Recent Winners of the Nobel Prize

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    Recent winners of the Nobel Prize

    Physics

    Recent winners of the Nobel Prize in physics, and their research,

    according to the Nobel Foundation:

    2012: Serge aroche of France and !a"id #ineland of the $%S% for &for

    ground'brea(ing e)peri*ental *ethods+ that enable *easuring and

    *anipulation of indi"idual uantu* syste*s

    2011: -*erican physicist Saul Perl*utter, $%S'-ustralian researcher

    .rian Sch*idt and -*erican professor -da* Riess &for the disco"ery of

    the accelerating e)pansion of the $ni"erse through obser"ations of

    distant superno"ae%+

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    2010: Russian'born scientists -ndre /ei* and onstantin No"oselo" for

    &ground'brea(ing e)peri*ents regarding the two'di*ensional *aterial

    graphene%+

    200: .ritish'-*erican harles % ao, anadian'-*erican #illard S%

    .oyle and -*erican /eorge 3% S*ith for brea(throughs in fiber optics

    and the in"ention of an i*aging se*iconductor circuit%

    2004: $%S% citizen 5oichiro Na*bu and 6apanese researchers 7a(oto

    obayashi and 8oshihide 7as(awa for wor( on &spontaneous bro(en

    sy**etry+ in subato*ic physics%

    2009: Frances -lbert Fert and /er*anys Peter /ruenberg for wor( onthe disco"ery of giant *agneto resistance%

    200;: -*ericans 6ohn % 7ather and /eorge F% S*oot for wor(

    e)a*ining the infancy of the uni"erse, aiding the understanding of

    gala)ies and stars and increasing support for the .ig .ang theory of the

    beginning of the uni"erse%

    200

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    2002: Ray*ond !a"is, 6r% $nited States, and 7asatoshi oshiba, 6apan,

    for their research into cos*ic neutrinosA and Riccardo /iacconi, $nited

    States, for pioneering contributions to astrophysics that led to the

    disco"ery of cos*ic B'ray sources%

    2001: 3ric -% ornell and arl 3% #ie*an, $nited States, and $%S%C

    based researcher #olfgang etterle of /er*any for creating a new state

    of *atter, an ultra'cold gas (nown as .ose'3instein condensate%

    2000: Dhores E% -lfero", Russia, Researcher erbert roe*er of

    /er*any, and 6ac( ilby, $nited States, for wor( that helped create

    *odern infor*ation technology%

    1: /erardus t ooft and 7artinus 6%/% @elt*an, Netherlands, for

    their theoretical wor( on the structure and *otion of subato*ic

    particles%

    14: Robert .% =aughlin, $nited States, orst =% Stoer*er, /er*any,

    and !aniel % 8sui, $nited States, for disco"ering a new for* of uantu*

    fluid that gi"es *ore profound insights into the general inner structure

    and dyna*ics of *atter%

    19: Ste"en hu and #illia* !% Phillips, $nited States, and laude

    ohen'8annoudGi, France, for their wor( in cooling and trapping ato*s

    with laser light%

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    Chemistry

    -*ericans Robert =ef(owitz and .rian obil(a won the 2012 Nobel

    Prize in che*istry on #ednesday for studies of protein receptors that let

    body cells sense and respond to outside signals% Such studies are (ey for

    de"eloping better drugs%

    8he Royal Swedish -cade*y of Sciences said the two researchers had

    *ade groundbrea(ing disco"eries on an i*portant fa*ily of receptors,

    (nown as /'protein'coupled receptors%

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    -bout half of all *edications act on these receptors, so learning about

    the* will help scientists to co*e up with better drugs%

    8he hu*an body has about 1,000 (inds of such receptors, which let it

    respond to a wide "ariety of che*ical signals, li(e adrenaline% So*ereceptors are in the nose, tongue and eyes, and let us sense s*ells, tastes

    and "ision%

    !r% =ef(owitz, ;, is an in"estigator at the oward ughes 7edical

    Enstitute and professor at !u(e $ni"ersity 7edical enter in !urha*,

    North arolina% !r% obil(a,

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    $sing radioacti"ity, !r% =ef(owitz *anaged to un"eil receptors including

    the receptor for adrenaline, and started to understand how it wor(s% !r%

    obil(as wor( helped researchers realize that there is a whole fa*ily of

    receptors that loo( ali(e a fa*ily that is now called /'protein'coupled

    receptors%

    8he award is &fantastic recognition for helping us further understand the

    intricate details of bioche*ical syste*s in our bodies,+ said .assa* D%

    Sha(hashiri, president of the -*erican he*ical Society% &8hey both

    ha"e *ade great contributions to our understanding of health and

    disease,+ !r% Sha(hashiri said% &8his is going to help us a great deal to

    de"elop new phar*aceuticals, new *edicines for co*bating disease%+

    7ar( !owns, chief e)ecuti"e of .ritains Society of .iology, said the

    critical role receptors play is now ta(ing for granted% &8his ground

    brea(ing wor( spanning genetics and bioche*istry has laid the basis for

    *uch of our understanding of *odern phar*acology as well as how cells

    in different parts of li"ing organis*s can react differently to e)ternal

    sti*ulation, such as light and s*ell, or the internal syste*s which

    control our bodies such as hor*ones,+ 7r% !owns said in a state*ent%

    8he Nobel wee( started 7onday with the *edicine prize going to ste*cell pioneers 6ohn /urdon of .ritain and 6apans Shinya 5a*ana(a%

    French*an Serge aroche and -*erican !a"id #ineland won the

    physics prize 8uesday for wor( on uantu* particles%

    8he Nobel Prizes were established in the will of 1th century Swedish

    industrialist -lfred Nobel, the in"entor of dyna*ite% 3ach award is worth

    4 *illion (ronor, or about H1%2 *illion% 8he awards are always handed

    out on !ec% 10, the anni"ersary of Nobels death in 14;%