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Recap: structure of ATP
P P P
ribose guanine inorganic phosphate
deoxyribose thymine
organic phosphate
nicotinamide cytosine adenine flavine
Recap: where in the cell?
1. Glycolysis1. Phosphorylation
2. Oxidation
2. Link reaction
3. Krebs cycle
4. Oxidative phosphorylation
Recap: glycolysis
Recap: link reaction
Recap: Krebs cycle
Enzymes
• Glycolysis:– Phosphofructokinase
• Krebs cycle:– Decarboxylases
– Dehydrogenases
Regulatory enzymes
glucose
phosphofructokinase enzyme
pyruvate
Krebscycle
↑ ATP↑ citrate
↑ ADP↓ ATP
↓ citrate
How much ATP has been produced?
• Glycolysis:
• Link reaction:
• Krebs cycle:
Is this enough???
The electron transport chain
The electron transport chain1. Hydrogen atoms released from NADH and FADH as
they are oxidised
2. Hydrogen atoms split into protons and electrons
3. Electrons move along the electron transport chain, losing energy at each carrier
4. Energy is used to pump protons into intermembrane space forming an electrochemical gradient
5. Protons move down electrochemical gradient back to matrix via ATP synthase
6. Movement of protons drives synthesis of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
7. Protons, electrons and oxygen combine to form water, the final electron acceptor
Evidence for chemiosmosis1. pH of intermembrane space is lower than pH of
matrix– Proton gradient exists between intermembrane space and
matrix
2. Artificial vesicles created with proton pump proteins resulted in ↓ pH in vesicle– Proton gradient can be used to synthesise ATP
3. Mitochondria in pH8 solution produced no ATP– Proton gradient can be used by mitochondria to make ATP
4. Uncouplers destroyed proton gradient in mitochondria– Proton gradient is required by mitochondria to make ATP
How much ATP?
• Oxidative phosphorylation makes ATP using energy from NADH and FADH
• 1 NADH → 2.5 ATP
• 1 FADH → 1.5 ATP
More cutbacks:In 1997 1 NADH → 3 ATP and 1 FADH → 2 ATP!
How much ATP?
Stage of respiration Molecules produced Number of ATP molecules
Glycolysis
Link reaction (x2)
Krebs cycle (x2)
Total ATP =
Anaerobic respiration
glucose
pyruvate
carbon dioxide + ethanal
ethanol
lactic acid
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration
Aerobic• Where?
• Is oxidation complete?
• What are the waste products?
• How much energy?
Anaerobic• Where?
• Is oxidation complete?
• What are the waste products?
• How much energy?