, a principle, a point of view, an abstract idea or any subject matterExpository testing- a method by Ausubel where teachers present material in complete, organized ofrm, moving from broadest to more specific conceptsExtension of Knowledge Function – function is performed when a teacher writes books and articles about new things which benefit much those who read and make use of themExpert system – a computer system that is programmed with a large knowledge base and that behaves intelligently by solving problems and providing instructions Extinction – refers to the decrease in intensity and disappearance of a conditioned response due to repeated presentations of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulusFace Validity – the test looks as if it is measuring the traits, the test author designs to measureFacilitator – the supportive role that a teacher takes by giving students the skills, materials, and opportunities they need to direct their own learning experiencesFact – most fundamental piece of informationFactor Analysis – refers to a family of mathematical procedures for establishing contribution that individual tests make in assessing a common underlying ability or traitsFraming – the technique of asking a question very precisely, pausing and then calling on a studentFilial piety – respect for eldersGang age – late childhoodGemeinschaft – Bayanihan in FilipinoGestalt – identifies a school of philosophy that stresses the idea that the whole person or the total organism is not merely the sum of its parts but that the character of interconnectedness is itself an aspect of what a thing is

Gestalt psychology – philosophy of psyche and brain that recommends that the operational standard of the brain is holistic, parallel and analog, with self-arranging inclination; or that the whole is superior than the total of its componentsGrowth – qualitative change in a person such as height and weightGuidance – refers to the systematic organized plane of educational process which helps an individual grow in his power to give point and direction to his own life to the end that he may gain inches of personal experiences which make his own unique contribution to his societyHalo effect – the tendency for a general impression of a person to influence our perception of any aspect of that personHands on Method – the purpose of this teaching method is to provide students with experiences to solve problems or apply conceptual knowledge to concrete problems or situationsHeuristic – a method for solving problems in which they employ rules of thumb that usually lead to a solutionHigh-level thinking skills – operations that include comprehension and interpretation of information and problem solving Holism – the thought that every property of a specified structure cannot be construed or explicate by the amount of its constituent elements only. The structure as a whole determines in a significant way how the parts performHome schooling – the instruction of children at home, normally by parents or custodians rather than in a public or exclusive schoolHomework – refers to work assigned by teachers to be done outside of school. Excludes in-school guided study and extracurricular activitiesIdentity versus confusion – according to Erikson, the stage of development in school in which adolescents deal with their roles in society and the nature of their own selvesIdiosyncrasies – teacher’s behaviors and habits that interfere with effective classroom instructionImpairment – a measureable, physiologic or functional loss of a capability as compared with the normal range of variance among the populationIncentive – something that can satisfy a motiveInductive development method – method of developing lesson of forming specific examples with a common element and then formulating a generalization based on the common elementInductive inquiry – the method that teachers use when they ask students to infer a conclusion, generalization, or pattern of relationship from a set of data or factsInductive logic – the process of reasoning from particulars to generalities, from the part to the whole and from the individual to the genera; it is the basis of scientific method

- A thought process wherein the individual observes a selected number of events, processes or objects and then constructs a particular pattern of concepts or relationships based on these limited experiences

Inductive method – a category of teaching method, the practice of arriving at a given generalization starting from the known to the unknownInference – process of arriving at a tentative conclusion as a result of a certain event or happening Informal lecture – a type of lecture delivered conversationally and it is interrupted once in a while by questions, comments or discussions coming from the audienceInstructional Function – conveying to the students all the essential subject matter that may ought to learn form a lessonIntellectual agility – a teacher using discussion must have this ability to follow the twist and turns of discussion without losing track of the argument or losing patience with its complexity.Internet – global networking of networks

Intrinsic motivation – refers to the device of the students themselves to learn in order to achieve specific objectives without the need external inducements

- refers to the motivation associated with activities that are their own regardInquiry Approach – it pertains to research and investigation and to selling information by asking questionsInquiry learning – an approach in which the teacher presents a puzzling situation and students solve the problems by gathering data and testing their conclusionInquiry method – a learner-focused scheme of education which focuses on soliciting inquiries where learners are encouraged to ask questions which are significant to them and do not necessarily have simple answersJust-in-time learning – the holy grail of e-learning which is described as the ability of a learner to access just what they need to know when and where they need to know itKitharist – a teacher of musicKnowledge - Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, pertains to objectives related to simple recall, rote-memory, learning and knowledge of factsKohler’s theory – theory of learning where factors of trial and error is involved but insight and understanding are exploited to the maximumLaboratory research – a study conducted in a controlled settingLatent learning – occurs from environmental interactions in the absence of a goal or reinforcementLaw of Effect – Thorndike’s law which say that if a stimulus is followed by a response and then satisfied, the stimulus-response correction is strengthened

- satisfying consequences strengthen a connection; annoying consequences weaken a connection but it was eventually modified by Thorndike to state that annoying consequences do not weaken connections

Law of Exercise – it pertains to constant correct practices that make the learning perfect and permanentLaw of Readiness – if a learner does not discern the answer to the question and he is called upon to answer, that situation is very annoying to him.Learning – process that produces relatively permanent changes in behavior as a result of one’s experience, practice or exercise

- an enduring change in behavior or in the capability to behave in a given fashion which results from practice on other forms of experience – refers to the acquisition of knowledge of all kinds, abilities, habits, attitudes, values and skills

Lecture – known as the authoritarian form of teachingLewin’s theory – a theory of learning dealing with external forces which are acting on the individuals such as things or situations Life spare – consists of everything one needs to know in order to understand his/her behavior in a specific psychological environment at a specific time.Logic – generally described as the art of correct thinking and reasoningMapping – a learning tactic in which one identifies important ideas and specifies how they are relatedMastery instruction – an approach in which students are tested after initial instruction, and those who fail to master the objectives receive corrective instruction and retesting, emphasizes short units of instructions and learning defined skillsMaterial devices – examples: visual aids, audio aids and audio-visual aids Memory questions – sometimes called factual questions or content questionsMetaphysics – the modern meaning is any dealing with the ultimate nature of what exist; part of philosophy of mind

Methods of teaching – an organized, orderly, systematic and well-planned procedure of providing learning materials, situation, activities and experiences to enable the learners to acquire knowledge, attitudes, values, habits and skills, critical thinking, decision-making and bodily movement.

- Also known as strategy of teaching M-learning – refers to the delivery of learning content to handheld wireless devices

- It can sometimes mean disconnected learning – for example: learning on a laptop to the internet is available

Module – a self-conditioned and independent unit of instruction with a primary focus on a few well-define objectivesMotivation – in Psychology, it refers to the initiation, direction, intensity and persistence of behavior

- process of arousing one’s interest to act in a desired wayMusic, arts, P.E. and Health - learning areas of the Basic Education Curriculum which does not need to be taught in English languageNaturalism – a western philosophy where the school is seen as an extension of the home and teacher are deemed “proxy parents”Network – computers in various locations connected to one another and to central peripheral devicesNot Learning – any change as a result of maturation, fatigue, drug, injury or illnessObjectives – refer to the definite or explicit statements of what are to be learned in the lessons

- Example: to make the populace knowledgeableOperant behavior – a behavior that produces an effect on the environmentOperant Conditioning – learning in which voluntary behavior is strengthened or weakened by consequence or antecedentsOriginality – the infrequency or rarity of a response, it is used as a measure of creativityOverlappingness – refers to the teacher’s skill of attending to two or more activities or problems at the same time without getting confused or losing awareness of all that is occuringParaphrastic Approach – an approach in teaching of literature that can be used when there are passages in the poem or story that are difficult to understand by the studentsPanel Discussion – type of discussion technique wherein numerous persons may be encouraged to speak on a conversation issue during which the discussant presents their own viewpoint s regarding the subjectPeg word method – a mnemonic tactic in which the learner memorizes a set of objects rhyming with integer names, generates an image of each item to be learned and links it with the corresponding object image. During recall, the learner recalls the rhyming scheme with its associated linksPerennialism – theory founded on the belief that the body of knowledge which has endured through education and space should form the basis of one’s education

- A very conservative and inflexible philosophy of education which is based on the view that reality comes from fundamental fixed truths especially related to God.

- - it believes that people find truth through reasoning and revelation and that goodness is found in rational thinking

Philosophy – the science of being in their ultimate reason, causes and principles acquired by human reason alonePhilosophy of Education – study of educational problems of aim, curriculum and methods from a philosophical perspectivePlanning – the process of choosing instructional goals, contents, materials, and activities before teachingPortfolio – a compilation of work that document a student’s progress and accomplishments Portfolio Assessment – a collection of tangible student products examined for evidence of the student skills

Principles of teaching – a psychological law or statement of important concepts or facts that many serve as a guide to educational procedure, either teaching or learning procedure.Practical test – not tough to construct, not difficult to administer, not hard to score and not very expensivePre-conventional morality – first of Kohlberg’s 3 levels of morality which comprises heteronomous and instrumental purpose stagePrivitization – occurs when public-school operation is contracted out to business corporationsProcess Approach – this approach gives stress not on the attainment of cognitive knowledge but of the acquisition of skillsProbing – means continuing to question a student after an initial response to bring out more knowledge or clarity points that the student madeProgressivist axiom – learns by doing or learns by discoveryProject method – method of teaching linked to problem-solving, oral reporting, written report and note taking methodPsychomotor learning – type of learning involving the muscles in bodily movements. The reflexes are especially important because the activities are usually responses to stimuli that require body movementsPsychomotor objectives – objectives consisting of ways of moving, from fine finger movement to whole-body activityRationalism – refers to any view emphasizing the importance of human reasonReadiness – willingness and ability of a student to begin learningRecitation – a component of classroom teaching in which the teacher engages in structuring and solicitying, with a student responding and the teacher reacting to the student’s responseReconstructionism – a contemporary educational theory where the teacher is regarded as an authority figure, a master teacher whose expertise is not to be questioned. Reinforcement – example: saying “excellent“ to a correct answerReinforcer – any event that follows a behavior and increases the chances of the behavior to occur againReporting method – teaching method wherein the teacher initially presents the scope and coverage of the subject he teaches and later he assigns each student a particular topic (s) to research on and giving certain pointers on delivering them orally in front of the class

- A technique in teaching that entails the process of assigning a certain topic to a student who discusses it before his classmates for learning purposes

Research – refers to a systematic process of gathering data or information to be used in finding a solution to a problem in a scientific way.

- Systematic investigation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledgeResource center – a place where learning materials, books, supplies, reference materials, games, videotapes, computer programs and so forth are brought together for use in independent studyReview – it means having another view of a past lesson or lessons in a different manner from the first teachingRipple effect – describes the way in which students who are not themselves the target of a teacher’s negative behavior are still negatively affected by what the teacher says or does to another class memberRote learning – memorization without attempting to make the material meaningfulRoutines – refer to the daily organizational tasks (such as taking attendance and checking papers) that must be a part of a teacher’s classroom time management planSchema – the abstract structure representing the knowledge stored in memory Score – the basic element in educational measurementsScholastic Education – led to the rise of universities, with University of Paris, a famous cathedral school, as the first university founded

Seatwork – the setting in classroom in which students work at their seats on problems or an assignment received from the teacherSelf-actualization – Abraham Maslow’s famous concepts, it pertains to one’s abilities to the limit of one’s potentialitiesSeminar type of discussion – type of discussion used when the group is too large and the topic can be subdivided into several subtopics.Sequencing – the art of developing a logical plan for instructional activities that will help students effectively master a body of knowledge or discipline in an organized waySimulation – an approach to learning which engages the learner in a realistic highly interactive representation of a device, process or situation on the basis that the best way to learn is to do

- A pretend setting or situation that parallels a real-world situation and allows students to practice problem solving skills

Skepticism – scientific attitudeStem – refers to the question part of a multiple choice itemSocial Cognitive Learning – process whereby the information learned by individuals has been observed from other people.Socratic – a method akin to the science of midwifery where it draws out or elicits the best in the pupilSpecial Education – a teaching that is modified or particularized for learners with disabilities such as learning disparities, cerebral health troubles, or particular disabilitiesSpeculative philosophy – a methodical philosophy intended to get off at world outlook, rational schemes of thinking or world viewpoint.Spiral Curriculum – Bruner’s structure for teaching that introduces the fundamental structure of all subjects in the school years, and then revisits the subjects in more and more complex forms over timeStrategy of teaching – refers to an organized, orderly, systematic and well-planned procedure of providing learning materials, situations, activities and experiences to engage the learners to acquire knowledge, attitudes, values, habits and skills, critical thinking, decision-making, self-direction, self-reliance, mechanical manipulation and bodily movement

- Also known as methods of teaching- Tantamount to the expression method of teaching

Syllabus – contains introduction, objectives and bibliographySynchronous learning – describes a real-time or “live” online learning event in which all participants-typically, an instructor and a number of learners, are all logged on to the system at the same timeSynthesis – Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, it is the cognitive domain which is the ability to construct parts or element together to form whole or ability to formulate together new scheme for classifying object and to integrate many idea into one solution

- Refers to cognitive processes that require putting pieces of things together to form a wholeTask analysis – this model has long proved valuable in business and industry; it subdivides a lesson’s content, concepts or processes into smaller, sequential steps, beginning with the least complex and progressing to the most complexTeaching – recognized as the direction of learningTeaching Approach – specifies the nature of teaching and the teaching activity usedTeaching by example – educational principle from a Greek epic, Phoenix (teacher of Achilles) tells Achilles “to be both a speaker of words and a doer of deeds”Teaching Efficacy – a teachers’ belief that he or she can reach even the most difficulty students and help them learnTechnique of Discipline – example: assigning permanent seats to students

Technique of teaching – embraces the teacher’s method of teaching he is following, the tools of teaching he is using, the audio-visual aids he is manipulating, the test he is giving and scoring, the medium of instruction he is utilizing and all other devices he is usingTest-retest – a learning theory called operant or instrumental conditioning

- This procedure involves testing a group of students and retesting the group at second timeTheories of transfer of learning – the theory of mental disciplines, the theory of identical elements, the theory of generalization and the theory of configurationTheories – sets of concepts, assumptions, conjectures and propositions that help people to describe and explain observation that one has made

- Sets of ideas or beliefs, often based on research findings or generalization from practice, that guide educational policies or procedures

The Republic – prominent labor of philosophy and political supposition by the Greek philosopher Plato, printed in approximately 360 BC. It is published in the design of a Socratic discourseThink-aloud – a research procedure in which participants verbalize aloud their thoughts, actions and feelings while performing a taskTransfer – process that enables people to make previously learned responses in new situationTriarchic Theory of Intelligence – Sternberg’s theory asserting three types of intelligence – componential, contextual and experientialTutor – a private teacher who educates a definite instructional topic or skill to an individual learnerUniversitas – signifies a corporation of teachers and studentsVirtual Reality – a term used to describe a computer-operated environment that is designed to create an illusion of a real setting or situationWithitness – the teacher’s ability to be aware of events accruing simultaneously in the classroomWork backward – a problem solving strategy in which one starts with the goal and asks which subgoals are necessary to accomplish it, what is necessary to accomplish these subgoals and so forth until the beginning state is reached

3. TEST MEASUREMENT AND EVALUATIONAchievement – known as the measure of the students’ skill or knowledge attainment which are expressed in marks or gradesAchievement test – measures the degree to which students acquired information or skills taught in a formal or school settingAlternative – refers to one of the choices in a multiple-choice test itemAnalytic scoring – when scoring responses to essay questions, it involves the assessment of student response(s) using a rating systemAptitude – those abilities both inherited and acquired through the environment over a period of time that allows an individual to achieve or learnAptitude test – a test intended to measure an individual’s potential to achieve but actually measures present skills or abilities

- Test that helps predict the degree to which an individual will succeed in any area of cognitive learning; to predict future performance

- Examples: the House-Tree-Person Test and the Differential Aptitude Test BatteryAssessment bias – qualities of an assessment instrument that offend or unfairly paralyze a group of students because of the students’ gender, sex, race, ethnicity, etc

Attitude – refers to the sum total of a man’s inclination and feelings, prejudice or bias, preconceived notions, ideas, fears, threats, and convictions about any specific topicAverages – measures of central tendency Battery – term given to a group of two or more tests that are less standardized for the same population and that measures different aspects of behaviorBinet-Simon scales of mental ability – first published 1905, designed to aid educators in identifying students whose mental ability were insufficient for them to benefit from standard public educationChecklist – consists of a set of questions used by the teacher to determine if the student exhibits a desired behavior or favorable attitude or if they neglect certain outcome in the performance of an assigned taskChronological age – refers to the actual age of an individual, usually expressed in years and monthsClass limits – end numbers of a class intervalClass mark – middle of an intervalCognitive ability tests – come in place of the word intelligence testCorrelation – it tells us to what degree two sets of variable are related to each otherCriterion-referenced interpretation –converting the test score into a description of what the student can perform

- Test having a predetermined level of success that will show whether a student has met the established criteria

Decile – referred to as a point in scale where the distribution is divided into ten equal partsDescriptive method – examples are case studies, surveys, trend analysisDiagnostic test – serves as the basis for remedial instruction

- An assessment tool that pinpoints students’ strengths and weaknesses specifically what students need to learn in designated field

- Testing that yields information as to the cause of difficulties in comprehension, problem solving etc

Distractors – refer to the wrong answers offered as choices in a multiple choice itemsDivergent questions – questions that have no single correct answer

- Questions that encourage students to give complex, creative, longer answersEvaluation-refers to the process of summing up the results of measurements or test, giving them some meaning based on value judgments.

- this process includes measurement and possibility testing as well as value judgment- entire process of making measurements and rendering decision- refers to the decision making about student performance and about appropriate teaching

strategiesExperimental method – a research method that involves the manipulation of at least one independent variable control of other relevant variables and observation of the effect on one or more dependent variablesExperimentation – a research method in which variables are manipulated and the effects are recordedFormative – a kind of testing used to identify areas of student weaknesses that may serve as basis for remedial instruction and improvement of instruction by using different techniques and strategies

Formative evaluation – evaluation obtained during the course of instruction to acquire feedback about the effectiveness of instructional approaches or individuals progress so that appropriate changes can be madeFrequency distribution table – a tabulation of large numbers of scores showing the frequencies with which persons obtain scores within each of several divisions making up the tabulationHypothesis – scientific guessIntelligence quotient – derived by comparing an individual’s score on an intelligence test with the scores of average pupils of the same ageJigsaw – a cooperative structure in which each member of a group is responsible for teaching other members of one section of the materialMean – the arithmetic average of a set of value generated by using the value and then dividing by the number of values includedMeasurement – the process of quantifying attributes or characteristics of learners through the use of appropriate measuring instruments

- refers to the assigning of numerical values or an evaluative description to the traits or characteristics in question

Measures of Central Tendency – the point on the scale around which the scores to clusterMeasuring instruments – refers to examination, tests, items, checklists, ratings, scales, questionnaires..

- refers to the devices used to measure the degree or level of the learners’ or students’ achievement

Median – midpoint of distribution; 50th percentile; middle score in a groupMode – the score that occurs most frequently and corresponds to the highest point in the frequency polygon and can be found by mere inspectionMulti-modal – used when more than two different scores have the same highest frequencyMultiple choice – most valuable and most widely used of the various informal objective test typesMultiple choice item – most widespread type of test item due to its flexibility, clarity and lower opportunity for guessingMultiple choice tests – tests of skill, achievement, aptitude or attitude in which the individual is required to choose a correct, best or favored response from a more offered alternatives.Negatively Skewed Distribution – frequency of scores congregates in the upper or left end of a frequency distributionNormal curve – bell-shaped curveNorm-referenced interpretation – comparing a student’s performance with that of the other students

- used to determine whether a student test performance is above average, average or below average compared to his/her classmates

- test designed to measure individual traits or variables such as achievement as compared with the scores of individuals from the norm group

- example: National College Entrance Exam (NCEE) Objective test – test having clearly agreed upon criteria for scoring so that different scores will not disagree on the correctness or incorrectness of the answersObjective testing – multiple choice, matching, true or false, short answer and fill-in tests; scoring answers of such do not require interpretation

Ogive – known as the graph of the cumulative frequency

Oral examination – apparently the oldest of the various types of tests concerned to round up an achievement measurement programPercentile – a point along a distribution of scores that indicates, for example, that the percentage of scores falling below the eightieth percentile is 80%Percentile rank – the percentage of individual scoring at or below a given raw scorePersonality test – Rorschack test, Piers-Harris Children Self-Concept scale, etcPlacement evaluation – a type of evaluation employed in a classroom instruction which accounts for a student’s entry behavior or performancePositively Skewed distribution – the frequency of scores congregates in the lower or right end of a distribution Power test – consists of a series of test items graded in difficulty from the poorest to the most difficult, the score being the level of difficulty the student able to cope with.Practicability – refers to the degree to which the measuring instrument can be satisfactorily used by teachers, supervisors, and school administrators without undue expenditure of time, money and effortPreference tests – examples are the Vocational Interest Blank and the Kuder Preference Record Problem solving – a computational test question which presents the student with a problem situation that entails a demonstration of work generated and a correct solutionQuartiles – values that divide a distribution into four equal pointsRange – described as the discrepancy between the highest and the lowest scores of all the scores under consideration; poorest measure of variability Raw score – counting up the number of right answer that a student earns on a test

- the original or actual scores obtained on a test before it has been transformed to a more interpretable form

Reliability – refers to the degree of consistency and accuracy of a measuring instrumentReliability coefficients – establishing reliability of the test is mainly done through statistical estimatesResearch – a systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical proposition about the presumed relations among natural phenomena

- scholarly activity aimed at finding new truth about a specific disciplineRubrics – assessment tool that can provide readily comprehensible feedback to students and this tool contains two primary components: criteria and standardsSample – a portion of a total population, perhaps representatives of the populationScore – known as a number that indicate the achievement level of a student in a test and is determined by the number of correct responses.Significance – it depicts that the probability of the results of an experiment or of correlational study are not due to chanceSoliciting – means questioning or otherwise inviting a response from a studentStandardized test – a test constructed according to rigid specifications with careful attention to validity, reliability and original sampling procedures

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test – revised in 1937 and in 1960; reformed in 1972 and revised and reformed again in 1986 and became the meter bar by which all other tests of general mental ability were calculatedStatistics – commended as the expression or language of researchStem – an open-ended statement in a multiple-choice test itemTable of specification – an important tool used in test construction which presents a plan to the teacher on what kind of test items to write, what content to include and what cognitive level is needed

- the outline that directs the construction of the test Teacher made materials’ first step – to define clearly the instructional objectives of the courseTesting- a technique of aspiring information needed for evaluation purposes through an assigned set of tasks to be performed; the use of testTests – set of items or questions designed to be given to one or more students to be answered under specified conditions

- measurement devices that provide information about students’ learning levels- Assessment instrument that requires students to answer questions to demonstrate learning

test scores – reveal the teacher’s effectiveness of his teaching on the basis of which succeeding teaching activities may be further improved or altered. It should not, however, be considered as a final indication of pupils’ abilities but of the range of their abilitiesThe test-retest method – involves the administering of the same test twice to the same group after a sufficient lapse of timeUsability – refers to the degree to which the evaluation instrument can be successfully employed by classroom teachers and school administrators without an undue expenditure of time and energyValidity – defined as the degree to which a test measures what it purports to measure and how adequately

- extent to which a test actually measures the characteristic or trait that it was designed to measure

Variance –the square of the standard deviation Zero Coefficient – the correlation coefficient will be zero if there is no association involving any two variablesZ-score – refers to the standard score indicating the member of standard deviation above or below the mean

4. SOCIAL PHILOSOPHIESAgeism – coined by Robert Butler

- Refers to the prejudice and discrimination based on a person’s ageAlienation – refers to a pervasive sense of powerlessness, meaninglessness, normlessness, isolation and self-estrangement. Anarchism – a political philosophy and social movement that advocates the elimination of other forms of government in favor of a society whose members interact on a voluntary basisAnimism – involves a belief in spirits or otherworldy beingsBrahman – Hindu thought which is the the absolute and supreme reality as compared with the unreal and illusory nature of the world

Brahmins – highest members of the caste system and primary recipients of education in Ancient IndiaBrain drain – the emigration of educated people to wealthier nationsBuddha – the enlightened oneBuddhism – classified as ARYA DHARMA which means a noble religionCapitalism – referred to as Laissez-faire economyCatharsis – refers to the purging or cleansing of the emotions; it is used by Aristotle to describe the purifying of the audience thru emotional involvement in a playChoking – behavior in which we fail to perform up to our level of skills and abilities by virtue of experiencing social pressureCode of Ethics – the standard of acceptable behavior developed by and for the members of a profession

Colonialism – the maintenance of political, social, economic and cultural dominance over people by a foreign power for an extended periodCommunism – a theoretical system of social organization and a political movement based on common ownership of the means of production

- As a political movement, it seeks to establish a classless society Confucianism – a complex system of moral, social, political and religious thoughts which had tremendous influence on the history of Chinese civilization down to the 21st centuryConstructivism – a doctrine stating that learning takes place in contexts and that learners form or construct much at what they learn and understand as a function of their experiences in situationsCorrespondence principles – the tendency of school to promote the values expected of intervals in each social class and to prepare students for the type of jobs typically held by members of their class

- States that the social relations of work find expression in the social relations of the school and it is said that the schools mirror the work place and hence on a day-to-day basis prepare the children for adult roles in the job market

Craze – an exciting mass involvement that lasts for a relatively long periodCredentialism – the requirement that a worker have a degree for its own sake, not because it certifies skills needed for the performance of a job Density – refers to the physical compactness of people in a spaceDeviance – a behavior that violates the standard of conduct or expectations of a group or societyDiffusion – the process by which cultural item spreads from group to group or society to societyDiscrimination – refers to the denial of opportunities and equal rights to individuals and groups because of prejudice or other arbitrary reasons

- Responding differently to similar, but not identical stimuli and treating a particular categories of people unequally

Eclecticism – refers to the practice of choosing what is though best from various philosophiesEducation – one aspect of the many sided process of specialization by which people obtain behaviors essential for effective participation in society which entails an explicit process in which some individuals assume the status of teacher and others- the status of student and carry out their associated rolesEgocentric bias – it is the tendency of the self to contribute, for example: when the teacher singles out a particular good or poor exam for a few preliminary remarks before returning the papers to the class, students commonly overestimates the likelihood that one of the papers belong to them.

Empiricism – a philosophical doctrine which denies that humans have innate ideas or that anything is knowable without inference to experience.

- Experience is the only source of knowledge Enculturation – a process which begins at infancy; human rating acquires the culture of his society Epistemology – the theory of knowledge in philosophy which concerns the nature of knowledge, the process of knowing and the grounds for establishing the validity of knowledge

- Branch of philosophy that examines significant theories of knowledge- the study of origin, nature, limits and methods of knowledge

Ethnocentricism – the tendency to judge the behavior of other groups by the standards of a person’s own cultureExistentialism – the philosophical doctrine that views human existence as having a set of underlying theories and characteristics such as anxiety, dread, freedom, awareness of death and consciousness

- The 20th century philosophy that denies any essential human nature; each of us creates our own essence through free action

- Theory held by the earliest Greek philosophers that all matter is alive or in some way possesses life

- Philosophy that examine the way in which human define themselves by making personal choicesFad - a folkway that lasts for a short time and enjoys acceptance only among a segment of the populationFamily – a social group whose members are related by ancestry, marriage or adoption and who live together, cooperate economically and care for the youngFashion – a folkway that last for a short time and enjoys widespread acceptance within societyGemeinschaft – a close knit community often found in rural areas in which strong bonds unite membersGeneralize other – the social unit that gives individuals their unity of selfHedonism – the view that pleasure is intrinsically worthwhile and is the human’s goodHidden Curriculum – the standard behavior that are deemed proper by society and are taught subtly in schoolHinduism – generally considered to be the oldest major world religionIdealism – the belief that reality is essentially an idea, a thought or mind rather than matter

- Philosophy which upholds the primacy of though over being, spirit over matterIncest taboos – the rules that prohibit sexual intercourse with close blood relativesKarma – a belief of Buddhism which is a cause and effect relationship between all that has been done and all that will be doneLogical Positivism – a philosophy of science which holds that philosophy should provide strict criteria for judging sentences tone as false and meaninglessMaterialism – refers to the metaphysical position that reality is ultimately compared of matterMetaphysics – a branch of philosophy which deals with issues like: what is reality, what is existence and is the universe rationally designed or ultimately meaningless?Migration – relatively permanent movement of people with the purpose of changing their place of residenceNihilism – a philosophical view that the world and especially human existence is without meaning, purpose, comprehensible truth or essential value

Nirvana – a mode of consciousness valued by Buddhist and Hindu as the supreme goal of human existenceNorms – an established standard of behavior maintained by a societyPanic – one of the varieties of collection behavior that involves irrational and uncoordinated but collective actions among people by the presence of an immediate severe threatParallelism – the theory that physical and mental states do not interact but simply accompany each otherPhilosophy – means love (philein) of wisdom (sophia)Priori knowledge – type of knowledge that is independent of experience or reasoning

- Knowledge that is innate as contrasted with that derived from experiencePragmatism – a philosophy originated from the U.S. in late 1800 which is characterized by the insistence on consequences, utility and practicality as vital components of meaning and truth

- Philosophy that judge the validity of ideas by their consequence in actionPrejudice – the negative attitude towards an entire category of people often an ethnic or social minority Racism – the process through which a person forsake his own cultural tradition to become part of a different cultureRealism – the belief that properties, usually called “universal” exist independently of the things that manifest them

- “Things exist whether or not anyone is thinking of them”Relationship – an association continues long enough for two people to become linked together by a relatively stable expectationsRelativism – view that the meaning and value of human beliefs and behavior have no absolute inference

- Claims that humans understand and evaluate beliefs and behaviors only on the terms of their historical and cultural context

Scholasticism – not a philosophy or theology but a tool and method for learning which put emphasis on dialectical reasoningSkepticism – philosophical attitude that was first articulated by Pyrrho who believed that everything could be doubted except appearances.

- It questions the possibility of obtaining any sort of knowledgeSocial Darwinism – a view that society is an arena of social struggle in which the strongest are selected for survival and any effort to soften the struggle or aid the weaker is rejected as an interference with the process of internal selectionSocial Mobility – the assumption that individuals or groups can move from one level of stratum to another in the stratification systemSocial persuasion – a pop talk or specific performance, feedback , a source of self-efficacy Social Philosophy – the application of moral principles to the problems of freedom, equality and justiceSocial stratification – society becomes increasingly specialized over time

- The structured ranking of individuals and groups and their grading into horizontal layersSocio-economic status – refers to the relative position of individuals according to economic, social and occupational prestige and power

- Usually measured in terms of occupation, education and income and generally viewed in terms of social-class categories ranging from working class to upper class

Sociology – systematic study of social behavior and human groupSolipsism – the view that “Only I exist, that other persons and objects have no independent existence of their own but exist solely as creation of my consciousness”Stratification – structural ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society Tao – In Chinese religion it means “the way or the path”; a port of cosmic pathway that lies between or within the interaction of the energy modes Yang and YinTaoism – the main tenet of harmony with nature; regards nature as sacred and even as an extension of human values.Tenure – permanence of position granted to educators after a probationary period, which prevents their dismissal except for legally specified cause and through formalized due process and proceduresThomism – came from the name of its originator, Thomas Aquinas whose summary work known as the Transcendentalism Idealism – the philosophy of Immanuel Kant where it states that experience is not about the things as they are in themselves but about the things as they appear to usUtilitarianism – the idea that the fundamental moral rule is to strike toward the ‘greatest happiness for the greatest number’Summa Theologiae has arguably been second only to the Bible in importance to the Catholic Church Utopia – a Greek word meaning “land of nowhere”Vital Statistics – known as the records of births, deaths, marriages and divorce gathered thru a registration system maintained by governmental unitsXenocentricism – the belief that the products, styles or ideas of one’s society are inferior to those that originates elsewhere

5. DATES

April 23 1978 – the first Professional Board Examination for Teachers (PBET) September 02, 1993 – the National College Entrance Examination (NCEE) was last administered

6. HISTORY

Christian Missionaries – used by Spaniards as tutors or small group teachers mostly in ReligionDECS – is responsible for supervising basic education as stated in the 1987 ConstitutionDemocracy – basis for educational philosophy during the Third Republic under President Sergio OsmenaFidel V. Ramos – the president who signed a law lengthening the school year to 220 calendar days a yearJapanese – the Philippine conquerors who made education as an instrument of war propaganda in 1942Las Islas Filipinas – the Philippines during the Spanish regime which lasted between 1521 and 1898Leticia Ramos-Shahani – sponsored the DECS values education program is a part of a broader moral recovery programLove of God – the dominant theme that threaded through the philosophy that was to under gird Philippine education during the revolutionary period was love of country within the context of Love of GodPhilosophy of Basic Education – identifies that basic education would consist of the 10-year elementary and secondary education with an option to have 11 years upon addition of grade 7 during the time of Fidel Ramos in year 1998

National Commission on Educational, Scientific and Cultural Matters NACESCUM) – the new name for the 1935 constitution established a national Council of Education Philosophy of Basic EducationSimple livelihood vocations – the initial philosophy of education under the Americans Spaniard – privileged to be called Filipinos during the Spanish regimeSt. Dominic – a well educated Spaniard who founded the Order of Preachers in 1216TESDA – Technical Education and Skills Development Authority

7. ENUMERATION

ID - operates in the pleasure principles by seeking immediate qualification of intellectual needs. ID is the lawmaking feature of the personality.Ego – executive aspect of the personality and the goal of the rational ego is served by the reality principle, it means that it finds realistic ways of qualifying the instincts. Superego – the judicial branch of the personality and is the individual’s moral arbiter

Validity:Content validity - the items on the test represent the entire range of possible items the test should cover.

- refers to the extent to which the test covered the goals and objectives of the testCriterion-related validity - A test is said to have criterion-related validity when the test has demonstrated its effectiveness in predicting criterion or indicators of a construct.

Concurrent Validity occurs when the criterion measures are obtained at the same time as the test scores. This indicates the extent to which the test scores accurately estimate an individual’s current state with regards to the criterion. Predictive Validity occurs when the criterion measures are obtained at a time after the test. Examples career or aptitude tests

Construct Validity - A test has construct validity if it demonstrates an association between the test scores and the prediction of a theoretical trait. Example, intelligence test

Measurement and evaluation functions- Identifies areas of difficulties- Predicts students’ success or failure- Evaluates instructions

Examinations:Comprehensive Examination - specific type of examination that must be completed by graduate students in some disciplines and courses of studyPreliminary ExaminationCompetitive Examination – examination where candidate are ranked according to their grades. If exam is open for position, then the first candidate in rank pass, the others are rejected.Physical ExaminationCategories of test:Items objective Constructed-response

Domains of Human Development:Cognitive Domain – normally associated with the logical thinking processAffective Domain - associated with feelings; Bloom’s taxonomy: acceptance, awareness and valuing

Psychomotor Domain – mobility, body movement

Government forms:Oligarchy – form of government where political authority lucratively lies within a minor, influential sector of people whether noted by wealth, family or military agilityFeudalismDemocracyPlutocracy

Bloom’s taxonomy – commonly used categorization of the various objectives and skills that the teachers lay down for learner – Cognitive, Affective and Psychomotor domains or Knowledge –Attitude-Skills