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Reasoning and Logical Fallacies. When people evade an argument. Inductive Reasoning. Facts and examples are used to decide on a next step, draw a conclusion, or make a correct generalization. Deductive Reasoning. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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REASONING AND LOGICAL FALLACIESWHEN PEOPLE EVADE AN ARGUMENT
INDUCTIVE REASONINGFacts and examples are used to decide on a next step, draw a conclusion, or make a correct generalization.
DEDUCTIVE REASONINGMake a general statement and then look for specific examples that match the general statement.
LOGICAL FALLACIES• Type 1: Avoid the Issue• Type 2: Omit Key Points• Type 3: Ignore Other Alternatives
AVOIDING THE ISSUE• Name Calling or Ad Hominem• Circular Reasoning or Begging the Question• Evade or Dodge the Issue
OMITTING KEY POINTS• Oversimplification• Overgeneralization
IGNORING OTHER ALTERNATIVES• Either/Or• Slippery Slope• False Cause• False Analogy• False Authority
AD HOMINEM (AKA NAME CALLING)• This type of logical fallacy does exactly what its name
suggests.• Calling someone stupid instead of responding to an
argument.
CIRCULAR REASONING: BEGGING THE QUESTION• A person says the same thing they already said, but uses
different words.• “Hats in schools should be prohibited because hats are
not allowed in schools.”
EVADING THE ISSUE• When someone is making an argument, and he or she
gives supporting examples or reasons that do not support the main idea being argued, he or she is evading the issue.
• “Our football coach should be replaced. Our baseball coach is great.”
OVERSIMPLIFICATION• When someone omits, or leaves out, important key ideas
when making an argument.• “Fast food restaurants are the cause of overweight people
in America.”
OVERGENERALIZATION• Another example of important key ideas being omitted in
an argument• Signal words for overgeneralization: always, totally,
completely, never, etc.• “My mom never understands me.”
EITHER/OR• All alternatives are not offered in an argument• There is only an either/or choice given• “You either get your homework done now, or you won’t
get it done at all.”
SLIPPERY SLOPE• When an argument suggests that one thing will lead to
something else, when in reality it may not.• “If I let Adam eat a brownie, I’ll have to let your other
brothers and sisters have anything they want.”
FALSE CAUSE• When someone argues that something causes something
when it really does not.• “The water overflowed in the bathtub because the TV was
on.”
FALSE ANALOGY• When someone makes a comparison that doesn’t make
sense• “My father can’t make up his mind. He is like a teenager.”
FALSE AUTHORITY• If someone uses an “expert” to prove a point, the “expert”
must actually be that.• One cannot use an “expert opinion” if the “expert” is not
an expert in the topic being discussed.• “Japan’s killing of whales makes the ocean cleaner,”
reported Rufus Rockhead, Ph.D. in Geology.