RECONNAISSANCE OF · 2008. 12. 6. · location, depth, diameter and length of casing, depth to water level, yield, and water use. 2. Study of the geologic information obtained from

STATE OF FLORIDA

STATE BOARD OF CONSERVATION

DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

Robert O. Vernon, Director

REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS NO. 30

RECONNAISSANCE OFTHE GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER

RESOURCES OFCOLUMBIA COUNTY, FLORIDA

ByFrederick W. Meyer

U. S. Geological Survey

Prepared by the

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

in cooperation with theBOARD OF COUNTY COMMISSIONERS OF COLUMBIA COUNTY

and the

FLORIDA GEOLGICAL SURVEY

TALLAHASSEE

1962

FLORIDA STATE BOARD

OF

CONSERVATION

FARRIS BRYANT

Governor

TOM ADAMS RICHARD ERVIN

Secretary of State Attorney General

J. EDWIN LARSON RAY E. GREEN

Treasurer Comptroller

THOMAS D. BAILEY DOYLE CONNER

Superintendent of Public Instruction Commissioner of Agriculture

W. RANDOLPH HODGES

Director

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL

(SEAL)

)I^o~cLt (^e iaaci c>Sivc.veya

Tallahassee

August 8, 1962

Honorable Farris Bryant, Chairman

Florida State Board of ConservationTallahassee, Florida

Dear Governor Bryant:

The Division of Geology will publish, as Report of InvestigationsNo. 30, "Reconnaissance of the Geology and Ground-Water Re-sources of Columbia County, Florida," prepared by Frederick W.Meyer, geologist with the U. S. Geological Survey, in cooperationwith this department and with the Board of County Commissioners,Columbia County.

The Floridan aquifer was found to be principal source of groundwater in the area, containing artesian water in the northern part ofColumbia County, and being recharged in the southern part of thecounty. A few wells in the northern part of the county tap waterpresent in sediments that lie above the Floridan aquifer. Theseshallow waters are generally high in iron and tannic acid. Thedetails on the geology and hydrology necessary to conserve andutilize the water available to the residents of Columbia County arepresented in this study.

Respectfully yours,

Robert O. Vernon

Director and State Geologist

iii

Completed manuscript received

February 25, 1962

Published for the Florida Geological Survey by

Dixie Printing Company, Inc.

Tallahassee

August 8, 1962

iv

CONTENTS

Page

Abstract ..-..........-.......-.-..-...-..- ..---- . ..---- --........ -...... 1

Introduction . -...---.....--..--.... . - -.. -...--- ---- ..-... .....--------.--------...--. 2Previous investigations .--..---...---------------. --.---- 3Acknowledgments .........................-- ..........------ -.---- 3Well-numbering system ....------ ...........-....--- ----- ........- ----- 3

Geography -.....--.....-..-....-. ..-.... ---..... ..-------.--- 4Location and extent of the area -..-------------- ---...-..-.- 4Cultural Features ......--...--...--... --. --........-...--.. .... ....-.- 6Climate ..----..--....------.... ........--------- --..- 7Topography and drainage -.. ---...--..... ..---... --------- ------ 7

Central highlands ...--..---... ------.... ...-.. -- --- ...- 7Coastal lowlands --..--...- ----------. -----------..-- .11

Geology .-.....-........ ..-.--.. ----------------------- 12Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks -..-...--.. -----.. ---- --.----.------- 13Tertiary System ................. --.. --- ------------- 15

Paleocene Series ..... -- - -.. .......-- ... .--.------- ..... -------- 15Cedar Keys Formation .-.... .... _......-...-..... -- - --- 15

Eocene Series .............................. ...-----.-. --.-- ---. 15Oldsmar Limestone .................. .-.... -----------.--- 15Lake City Limestone .....--.....--.. _ _....----- - ---- 16Avon Park Limestone ------~.._.....-... ....-.--. .--..-------- 16Ocala Group ..... .. ...- ... --- _.._ .--- . --------- -. 17

Oligocene Series ................----------------........------------------- 18Suwannee Limestone ------..-----......-- ... ------- 18

Miocene and Pliocene Series --... --. .------... ....... ------- 19Miocene Sandstone and Limestone ....------..... -----------------. 19Hawthorn Formation ---.....- --.. ---.. ....- -------------. 20Alachua(?) Formation .-.....--------.--.. ------....-- 20

Quaternary System .....----..-..--..-...-............---------- 21Pleistocene and Recent deposits --.................--------------- .21

Structure .-............-.................-.......------ - -- ------- - - 22

Ground W ater -.....--............. ................-... ....- ...... -- ...... 22Nonartesian aquifer - -................-....-.--....-.--.....-----.--.-... -- -- ---- 27Secondary artesian aquifer ...-.......-........-...-...... ..........------- ....- 29Floridan aquifer .... .. .... .-..... -.. ---.--. .........- ------------------ - -........ 30

Occurrence and source ........... ... ..... ---..................------- .... 30Movement of water and its relation to the piezometric surface -.. _.---- 30Recharge -........... --........-......... _ --...-- .. --- .... . .. 32Discharge ...-.. ... _ .. ... .....--...-..... .......-.- .. ....-... .....-- . .. .. .. 33Fluctuations of the piezometric surface .---...--... ---..-.... ---- .--.---- 33Use of ground water ......--------...--...-- ....------------ 36Hydraulic properties of the Floridan aquifer -- ~----37

V

Chemical quality . - 44Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH) - .- .----. 44

Hardness _ __-_----- ---.__.__ __.- 45Dissolved solids ___ _ - ---. - 50Hydrogen sulfide (HsS) ---- ..--- .....--- .. ---------------- 50Highly mineralized water --.-----.------------. 51Pollution _----_ _-.-------..--..-----.- -.-- ..--- -- 51Classification of irrigation water 1.......... ----......... .. ..... .. .- 51

Summary and conclusions _- --.......... _.. .. ... ... ........... -...... . 52

References .... __ _...._ -.. . .... .............. _ ...... ....... _ . _....._ 59

vi

ILLUSTRATIONSFigure Page

1. Well-numbering system -...-..-....-.......-- ...- ....-......... ........... 4

2. Peninsular Florida showing the location of Columbia County .......-...- 5

3. Graphs showing the total annual rainfall and the cumulativedeparture from the average rainfall at Lake City, 1893-1957 -...-...--.. 8

4. Columbia County showing the principal topographic features .. facing 10

5. Geologic section in Columbia County along line A-A' --...............-- .... 23

6. Geologic section in Columbia County along line B-B' ............................ 24

7. Geologic section in Columbia County along line C-C' ...-------------.. . 25

8. Columbia County showing configuration on top of beds of TaylorAge ......---..........--....-..--...................----. --.-...........---...-...........---......--... 26

9. Columbia County showing configuration on top of beds of LateEocene Age -....---.-..... --......... .. .-............................... facing 28

10. Generalized sections in Columbia County showing profile ofpiezometric surface of water in the Florida aquifer in June 1957,along lines A-A' and B-B' ..................................................................----- ------- --- 31

11. Columbia County showing the piezometric surface of the Floridanaquifer in June 1957 --..-----................... ----....--.......--.. facing 32

12. Hydrograph of well 010-238-1 and rainfall at Lake City 1948-57 .....- 34

13. Hydrographs of .wells 010-238-1 and 004-236-5 and daily rainfallat Lake City, June-December 1957 ---.....--. ------------ ------ 35

14. Columbia County and surrounding area showing the locations ofwells and stream-gaging stations ......---...................-.........----. facing 36

t15. Logarithmic plot of drawdown versus -2 compared with the

rTheis type curve, Lake City pumping test, October 1957 --------- 38

16. Graph showing the theoretical drawdown in. the vicinity of a welldischarging 1,000 gpm -. _--- ------------- 42

17. Theoretical drawdowns after 1 year of pumping a group of wellsat a rate of 20,000 gpm -----.- -.---------.---- 43

18. Columbia County showing the total hardness of water from wellsthat penetrate the upper part of the Florida aquifer -...... facing 50

19. Diagram for use in interpreting the analysis of irrigation water _. 53

TABLESTable

1. Monthly rainfall at five weather stations within a 30-mile radius ofof Lake City .. ..--.---...---.......-----. ---- ------------------- 9

2. Geologic units and their water-bearing characteristics in ColumbiaCounty, Florida -.-----.-------- -------- 14

vii

3. Pumpage at the Lake City well field 36

4. Theoretical transmissibility of the Floridan aquifer in selectedwells _ 40

5. Chemical analyses of water from wells in Columbia County andvicinity _ - -_ __ __. ... _ 46

6. Partial chemical analyses of water from wells in Columbia andadjacent counties ________ 48

7. Classification of irrigation waters _-_ ___ 52

8. Records of wells in Columbia County and vicinity ___....... _........ 62

viii

RECONNAISSANCE OF

THE GEOLOGY AND GROUND-WATER RESOURCES OF

COLUMBIA COUNTY, FLORIDA

By

Frederick W. Meyer

ABSTRACT

Columbia County comprises an area of about 786 square milesin the north-central part of the Florida Peninsula. The averageannual rainfall is about 50 inches, and the average annualtemperature is about 69 0F.

The northern two-thirds of the county is a moderately flat, poorlydrained region that ranges from about 100 to 215 feet above meansea level. The southern one-third of the county is a hilly, welldrained, sinkhole region that ranges from about 25 to 200 feetabove mean sea level.

The Floridan aquifer, the principal source of ground water inthe area, consists of the Lake City Limestone, Avon Park Lime-stone, and the Ocala Group, all of Eocene Age; the SuwanneeLimestone of Oligocene Age; and an unnamed sandstone andlimestone unit of Miocene Age. In the northern part of ColumbiaCounty the aquifer is generally artesian and the top occurs about100-200 feet below the land surface. In the southern part of thecounty the aquifer is generally nonartesian.

Because the water in the Avon Park and older formationsgenerally is very hard and in places is highly mineralized, few waterwells in Columbia County are deeper than the base of the OcalaGroup. The depth to which wells are drilled depends on the locationand the quantity of water needed. Only a few are deeper than 300feet and most are less than 200 feet deep. Yields are as much as1,000 gpm (gallons per minute). Although artesian conditions existin the Floridan aquifer in the northern part of the county andlocally in the southern part, nowhere is the pressure great enoughfor wells to flow. The water in the aquifer in Columbia Countyis replenished by underflow from the north and northeast and byinfiltration from the land surface. The water moves westward andsouthward, discharging into the Suwannee, Ichatucknee, and SantaFe rivers. An aquifer test at Lake City indicates that the coef-ficient of transmissibility is about 270,000 gpd (gallons per day)per foot and that the coefficient of storage is about 0.0008. In the

1

2 FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

southern part of the county the water in the Floridan aquifer maybecome polluted by recharge through sinkholes or from the riverswhen they are at high stages.

A few wells in the northern half of Columbia County tap eitherthe secondary artesian aquifer in the Hawthorn Formation ofMiocene Age or the nonartesian aquifer in the unconsolidateddeposits of Pleistocene and Recent Age. Most of these wells are lessthan 100 feet deep and yield only small quantities of water. Thewater in the Hawthorn is under slight artesian pressure whereasthat in the Pleistocene and Recent deposits is nonartesian. Althoughgenerally of good chemical quality, the water in these aquiferslocally contains an excessive quantity of iron or tannic acid.

Rocks below about 1,600 feet contain highly mineralized water.

INTRODUCTION

The rapid growth of population and industry in the State ofFlorida has created the problem of locating and developing newsources of ground-water supply. The Columbia County Board ofCommissioners and the Lake City Chamber of Commerce recognizedthis problem and requested the U. S. Geological Survey to makean investigation of the ground-water resources of the county incooperation with the Florida Geological Survey.

The purpose of the investigation was to obtain hydrologic andgeologic data concerning the following: (1) the extent and thick-ness of water-bearing materials; (2) the causes of fluctuation ofwater levels in wells; (3) an approximation of the transmissibilityand storage capacities of the water-bearing materials; and (4) thequality of the ground water.

Field studies began in May 1957 and ended in November 1957and consisted of the following:

1. Inventory of wells, including compilation of data on theirlocation, depth, diameter and length of casing, depth to waterlevel, yield, and water use.

2. Study of the geologic information obtained from wells andexposures of rock formations to determine the thickness, lithologiccharacter, and areal extent of the water-bearing formations.

3. Determination of the water-transmitting and water-storingcapacities of the water-bearing formations at the Lake City wellfield.

4. Collection and study of water-level records from wells todetermine the seasonal fluctuation.

REPORT OF INVESTIGATION NO. 30 3

5. Sampling of water from wells and springs to determine thechemical quality.

6. Determination of the approximate altitude of measuringpoints for water level and geologic correlation.

The investigation was made under the general supervision ofA. N. Sayre, former chief of the Ground Water Branch, and underthe immediate supervision of M. I. Rorabaugh, district engineer, ofthe U. S. Geological Survey.

PREVIOUS INVESTIGATIONS

No detailed investigations of the geology and ground-waterresources of Columbia County had been made prior to this investi-gation. Reports by Cooke (1945), Applin and Applin (1944),Vernon (1951), and Puri (1957) include information on the geologyof Columbia County, and reports by Stringfield (1936) and Cooper,Kenner, and Brown (1953) briefly describe the hydrology. Chemicalanalyses of the ground water in Columbia County are published inreports by Black and Brown (1951) and Collins and Howard(1928).

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Appreciation is expressed to the many persons who contributedinformation and cooperated in the collection of data. Residents ofthe area supplied information and permitted measurements to bemade in their wells. The following local well-drilling companiesprovided much useful data: Rotary Tool Company, Lake City; WittElectric Company, Lake City; and Acme Drilling Company, Gaines-ville. Mr. J. J. Willhoit of the Rotary Tool Company collected andsaved rock cuttings from several wells and Mr. B. F. Martin of theLake City water plant cooperated in the quantitative studies in theLake City well field. Officers of the U. S. Forest Service providedoffice space and field assistance during the course of theinvestigation.

WELL-NUMBERING SYSTEM

The well-numbering system in Florida is based on a statewidegrid of 1-minute parallels of latitude and 1-minute meridians oflongitude (fig. 1). A well number is a composite of three partsseparated by hyphens. The first part of the number assigned to agiven well is composed of the last digit of the degree and the twodigits of the minute that identifies the latitude on the south side ofthe -1-minute quadrangle in which the well is located. The secondpart of the number is composed of the last digit of the degree and


G E 0 R I Al

"o

O

Well number 827-- s-. -

Wlt 02 7-131-3 *oo the uIhTd all -' t"i icate the her the wel w e irtsc ,hde.nnot -hof te 2B"27' POoIll of ltu d 0f /4f; the B 31' mer jfa x of fot t dL

-art31 W 3 l " I' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ u v-- \ --------- :-\ ---

Figure 1. Well-numbering system.

two digits of the minute that identifies the longitude on the eastside of the same 1-minute quadrangle. The third part of the number

indicates whether the well was the first, second, third, etc., inven-toried in that quadrangle. Each well is also identified in table 7by its location within either the Federal system of rectangular

surveys or within the Georgia Military Grid System. All ofColumbia County, except for a strip less than a mile wide along theGeorgia-Florida state line, is within the Federal system.

GEOGRAPHY

LOCATION AND EXTENT OF THE AREA

Columbia County comprises an area of about 786 square miles inthe north-central part of the Florida Peninsula (fig. 2). It isbounded on the north by Clinch and Echols counties, Georgia; dn

REPORT OF INVESTIGATION No. 30 5

5 840 830 820 810 8S0Ss- 1 310

G E O R G I AGADSDEN 7- -- - NASSAU

'JI'TallakM \to C 0HAM LTONYI ~~ r

.T LEO s MADISON IE N/ jacksoSUE- B rDAKER /UVA

ERTY WAULLA TAYLOR I . - 30

FRANKLIN LAY

DIXIE I ALACHUA PUTNAMV W iFLA6LERI

LEVY MO •

MAO L JQ a Ocala

, OLUSI 0< 0

CITRUS LAKE -

AN ,f- 0 rSEMINOLE

HERN AND

---' .i ORAG EPASCO r 0"

SHILLSBOROUG OSCEOLA 28

CL L N|0 DAN RIVE

MANATEE HARDOEE KEECHOBE

HIGHLANDS 5 T LUCISARASOTA' DESOTO i "- MA-,

.. . . . LJ - 270

CHARLOTTE GLA DES

LEE L HENRY , PALM BEACH

... F 26°

MONROE, Mi DAD

E

25 =, o __ 5F 75 _ __p MlF fApDroxirmt e 0 Sca

-_1 . 25°

Figure 2. Peninsular Florida showing the location of Columbia County.


the east by Baker and Union counties, on the south by Alachua andGilchrist counties, and on the west by Suwannee and Hamiltoncounties, Florida (fig. 4). It is roughly rectangular in shape,measuring about 53 miles from north to south and about 20 milesfrom east to west. Rivers and streams comprise about one-half ofthe county's boundary. The Suwannee River forms the northwestboundary; and Olustee Creek, the Santa Fe River, and the Ichatuck-nee River form part of the southeast and southwest boundaries.Geologic and hydrologic data were obtained locally in the surround-ing counties because data were not obtainable near the border inColumbia County.

CULTURAL FEATURES

In 1960, Columbia County had a population of 20,077, or 10percent more than the population in 1950, and ranked thirty-sixthin population in the State.

New methods in forestry and agriculture have changed the basiceconomy from the once flourishing sawmill and turpentine industryto the pulpwood-producing industry and farming. Large pulpwoodforests grow on poorly drained, sandy, "flatwoods" land in thenorthern two-thirds of the county. Most of these forests are eitherowned or leased by large pulp and paper companies. New methodsof selective cutting, burning, harvesting, and reforestation are usedto increase and insure the future supply of pulpwood and to preservethe watershed areas. The Osceola National Forest includes 125square miles of northeastern Columbia County. Here the U. S.Forest Service conducts research on new methods of production,fire and pest control, naval store development, and other projectsrelated to forest management. The well-drained southern part ofthe county is more suitable for agricultural use. The chief agricul-tural products are tobacco, peanuts, corn, sugar cane, watermelons,eggs, poultry, beef cattle, and hogs.

Lake City is the county seat of Columbia County. Lake City wasformerly known as Alligator, after the Indian Chief HalpatterTustenugee, whose name meant "alligator warrior." The name waschanged to Lake City in 1859 because of the many sinkhole lakesin and near the city. The poorly drained prairie basin about amile southeast of Lake City retains its original name, AlligatorLake. Lake City is the largest municipality in north-central Floridawith a population of 9,465 in 1960, or about 25 percent more thanits population in 1950.

Lake City is a point of convergence for north-to-south andeast-to-west commerce in north-central Florida. It is located 60


miles west of Jacksonville and 109 miles east of Tallahassee, theState capitol. Lake City is served by several federal and state high-ways and three railroads.

Water for the Lake City municipal supply is pumped from wells.Although the capacity of the existing facilities is about 3 milliongpd, pumpage averages only a third of that amount.

A large abandoned phosphate mining district is near Fort Whitein the southern part of Columbia County. Hard-rock phosphate andphosphatic clay occur in several other places in southern ColumbiaCounty. Chert and soft limestone, quarried in the southern part ofthe county, are used for road metal and fill.

CLIMATE

The climate of Columbia County is humid subtropical. Theaverage annual temperature for the 74-year period of record is69.2°F. The coldest months, December and January, average about56.6 0 F with occasional periods of freezing. The warmest monthis August, averaging 81.2 0F.

According to U.S. Weather Bureau records, the average annualrainfall at Lake City for a 65-year period of record (1893-1957)is 50.50 inches. Rainfall is greatest from June through Septemberand least from December through February. The spring of 1957terminated a period of about 3 years of below-normal rainfall.Figure 3 shows the cumulative departure of rainfall from theaverage rainfall for a 65-year period (1893-1957) at Lake City. Acomparison of rainfall at five weather stations within a 30-mileradius of Lake City shows an unequal distribution of rainfall inthe area (table 1). For example, a comparison of the rainfallduring June at the five selected stations shows maximum variationof 2.34 inches in 1955, 6.40 inches in 1956, and 9.25 inches in 1957.

TOPOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE

Columbia County is divided into two topographic regions, theCentral Highlands and the Coastal Lowlands (Cooke, 1945, p. 8).The term Central Highlands generally refers to those areas whichare more than 100 feet above msl (mean sea level). The CoastalLowlands generally refers to those areas which are less than 100feet above msl, except for the area occupied by the presentOkefenokee Swamp (fig. 4).

CENTRAL HIGHLANDS

The Central Highlands in Columbia County are composed ofclay and sand which were terraced by seas of Early Pleistocene Age.


I Lake City Weather Station

z AVERAGE 50.50 inchesz 70

S60 .

z 50

C: 40

10

II 30I,-2 z20

U- 10 A |A

z- -30

-J4

1^ • -50 -- --D W3> -60-

Figure 3. Graphs showing the total annual rainfall and the cumulativedeparture from the average rainfall at Lake City, 1893-1957.

These terraces occurred at different elevations above sea level. TheCoharie (170 feet above msl) and Sunderland (215 feet above msl)terraces (Cooke, 1945, p. 277-278) are the highest in the county.The Okefenokee terrace (MacNeil, 1949, p. 101) was formed whensea level was about 150 feet above the present level and includes thebasin of the present Okefenokee Swamp. The Okefenokee Swampranges in altitude from about 90 to 130 feet above msl and wasonce occupied by a shallow intracoastal bay or sound (MacNeil,1949, p. 101). The Wicomico terrace (100 feet above msl) separatesthe Central Highlands from the Coastal Lowlands.

Remants of the Coharie and Sunderland terraces form a highridge which crosses central Columbia County from west to east..


TABLE 1. Monthly Rainfall at Five Weather Stations Within a30-Mile Radius of Lake City

(Data from U.S. Weather Bureau unless indicated otherwise)

StationLake City 2 E Jasper' 9 ESE High Springs Live Oak 2 ESE Glen St. Mary

Month (2 miles E (17 miles NW (23 miles S (17 miles WNW (26 miles Eof Lake City) of Lake City) of Lake City) ofLakeC ) of Lake City) of Lake City)

1955Jan. 3.55 4.62 4.20 3.99 3.66Feb. 2.79 2.50 4.00 2.18 2.39Mar. 1.22 1.50 1.53 1.57 1.40Apr. 1.03 2.75 1.56 1.49 1.20May 2.53 3.04 2.31 1.82 2.85June 5.12 2.78 4.99 3.49 4.36July 3.73 5.68 3.65 9.11 11.11Aug. 2.05 2.30 5.36 .60 4.56Sept. 5.99 6.72 1.75 5.03 9.31Oct. 3.05 2.05 1.74 3.55 2.49Nov. .65 1.40 1.57 .72 1.19Dec. .26 .40 .24 .20 .50

Total 31.97 35.74 32.90 33.75 45.02

1956

Jan. 3.08 4.10 3.35 2.96 2.90Feb. 3.13 3.15 2.82 3.02 3.33Mar. 1.35 3.05 .76 1.55 1.23Apr. 2.71 4.43 3.08 3.12 2.68May 3.56 6.20 4.58 7.58 5.68June 10.03 7.35 8.32 3.63 7.69July 6.21 5.57 6.79 6.17 4.74Aug. 1.17 4.60 5.28 4.57 1.91Sept. 8.14 3.97 4.43 4.45 5.82Oct. 9.68 3.55 4.66 5.59 8.18Nov. 1.46 .25 .13 .20 .81Dec. .10 .65 .08 .33 .50

Total 50.62 46.87 44.28 43.17 45.47

1957

Jan. 0.33 1.16 0.27 0.44 0.59Feb. 2.76 2.17 2.13 1.51 2.02Mar. 5.70 6.41 4.40 6.16 5.55Apr. 3.43 5.92 5.30 3.70 3.66May 7.40 5.57 4.35 4.15 13.81June 12.90 8.88 11.30 18.13 11.32July 4.72 8.47 4.32 11.66 8.99Aug. 5.15 7.44 8.35 4.84 7.49Sept. a5.18 8.70 8.46 11.30 5.35Oct. 1.41 2.74 3.01 2.52 1.57Nov. 5.03 7.33 1.96 6.07 3.26Dec. 1.63 2.00 1.41 1.89 1.35

Total a55.64 66.79 55.26 72.37 64.96

SChanged to station Jasper 3 SE, 23 miles NW of Lake City, in 1957.a Measurement m'ade by the Florida Forest Service.

The ridge passes through Wellborn, Lake City, and Olustee, andtrends along the southeastern side of the county from Olustee toMikesville (fig. 4).

The ridge existed as a chain of islands, or keys, which formedthe southern boundary of the ancestral Okefenokee Sound. Thesurface of the ridge is a sandy, almost level, poorly to well drainedarea that is commonly referred to as "flatwoods." Solution depres-sions and sinkhole lakes are common, the largest of which are OceanPond in Baker County, and Alligator Lake in Columbia County.

10 FLORIDA GEOLOGICAL SURVEY '-

The ridge is drained by tributary streams of the Suwannee-Riverwhich lies to the west of Columbia County, and by tributaries tothe St. Marys River which lies northeast of Columbia County. Theeast-west portion of the ridge forms a surface-water divide betweenwater flowing to the north and to the south.

In Columbia County, the Okefenokee terrace is divided by theremnants of the ridge. North of the east-west ridge the gentlysloping surface of the terrace forms the basin of the presentOkefenokee Swamp. South of the ridge theterrace is bounded by anescarpment formed by erosion during the 100-foot level of thePleistocene sea. The terrace north and south of the ridge isunderlain predominantly by sand and clay.

North of the ridge, the surface of the Okefenokee terrace slopesgently northward from about 150 feet above msl to about 90 feetabove msl along the Georgia-Florida State line. The surficial sandof the terrace is slightly calcareous, fine grained, and argillaceous.The upper 2 to 5 feet contain organic material which is an indicationof poor drainage. Large quiescent sand bars or, sand dunes whichrim the present Okefenokee Swamp are propabl~.remnants of theformer shoreline of the ancestral Okefenokee Sound. Surfacedrainage is either westward to the Suwannee River "r eastward tothe St. Marys River.

The Suwannee River changes direction from south to west at apoint about 6 miles east-northeast of White Springs where itsvalley crosses and intersects a hard, calcareous bed of clay. Theriver crosses and intersects limestone between White Springs anda point 6 miles east-northeast of White Springs. Above the pointof intersection, the flow in the river depends mostly on runoff oflocal rainfall. Below the point of intersection, the increased baseflow of the river is attributed to large springs in the exposedlimestone.

Falling Creek, which is captured by a sinkhole, is typical ofthe creeks in the karst topography. A 7- to 8-foot waterfall isformed where the creek flows over a dense, gray, sandy, indurated,phosphatic clay bed which caps a soft, light green, sandy clay.Downstream from the falls the valley is entrenched about 20 feetinto the clay. About a quarter of a mile downstream, the valleybecomes a maze of incised meanders and terminates at a sinkholelocated about 0.7 mile east-notheast of'Winfield.

That part of the Okefenokee terrace that lies on the s6uth 'siideof the east-west ridge is flat and'poorlyto well drained (fig 4)i

"I I · tV I- ', '''"

,.' ,XPLA NAO

, , , · Land-surface altitude,

U, I1 , 4f

., W CoastalLandsurface owlands

Less than 100 ft.** ~ *.'I ol , ---50 - -

Contour showing40' .9 . .topography in

. .* ICoastal lowlands

Io100-150 f Central

i Highlands

150-200ft

more than 200ft

A//l .or Lak,zCity or Town

S(Not to scale)

.. 0 2 4milesV "AI

Sta°te P -

1 Ellisvi le

Adapted fro Ary Map Service

Fiure 4. Columbia County showing the principal topographi features.

,, %,.. ,,,' •

,1

sheet NH 7-4 ad NH17'-

,,~ ~~ e Fiue4 oubaCut hwn he!rni oorpi etrs


The surficial sand is mostly fine grained and is about 50 feet thickin the eastern part of Columbia County and thin to absent in theremaining area. Remnants of the terraced underlying sedimentsare prominent between Lake City and Fort White. The valleys ofClay Hole and Rose creeks occur along the base of the remnants andterminate in a group of sinkholes near the town of Columbia.

The Okefenokee terrace in southern Columbia County is drainedprincipally by Olustee, Clay Hole, and Rose creeks, tributaries ofthe Santa Fe River. Olustee Creek depends largely on surfacerunoff from the swamps and flatwoods of the Central Highlandsin Columbia, Baker, and Union counties. However, the flow ofOlustee Creek increases or decreases, depending upon ground-waterconditions, from its headwaters to the confluence with the Santa FeRiver valley. The valley of Olustee Creek apparently follows thejoints or fractures in the underlying limestone. At O'leno StatePark, flow of Olustee Creek and the Santa Fe River is captured bya sinkhole in the limestone. The river disappears underground andemerges through springs 3 miles southwest of the sinkhole.

Clay Hole and Rose creeks, in the central part of ColumbiaCounty, have the same general hydrologic characteristics as thedownstream parts of Olustee Creek and the Santa Fe River. Thesestreams either' disappear entirely into sinkholes or lose water tothe underlying limestone by percolation.

COASTAL LOWLANDS

The Coastal Lowlands is a region of karst topography, whichranges from approximately 25 to 100 feet above msl. The regionwas terraced by the Wicomico (100-foot), Penholaway (70-foot),Talbot (42-foot), and Pamlico (25-foot) seas of the Pleistoceneinterglacial periods (Cooke, 1939). The surfaces of the terraceshave been greatly modified by erosion and subsurface collapse of theunderlying limestones. The Coastal Lowlands occupies the south-west part of Columbia County and extends up the valleys of OlusteeCreek, the Santa Fe River, and the Suwannee River. The region isbounded on the north by a terrace escarpment which forms thesouthern boundary of the Okefenokee terrace. The scarp exposes asmuch as 50 feet of clastic sediments that contain fossils of coralcolonies, which local residents misidentify as petrified wood.

The Coastal Lowlands is underlain by low, rolling, flattenedhills of silicified, cavernous limestone. The limestone is overlain andfilled by sand and clay. Aerial photographs show many circular,collapsed sinkholes which are aligned principally parallel or normal


to the major drainage features. The sinkholes are connectedat the surface by gulleys, or valleys, of intermittent streamsof an ancestral drainage system. Some of these sinkholes probablywere springs through which ground water was discharged whensea level was slightly higher than the present sea level. Northwestof Fort White an old valley scar of the Ichatucknee River indicatesan ancestral river that probably drained all of south-centralColumbia County and had Rose and Clay Hole creeks as itsheadwaters. However, the formation of sinkholes in the underlying,porous limestone probably is responsible for intercepting the river'sheadwaters and for the ultimate disappearance of part of the river.The present Ichatucknee River originates at a series of springs inthe limestone.

Because most of the precipitation on the Coastal Lowlands eitherevaporates or percolates into the ground, a well integrated drainagepattern of streams has never developed in the southern part of thecounty. The few perennial streams crossing the Coastal Lowlandsare fed predominantly by springs rather than by surface runoff.

GEOLOGY

The geology of Columbia County is described because the geologycontrols the occurrence of ground water. Most of the geologic datawere obtained from surface exposures and from water wells thatwere drilled to depths ranging from 100 to 300 feet below landsurface in sediments ranging from Late Eocene to Recent in age.However, additional geologic information on the characteristics ofdeeper formations was available because of recent exploration foroil in the area.

The interpretation of electric logs of oil test wells indicates that2,800 to 3,460 feet of sediments, ranging from Early Cretaceous toRecent in age, unconformably overlie structurally high, complex,basement rocks of Paleozoic Age. The sediments, which range inage from Early Cretaceous through Early Eocene consist primarilyof marine limestone, some evaporites, and clay. These rocks havelow permeabilities. The sediments overlying these rocks rangefrom early Middle Eocene through Early or perhaps MiddleMiocene in age. They consist predominantly of porous, marinelimestone and form the principal water-bearing formations in thecounty. These marine limestones are overlain by sediments, rang-ing from Middle Miocene to Recent in age, which consist primarilyof sand and clay.


The descriptions of the surface and subsurface rocks in ColumbiaCounty are based on examination of rock cuttings from water wellsand test holes drilled by the U.S. Corps of Engineers; interpretationof the electric logs, and examination of miscellaneous rock samplesfrom oil test wells; and the examination of rock exposures. Thegeologic units of Columbia County are listed in table 2.1 Thesections which show the thickness of the geologic units and theiraltitude referred to mean sea level are presented in figures 5, 6,and 7.

PALEOZOIC AND MESOZOIC ROCKS

Sedimentary rocks of Paleozoic Age are present at depthsranging from about 2,600 to 3,300 feet below msl. These rocksconsist chiefly of quartzitic sandstone and dense, dark shale (Ap-plin, 1951, p. 13). Fossils indicate that their probable age is LateSilurian or Early Devonian. Intrusions of diabase, which Applin(1951, p. 15) has assigned to the Triassic Period, occur in thePaleozoic rocks. The Paleozoic rocks are overlain unconformablyby rocks of Cretaceous Age. The Lower Cretaceous or Comanche(?) beds consist of interbedded red shale and sandstone whichpinch out on the flanks of the Peninsular arch. The Comanche(?)beds are overlain unconformably by deposits of the Gulf Series ofLate Cretaceous Age. The Gulf Series includes the Atkinson

Formation which consists of beds of Woodbine Age and beds ofEagle Ford Age; beds of Austin Age; beds of Taylor Age; and theLawson Limestone of Navarro Age. Except for the basal part,which consists of shale, clay, and glauconitic sand, the Gulf Seriesconsists mostly of marine limestone. The lower beds of the GulfSeries wedge out and are partially absent over the crest of the

Peninsular arch (fig. 5, 6, 7), suggesting either that the LateCretaceous sea encroached on a structurally high area or that thearch was being uplifted at the time the basal sediments of theGulf Series were being deposited. These rocks are at considerabledepth, of low permeability and the water contained in them is of

poor chemical quality. These rocks are discussed in detail in pub-lished reports, particularly Applin (1944), Applin (1951), and

Vernon (1951).

"The stratigraphic nomenclature used in this report is that of the FloridaGeological Survey and does not necessarily conform to that of the U.S.

Geological Survey.

TAiLse 2, Geologic Units and their Water-Bearing Characteristics in Columbin County, FloridaS....... .--- - ".. Approximate

ra ystem Series Geologic unit thickness Water-bearing propertiesyoe ers i (feet) _____

L .low permeaousty aue to fine gran size; yields smalRecent Pleistocene and Recent deposits quantities of water for domestic use in Central High-

Quaternary Pletocene (undifferentiated) 0-40 lands area Iron content stains fixtures red, Waternleiotoceney under nonarteslan or perched nonarteslan conditions.

Unconformity -------------------Variable permeability; acts as a semiconfining bed.

Miocene r Hawthorn Formation yields small to moderate quantiPliocene Alachua (?) Formation 0.150 ties of water to wells tapping low pressure artesanHawthorn Formation limestone beds, Chemical quality of the water is

__usually poor at depth.Miocene Permeability moderate to high, Serves as a good

Miocene sandstone and 0- source of water supply. ocally water is hig in ilimestone iron content.

Unconformity j cf i ~~~~~~~~~~ncnomt -------- --- ------Un-~--- ---- r n c n e t_______ 5Oligocene Suwannee Limestone 0-50 Permeability high except in localized chert zones; 1

Unconformity yields large quantity of water to wells.

Permeability high to very high; serves as thesource of water for most large capacity wells.

Tertiary Ocala Group of Jackson Age 150-250 Water is moderately hard; HuS present where IUnconformity -- water is under artesian pressure._-- Unconformity --- 3--!

Avon Park Limestone ofEocene iA v on P a rk L e of 170-270 Permeability high, Not used extensively for water oUncE ormo Agy supply. Water very hard, possible gypsum beds. E

Lake City Limestone of 0 Permeability low to high; seldom used for waterClaiborne Age - supply; contains gypsum. Water very hard.

Oldsmar Limestone of Wilcox Age 25050 Permeability low but locally high; not used for waterOldsmar Lisupplymestone of coxtains gypsum and anhydrite beds; locally

hydraulically connected to Florida aquifer.Permeability low but locall high in upper rtion; not

W1 Paleocene Cedar Keys Formation of Midway Age 400-450 used r erupy. s v ed mineracontent in10 the water is very high.

Unconformity -Lawson Limestone of Navarro Age 380-590

Beds of Taylor Age 430-490pper Gulf Beds of Austin Age 180-40

B Cretaceous Atkinson Beds of Eagle Ford Age 0-100Formation Beds of Woodbine Age 0-100

SUnconformity . -- -- Not used for water supply owing to great depth, lowSLower Comanche(?) Red beds of shale and sand 0-40 perm'eability, and high dissolved mineral content in

Unconformity -the water.Triassic(?) Igneous intrusion(?) (?)

-- -Unconformity

Silurian Upper Silurian Black shaleor or and (7)

. Devonian Lower Devonian quartzite sandstone

U - ----


TERTIARY SYSTEM

PALEOCENE SERIES

Cedar Keys Formation: The name Cedar Keys Formation wasproposed by Cole (1944, p. 27-28) and the name Cedar Keys Lime-stone was applied to the same unit by Cooke (1945, p. 33-35). TheFlorida Geological Survey adopted the former name, whereas theU.S. Geological Survey adopted the latter. The Cedar KeysFormation disconformably overlies Cretaceous limestone.

The lower section of the formation is dolomitic. Near the middleof the formation there is a distinct marker bed of clay that is easilyrecognized on electric logs. The greater part of the formation isdense to porous, gray to white to brown, fragmental limestone thatis impregnated with gypsum and anhydrite. Some samples con-tained red calcareous clay, and pyrite. The formation is about 450feet thick in the southwestern part of Columbia County and about400 feet thick in the northern part of the county.

By electric log interpretation, the bottom of the formation wasdetermined to occur above a zone of high resistivity that wasinterpreted as the first occurrence of Cretaceous dolomite. Thetop of the formation was determined to occur below a zone of highresistivity at the base of the overlying Oldsmar Limestone. Theformation is characterized by abundant molds and casts of theforaminifers Borelis gunteri (Cole) and B. floridanus (Cole).

Locally, the formation may be hydraulically connected to theunderlying and overlying formations. The Cedar Keys Formationprobably contains highly mineralized water, and is not used forwater supply.

EOCENE SERIES

Oldsmar Limestone: The Oldsmar Limestone of Early Eoceneor Wilcox Age (Applin and Applin, 1944, p. 1699) conformablyoverlies the Cedar Keys Formation.

The Oldsmar Limestone is lithologically similar to both theunderlying Cedar Keys Formation and the overlying Lake CityLimestone. The top half of the formation is a very porous, brownlimestone with some gypsum and anhydrite. The bottom half is athick zone of dolomite with chert or anhydrite. The top of theOldsmar Limestone was correlated by comparing electric logs often oil test wells with the log of well 010-238-1 (Applin and Applin,1944) at Lake City. The bottom was determined to occur at a

change from high to low resistivity. The formation is about 250

to 350 feet thick.


The top of the formation in other areas is marked by theappearance of abundant remains of the foraminifer Helicosteginagyralis Barker and Grimsdale. The upper part of the formationcould not be easily identified in Columbia County because only afew rock cuttings were recovered.

Locally, the Oldsmar Limestone probably is hydraulically con-nected to the underlying Cedar Keys Formation and overlying LakeCity Limestone which is part of the Floridan aquifer. The OldsmarLimestone contains water with high concentrations of dissolvedminerals, particularly sulfates and is not used for water supply.

Lake City Limestone: The Lake City Limestone of early MiddleEocene or Claiborne Age was assigned by Applin and Applin(1944) to a type section of limestone represented in the rockcuttings of well 010-238-1 at Lake City. The formation containsfauna related to that of the Cook Mountain Formation of Clai-borne Age. The Lake City Limestone conformably overlies theOldsmar Limestone.

The formation is composed of alternate layers of dark browndolomite and chalky limestone, both of which may contain chertand gypsum. The base of the formation contains some gypsum and,perhaps, some anhydrite. The upper part of the formation locallycontains some carbonaceous material and green clay. The formationis about 500 feet thick.

Well 010-238-1 was used as a basis for the correlation of electriclogs; however, because of slumping along the edges of the AlligatorLake area, the top of the formation may be higher than indicatedon the geologic sections (fig. 5, 6, 7).

The top of the formation is marked by the first abundantappearance of the key foraminifer Dictyoconus americanus Cush-man. Applin and Jordan (1945, p. 131) list the representativeforaminifers of the Lake City Limestone.

The formation is a part of the Floridan aquifer, but containswater high in sulfates near the base.

Avon Park Limestone: The Avon Park Limestone of late MiddleEocene or Claiborne Age disconformably overlies the Lake CityLimestone. The formation was described by Applin and Applin(1944, p. 1680, 1686) as a creamy, chalky limestone that generallyhas a distinctive and abundant fauna consisting mostly of Fora-minifera. In some places, however, the limestone is nonfossiliferousas in well 010-238-1 (Applin and Applin, 1944) and in a well atLive Oak in Suwannee County where the fossiliferous part of the'


limestone is absent. The formation is considered to range fromabout 170 to 270 feet thick in Columbia County as compared tosections that are about 400 feet thick in the central part of Florida.

The Avon Park Limestone is a permeable and porous part ofthe Floridan aquifer.

Ocala Group: The Ocala Group of Late Eocene or Jackson Ageconsists of three limestone formations of similar character. Fromoldest to youngest, they are the Inglis, Williston, and Crystal RiverFormations (Puri, 1957). The limestone of the Ocala Group hasbeen subdivided and renamed several times in recent years bydifferent investigators, but the above nomenclature is currentlybeing used by the Florida Geological Survey.

Although the several formations of the Ocala Group generallycan be recognized in parts of Columbia County the data areinadequate for separating the formations in this report. In the fol-lowing paragraphs the rocks of the Ocala Group are described asa unit.

The Ocala Group is unconformably underlain by the Avon ParkLimestone and unconformably overlain by deposits ranging fromOligocene to Recent Age. The approximate altitude of the erodedupper surface of the Ocala Group in Columbia County is shown bycontours in figure 9. The surface of the Ocala Group is a broadirregular northeast trending nose. It is highest in southeasternColumbia County and in the vicinity of Lake City. The shape ofthe eroded surface of the Ocala Group appears to have been relatedto post-Eocene rejuvenation of the Peninsular arch and/or theOcala uplift.

The limestone of the Ocala Group varies from a porous, cream towhite, loose coquina of large foraminifers and shells to a brown,solution-riddled, echinoid-rich limestone. Locally, the top of thelimestone has been replaced by chert.

Southwestward from Lake City, the top of the Ocala Group is ayellowish phosphatic clayey coquina of large foraminifers andechinoids. Solution pipes, horizontal cavities and caverns, andnumerous sinkholes are common. The Ocala Group ranges fromabout 150 to-250 feet in thickness and. crops out in the southernpart of Columbia County. Although the Ocala is a marine deposit,bones of unidentified terrestrial vertebrates have been found inquarries in the Ocala Group in southern Columbia County. Thesefossils probably occur in younger deposits filling depressions in thesurface of the Ocala Group.


The Ocala Group is the principal source of potable ground waterin Columbia County. The approximate depth to the top of the OcalaGroup at any place can be calculated by determining the differencebetween its altitude, as shown by the contour lines in figure 9,and the land-surface altitude at the same place. For example, ifat a given location the land-surface altitude is 130 feet above msland the limestone surface in figure 9 is approximately 50 feetbelow msl, then the depth required to drill to the top of the OcalaGroup is the sum of the two values, or 180 feet. However, if thelimestone surface in figure 9 is 50 feet above msl, the depth to thetop would be the difference between the values, or 80 feet.

OLIGOCENE SERIES

Suwannee Limestone: The Suwannee Limestone of late OligoceneAge was described by Cooke and Mansfield (1936, p. 71) as ayellowish limestone which is exposed along the Suwannee Riverdownstream from White Springs, Hamilton County. The SuwanneeLimestone unconformably overlies the Ocala Group and is uncon-formably overlain by sediments of Miocene to Recent Age.

The lower part of the Suwannee Limestone is exposed at theland surface in the southern part of the county and in the valleyof the Suwannee River near White Springs. The exposures usuallyare silicified and contain molds and casts of Cassidulus gouldiBouv&, an echinoid of Oligocene Age. Exposures of limestonewhich occur in the southern part of the county as flat residualboulders range from 2 to 3 feet in thickness and are underlain inplaces by a yellow, pasty, clayey limestone coquina of the OcalaGroup. The limestone is thickest in the western and northwesternparts of the county and generally thins toward the southern andeastern parts. It ranges in thickness from 40 to 50 feet in thenorthern and western parts of the county to possibly a few feetin the extreme southern part. Locally, between Suwannee Countyand Lake City, the limestone is apparently absent owing to solu-tion, collapse, or perhaps, erosion. The formation decreases inthickness from about 20 feet at Lake City to less than 5 feet atwell 012-221-1 in Baker County. In the south-central part ofColumbia County, the formation is perhaps 20 to 30 feet thickunder the hills and seems to be thin or absent in depressed areas.In some places the top of the formation is a very porous to dense,gray to white, fragmental limestone; in other places it is a dense,brown to gray, dolomitic or cherty limestone; and in still otherplaces it is a soft, white, and pasty limestone that contains seams


of olive drab to black clay. The formation contains solution pipes,many of which are filled with fine to coarse, quartz or phosphaticsand and light green clay.

The limestone of the Suwannee Formation is a permeable andporous part of the Floridan aquifer.

MIOCENE AND PLIOCENE SERIES

Geologists in Florida are not agreed as to the ages or relation-ships of sediments at or near the boundary between Miocene andPliocene time. Cooke (1945, p. 200-201) suggests that the AlachuaFormation was formed by the compacted residues of Middle andLate Miocene Formations and is of Pliocene Age. In contrast,Vernon (1951, p. 182) suggests that the Alachua is the terrestrialequivalent of the entire marine Miocene and ranges from EarlyMiocene to Pleistocene in age.

In the area of this report, terrestrial sediments probablyequivalent to the Alachua of Cooke (1945) apparently overlie andinterfinger into the Hawthorn Formation and therefore areconsidered to be of Miocene or Pliocene Age. The Miocene sand-stone and limestone deposits that underlie the Hawthorn Formationmay include deposits equivalent to the Tampa Limestone and partof the Hawthorn Formation. The Hawthorn Formation is limitedto the sandy clays with interbedded phosphatic limestone laminaethat lie above the Miocene sandstone and limestone unit. Somesand and clay of Pliocene Age may be included in the Pleistoceneand Recent deposits.

The sediments of Miocene Age are about 200 feet thick in thenorthern part of Columbia County and are thin to absent in theextreme southern part of the county.

Miocene Sandstone and Limestone: Deposits of Miocene sand-stone and limestone unconformably overlie the Ocala Group andSuwannee Limestone and probably disconformably underlie theHawthorn and Alachua (?) Formations.

Fragments of white, sandy limestone containing Sorites sp., acommon foraminifer of Miocene Age, are found in rock cuttingsfrom wells in the northern half of Columbia County. Fragments ofmollusks, shark teeth, and ostracods are common along with thinbeds of green clay which occur at irregular intervals. No specimensof Archaias floridanus (Conrad), a key foraminifer of the TampaLimestone, were noted in the cuttings; therefore, the deposits maybe part of the Hawthorn Formation.


The unit is about 70 feet thick in extreme northern ColumbiaCounty and thins toward Lake City where it is about 20 feet thick.The unit appears to thin over the southern half of the county, butgenerally would not be differentiated from the underlying caver-nous Suwannee Limestone because of the lack of good rock cuttingsfrom wells.

Where the Miocene sandstone and limestone unit is saturated,it forms the upper part of the Floridan aquifer. Although thisunit may differ in permeability from place to place, it is a fairsource of ground water in the northern half of the county. Locally,it may contain ground water with high concentrations of iron insolution.

Hawthorn Formation: The Hawthorn Formation is of MiddleMiocene Age and is composed of gray to green, sandy clay withinterbedded hard phosphatic or dolomitic limestone laminae andfine to coarse phosphorite sands. The color of the clay varies froma dark green to black to a light green to gray. The large, water-worn, phosphorite pebbles that occur within and at the base of theformation indicate diastems; the contact with the underlyingformations is probably disconformable. Beds of clay of the upperpart of the Hawthorn Formation appear to be equivalent to bedsof sandy clay of the Alachua (?) Formation in the southern partof the county. The Hawthorn Formation is unconformably overlainby beds of sand and clay of Recent to Pleistocene Age and, perhaps,some of Pliocene Age. The Hawthorn Formation is about 150 feetthick in the extreme northern part of the county and about 100feet thick in the eastern part. Beds of nearly pure light green clayare exposed along the valleys of Olustee Creek and the Santa FeRiver.

The known fauna of the Hawthorn Formation in ColumbiaCounty are limited to Ostrea normalis Dall, an oyster, andSiderastraea sp., a colonial coral.

In Columbia County the formation generally acts as a semicon-fining unit. Although the Hawthorn is itself an aquifer, itspermeability is so much less than that of the underlying beds thatit acts to confine water in the Floridan aquifer. The permeablelimestone beds within the Hawthorn Formation are tapped bywells for domestic water supplies, but the formation is notconsidered an important source of large quantities of ground water.

Alachua (?) Formation: The Alachua (?) Formation of Mioceneor Pliocene Age occurs in the south-central part of ColumbiaCounty, generally in areas of karst topography of the Coastal


Lowlands. The formation was not differentiated from the HawthornFormation in the southern and western parts of the county infigures 5, 6, and 7. The sandy clay and sand beds of the Alachua (?)Formation are not as calcareous and phosphatic as similar beds inthe Hawthorn Formation. Most of the light green to gray clayis oxidized to shades of white, red, pink, brown, and buff. Wherethe clay is pure, it has a characteristically laminated, blockyappearance. Silicified pieces of the underlying limestone aregenerally incorporated in the beds near the base of the formation.

Phosphate ore deposits occur at the base of the Alachua(?)Formation and are mined in the Fort White area near the Santa Feand Ichatucknee rivers.

The area underlain by the Alachua(?) Formation has manysinkholes caused by the solution and collapse of caverns in theunderlying Ocala Group or Suwannee Limestone or Miocene sand-stone and limestone unit.

The formation probably acts, in most areas, in conjunction withthe Hawthorn Formation as a semiconfining unit to retain waterunder artesian pressure in the Floridan aquifer.

QUATERNARY SYSTEM

PLEISTOCENE AND RECENT DEPOSITS

Sediments of Pleistocene Age were deposited as terrace depositsby fluctuations of sea level during the "Glacial Age." These terracesand terrace deposits are prominent topographic features of thecounty. Terraces representing Pleistocene shorelines and theirgeneral altitudes are: (1) the Coharie, 215 feet; (2) the Sunder-land, 170 feet; (3) the Okefenokee (MacNeil, 1949, p. 101), 150feet; (4) the Wicomico, 100 feet; (5) the Penholoway, 70 feet;(6) the Talbot, 42 feet; and possibly (7) the Pamlico, 25 feet(Cooke, 1945, p. 12, 13). The thickest accumulation of Pleistocenedeposits is in eastern Columbia County where approximately 40feet of sand unconformably overlies the Hawthorn Formation. Thesand is mostly fine grained and argillaceous at the surface butcoarsens with increasing depth. Large pebbles of phosphate andquartz are commonly found at the base of the sand.

The beds and lenses of the Pleistocene Series serve as atemporary storage reservoir for water which percolates into theunderlying Hawthorn Formation and, in places of low artesianhead, percolates through the Hawthorn Formation into the Floridanaquifer. In southern Columbia County perched water bodies exist


locally in the Pleistocene deposits but they are of limited extent andare used for domestic supply in only a few places.

Recent deposits consisting of sand, clay, and gravel usuallyoccur beneath the flood plains of rivers and streams in thetopographic lows of the county. Fine, windblown sand usuallymantles the high areas. Deposits of peat and muck are being formedin the bottom of plugged sinkholes, lakes, swamps, and other poorlydrained areas.

Deposits of Pleistocene and Recent Age are of limited extent andthickness and they are used only locally for domestic water supply.

STRUCTURE

The geology of Columbia County is probably related to a largeanticlinal fold named the Peninsular arch by Applin (1951, p. 3).The arch, according to Applin, is about 275 miles long and trendssoutheast to northwest forming the axis of the Florida Peninsula.Its highest recorded point is in well 009-236-4 near Lake City.(fig. 5, 6, 7).The high at Lake City appears to be on a north-northeastwardplunging nose in the Paleozoic rocks. Uplift of the arch or down-warping around its circumference caused fractures to develop inthe overlying sediments. These fractures probably affect thecourses of rivers and streams in the region.

The Peninsular arch was probably formed by regional upliftduring the Mesozoic and Cenozoie Eras (Applin, 1951, p. 17).This is apparent from the onlap of seas during Early and, LateCretaceous time but the area was again an area of uplift duringthe Tertiary Period (fig. 5, 6, 7). Uplift since Taylor time is shownby contours on top of beds of Taylor Age in figure 8.

The Ocala uplift (Vernon, 1951, p. 54) curves northeastwardinto central Columbia County. The uplift is reflected in the highaltitude of the top of the Ocala Group as shown in figure 9. Thethickening of beds of Miocene Age northward suggests that upliftand contemporaneous deposition took place during post-Eocenetime. The general axial trends of the post-Cretaceous and post-Eocene structures, as shown in figures 8 and 9, suggest that inColumbia County the Ocala uplift is probably related to movementsof the Peninsular arch.

GROUND WATER

Ground water is the subsurface water in the zone of saturation,the zone in which all pore spaces of the soil or rocks are completely

STSSSSAW f

UNDIfF MIOCEE SNDSTONE100 ND SUWANNEE LIMIESTNE 0 CALAT

, D 0 ,

0 rAVON AV P

300 a PLE•STOCEN AND

a ElRECENT DEPOSITST400 Top of Ih Florldon n fo d a

"300m

• ~DD "

$40C __ve

POST LAKE CITY EPOSIT".40 - -* - . *j • ..!I __O! |_ 'eI.o obOwr -or dIOIIS )

LAKE CITY --800 LIMESTONE

IL200 OLOSMAR LIMESTONEI CEDAR KEYS FORMATION

160o0 FORM TI

C. LAWSON-2000 - - LIMESTONE

•*2400 y ' BEDS OF ~TAYLOR AGE-

*2800

- ± ± .. BEDS OF AUST.

-2800 . P•L0 C .. AST AGE I

.AaO0 A 90110M 01 the PaQ-M NS Flotilda oquflet ROCKS

Figure 5. Geologic section in Columbia County along line A-A'.


Approximate boundariesB of slumped area B

UNOIFF ALACHUL ANDHAWTHORN FORM hTIONS\ -J

/ 200 -\ ' N - -0 o n 0 7

*' ANoE HAWTHORN FORMATION

SUWANNEE

-lOC- 0 C ALA

C §1 GROUp0 0T-.Woo' - A--------__

AVCN PARK

SRECENT DEPOSITSTop of the Floradon

-4cc 0 I 2 3 4 mi--les oqu fer

400- . -,

L and surfoce

POST II I .LAKE CITY EPOSTS I-400 - . deoil

L AK

E CI T Y LIMESTONE - ~ --

OLDSMAR LIMESTONE os\S CEDAR KEYS FORMATION

-1600-

-- 200 LAWSON LIMESTONE a

-2400- BEDS OF TAYLOR AGE

-200 BEDS OF AUSTIN-32CO- BEDS

O

_________-_

L FA K E-3200 PALEOZOIC ROCKS A __

e .BoIOm Of If 1 2 3 4 SmilesFloridun aquifer

water in the zone of saturation is derived from infiltration ofprecipitation, and once in the zone of saturation it moves laterallyunder the influence of gravity toward places of discharge such aswells, springs, or the sea. The formation, group of formations, orpart of a formation that permits the passage of water is knownas an aquifer.

LAKE ITY IMEST NE A


UNDIFF ALACHUA AND HAWTHORN FORMATION

fIho • •surface P d

' S 8 j,, !, e oo00 N HAWTHORN

K E CISTYN LME-SY, ORMNET N

5 -loo GROUP PLEISTOCENE AND

z Top of Ihe Floridana--2003 o1u-fer

AVON PARK LIMESTONE. -300 I I

-4 00 -.. ... _ . -- . ..

Sea level

-400- - - H- AWTH C

LAKE CITY LIMESTONE !

OLDSMAR LIMESTONE .

SCEDAR KEYS FORMATION

z -1600 " - I C

LAWSON LIMESTONE 9 1

g -2000

-- 2400 BEDS OF TAYLOR AGE

S -KNC

-2800 BEDS OF AUSTIN AGE

PALEOZOIC ROCKS

-2800- G R 0_UAPPLEIS.OCENE A\D

P L EO 5 s Bottom of the Floridon oluifer

-3600

Figure 7. Geologic section in Columbia County along line C-C'.

Where ground water only partly fills an aquifer the surface ofthe water, the water table, is free to rise and fall and the wateris said to be under water-table or nonartesian conditions. If, how-ever, the ground water is confined beneath a relatively impermeablebed or formation, the surface is no longer free to rise and theground water is said to be confined under artesian pressure. Theheight to which the water will rise in tightly cased wells that tapan artesian aquifer is defined as the piezometric surface of theaquifer. Where the piezometric surface is lower than the water


--. G E 0 R G I A

N COLUMBIA CO. 8r KER o.

\ 2398

TO 00

20

i LI

,43 / 0 * EXPLANATION

*2,144

.8 L Upper number is wellnumber. Lower numberis depth, in feet, below

S- mean sea level." k 0O^ ^' 2,150

>.9- • Contour line on upper",, i surface of beds of TaylorCO ' Age, in feet below mean

sea level.0 5 IOmiles0 Contour interval 50 feet.

Figure 8. Columbia County showing configuration on top of beds ofTaylor Age.

2e


table, the water may move downward from the nonartesian aquiferinto the artesian aquifer. Where the water table is lower than thepiezometric surface, water may move upward from the artesianaquifer into the nonartesian aquifer or to flowing wells and springs.

Ground water in Columbia County occurs under both nonartesianand artesian conditions. The Hawthorn Formation and theFloridan aquifer are in part artesian. The Floridan aquifer is theprincipal source of ground water in the area and includes all orparts of formations ranging in age from Middle Eocene to Mioceneor Pliocene.

NONARTESIAN AQUIFER

The nonartesian aquifer is composed primarily of sediments ofPleistocene and Recent Age. However, in some areas water-tableconditions exist in the sand and clay of the formation of Mioceneor Pliocene Age and in the Floridan aquifer. The source of re-charge to the nonartesian aquifer is local rainfall.

The nonartesian aquifer is continually gaining water by rechargeand losing water by discharge. The water table rises and falls inresponse to barometric and tidal fluctuations, but the mostimportant changes are in the amount of ground water in storage.In this respect the water table acts like the water surface of alake behind a dam. That is, the water table rises when the amountof recharge to the aquifer exceeds the amount of discharge anddeclines when the recharge is less than the discharge. The watertable conforms generally to the topography of an area; however,its features usually are more subdued.

The nonartesian aquifer in Columbia County is divided roughlyinto three general areas on the basis of the topography: (1) thebasin of the Okefenokee Swamp on the north side of the east-westridge; (2) the Coharie, Sunderland, and Okefenokee terraces onthe south side of the east-west ridge; and (3) the Coastal Low-lands. The east-west trending topographic divide that crossesColumbia County through Lake City (fig. 4) -probably coincideswith the nonartesian ground-water divide. These features are notdelineated on figure 4 because of insufficient topographic controland ground-water data in zones between the three general areas.-

The aquifer beneath the Okefenokee Swamp, in the northernportion of the county, receives recharge from local precipitation,surface-water runoff, and ground-water flow from the highereast-west trending ridge to the south. The average altitude of theregion is about 120 to 130 feet above msl. The area is mantled by


10 to 30 feet of fine sand. The nonartesian aquifer is underlainby marls of the Hawthorn Formation.

Discharge from the nonartesian aquifer occurs by evaporation,transpiration by plants, seepage into streams and lakes, leakageinto the underlying Hawthorn Formation, and pumpage by a fewwells.

The water table responds to variations in rainfall; it rises duringperiods of excessive rainfall and declines during periods of drought.Because the water table declined during the period 1955-57, manysandpoints and dug wells in the region had to be drilled into thesecondary artesian aquifer in the Hawthorn Formation.

Water levels of wells drilled to different depths indicate down-ward movement of ground water from the nonartesian aquiferthrough the Hawthorn Formation into the Floridan aquifer. Thedownward percolation occurs where the water table in the non-artesian aquifer is higher than the piezometric surface in theunderlying artesian aquifer. Evidence of downward percolation isthe decrease in water-table altitude with increase in depth of wellcasing and total depth of well, as shown by wells 013-238-3, 4, 5(table 8) north of Lake City.

The chemical quality of the water in the nonartesian aquifergenerally is poor because the concentration of iron and tannicacid is high.

The temperature of water from the nonartesian aquifer, thenonartesian zones of the Floridan aquifer, and the secondaryartesian zones in the Hawthorn Formation ranges from approxi-mately 690 to 71 0 F.

The nonartesian aquifer underlying the Coharie, Sunderland,and Okefenokee terraces on the south side of the east-west ridgein central Columbia County is composed of the sand and clay ofEarly Pleistocene Age. The nonartesian aquifer overlies theHawthorn Formation or the Alachua(?) Formation. The non-artesian aquifer ranges in thickness from about 5 to 50 feet. Theupper part of the aquifer is composed of fine sand that containssome clay and the lower part is a mixture of medium to coarsesand and clay or phosphate pebbles.

The nonartesian aquifer is discontinuous south of the east-westridge where erosion has thinned or completely removed the Pleisto-cene deposits. The drainage system is well developed in this areaand the streams have steep gradients. Isolated remnants of theOkefenokee terrace usually have a veneer of 5 to 10 feet of sand

UNIt- IA I I 1 AH IM NI ( lilt INItl( i tU I IPA itll jll.A\ II HV I Y(j6 OlO() UICAI ,•tHVtY H( Vdtiioi, |)iY(,lt r

82°t0 1 b.L. 14i Y B2,35 C L I N c ii. 8Be3025

3035' oC I Lj M 1 4W 30- T GEXPLANATION , COUNTY30

Well IOutcrop or quarry

-Afo -2 00Upper number is well number

30030' Lower number is the altitude of thetop of the Ocala group, in feet ENTONreferred to mean sea level. 1 - _-** ~50

e estimated elevation 00 0 "< less than FA VIEW-.> greater than >

Contour on the upper surface of p' o "/o130*25' the Ocala group in feet referred 30-25

to mean sea level. Dashed line indicatesinferred position of contour. . //

Contour interval 50 feet A-

Inferred fault D is downthrown Oside, UIs upthrown side t4

H AM ILT.O ;0 . o 0

3020' : r , o•V d \ 30 d-

WHITESSPRINGS -

60 / ! 47 .0 4 4-%t A

- -

-5015' 0250 30 I05

Figur 9 C n w ci n o o b o

0 t LAKE C ITY/CLUSTEU

- 240+i, *I

-3000, 1442 300 10 '-

,,. %.,. -I , ifW, ' -T

-29055 ' C+,2- -- 20 \ -V

82°50 8245' 2 35 82360 82

Base complied from maps of Geology by F, W. Meyer,Florida State Road Department,

Figure 9. Columbia County showing configuration on top of beds ofLate47 ESVEne Age

Oe -0 &-


and clay which provides a source for small quantities of potablewater. However, the concentration of iron in the water usuallyproduces undesirable stains and imparts a poor taste to the water.

The Coastal Lowlands region, located in the southern part of thecounty, is underlain by beds of sand ranging from 5 to 10 feet inthickness, except where the sand apparently has filled solutionfeatures and is thicker. The thickness of the deposits in the areawest of Fort White is unknown. The nonartesian ground waterthat occurs locally in the sand is "perched." The water is in asaturated zone that is separated from the main body of groundwater by unsaturated rock. The "perched" nonartesian aquiferobtains most of its recharge from local rainfall and is dischargedprimarily by evapotranspiration, downward leakage, and springsdischarging into streams.

SECONDARY ARTESIAN AQUIFER

The secondary artesian aquifer consists of the Hawthorn Forma-tion and the Alachua(?) Formation, singly or together. TheHawthorn is the more extensive and is indistinguishable from theAlachua(?) Formation in some localities.

Generally, the secondary artesian aquifer includes many small,low pressure, artesian zones within the Hawthorn Formation.These zones are principally limestone or sandstone beds that areinterbedded with sand and clay. The sand and clay serve to confinethe water within each zone under artesian pressure. Ground waterwithin the aquifers is probably derived from local rainfall. Thepiezometric surface of the secondary artesian aquifer varies withthe depth of penetration and is intermediate between the water tableof the. nonartesian. aquifer and the piezometric surface of theFloridan aquifer. Wells drilled into the secondary aquifer generallyhave greater yields and contain water of different chemical qualitythan the overlying nonartesian aquifer. The concentrations ofdissolved solids and total hardness of the water generally increasewith depth of penetration in the secondary aquifer. Partialanalysis of water from two wells in Clinch County, Georgia, onewith a total depth of 185 feet and the other with a total depth of219 feet, show an increase in bicarbonate (HCO3 ) from 156to 558 ppm (parts per million) and an increase in total hardness(CaCO) from 164 to 410 ppm. Another well in the area whichpenetrated the Floridan aquifer had water with a lower contentof dissolved solids and total hardness than the water from thesecondary aquifer. This probably indicates a more direct source


of recharge than the downward leakage from the overlying aquifer.However, it may indicate upward leakage from lower in theaquifer or it may indicate only a local condition in the area of thewells.

The water-bearing zone of the secondary artesian aquifer isabout 100 feet thick.

FLORIDAN AQUIFER

OCCURRENCE AND SOURCE

In Florida, the principal artesian aquifer (Stringfield, V. T.,1936) has been designated the "Floridan aquifer" by Parker andothers (1955, p. 188). It consists of the Lake City Limestone, AvonPark Limestone, and the Ocala Group, all of Eocene Age; theSuwannee Limestone of Oligocene Age; and an unnamed sand-stone and limestone of Miocene Age. These formations comprisingthe Floridan aquifer are the principal source of large quantities ofground water in Columbia County. Older formations are waterbearing, but the water contains such high concentrations ofdissolved solids that it is not useable for most purposes.

The Floridan aquifer, which is overlain at most locations by thesemiconfining beds of the Hawthorn and Alachua (?) Formations,occurs beneath all of Columbia County. The altitude of the top ofthe aquifer ranges from approximately 80 feet above msl in thesouthern part of the county to more than 100 feet below msl inthe northern part of the county (fig. 10). The thickness of theaquifer ranges from about 900 feet in the southern part of thecounty to about 1,100 feet in northern Columbia County (fig. 5).In general, only the upper few hundred feet of the aquifer aretapped by wells in Columbia County.

The Floridan aquifer is artesian in the northern part of thecounty and nonartesian in the southern part, as far north as LakeCity (fig. 10). The extent of the nonartesian area varies with thefluctuation of storage in the Floridan aquifer.

MOVEMENT OF WATER AND ITS RELATION

TO THE PIEZOMETRIC SURFACE

The configuration and altitude of the piezometric surface isrepresented by contour lines which connect points of equal pressure.The direction of movement of water in the aquifer is down thehydraulic gradient at right angles to the contours. The piezometricsurface of Columbia County during June 1957 is presented infigure 11.

Nonortesion Artesianconditions conditions

(Except in area I| of Alligator Lake)

A'00A i. A

10

_ Lndd suracere

SA Nonartesion ArtesianFigue 1. G d conditions in condi ions

-, -, App t (Exncp l in am ,r

omric surface of water in the Floridan aquifer in June 1957, along

lines A-A' and B-B'.surce*

100 ~

-· ^« Approximate plazomelric lurfoce 0

Figure 10. Generalized sections in Columbia County showing profile ofpiezometric surface of water in the Floridan aquifer in June 1957, along

lines A-A' and B-B'.


The boundary between the artesian and nonartesian areas ofthe Floridan aquifer is variable but generally conforms to the 60-foot contour that crosses the county through Lake City (fig. 11).The aquifer north of the 60-foot contour is artesian and south of the60-foot contour it is nonartesian.

In general, the regional direction of ground-water flow in theartesian aquifer in Columbia County is southwestward. Therelatively uniform slope of the piezometric surface is interruptedby high and low areas caused by local recharge and discharge.Thus, locally, the direction of flow may differ from the regionaldirection.

RECHARGE

The Floridan aquifer receives much of its recharge from localrainfall in Columbia, Suwannee, Hamilton, Baker, Union, andAlachua counties, Florida; and in Clinch and Echols counties ofsoutheast Georgia. After water enters the aquifer in the rechargearea it moves laterally below the semiconfining beds toward areasof lower artesian pressure in other parts of Florida and Georgia.Recharge to the Floridan aquifer occurs where the aquifer is,exposed at land surface, where sinkholes penetrate the semicon-fining beds of the Hawthorn Formation, and by infiltration. Re-charge by infiltration occurs where the water table in the non-artesian aquifer is higher than the piezometric surface and waterpercolates downward through the semiconfining beds into theFloridan aquifer. In most of Columbia County, recharge occursmainly by percolation; however, the Suwannee and Santa Ferivers, and Olustee Creek recharge the aquifer locally when theriver levels are above the piezometric surface.

In general, the topography and geology of the region control theareas of recharge and the pattern of movement of water in theFloridan aquifer. The area of karst topography in the CoastalLowlands is a recharge area for the Floridan aquifer because rain-fall enters where the limestone is exposed at the surface and wherenumerous sinkholes penetrate the overlying semiconfining beds.The piezometric surface during June 1957 (fig. 11) indicatesrecharge in the area 18 miles south of Lake City near FortWhite, and the area 12 miles south of Lake City near Ellisville.Recharge of the aquifer from rivers and streams occurs duringhigh stages of the Suwannee River at White Springs and alongthe southern boundaries of the county. The direction of flowis from the river to the aquifer when the surface of the river is

S' L_2 45 , 8>.3: JC 8/3Jo' e 25'30~035 ERL.AtJlrIJ r - L U , 0 A I " " 3035- OU CU 30 'Ty

Upper number is *ell numcer 4 •Lower number is piegomeiric

surfoce, in feet aoove meansea level Letter e is esti-mated dl00a

30°30' 30"3d-30 Contour line represents the 30" dpiezometric surface, in feet,above mean sea level, June1957

Contour interval 10feet

Direction of ground-water move- S, / _ment in the Floridon aquifer A

30025' I 3'2-

- . o

v̂ . \ '< " -11

o t e: /)

rive r. / I (_0L5 s, us1 50 < !_-

-o1o . oo . -

WHIE IISA

I . .., ,;- .

-30005' 0 -

Note: -j V

Recharge to the aquifer 60 -

during hgh stages of th v

a o river. Disch from m -li Se a eting low stages of the 6

river Wi5o15.5 / - -P. 0° -00

250" 82*45 82.5 8 0 82o' / 0 \ N a 1 -

30010' 41 300

_,L

_ aqie --n ONO, ea7

I ii2 91 O Ja j °2

II I i A i 000

Bse compiled from mps of

Florid Stte Rodto aquifer durinDeprtment,

Figure 11.Columbia County showing the piezometric surface of the FloridanveraquiferDischarge from the aquifer to197.


higher than the piezometric surface of the aquifer. The directionof flow is reversed when the piezometric surface is higher thanthe water level of the river.

DISCHARGE

Ground water is discharged from the aquifer chiefly by springsand seepage into the Suwannee River, Santa Fe River, IchatuckneeRiver, and Olustee Creek. Numerous springs occur throughoutColumbia County but no attempt was made to measure theirflow, and they are not located on any map. In addition to thedischarge into streams, some ground water moves out of thecounty into adjacent counties by underflow. A relatively smallamount of water is discharged by wells tapping the aquifer.

The lows on the piezometric surface in the Coastal Lowlandsregion (fig. 11) show the drawdown effects of ground-waterdischarge by numerous springs. The springs discharge a largevolume of water from storage in the aquifer. The piezometric sur-face in the southern part of the county occurs more than 20 feetbelow the top of the Floridan aquifer (fig. 10). The discharge ofthe Ichatucknee River, measured below the springs, on April 12,1957, was about 250 cfs (cubic feet per second) or about 110,000gpm. The volume is about 160 times the average daily pumpageby Lake City. The discharge measurement was made when thepiezometric surface of the Floridan aquifer at Lake City was atits lowest recorded altitude. Rainfall later in the spring of 1957 wasabove normal and the piezometric surface at Lake City rose 4feet by the fall of 1957 (fig.12). The discharge of the IchatuckneeRiver on October 24, 1957 was about 160,000 gpm. The increaseddischarge of about 50,000 gpm probably was due to the increasedgradient of the piezometric surface.

FLUCTUATIONS OF THE PIEZOMETRIC SURFACE

The piezometric surface rises when the amount of recharge tothe aquifer exceeds the amount of discharge and declines whenthe discharge exceeds the recharge. The relation between dischargeand recharge is indicated by changes in water levels.

Fluctuations of the piezometric surface are caused primarily by:(1) rainfall in the area, (2) natural ground-water discharge, (3)changes in barometric pressure, (4) earth tides, and (5) pumping.Any one of these factors may be dominant at one time and over-shadow the effects of the others. Therefore, continuous, long-term,water-level records are necessary to distinguish short-term fluctua-tions from progressive trends.


65 ------ .Well 010-238-1

.- \ in Lake CityUJW60

45

45 - - --------

LAKE CITY WEATHER STATION

Z 66.01 5521 49.16 47.77 38.75 73.06 3666 3197 50.62 55.64

z 10

1948 1949 1950 1951 13.95 1953 954 955 1956 1957

Figure 12. Hydrograph of well 010-238-1 and rainfall at Lake City 1948-57.

The fluctuations of the piezometric surface of the Floridanaquifer have been recorded since June 1948 in well 010-238-1 atLake City. The hydrograph (fig. 12) of the water level in the wellduring the period 1948-57 shows a progressive decline of thepiezometric surface. The decline represents a recession from thepeak water levels that resulted from the above-average rainfall in1947 and 1948 to slightly below-normal water levels that resultedfrom below-normal rainfall in 1954 and 1955 (fig. 3, 12). Themaximum decline of the piezometric surface for this period 1947-55was about 17.5 feet.

Rainfall recharging the aquifer in the Lake City region causesa slow rise in the piezometric surface. The difference in timebetween the maximum seasonal rainfall and the correspondingrise in water level (fig. 12) is approximately 5 months. Thislag probably indicates the approximate time necessary for waterto leak from the nonartesian aquifer to the Floridan aquifer.

The daily fluctuations of the piezometric surface in well010-238-1 and well 004-236-5 near Myrtis are compared to the


rainfall at a weather station 2 miles east of Lake City (fig. 13). Thegraphs show a continuous rise from June through December re-sulting from regional recharge to the aquifer. Superimposed onthe 7-month trend are small rises which usually follow a heavyrainfall by 1 to 2 days. The small rises which correlate with localrainfall indicate localized recharge through sinkholes and possiblyhigher water levels due to loading on the aquifer. The almostidentical hydrographs of wells 010-238-1 and 004-236-5 indicatethat hydrologic conditions at Lake City and Myrtis, 8 miles to thesouth, are similar.

- 52 Well 010-230-1 .-I,"III In lke City

g.4

840 Well 004-236-5In Myrtls

34--TA TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL TOTAL

_.) i LAKE CITY WE5HER STATION

g50 I |_LAKE CITY WEI THER STATION

1957

Figure 13. Hydrographs of wells 010-238-1 and 004-236-5 and daily rainfallat Lake City, June-December 1957.

A short-term record on well 001-243-1, 12 miles south-southwestof Lake City, showed fluctuations similar to those observed inwells 010-238-1 and 004-236-5 following heavy rainfall. The fluctua-tions were only half the amplitude of the corresponding fluctua-tions of wells 010-238-1 and 004-236-5, perhaps an indication ofgreater transmissibility and storage capabilities of the aquifer.

Water levels in wells that tap the artesian part of the Floridanaquifer are affected by barometric fluctuations. The range ofwater-level fluctuation in a well may be virtually the same asthat of the water level in a water barometer, or 13.5 times therange in a mercury barometer. Barometric fluctuations may cause


"blowing" and "sucking" wells in the Floridan aquifer where it isnonartesian and only partly confined. This phenomenon occurswhen the upper part of the Floridan aquifer is filled with airinstead of water. The water surface in the aquifer rises whenthe barometric pressure decreases, forcing part of the air up wellcasings or natural openings, and the opposite reaction occurs whenthe barometric pressure increases. This phenomenon is notobserved when the well is cased below the water surface.

Changes in the piezometric surface of the artesian aquifer arealso caused by earth tides. The earth-tide cycle is similar to thatof the sea tides, but the change in piezometric surface is causedby a rise or fall of the land surface by gravitation effects of themoon and sun.

The effects of pumpage on the piezometric surface are discussedin the section on hydrologic properties of the Floridan aquifer.

USE OF GROUND WATER

The table of well records (table 8) gives information on morethan 300 wells in Columbia County (fig. 14). Many of these wellsare domestic wells which pump from 10 to 20 gpm. No estimate ismade of the average daily consumption for domestic purposes. I

The largest users of ground water are irrigation and municipalwells which usually pump from 500 to 1,000 gmp. The onlymeasured data on pumpage is from the Lake City well field whichpumps about 1 million gpd (table 3).

TABLE 3. Pumpage at the Lake City Well Field

(In millions of gallons per month)

(Source: Records of the Lake City Water Department)

1955 1956 1957January 24.888 30.692February 22.533 28.775March 32.171 26.873April 36.101 - 34.444May 37.576 32.391June 36.406 -33.487July 30.697 37.207August 29.229 - 41.841 32.227September 31.795 20.893 28.429October 34.459 29.042 28.840November 27.908 25.187 28.038December 27.518 . 31.744

Average equals 1.025,000 gpd.

... .. . 6 . . . k I I,( .I I o. . . ..U _ ' t i i ' - i , M '

. ... A.2 821 30,0A... .•- 301 ' *' T . ....... " -" .U .r- 30,3 "'-

111111 .14-1- - - I-- 3030 3- -- ....

EXPLANATION \BEN ZJ--- ~ ~ .- - ~-Y----7---------r--- ------

Invenjoried wellOo-- on number ---

%I--

Surface-water gaging slolion .i

1957 -

30 025' -

- - 0

IIn T VI 0

-30.C 2450-05'-

-Bse compiled from maps of Well Inventory by W. Meyer9

wells and stream-gaging stations.

% 0

300_ 1 a ount n - 30o

2' I .1 0 'ý6

Uj -- I

Z 2L

I BQ-29,50~ ~ ~ -- -- --. 1- 4^ ^ -^ ^ ^- ^ --- - - ^95 1

wells and stream-gaging stations.


HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF THE FLORIDAN AQUIFER

The principal hydraulic characteristics of an aquifer are itsabilities to transmit and store water. The coefficient of trans-missibility, T, is a measure of the capacity of an aquifer to transmitwater. This coefficient is defined as the quantity of water thatpasses through a vertical section of the saturated thickness of theaquifer 1 foot wide, under a unit hydraulic gradient, at the pre-vailing temperature of the water. It customarily is expressed bythe U.S. Geological Survey in units of gallons per day per foot ofaquifer (gpd per foot). The coefficient of storage, S, is a measureof the aquifer's capacity to store water. It is the volume of waterreleased or taken into storage per unit surface area of the aquiferper unit change in the component of head normal to that surface.The value of S varies approximately from 0.0001 to 0.001 inartesian aquifers and from 0.05 to 0.30 in nonartesian aquifers.

An effective method of determining the coefficients of trans-missibility and storage is by pumping a well and measuring theconsequent water-level drawdown in the vicinity of the well. Whena well is pumped, the piezometric surface in the vicinity of the wellassumes the shape of an inverted cone having its apex at the centerof withdrawal. The surface is generally referred to as the coneof depression, and its size and shape depend on the transmissibilityand storage capacities of the aquifer, the rate of pumping, lengthof pumping time, and influence of recharge or discharge in thearea.

Theis (Wenzel, 1942) developed a method of determining T andS from time-drawdown data in observation wells in the vicinity ofa pumped well. The equations have assumptions and restrictionswhich are not met in field testing; however, the equations permitan approximation of the true values. Hantush (1956) developed asolution introducing a correction for leakance, the ratio of thevertical permeability of the confining bed to its thickness. Theequation provides a solution to the coefficient of leakance as wellas to the coefficients of transmissibility and storage. H. H. Cooper,Jr. of the U. S. Geological Survey developed a family of leakyaquifer curves which, when compared with the curve derived bythe Hantush method, gives values for T, S, and leakance.

In order to determine the transmissibility, storage coefficient,

and leakage of the Floridan aquifer in the Lake City area a

pumping test was conducted on October 17, 1957. Lake Citymunicipal well 010-237-2 was used as the discharging well and an


abandoned well, 011-237-1, a distance of 1,150 feet north northeast,was used for observation of water levels, the test was begun at6:35 a.m. and ended at 11:35 a.m. with well 010-237-2 dischargingat approximately 650 gpm. The data obtained was comparedwith the Theis type curve and yielded a T value of 270,000 gpdper foot and an S value of 0.0008 (fig. 15). The data was applied

____- --- _ - - _ =l , 150 feet

Q=650 gpm (est.)- - 114.6 QW(u)

S = Ii 0.0008[87r'

-=5.85 x 10-'

10' 10 - 1 i0 i ' 1O-

Figure 15. Logarithmic plot of drawdown versus - compared with the Theis

type curve, Lake City pumping test, October 1957

to the Hantush assumptions for ground water flow in a leakyaquifer and the resulting curve was compared to the leaky-aquifer

-- 0=650 gpm (est.) - --

curves of Cooper. The coefficient of transmissibility was again

determined to be approximately 270,000 gpd per foot, the coef-

ficient of storage again was 0.0008, and the coefficient of leak-0.0008

1 l87rz

age was 0.001 gpd per cubic foot. The values for T and S agree

10' 10" 10' 16" 10t

rt

tFigure 15. Logarithmic plot of drawdown versus - compared with the Theis

r2

type curve, Lake City pumping test, October 1957

to the Hantush computations and are undoubtedly good approximations leakyaquifer and the upperesulting curve was compared to the leaky-Floridan aquifer. At present data areinsurvfficient to determine the accuracy of the coefficient of transmissibility was age.

determined to be approximately 270,000 gpd per foot, the coef-ficient of storage again was 0.0008, and the coefficient of leak-age was 0.001 gpd per cubic foot. The values for T and S agreein both computations and are undoubtedly good approximationsfor the upper part of the Floridan aquifer. At present data areinsufficient to determine the accuracy of the coefficient of leakage.


However, approximations of transmissibility of other wells nearthe periphery of Alligator Lake are higher, indicating a probablesource of leakage to the Floridan aquifer. Therefore, the coef-ficient of leakage probably is invalid because recharge may occurby means of sinks penetrating the semiconfining beds.

Table 4 shows theoretical values for the coefficient of trans-missibility for seven wells. The values for T were obtained byusing the Theim (1906) method which is expressed by theequation

Q reT=527.7 - logo -

Sw rI

Qwhere - is the specific capacity, re is the estimated radius of the

Swcone of depression at equilibrium and rw is the radius of the well.Field measurements were made to obtain yield and water-leveldrawdown data to compute the specific capacity, and values

for re were arbitrarily selected for the following ranges of

pumping rates to be:

re (feet) pumping (gpm)20,000 750-1,25010,000 250- 750

2,000 less than 250

The values of T for wells 010-237-1, 010-237-2, 010-237-3,010-238-2, and 011-238-3 are for the same part of the aquiferthat was tested in the Lake City well field. The values of T

obtained by the Thiem equation generally are higher than the

values obtained by the Theis equation because the drawdownsprobably did not reach a state of equilibrium and the high trans-

missibility values include the effects of leakage through the con-

fining beds and through many sinkhole lakes in the area. Well

010-237-2 had 4 times the amount of drawdown and a correspond-ingly low value of transmissibility. This loss in head could be caused

by: (1) a local change in the water-transmitting capacity of the

aquifer, (2) encrustation of the well, and (3) poor well

development.

The data for well 011-238-3 appear to support the value of T

obtained by the pump test. The well is in an area of little apparent

leakage and the transmissibility is on the order of 270,000 gpd

per foot obtained by the Theis method and by the leaky-aquifer

method of Cooper. The lower transmissibility of well 010-238-1

Q

TABLE 4. Theoretical Transmissibility of the Floridan Aquifer in Selected Wells

EstimatedDepth below Radius of radius of cone Specific capacity, Theoretical coefficient

Well Location land surface well, rw of depression, Q/sw (gpm/ft) of transmissibility T(feet) (feet) re (feet) (gpd/ft) (rounded)

Columbia County

010-237-1 0.3 miles N. of Alligator Lake 300 0.5 10.000 175 400,000

010-237-2 do. 275 .5 10,000 30 80,000010-237-3 0.2 miles N. of Alligator Lake 310 .5 20,000 151 400,000010238-1 600 feet W. of Alligator Lake 1,125 .5 2,000 50 100,000

010-238-2 75 feet NW of Alligator Lake 360 .42 20.000 200 500,000011-238-3 1.5 miles N, of Alligator Lake 400 1.25 20,000 100 200,000

Baker County

012.222-1 24 miles E, of Lake City 465 33 10,000 47 100,000 ,


probably indicates the lower part of the aquifer has a lowercoefficient of transmissibility than the upper zone. The approxi-mate value of T for well 012-222-1 at the Florida Forest Nursery,in Baker County, is about the same as that for well 010-238-1. Thismay indicate lower values of T in those areas where the aquifer isoverlain by thick deposits of Miocene Age.

Figure 16 is a graph showing the theoretical drawdown in thevicinity of a well pumping 1,000 gpm for different lengths of time.The graph was computed by using 270,000 gpd per foot for thecoefficient of transmissibility and 0.0008 for the coefficient ofstorage. It is based on the Theis nonequilibrium formula whichassumes there is no leakage or recharge to the aquifer during thetime, t, of continuous pumping. However, the drawdown curve infigure 13 did show leakage or other recharge to the aquifer at thetest site; consequently, the expanding cone of depression willintercept recharge and ultimately the recharge within the cone ofdepression will equal the pumping rate. Thus, it is expected thatthe actual drawdown during the initial period of pumping generallywould closely approximate the drawdowns computed from theTheis formula. The actual drawdown would be smaller than thecomputed drawdowns after the cone of depression began to inter-cept recharge. The time required to reach a stabilized drawdowncondition possibly would be in the magnitude of months but thereare insufficient data to determine the exact length of time.

Greater or lesser pumping rates will increase or decrease thedrawdown by direct proportion. For example, using the graphson figure 16, under the assumed conditions, the drawdown 10 feetfrom a well discharging 1,000 gpm for 10 days would be 9.9 feet.If the well had discharged 100 gpm for the same length of time, thedrawdown at the same distance would be one-tenth as much or0.99 feet.

The curves in figure 17 represent the change in drawdown, atthe center well of straight-line well systems, as the distance betweenadjacent wells is changed. The total discharge of each line ofwells was arbitrarily set at 20,000 gpm and the period of dischargeat 1 year. An example of the use of this graph is as follows: If awell system were required to yield 20,000 gpm with a maximumdrawdown of 120 feet, one would follow across the 120-footdrawdown line to its intercepts of the curves to determine thenumber of wells, discharge rate for each well, and spacingbetween adjacent wells. The 120-foot drawdown line intersectsthe curve for 40 wells discharging at 500 gpm each at a point

0 -- - - - -- -- -- - ----

2 -..----- -------- --

4

o 048 -- ------- -- s----

I :-

S = 1,000 gpm

2 ^ , T =270,000 gpd/ft.12 ' 1 -I-:: -- S=0.0008

141; 110 100 1,000 I0,000

DISTANCE, IN FEET, FROM DISCHARGING WELLFigure 16. Graph showing the theoretical drawdown in the vicinity of a well

discharging 1,000 gpm.


20Computations based on:

w 40 T=270,000 gpd/ft.

S= 0.0008Well diameter =12 inchesS= 1 year

40 Wells in a i e, ch pumP- n ^ ---4^.. ,_ .....each pumpin ',00SWo

-'"- Wells in a line, each pumpn 2,000 PM. -

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500DISTANCE, IN FEET, BETWEEN PUMPING WELLS IN LINE.

Figure 17. Theoretical drawdowns after 1 year of pumping a group of wellsat a rate of 20,000 gpm.

corresponding to a spacing of 815 feet. The 120-foot drawdownline intersects the curve for 20 wells discharging at 1,000 gpmeach where the spacing is 1,585 feet between wells, and intersectsthe curve for 10 wells discharging at 2,000 gpm each where thewells are spaced 3,140 feet apart. The graph could be used in asimilar manner for any given maximum drawdown. The draw-downs are almost directly proportional to the total discharge.Theorfore, for greater or lesser rates of discharge, proportionatelylesser or greater maximum drawdown lines should be used. Thus,in the example above, if the discharge rate had been 5,000 gpmand the maximum drawdown 30 feet, the 120-foot drawdown linewould have been used.

The coefficients of transmissibility and storage obtained bythe pump test at the Lake City well field may not be representativeof the aquifer in other parts of Columbia County. For example, theaquifer is probably more permeable in the area south of Lake Cityand in this area the drawdown for a given rate of pumping will beless than the theoretical value determined from the curves on figures16 and 17. However, the coefficients obtained from the test may


be applicable in the upper part of the Floridan aquifer in thevicinity of Lake City.

CHEMICAL QUALITY

The suitability of ground water for municipal, agricultural,and industrial supply depends largely on the chemical quality ofthe water. A municipal supply requires the water to be: (1) freeof harmful bacteria and toxic materials; (2) pleasant tasting,clear and odorless; (3) relatively soft, or low in calcium andmagnesium salts; and (4) noncorrosive. For industrial use hard-ness and corrosiveness are most important and for irrigation thequantities of dissolved salts and sodium content are most important.

Water first begins to change chemical composition as it absorbssmall quantities of carbon dioxide gas from the atmosphere andorganic material from the soil. The carbon dioxide gas reactswith the water forming a weak solution of carbonic acid. Theacidic water then percolates through the various geologic forma-tions dissolving the more soluble minerals. Therefore, the chemicalquality of the ground water generally reflects the mineral compo-sition and solubility of the water-bearing formations.

Chemical analyses were made of ground-water samples taken atdifferent depths and at different locations in Columbia County andvicinity (table 5, 6). Most of the samples were obtained fromwells tapping the Floridan aquifer. The results of the analyses aregiven in tables 5 and 6 and the locations of the wells are shown infigure 14. The analyses are expressed in parts per million; onepart per million is equivalent to a pound of dissolved matter ina million pounds of water.

Locally important chemical characteristics of the water-hydro-gen-ion concentration, hardness, dissolved solids, and hydrogensulfide-are discussed separately below.

HYDROGEN-ION CONCENTRATION (pH)

The hydrogen-ion concentration, or pH value, of water is ameasure of its acidity or alkalinity. The pH of neutral or distilledwater is 7 which means the water is neither acid nor alkaline.Values greater than 7 denote increasing alkalinity and values lessthan 7 denote increasing acidity. Water with a low pH is corrosive;that is, the acid reacts with metals to form salts, although not allwaters having the same pH are equally corrosive. Generally, waterswith pH values above 7 are not corrosive but react with metal to,form encrustation and "boiler scale," the amount of encrustation

i


depends on the hardness of the water. Ground water that is non-corrosive and nonencrustating is slightly alkaline and has lowhardness.

The analyses of ground-water samples from the Floridan aquifer,given in tables 5 and 6, show the water to be alkaline with the pHunits ranging from 7.1 to 8.7. Water with pH value of 6.8 wasrecorded in well 006-239-1 thereby indicating direct seepage ofacidic surface water to the artesian aquifer nearby.

HARDNESS

The hardness of water is commonly recognized by the increasedamount of soap needed to produce a lather and by the sticky,insoluble precipitate that forms with soap. It is chiefly causedby the presence of the alkaline earths, calcium and magnesium insolution. These alkaline earths form encrustations, boiler scale,and destroy the effectiveness of soap. The hardness of water isusually expressed as total hardness but there are two types ofhardness: (1) temporary hardness and (2) permanent hardness.

Temporary or carbonate hardness is caused by carbonates andbicarbonates of calcium and magnesium. It is easily removed bysoftening processes such as: (1) heating, (2) soda-ash process,(3) lime-soda process, and (4) the zeolite-ion-exchange.

Permanent or noncarbonate hardness is caused by sulfate,chloride, and nitrate salts of calcium and magnesium. These saltsare not removed by most softening processes but can be removedby an expensive zeolite-ion-exchange process. The ground waterscontaining magnesium sulfate are usually not used because of thelaxative effect of the water. The recommended limit for sulfateconcentration by U.S. Public Health Service is 250 ppm. Analysisof water from the Lake City Limestone shows that the sulfatecontent is always greater than 250 ppm and that the concentra-tion increases with depth. Two wells, 010-238-1 and 009-248-1,developed in the Lake City Limestone have sulfate values whichgreatly exceed 250 ppm (table 5). The sulfate probably originatesfrom anhydrite, gypsum and, perhaps epsonite within the LakeCity or Oldsmar Limestones.

Hardness of ground water from the upper 200 feet of theFloridan aquifer ranges from about 100 to 350 ppm as CaCOsand increases with depth in the aquifer. Figure 18 is a map ofColumbia County showing lines of equal total hardness in theground water of the upper part of the Floridan aquifer. Most ofthe wells that were sampled had the casing seated in the top of the

TABLE 5, Chemical Analyses of Water from Wells in Columbia County and Vicinity(Concentration of dissolved constituents, in parts per million)

Formation: L, Lake City Limestone; Go, Ocala Group; 01, Oldsmar Remarks: B, Black Laboratories, Inc.; F, Florida State Board ofLimestone; M, Miocene sandstone and limestone; Health; HuS, hydrogen sulfide gas; R, radio-chemicalS, Suwannee Limestone, data available; U, U.S. Geological Survey.

Well 0 U 0 A | B Remarksnumber a *|

Columbia County

019-233-1 2-10-sU au . 0.28 42 22 4.0 235 u 5.5 u.4 0.3 222 196 3 36u 7.4 10 M. , O U; manganese 0.02 ppmtemrnp.70F; partialanalysis in table 6

011-236-3 7.19-48 31 9.2 .5 30 .5 ........ 138 7 4 ......... ...................... 96 0 .... 7.8 15 Oc B7-1249 10 16 .2 33 ....... 146 8.5 1 ... .... .. 15 10 ..... 7.6 13 0 B

011-2364 7-1948 25 9.2 .1 29 5.8 ...... 132 8 2 ... ...... _97 0 .... 7.8 8 c B9-24-48 35 .. ...... 33 13 ........... 172 ........... 5 ............... 174 136 0 174 7.9 .......... Oc B7-12-49 8.4 4.6 .1 36.5 11 ........ 130 3.4 14 128 ............ .......... 7.9 9 Oc B

,011..37-1 3-29.50 22 3.0 .05 32 14 a20 208 0 5 .6 ...... 172 136 15 .... 7.8 6 Oc B011-238-3 6-13-27 ... ....... ....... ........ 40 .......... 1......b . -..... 250 ........ 0 Oc

9.24-48 31 10 0 49 20 al.8 224 14 7 ..... ........ 281 204 20 ..... 7.6 14 Oc B2. 3-50 26 8 .0139 21 a5.5 218 6 8 25........ 233 186 7 .... 7.6 14 Oc B

011-2384 (1907) 36 47 18 14 237 10 9.8 ..... .2. .. 191.........- Oc U82323 25 ........... 1248 20 11 223 16 9 ............ 0 248 202 .... _. Oc U5- ?-42... ...... 32 .23 41 22 .... 234 0 8.2 ............... 235 192 7.1-- Oc F9-24-48 30 8.5 0 44 18 a2.5 224 4 1 ......... _- 232 184 0 " 7.6 16 Oc B2-3-50 25 9.0 .01 40 21 a3.2 216 5 8 .25... 230 186 9 -. 7.6 14 Oc B

010-234-1 7-12-49 13 25 .1 49 27 .... ...... 204 15 24 .................... 214 10 255 7.6 7 Oc B, HaS010-234-2 -2-48 36 01 48 22 a7.8 254 6.2 9 .4 269 210 6.... 8.1 4 B

7-12-48 27 23 .0143 6.6 ...... 206 7 12 ........... .. 135 0 255 7.6 3 Oc B9-24-48 38 ......... 4 20 ..... 261 ................ .............. 269 205 ......... 7.6 - Go B, HaS

7'010-235.1 7-1948 30 14 .4 32 75 ........ 158 0 2 . ........ . 0 174 7.7? 15 c B'- 9-24-48 47 ....... ......33 13 .... ..194....... 4 .............. 203 136 0....... 7.8 ..... Oc B,- 7-12-49 13 11 .1 33 22 ...... 154 3.4 14 .................... 156 2 163 7.8 11 Oc B

:010436-1 7-19-48 18 14 .05 38 4.6 ....... 154 0 6 ................ 114 0 170 7.7 4 Oc B944.48 23 .4....6.. 3.8 ...... 94 ..-.-.. 5 .......5 1 3 0 7.8 - Oc B

S7-12.49 6.5 9.4 .2 43 14 .... 152 3.4 13 .......... .. 154 2 163 7.8 9 Oc B; HaS010-237-1 2- 6-53 19 10 .10 48 14.5 ....-. 172 50 8 . ..... - 167 0 268 7.5 4 00 B, HaS

',5-. 26-54 27 34 U.0O 31 15 162 4 14 ..... _.- ._... ..... 176 14 225 7.3 7 Oc B'010-237-2 5-26-54 30 8 0 42 19 .. 162 1 14 .... 166 4 210 7.6 7 Oc A, HuS

2-8-56 25 22 .08 40 19 ... 148 3 20 . ......... 163 15 180 7.5 5 Oc B11-16-56 22 20 .04 41 17 ".--. 150 4 12 ............... 158 8 165 7.5 15 Co B3-16-57 25 ....-.- 0 39 15 7.5 196 1.8 9.8 0.5 0.8 197 159 0 327 8.0 13 Oc h2S, R, U; Aluminum

0.1 ppm, iron total0.17 ppm, potassium

* 1.3 ppm, zinc 0.02 ppm,phosphate 0.1 ppm,lithium 0.1 ppm;temp, 720F

010-237-3 4- 1-57 16 17 .28 56 11 ...... 160 2 16 ......... .... ....... 164 4 160 7.6 30 Oc B, HS010-2374 7- 5-57 18 7.1 .25 44 12 a6.3 189 0 8 .1 ........... 190 159 4 ....... 7.7 20 Oc , HS

7-6-57 19 9.3 .29 46 12 ... 154 0 9 ........ ......... 163 9 250 7.9 19 Oc010-237-6 4-20-56 13 23 .1 62 9 .. 164 4 10 ........... ......... 168 4 170 7.5 5 Oc B010-237-7 7129-49 8.6 6 .1 46 16 166 6.8 18 ................ 168 2 181 7.9 4 C B010-238-1 2-20-29 .53 12 . .. 215 4.3 8.6 . 237 b180 4 . 25 L 01 F H.S; depth 1,01& ft.

8-21-39 11.2 .16 263 154 __ 227 1.068 25 . .... 2.000 1.297 1,111 7.1 15 L. 01 F, HaS; depth 1,125 ft.9-11-39 ... .......... -. ....--. 227 1.087 25 ............... 2,040 1,318 1.132 -. 7.1 - L. 01 Do. , ft.

11-28-9 13 172 207227 1060 22 .. 1.920 1,289 1.103 7.3 ... L F S; depth 1001 ft.. . .1- 4-40 ---.... ....... -- ............... . ........ 93 23 1,710 -.. . 7.2 .-- L FHaS; depth 924 ft.

010-238-2, 3 10 -3 14 .25 45.4 12.7 a5.3 192 2.5 12 ....... 209 16 . ..... . .. . Oc F, S7-31-37 6......... c2.4 .. ...... a74 132 9.6 35 0 237 •183 51 -C F, HaS

'006-239-1 3-14-56 8 120 .04 89 26 ........ 192 13 30 ....... 274 82 285 6.8 12 Oc B003-238-1 2.10-58 16 ..... 01 48 5.8 4.3 171 0 5.5 .3 1.0 165 144 4 271 7.5 3 Oc lJ; manganese 0.01 ppm,

potassium 0.5 ppm;_t__emp. 72-F.

Baker County

012-223-1 2-18-41 ............. 1.2 42 20 a7 232 0 8.7 . ... . 234 192 ..... 7.7 .. c F011-226-1 2-1841 ........ .7 42 21 a9 243 0 8.5 --.-- - 233 204 .. ..... 7.7 o.... cc P011-226-2 2-10-58 20 ........ .09 46 23 5.2 257 0 5.5 .4 .5 229 210 0 380 7.5 15 M, S HS, U; manganese 0.01

ppm, potassium 0.9ppm; temp. 72

0F;

_partial analyses in table 6.

Hamilton County

019-245-1 -149.............. 05 44 18 a23 222 0 5 .............. . 220 1821. ........ ...... ... . 0 F

Suwannee County

009-248-1 2- 8-581 18 .. 6... .01 110 88 8.9 168 405 12 1.0 0 708 554 4161 93i3 7.4 3 L. 01 nS, u; mangainese 0.01ppni, potassium 2.2ppm; temp. 77°F.

AIn solution at time of analysis. aSodium and potassium expressed as sodium.'Specific conductance in micromhos at 25°C. bSoap hardness.TUnits based on the platinum-cobalt scale, cIron and aluminum oxide.

TABLU 6, Partial Chemical Analyses of Water from Wells in tColumbia and Adjacent Counties

(Analyses, in parts per million, by U.S. Geologloal Survey)

Well Date of e arnumber collection Remarks

Columbia County035-240-2 5- 3-57 428 0 338 . 051 7.7 Slight iron stain023-237-1 6.2847 352 0 284 7~" . 530 7.6019-233-1 5- 847 212 16 190 70 380 8.7 Complete analysis in

table 5019-237-1 6- 6.57 200 8 174 -2----- 327 8.6018-239-1 6-2657 232 2 184 72 368 8.4016-240-1 6- 6.7 158 4 133 75 267 8.6010-241-1 6- 447 180 0 156 71 302 8.3015-238-1 6-26.57 120 2 100 ..... ...... 207 8.4015-239-1 6- 557 218 0 176 7 342 8.301&-240-1 6- 5.57 206 8 186 70 345 8.6 Slight iron stain014-238-1 6-28-7 154 6 144 73 279 8.6014-240-1 0- 447 324 0 252 73 494 8.3013-238-5 6-267 158 0 48 ----- 198 8.3 Slight iron stain013-246-1 7-1147 104 0 126 74 255 8.1012-238-2 6-2667 268 0 206 72 425 8.1011-233-1 9-1947 284 0 232 72 442 7.9 HaS011239-2 7-1147 208 4 174 .... 352 8.4 HaS011-242-1- 7-1547 144 0 116 74 236 8.1010-236-2 7- 9.87 122 0 88 76 187 8.1010-237-5 0-1747 208 0 188 72 368 8.0010-239-3 7-1047 226 8 198 ........... 390 8.6010-240-4 . 7-10-57 194 0 172 76 341 8.1 HaS010240-6 7-1747 238 2 194 76 372 8.4009-239-2 0-23-57 156 0 136 72 274 7.5009-239-3 0-23-57 144 0 116 72 235 7.6009-241-2 7-1547 214 0 178 76 340 8.3009-241-3 8-1347 204 0 172 73 317 8.3009-241-8 7-1747 140 2 118 72 236 8.4009-244-1 8-19-5 128 0 114 74 227 7.8008-237-4 9-12-57 98 0 78 78 163 8.0008-238-2 7-30-57 19 0 164 70 315 8.0008239-1 9-23-87 168 0 142 72 278 8.2008.-242-1 8-15547 128 0 114 ............. 214 8.1

007-235-2 8- 9-57 152 0 134 74 260 8.2007-237-3 9-12-57 178 0 150 .282 8.0007-237-8 9-12-57 93 0 79 .... 170 7.3007-239-1 9-24-57 132 0 108 .- 217 7.6007-239-3 9-24-57 158 0 132 72 260 7.6007-243-1 9-25-57 156 0 132 . . 251 8.4006-237-2 9-12-57 108 0 93 74 193 7.6005-236-4 9-13-57 144 0 122 .. 239 7.4005-236-5 9-13-57 320 0 264 74 492 7.8004-242-1 9-23-57 214 0 176 . 362 8.2004246-1 8-12-57 160 0 134 72 258 7.9002-236-4 6-14-57 186 4 196 .. . 384 8.5959-235-1 8- 7-57 186 0 148 72 289 8.0958-234-1 8- 6-57 158 0 144 . . 265 8.2 Slight H.S958-238-1 8- 6-57 124 0 150 ... 333 8.1956-236-1 8- 2-57 186 0 160 73 300 8.2956-236-2 8- 2-57 166 0 150 72 294 8.3955-237-1 9-11-57 62 0 48 72 108 7.6964-235-1 8- 1-57 172 0 146 75 302 7.8954-242-1 9- 1-57 166 0 156 .. ..... 308 8.3 0953-236-2 8- 1-57 196 4 432 .- 812 8.4951-236-1 8- 1-57 194 0 168. ............ 317 8.2 Slight iron stain

Alachua County 8.955-228-1 8- 5-57 140 0 124 72 252 8.1951-236-2 6-27-57 124 0 128 72 226 8.3950-236-1 6-27-57 182 10 200 72 386 8.6951-236- ........ 140 0 174 72 377 8.3 Flowing(Spring)__________________________________________

___________ ________Baker County___ __ I _012-221-1 5-30-57 254 0 218 74 456 7.9 HaS011-226-2 9- 6-57 276 0 226 71 413 8.0 Slight HaS; hole at 183 ft.011-226-2 9- 6-57 268 0 230 71 406 7,9 Slight HaS; hole at 185 ft.011-228-2 9- 6-57 260 0 210 71 392 8.0 Slight HsS; pumping.

Complete analysis__in-table 5

Hamilton County021-246-1 5- 8-57 178 2 148 .......... 314 8.4 C9019-244-1 7-30-57 196 0 168 69 327 8.0019-245- ....... 184 0 182 .............. 364 8.3 Plowing(White Springs)

Suwannee County012-248-1 7-13-57 146 2 124 72 244 8.5 HaS958-246- ............... 112 0 98 72 208 8.2 Flowing(ItchatuckneeSpring)

Union County

958-233-1 - 6-57 196 6 180 ................... 327 8.5


uppermost limestone; therefore, the water samples were assumedto be from near the top of the aquifer. The lines of equal totalharness generally correlate with the piezometric pressure in theaquifer. The highest concentrations occur in the northern re-charge areas and the lowest concentrations occur in the southernrecharge and discharge areas. Apparently, the hardness in thesouthern area indicates: (1) a mixture of ground water andsurface water, and (2) the amounts and rate of solution aredecreasing in the discharge areas. The local high concentrationsin some recharge areas of southern Columbia County could in-dicate infiltration of acid surface water into less dissolved portionsof the aquifer. The high concentrations, in the northern part ofthe area covered by thick Miocene sediments, result either from theleaching of calcareous materials in the Hawthorn Formation byground water percolating downward to the Floridan aquifer orby the influence of ground-water inflow from more distantrecharge areas in Georgia.

DISSOLVED SOLIDS

Dissolved solids reported in water are the residue left afterevaporation. In Columbia County dissolved solids rangec up to2,040 ppm in well 010-238-1 but generally averaged about 200ppm (table 5). The dissolved solid content increases with depthin both the Floridan and the secondary artesian aquifer. Waterwith less than 500 ppm dissolved solids is generally acceptable fordomestic use and water with greater than 500 ppm dissolvedsolids is objectionable (U. S. Public Health Service, 1946).

HYDROGEN SULFIDE (H 2S)

Hydrogen sulfide gas imparts a pronounced taste and odor toground water causing it to be commonly referred to as "sulfurwater." The chemical analyses in table 5 list those wells in whichhydrogen sulfide gas is most noticeable. Two possible sources ofthis gas are: (1) the reduction of sulfates in the ground water tometallic sulfides by anaerobic bacteria, and subsequent decomposi-tion of the sulfides by free carbon dioxide in recharge water toproduce hydrogen sulfide gas; (2) the anaerobic reduction anddecomposition of organic materials to form hydrogen sulfide gas,as in swamp areas.

Probably both types of reactions contribute to the hydrogensulfide content of ground water in Columbia County. Hydrogensulfide is prevalent at depth where there is a thick overburden on

btJNI Sl0 ltlh UH IAHI'Vt NI 4r IIH NII(t11'(10I 01 u| i1i1l Al ýOHVIE(tj (. U 2 fjilF AI. J'iU V ': Y 1 -( V1 l i, I 7i1 h1i

Wi"b0 8g461 83' CLINCH v2v30 8flW

-30"35' C 0 UM A '"***"" ,--*, N 30 35-COUNTY

SI-

30030' EXPLANATION 3003d-e gBENTON 2

Well

fie FALPVIEW 0 o- Upper number Is well number, , -

upper letter S Is spring, ,- Lower number Is total hardness

of water in parts per million, I-3o025' 7I " 11 --30025' ))

Line of equal total hardness 0% .L , // Iof water, In parts permillion, z

Interval 100 mparts per million e

30"20' T T 0 0 --

- \ ,?c,/ /25 0 " --30 1 I 3015

-30G10' 3010 -

-30100

I

- 150

-- 3005' 25 "3 30° 053-

-3000/ L 3000-

-29*o/ .M4 ' --0

0. I 0 1 2 5 4 5 Miles-2950 R GH SPRINGS

0 8 2"50' 82°45' 80 2 35 82*3 0 822 25

'0A- 1000

Base compiled from maps of Chemical quality by F W. Meyer.Florida State Road Department.

Figure 18. Columbia County showing the total hardness of water from wellsthat penetrate the upper part of the Floridan aquifer.

- W on .0. 115 MYRTIS Ole Al y\

FlorW am Off 00 '14 245entZ 0e1,Coubi onysoigth oa adesofwtrSo el

that pentrae th uper prt; f te Plridn agifi


the limestones. Usually it is absent in wells in the southern partof the county except near swampy sinkholes.

Hydrogen sulfide can be removed from ground water by aeration.

HIGHLY MINERALIZED WATER

Electric log interpretations show highly mineralized water inten wells in Columbia County. This water first occurs in theCedar Keys Formation from 1,200 to 1,700 feet below msl andit averages 1,470 feet below msl in the ten wells. No samples wereavailable for analysis.

In Nassau County, northeast of Columbia County, a sample ofthe highly mineralized water was obtained from the Cedar KeysFormation at a depth of 2,225 feet. The hardness of this waterwas 9,660 ppm and it contained 3,910 ppm of sulfate, and 33,600ppm of chloride. Water from the same well at 4,500 feet in theUpper Cretaceous rocks contained 14,961 ppm hardness and 60,200ppm chloride. At Cedar Keys in Levy County, south of ColumbiaCounty, the hardness of water from the Lawson Limestone of LateCretaceous Age was 18,500 ppm and it contained 69,500 ppm ofchloride (Black, 1951, p. 18).

POLLUTIONThe problem of pollution of ground water is of great importance

in Columbia County. The probability of pollution is greatest inthe sinkhole regions south of Lake City. The sinkholes facilitatethe direct flow of polluted surface water into the underlyingwater-bearing formations.

An example of this type pollution occurred at Lake City. Thecity well field was formerly located at the edge of a sinkhole lakeand the city sewer system emptied into a small creek that flowedinto the sinkhole lake. The polluted lake water drained throughopen sinkholes in the lake bottom into the Floridan aquifer,thereby, polluting the city well field. The city well field is nowlocated upgradient from the probable source of contamination anda sewage-treatment plant has been built.

CLASSIFICATION OF IRRIGATION WATER

The use of ground water for irrigation is increasing in ColumbiaCounty. The factors to be considered in the evaluation of irrigationwaters are the sodium-adsorption-rato (SAR) and the amountof salts, or total dissolved solids, in the water. The sodium-

adsorption-ratio is the ratio of soluble sodium as compared withconcentrations of soluble calcium and magnesium. An excess of


exchangeable sodium or dissolved salts will adversely effect the"low tolerance" crops under certain conditions and concentrations.The sodium-adsorption-ratios of four selected wells, 003-238-1,019-233-1, 011-226-2, and 009-248-1, show that there is not anexcess of exchangeable-sodium-ion in the upper 1,000 feet of theFloridan aquifer (fig 19; table 7).

TABLE 7. Classification of Irrigation Waters(Adapted from U.S. Salinity Laboratory Staff, 1954, p. 79-81)

Sodium HazardS1 - low sodium water - can be used on most crops except stone fruit trees

and avocados (sodium sensitive)S2 - medium sodium water - not to be used on fine textured soils under low

leaching conditions unless gypsum is present inthe soil

S3 - high sodium water - may be harmful unless drainage is good, high leach-ing, and organic matter additions, or if soilcontains gypsum (CaSo4)

S4 - very high sodium water - is generally unsuitable except at low or mediumsalinity where calcium or gypsum make usefeasible

aamuty tiazaraC1 - low salinity water - can be used for most crops with normal leach-

ingC2 - medium salinity water - can be used if moderate amount of leaching occursC3 - high salinity water - cannot be used on soils with restricted drainageC4 - very high salinity water - is not suitable but may be used under very special

conditions. Plants with high salt tolerance andadequate drainage and salinity control used.

A moderate amount of salts in irrigation water may be toleratedin humid areas because there is sufficient rainfall to leach outaccumulated salts in the soil zone. Normally rainfall in ColumbiaCounty is ample to leach out the salt; however, there are periods,as from 1955 to 1956, when rainfall is below normal and saliniza-tion of the soil could result from normally good irrigation waterapplied to poorly drained land. When salinization of the soil occurssalt-sensitive plants burn and their growth is stunted.

Of the four wells studied for irrigation classification only one,009-248-1 (996 feet deep), showed a salinity figure large enoughto restrict its use as an irrigation supply (fig. 19; table 7).

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The northern two-thirds of Columbia County is a moderatelyflat, poorly drained region that ranges in altitude from about 100to 215 feet above msl. The southern one-third of the county is ahilly, well-drained, sinkhole region that ranges in altitude fromabout 25 to 200 feet above msl.


100 2 3 4 7 8t0OO 2 34 5000

-^ - -----r----- ---m---m _ ---" 30 1-

S28

26

. u 24

22

cy 116 "

o 6c

10

2 2

_ _ I _ _ , 1 1 1 I _ _ I IU

,o100 25 - --1 2A/0 2,2c, Ii-- c - cICI __ C3 C4 0

SALINITY HAZARD'9 1

\ LOW " MEIUM IGH VRY HGH 4

SALINTY JJHA'AR


About 2,800 to 3,460 feet of sediments ranging from earlyCretaceous to Recent in age overlie dense basal rocks of PaleozoicAge. The sediments overlying the Paleozoic rocks are thick in thenorthern part of the county and thin over the crest of an anticlinalhigh in the southern part of the county.

Permeable limestones, ranging from early Middle Eocenethrough Early or Middle Miocene Age, form the Floridan aquifer.Locally, however, the Floridan aquifer may include all the rocks ofTertiary Age.

The oldest formation penetrated by a water well is the OldsmarLimestone of Early Eocene Age. The top of the formation, whichis generally the bottom of the Floridan aquifer, ranges from about900 feet below msl in the southern part of the county to about1,100 feet below msl in the northern part. Few water wells pene-trate the Lake City Limestone and the Avon Park Limestone whichoverlie the Oldsmar in ascending order. Most water wells penetratethe Ocala Group, of Late Eocene Age, which crops out in thesouthern part of Columbia County. The top of the group, whichis an erosional surface, ranges from more than 80 feet above mslin southern Columbia County to about 200 feet below msl innorthern Columbia County.

The limestones of the Eocene Series are overlain by a varyingthickness of the Suwannee Limestone of Oligocene Age. TheSuwannee Limestone is approximately 40 feet thick in the northernpart of the county and thickens to about 50 feet in the western partof the county. The Suwannee Limestone is thin to absent in theextreme southern and eastern parts of- Columbia County. It isoverlain or filled by a varying thickness of sandstone and limestoneof Miocene Age in the northern part of the county. The sandstoneand limestone unit is approximately 60 feet thick in the northernpart of the county and is undifferentiated from the SuwanneeLimestone in the southern part of the county. The sandstone andlimestone unit is considered to be the upper part of the Floridanaquifer in Colunbia County. The sandstone and limestone unit isoverlain either by clay of the marine Hawthorn Formation ofMiocene Age or sandy clay of the Alachua (?) Formation. The Haw-thorn Formation is approximately 150 feet thick in the northernpart of the county and 100 feet thick in the eastern part of thecounty. It serves as both a source of water for supply and forms asemiconfining bed above the more permeable calcareous, marineformations that comprise the Floridan aquifer. The HawthornFormation appears to be equivelant to the terrestrial Alachua(?)


Formation over the structurally high limestone area in the southernpart of the county. Pleistocene and Recent sand deposits cover theolder formations. The sand deposits are about 40 feet thick in thenortheastern part of Columbia County and thin to absent in thesouthern part of Columbia County.

There are three sources of ground-water supply in the county:(1) the nonartesian aquifer, (2) the secondary artesian aquifer,and (3) the Floridan aquifer. The nonartesian aquifer, which iscomposed of sand of Pleistocene to Recent Age, is utilized fordomestic water supply in the northern part of the county. In thesouthern part of the county, the ground water in the nonartesianaquifer is "perched." Most of the "perched" ground water perco-lates through the semiconfining beds of Hawthorn or Alachua(?)Formations into the underlying Floridan aquifer.

The secondary artesian aquifer is composed of many smallwater-bearing zones within the Hawthorn Formation. These zonesare principally limestone or sandstone beds interbedded with sandand clay. Ground water within the water-bearing zones of theHawthorn is under low artesian pressure. Piezometric pressure inthe aquifer decreases with depth of penetration, probably indicatingdownward percolation to the underlying Floridan aquifer. Theaquifer within the Hawthorn is about 100 feet thick and is animportant source of water supply in the northern and easternparts of Columbia County.

The Floridan aquifer, the principal source of ground water, iscomposed of limestone and some sandstone of early Middle Eocenethrough at least Early or Middle Miocene Age. The top of theaquifer ranges from approximately 80 feet above msl in southernColumbia County to about 100 feet below msl in northern ColumbiaCounty. The aquifer in northern Columbia County is overlain by asemiconfining bed composed of interbedded, sand, clay, and lime-stone of the Howthorn Formation of Middle Miocene Age. The topof the Floridan aquifer occurs approximately 100 feet above mslat Lake City. The aquifer is exposed at land surface in the

southern part of Columbia County and in the valley of the

Suwannee River downstream from White Springs, Hamilton

County.

Ground water in the Floridan aquifer in the northern part ofthe county is under artesian pressure while that in the southern

part is under nonartesian (water-table) conditions. The aquifer

has a thickness of about 1,100 feet in the northern part of the

county and about 900 feet in the southern part. Most of the


potable water is in the upper few hundred feet of the aquifer,generally above the Lake City Limestone. The aquifer in northernColumbia County is recharged by (1) local rainfall percolatingthrough the overlying semiconfining beds or through sinkholes thatpenetrate the semiconfining beds, or (2) by ground-water inflowfrom areas of higher artesian head in southern Georgia. Theaquifer in southern Columbia County is recharged by local rainfallentering sinkholes or limestone exposures and by ground-waterinflow from areas of higher artesian head in the northern partof Columbia County. Ground water is discharged from the aquiferby means of springs and seeps, underflow to areas of lower artesianhead, and draft by wells. Records of the fluctuations of thepiezometric surface in a well at Lake City indicate a range of17.5 feet during the period 1948-57. The 9-year period of recordbegan with excessive annual rainfall and ended with deficientannual rainfall.

The Floridan aquifer is capable of providing large quantitiesof ground water for municipal, industrial, and agricultural use.Also, natural ground-water discharge from the Floridan aquifermaintains the perennial or base flows of the Santa Fe, Ichatucknee,and Suwannee rivers.

The analysis of a pumping test at Lake City indicates that theupper 200 feet of the Floridan aquifer in the northern part of thecounty has a transmissibility coefficient of approximately 270,000gpd per foot and a storage coefficient of about 0.0008. Theanalysis of the specific capacities of selected wells probablyindicates that transmissibility values decrease with depth andincrease toward the discharge areas in the southern part of thecounty.

The chemical analyses show that hardness and dissolved solidsare important characteristics of the ground water in the Floridanaquifer. Hardness of ground water from the upper 200 feet of theaquifer ranges from approximately 100 to 350 ppm as CaCO3.Analyses of the ground water from the Lake City Limestone showthat the sulfate content is greater than 250 ppm and that concen-tration increases with depth. The amount of dissolved solids in theground water increase with depth in both the Floridan aquiferand the low pressure artesian aquifer in the Hawthorn Formation.An evaluation of irrigation water from wells penetrating the baseof the Floridan aquifer indicates that a salinity hazard existsduring droughts or when proper irrigation and leaching practicesare not observed.


The interpretation of resistivity curves of electric logs showthat highly mineralized water occurs in the Cedar Keys Formationat an average depth of about 1,500 feet below msl.

Pollution of potable ground water by contaminated surfacewater is a potential problem in the sinkhole area which extendsfrom Lake City southward to the Santa Fe River. Open sinkholesand sinkhole lakes facilitate'the inflow of polluted surface watersto the Floridan aquifer. Also, pollution may occur in the dischargeareas along the spring-fed rivers by the reverse flow of riverwater when the piezometric surface of the aquifer is lower thanthe level of the river.


REFERENCES

Applin, E. R. (also see Applin, P. L., 1944)1945 (and Jordan, Louise) Diagnostic Foraminifera from subsurface

formations in Florida: Jour. Paleontology, v. 19, no. 2, p. 129-148.

Applin, P. L.

1944 (and Applin, E. R.) Regional subsurface stratigraphy and struc-ture of Florida and southern Georgia: Am. Assoc. Petroleum

Geologists Bull. v. 28, no. 12, p. 1673-1753.1951 Preliminary report on buried pre-Mesozoic rocks in Florida and

adjacent states: U. S. Geol. Survey Circ. 91, 28 p.

Black, A. P.1951 (and Brown, Eugene) Chemical character of Florida's waters-

1951: Florida State Board Cons., Div. Water Survey and Research,Paper 6, 119 p.

Brown, Eugene (see Black, A. P., Cooper, H. H., Jr.)

Cole, W. Storrs1944 Stratigraphic and paleontologic studies of wells in Florida- No.

3: Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 26, 168 p.

Collins, W. D.1928 (and Howard, C. S.) Chemical character of waters of Florida:

U. S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 596-G, p. 177-233.

Cooke, C. W.1915 The age of the Ocala Limestone: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper

95-I, p. 107-117.

1936 (and Mansfield, W. C.) Suwannee Limestone of Florida (abs.)Geol. So. American Proc. 1935, p. 71-72.

1939 Scenery of Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 17, 118 p.1945 Geology of Florida: Florida Geol. Survey Bull. 29, 339 p.

Cooper, H. H., Jr.1953 (Kenner, W. E., and Brown, Eugene) Ground water in central

and northern Florida: Florida Geol; Survey Rept. Inv. 10, 37 p.

Ferguson, G. E. (see Parker, G. G.)

Hantush, M. S.1955 (and Jacob, C. E.) Non-steady radial flow in an infinite leaky

aquifer: Am. Geophys. Union Trans., v. 36, no. 1, p. 95-100.1956 Analysis of data from pumping tests in leaky aquifers: Am.

Geophys. Union Trans., v. 37, p. 702-714.

Howard, C. S. (see Collins, W. D.)

Jacob, C. E. (see Hantush, M. S.)

Jordon, Louise (see Applin, E. R.)


Kenner, W. E. (see Cooper, H. H., Jr.)

Love, S. K. (see Parker, G. G.)

MacNeil, F. S.1949 Pleistocene shore lines in Florida and Georgia: U. S. Geol. Sur-

vey Prof. Paper 221-F, p. 95-107.

Mansfield, W. C. (see Cooke, C. W., 1936)

Parker, G. G.1955 (Ferguson, G. E., and Love, S. K.) Water resources of south-

eastern Florida, with special reference to the geology and ground-water of the Miami area: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-SupplyPaper 1255, 965 p.

Puri, H. S.1957 Stratigraphy and zonation of the Ocala Group: Florida Geol.

Survey Bull. 38, 248 p.

Stringfield, V. T.1936 Artesian water in the Florida peninsula: U. S. Geol. Survey Water-

Supply Paper 773-C, p. 115-195.

Theis, C. V.1935 The relation between the lowering of the piezometric surface and

the rate and duration of discharge of a well using ground-waterstorage: Am. Geophys. Union Trans., 16th Ann. Meeting, pt. 2,p. 519-524.

Thiem, Gunter1906 (and Gibhardt, J. M.) Hydrologische Methoden [Hydrologic

methods]: Leipzig, 56 p.

U. S. Public Health Service1946 Drinking water standards: Public Health Repts., v. 61, no. 11, p.

371-384.

U. S. Salinity Laboratory Staff1954 Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils: U. S. Dept.

Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 60.

Vernon, R. 0.1951 Geology -of Citrus and Levy Counties, Florida: Florida Geol.

Survey Bull. 33, 256 p.

Wenzel, L. K.1942 Methods for determining permeability of iater-bearijg materials,

with special reference to discharging-well methods, with a sectionon direct laboratory methods and a bibliography on permeabilityand laminar flow, by V. C. Fishel: U• S. Geol. Survey Water-Supply Paper 88',- 192 p.

..

TAnLU 8. Records of Wells in Columbia County and Vicinity

Well number: See text for explanation of well-numbering system. Use: D, domestic, In, Industrial; r. Ir rigation; 0, observation; OT,see figure il. oil test; P, public supply; a, stock; T, test; U,unused,

Location: Township-range system or Georgia Military District system, Remarks: W--- , Florida Geological Survey well number; CA-,Drilling method: Dr, driven; Du, dug; R, rotary, chemical analysis In table 5; CAd-, chemlcal analysis in table 6;Aquifer: F, Floridan; H, secondary artesian; N, nonartesian,Pump type: C, centrifugal; J, jet; PI, piston; Su, submersible; Tu,

turbine; Pit, pitcher.

Casing Water level Pump

Well anumber Location Owner Driller ,

.__ I . ,___, I I iiI i rCOLUMBIA COUNTY

035-240-3 NWi see. 573 R. Carter Witt Electric Co. 1954 Dr 150 72 4 H 127 I15 /54 Su 1/2 D CA-

034-2341 Sec. 14, U.S Corps of Engrs. U.S. Corps. of Engrs. 1034 Dr 8 ............ 6 H 120.3 ................................--. T W-1037T. 2 N.. R. 17 E.

031-243t1 SWiNERl see. 4, E. Carter Rotary Tool Co. 1095 R 175. ..........-- 6 F? 112 50.7 5/28/57 Su ....... D

028-239-1 NW!NWN see. 19' ayonlcr Co. Kenneth Keen 1053 Dr 105 ........... 4 H 122 13.0 7/ 8/57 J 1 D

T. N.. R. 17 . E027-231.1 SE'iWli sec. 33, Southern Resin Co. Burnett Co. 1057 R 105 ............. 2 H 120 28 4/ ?/57 J 3/4 OT

T. IN.. R. 18 E.023-237-1 NEtNEt, sec.20 H. Gardlner Kenneth Keen 1055 R 204 ............ 4 F 110 55.6 6/28/57 Su 1 OT CA-6

T. 1S R.17 E'022-237-1 NWISw L sec. 28, D. Hull D. Hull 1957 R 60 48 2 H 110±5 6 5/ 7/7 J 3/4 OT

021--1 T. 1 S R. 17 E.021-228-1 NE W sec. 1, U.S. Corps. of Engrs. U.S. Corps. of Engrs. 1032 R 165 .. a....... F 134.6 68.5 10/28/32 ....--. T W-193

T. .R. 18 E.021-2324 *'NE E'. sec. 6, do. do. 1032 R 100 ........... 8 H 121.7 13 10/24/32 ~..-- -- T W-192

T. 2 S. R.18 E.020--371 NWlSW!. ec. 4. do. do. 1932 R 15 ........ 6.. F 123.3 58 10/21/32 ...- -- T W-191

T. 2. R 17 E.019-233-1 SET4NE sec. 13, U.S. Forest Service Acme Drilling Co. 1055 Dr 175 ..... 4 F 143 80.5 5/ 8/57 J 1 D CA-S;

T. S R 17 E. CA-6019-237.1 NEV'. e see. 8 R. Thomas Kenneth Keen 1951 Dr 151 .......... 4 F 131 69.3 6/28/57 Su 1 D CA-6

T. 9E. . 17 .,

019-241-1 SW NW•, see. 14 R. Christy Capital City 1955 R 418 220 8 F. 128 54.9 1/27/58 Tu 75 IrT. 2 R, 18 iE. Drilling Co.

018-239-1 NE2

^1 i see. 24, New Hope School Witt Electric Co. 1955 R 182 85 4 F 129 66.6 6/28/57 Su 2 P CA-6T 2 .. R 16 E.

018-240.1 •W1N E114 see. 24, M. W. Sapp No. 1 Sun Oi1 Co. 1948 R 3.311 1,344 75,6 F 133 OT W.1832,T. 2. I E. '

0174242-1 NW,'SW' see. 22, R. Harkness .- R 4&9 . 2 F 104 14.8 6/13/57 .-- ---. OT. 2 ., R. 16 E. I I

TABLE 8. (Continued)

017-243-1 NE SW/ sec. 21, R. Bowles ........................... ... R 44 ........ 2 H? 113 23.9 6/13/57 PI 1/2 DT. 2 .. R. 16 E. . F?

017-244-1 NE 1 see. 30. Mr. Saunders Acme Drilling Co. 1954 R 230 63 8 F 94 32 7/54 Tu 20 IrT. 2 S

R 1 E.

016-231-1 SEýlSW*• sec. 28. U.S. Forest Service Deep Well Drilling 1942 R 234 177 6 F 152 81.5 12/ /57 ..-.- - 0 W-702T. I2 S. E. g5 M. 18 s. .Co

01624401 SNEII sec 36, Mr. Harris Acme Drilling Co. 1956 R 125 ......_. 4 F 142 82.5 6/ 6/57 Su 1/2 D CA-6

016.240.2 TNEVSW2 sec 36 do. ...................... .... .. 10 ....... 14 N 142 2.1 6/ /57 Pit --- DT* 2 S R i E

016.241-1 NE,' SEt seE.34 L. Dicks Rotary Tool Co. 1957 R 147 72 4 F 145 92.1 6/ 4/57 Su I P CA6KE 26, R. 16 E.016-242-1 NESW% see. 27 W, Youngs Witt Electric Co. 1957 Dr 105 60 4 F 140 74.8 8/13/87 Su 3/4 D

T. 2 S., R. 16 E. . br015-238-1 SWl'NWS sec. , S. Register Kenneth Keen 1052 Dr 138 . ... 4 F 147 87.3 6/26/57 J 3/4 D CA-

T. 3KS, R. 17 E. tI015-230-1 SW SW1 sec. , 0. Holliday Acme Drilling Co. 1055 Dr 130 -...... 4 'F 132 78.6 6/ /57 Su 1/2 D CA-8

T 2 S RB 17 E015-240-1 SE SW sec. 36, R. Kelley Kenneth Keen 1053 Dr 112 70 4 F 127 71.8 6/ 5/57 J 1 D CA-

T. 2S.,.R. Is E.015-241-1 SE7NWi sec. 2. Bailey's Truck Stop .. ....... 1947 ........ 10 115 4 .F 144 86.1 6/5/57 3 1 p

015-242-1 SE4i SElhsec 33, A. Swaine Witt Electric Co. 1957 Dr 90 ....... 4 F 100oo 580 5/29/57 - DT. 2 S ft 16E

015-247-1 SW' I sec E. Owens do. 1955 Dr 161 151 4 F 173 113 1/ 4/58 3 1% D .T. 3%..WR. 15 E.

014.230-1 SEI iNW;, sec. 15, U. S. Forest Service ............ ...... ......... Dr 17 17 1 N ......... 4.0 5/28/57 Pit -. 0OT. 3 S.. R 18 E.

.014.38-1 SW; NW sec. 8. M. Wheeler Rotary Tool Co. 1955 R 185 104 4 F 142 82.8 6/28/7 Su 1 D CA-ST. 3 V R. 17 E.

0142401 NESW sec. 12, A. Dorsey ....... ............ Dr ......... 4 F 131 74.8 6/4/57 3 1 D CA-6T. 3 5r R. 16 E 1.5

014-44-1 SE4W . sec. 8. A. Bowles Witt Electric Co. 195S Dr 225 151 4 F 154 110 4/16/65 . 1 DST.3-.3 R 16 E.

014-246Ti NWINE' sec 12, M. Russell Kenneth Keen 1056 Dr 118 .....-.. 4 F 150 94 8/ 7/56 J 1% DT. 3 5A- W415 E

013-238-1 NW NW' se. 17, S. Thomas do. 1952 Dr 165 105 4 F 160 95,7 6/26/57 Su 1 D013-238-2 SE',NWR sec .17, W. Green Rotary Tool Co. 1957 R 184 100 4 F 160 93.5 10/22/57 Su 1/2 D W4522

T. 3 S.. R. 17 E.013-238-3 SELNWt sec. 17, Mr. Freem'an ....................... 11 11 1i. N 160 1.9 6/26/57 Pit .....

T. 3 S., R 17 E.013-238-4 NW SW4sec. 17, S. Thomas Kenneth Keen 1955 Dr 144 60 4 F 171 104 6/26/57 ... 0

T.N R. 17 E.013-238- N 'SW 4 sec. 17, do. S. Thomas 1953 Dr 40 40 2 H 171 11 6/26/57 J 1/2 D CA-6

T.3., R.17 E. C013-246-1 SN, sqc. 13, G. Richardson Rotary Tool Co. 1957 R 225 135 4 F 133 78 2/ /57 Su 1 D CA-6 4

012-237-1 SE 4 5W' 4 sec. 21, C. Wieselthaler Witt Electric Co. 1953 Dr 145 78 4 F 178 110 6/ 4/53 Tu 4 DT. 3 S. R. 17 E.

012-238-1 NW ;4 se. 20. A. Douglas Rowe Bros. 1947 Dr 165 113 4 F 169 104 7/47 Tu 2 p

012-238-2 SEINWi'4 sec. 20, A. Herb Rotary Tool Co. 1957 R 1 ............ 4 F 171 113 6/26/57 Su 1 D CA-6T 3 S R 17 E

012-239-1 NE N 4 sec.25. P. Giebeig Witt Electric Co. ......... Dr 265 ............ 4 F 171 105.1 12/13/57 3 2 DT. 3 , R. 16 E.

012-240-1 NENE",4 sec. 28, 0. Ravndal do. 1955 Dr 139 107 4 F 147 85 7/15/55 3 1 D* T.3 ., R. 16 E.

011-233-1 SW NE¼4 sec. 25, U. S. Forest Service do. 195T Dr 255 ............. 6 F 179 123 4/ 7/57 Tu 10 Ir CA-6T. 3 S8, R, 17 E.

011-233-4. SWV W '!4 sec. 31, B. Hawkins Kenneth Keen 1855 Dr 187 4 H 192 6 7/ 8/57 JT 1/2 DT. 3 S., R. 18 E. I

011-233-3 SWt .NW s ee. 31, do. . ................................. Dr 1S 15 / I' N 192 2.9 7/ 8/57 Pit J_- 0T. 3SX . R. 18 E. I ..............

TAaBL 8. (Continued)

Caslna Water level Pump

numer Location Owner Driller 1 j I

011234.1 NW! NE14 so. 35, Southern Wood Co. Rotary Tool Co. 1905 R 265 110 4 I 200 135± /55 Su I InT. 3 S., r. 17 E.

011-235-1 NE•INE, see. 34, E. Coast Lumber Co. ......... ................................ 1955 Dr 07 --... 4 H 200 8.0 7/23/57 ................... OT. 3 S, R. 1 E.

011-235-2 SW I WJ4 see. 35. H. Kager ...................... .... ... Dr 110 --...... 4 If 200 10 7/22/57 J 1/2 DT. 3S -R. 17 E.

011.236-1 SEtK'NE.' sec. 33, Kayo Service Sta. Rotary Tool Co. 1956 R 205 157 4 F 195 133 10/12/56 Su I PT. 3 S5 R. 17 E.

011-236-2 SWNW' 17 sec. 34, Florida Power and Rowe Bros. 1952 Dr 305 150 4 F 197 131.9 7/23/57 Su 2 InT. 3 . 17 . Light Co.

011-236-3 NW'•ISE sec. 34, Hollmngsworth Pool Stevens Southern Co. 1945 Dr 350 -.... 4 F 194 -.....--- . Tu 5 P CA-6

011-236-4 SZNV'ý sec. 33. Steak House . ........................ 1948 Dr 180 ..... 4 F 193 ........- P 2 P CA-T.3 .S. R.17E.

011-237-1 SEV.NW,', see. 33, Lake City Laundry .........-....................... .... Dr 240 80± 4 F 188 125 7/11/57 0 CA.5T. 3 S. t. 17 E.

011-238-1 SWiNW'3 5 sec. 29 do. Rotary Tool Co. 1955 R 35 35 4 N 190 ...... ... .... nT. 3 S., R. 17 E.

011.238-2 SWWM; 4 sec .20, do. do. 1955 R 259 127 4 F 190 120 8/20/55 Tu 3 InT. 3 S R. 17 E.

011-238-3 NEVS v• sec. 29, Lake City W. R. McGrew Co. 1927 Dr 400 105 15 F 198 133.2 12/10/57 Tu 40 0 W-34.T. 3 .. R. 17 E. CA-6

011-238-4 NE sec. 29, do. - 1905 .- 420 300+ 8 F 197.5 134.7 4/12/34 A ..... CA-5, ~ T. 3, R. 17 E

011-2384 SW, sec. 29, Coca Cola Co. M. Miller 1943 Dr 256 198 3 F 190 137.5 2/6/58 -- -T 3 R, 17 E.

011.239.1 NW ",• see 31. Division Hospital Rotary Tool Co. 1956 R 225 110 4 F 185 123 6/10/56 Su 5 P W45148T. 12, if-2 I? E.T112392 SW sec 1, J. Carter Witt Electric Co. 1955 Dr 139 78 4 F 180 104.0 1/20/55 J 1i D CA-T . R. 17 E

011-2394 SE4N E. sec. 36, W. Hackney do. Dr 130 4 F -... - - - 1 D

011440-1 S .4S e"sec. 26, 0. Ravndal Witt Electric Co. 1955 Dr 92 - 6 F --• 16 5/6/87 InT.3 S., R. 16 E.

011-241-1 NEIA'W see. 26, do. do. 1955 Dr 80 -- F6 100 46.3 5/6/57 __ - InT. 3. 16 E,

011-242-1 NW. sec. 34, R. Justlce Acme Drilling Co. 1955 Dr 158 --- 4 F 163 120.9 7/15/57 Su 1 D CA-6T. 3 S R 1 E,

011.244-1 fNW& se. 32, C. Calkins Gaylord Co. 1955 Dr 100 --- 2 F 98 50 ?/88 J 1 DT. 3T. R. IS E.

011-244-2 SEMNV4 sec. 32 H. McGuIre Rotary Tool Co. 1957 R 18 100± 4 F 112 66.5 1/25/88 J 1i D W-4549* 0 ' .-- T. 3 . R. 16 E.

011.245-1 SWYNW sec. 30, E. Jones Luke Lang 1958 Dr 100 70h 2 F 102 61 1/25/58 DT. 3 R. 16 E,.

011-245-2 N JSW" see. 30, J. Ferguson Kenneth Keen Dr 162 - . 2 F - .- . 1 DT. 31S .X 16 E.

011-246-1 SElN 4 sec. 25, J. Hunter Gaylord Co. 1946 Dr 90 90 2 F - ._ 45 7/57 P1i - DT. 35. R. P 1 E.


010-234-1 NE'j % see. 1 U. S. Navy Gable-Rosa 1042 Dr 372 162 10 F 103 123.8 12/18/57 Tu 40 0 W-456.010-234-2 'NEN l s do CA-s0104234-2 E . 1, do. ....... ....... 1043 Dr 65 ..... 8 F 182 123.8 12/18/57 Tu 15 P CA-6T. 4• . 17 EE010-35-1 'Wj'SE sec. 34, Fla. Forest Service Stevens Southern Co. 1045 r 400 ............ 4 F 202 .... ................. Tu 5 P CA-b010-235-2 SE% sec. 34, Columbia Machine Co. Kenneth Keen . Dr 115 104 4 H 200 10.5 7/24/57 J 1 DT, S.R. R17 E010-2383 see. 2, T. Daniels Rotary Tool Co. 105 R 225 110 4 F 189 134 7/50 Su 3 In010-235-4 SE NW, sc. 2. U. S. Navy .. .... . Dr 10 10 1~' N ....... 4.1 / 7/87 Pit ....... 0T., 4 ... 11 17 E.010-235-5 SE1 j'E sec 3, R. Bishop Rotary Tool Co. 1057 R 228 86 4 F 168 103 0/ 1/57 J 1 D010-23s1 EVS se, 34, Newton Corp. Stevens Southern Co. 1045 Dr 350 120 4 F 100 ......... T Tu 15 In CA•010-230-2 NWT. 3 S. .R . L7 E . " Co, tv010-236-2 N W se. . L. Hill Rotary Tool Co. 1057 R 152 104 4 F 159 101.4 7/ 0/57 Su 3/4 D W-4520,

01037-2 WT. see, 33 do. do. 1051 Dr 275 157 12 F 185 125 10/ /51 Tu 40 P CA-6010-237-3 ,W.jSW' 4 see. 33, doC. Merrell Gray 1957 R 310 126 12 F 186 124.7 12/20/57 Tu 50 P W4216, .010-237.4 NWcA-ssec. 33, do. Kenneth KeenW

33 d Kenneth Keen 150 Dr 345 ...... 4 F 18 ......... .. T W24

010-23745 NE ' sec. 33, J. Alderman Rotary Tool Co. 1957 R 175 130 4 F 163 108 0/17/57 3 2 D WCA_ ET ., R , 17 E C A45010-2374 NENE '. sec. 4, Country Club do. 1953 R 225 124 4 F .. ... 80± 7/53 Su 8 P CA4T4S. 4.. 11.•1,7 E. ..... 63 Su P CA-010-237-7 NEVN se c4, do. Rowe Bros. 1947 Dr 133 03 4 F W. o05 7/47 Su 5 Ir CA- '0 4 23, R1 17 Ee . ' . .......010-238-1 NW RNE, s. 5, Lake City Layne-Atlantic Co. 1940 R 1.125 650 12 F 143,6 02.6 11/ 1/57 ............. W-29T. 4 S., R. 17 E. ,

(plud. ed010238-2 S .NE~ so. do. Gray-Stevens 1934 Dr 60I 180 10 F 101.1 38.8 1/7/34 C 20 U W-

T.4 S.. B, 17 E. CA-S010-38 4NE s . do. do. 1034 Dr 325 160 12 F 104.4 42.2 11/ 7/34 C 20 U CAS0104-384 ,SE see. , 0. Bradley Rotary Tool Co. 1956 I 225 84 4 F 110±5 50 6/17/56 Su 2 D010-230.1 NESE. s. 36 W. Epperson Witt Electric Co, 195 Dr 10 ......... 4 F 176 125 7/56 J 1 D OT. ..... 1... E.

00 E. S...... . ... .. Dr 130 110 2 N 171 ..... . ......... D010-2304 NENOEt sec 1.' J. Stewart Witt Electric Co, 1956ss Dr 174 42 4 F 174 120.5 7/10/57 J 1 D CA.6 o010-240-1 S E,~ SE48 sec. 3, Connetts Florist do. 156 Dr ... ............ 4 F 17 125 7/10/57 J 1. . DT. 3 S.. R. 16 E.l.010-240-2 3KSW~ se. 36. C! York Rotary Tool Co. 1055 R 225 84 4 F 165 124.4 7/10/57 Su 1 D01 243. l se 'I,010-240-3 ~'NWE4 se 1 C. Cornman Wilt Electric Co. 1055 Dr 152 62 4 F 165 120 5/27/55 J 1lt D010-2404 NW NE'• see . L. Davis Rowe Bros. 1944 Dr 200 .......... 4 F 161 120.5 7/10/57 Su Ili P CA6T. 4 S ec. 1.6 E.010.240-6 S WRi4N see,

1, E. Hostord Acme Drilling Co. ............ Dr 138 ........... 4 F 159 110.3 8/15/87 Su 1 D010 24S . R .1 Ee 1.......

0102408 SWS/4 N. R see. 1. W. Rimes Luke Lang 1056 Dr 130 ........... 4 F . 15 113.1 '7/17/57 3 1 D CA6010.241-1 N4 SW., R e 5, L. Turner 45010 411 SW 35, L TurnerE. ........................................... ......... .... ...... 145 ........... F 150 ..... .............. Tu 100 Ir

_____ _______________ ,----------------------- l - I -- i -- -- I - I -- I -- --- 1 - I - I --

TA.uL 8. (Continued)

Ca"a Water level Pump

mmebuw Lodamma Owner Drillr i g l

0104414 S. E sec. 34, Xeran's Witt Electric Co. 1990 Dr 137 03 4 a 147 00.0 7/55 Su I PT.WE.0104421 see. 33, H.Van Andal Rotary Tool Co. 1057 R 200 110 5 F 162 127 2/ //57 Su 2 Do01 4 R seMc.34. W.. Morrell__ _ 13 2 F 185 Dry 7/15/57 .

RT 13 E.010443 NWl se. 34, M. Putch Rowe Bros. 1947 Dr 201 150 4 F 158 105±+ /47 Pi I D

T. 3 R. E.0104424 SE' see. 34. J. Meyers Luke Lang 1940 Dr 188 --- 2 156 .... P 3/4 D6. RIS X.0104424 SE4 see. 34, W. Morrell Rotary Tool Co. 1967 R 165 121 4 F 147 103.5 115/57 Su 1 D W.420

T.3S.R. 15 E.0104l31 Eifn se. 33. R. Dunaway do. 1966 R 185 145 4 F 164 128.4 7/10/57 Su 3/4 DTa . 15RE.0104434 NZi,, sec. S,3 do, do. 1955 R 35 64 4 F 155 119 6/30/55

T. 3S,17 R. 1 3 E.010447-

. se. 3, Mr. Bales Keloag Co. 1955 Dr ;e8 05 4 F 150 111 99/1/5 Su 1/2 DOf.i. 15 E.

0104474 S. E et. 3, W. Eunter Rotary Tool Co. 196 R 265 - 6 F 144 113 1/25/58 Tu 42 IrT.3 . R .1 E.

0104474 NlWY 'R .. 2. P. Browning 1966 _. 147 -- 4 F 155 122 7/56 Su 1 D

T00 s34. 2 S, Dubols Fence Co. Rotary Tool Co. 1955 R 225 . 4 F 167 110± 7/55 Su 1 in000.35-1 SWMOSWu sec., 1S. Wllamns ____ - 200 - 4 F 135 -- Pi 1 D CT. 455 .IE.000436-1 eW'1

• E s. 10, . .M. Bishop Rotary Tool Co. 1956 R 205 84 4 F 164 . 7 Su 1 S

T. 4 R l E.0094352 W• e see. 10, do. ____88 2 H 167 14.0 7/25/57

T. 4 AR. 17 E.00042364 W• see. 10, do. Rotary Tool Co. 1956 R 225 90 4 F 167 120 7/56 Su I D

T. 4 .R. 17 E.0094364 STE IA sec. 10, R. M. Bishop No. 1 Sun Oil Co. 1949 R 2.827 788 7% - 164 101

1 8/ /49 OT1 W-1981,R,17 E. E

00•37-1 S . 4. L. Hil do. 1957 R 305 180 5 F 109 73 7/23/57 In -4530

000 37-2 S'. "ec. 8, J. Fraser do. 1956 R w20 96 8 F 10d±5 58 6/12/56 Tu 6 IrN M NT 4 if 17RE.009438I sWs 8,W R.S . Catholic Church -- - - 178 - 4 F 165 122.3 1/28/58 _ . D

0094384 NE, WH c.' 8, G. Summeral Rotary Tool Co. 1956 R 320 105 6 F 130±5 87 6/17/56 Su 2 D

000a3 SE%• vsec. 8, L. Shaw do. 1956 R 145 - 4 F •30±5 85 6/20/56 3 1 DT. 4S, R 17E.

0009-384 SE4 s. 8,. do. do, 1956 R 160 - 3 F 130-5 84 6/19/56 J 1 D

004385 SE' 4Nw . 8, C. Baldwin - 145- 4 F 130 - -T. , R. 17 E.


00938.4 S'Ww see. 8, L. La". Witt Electric Co, 1953 Dr 125 66 4 F 120. '66 10/ 7/53 -..--...-.... PT. is., R. 17 E.

009439-1 SW W se. 7, E. Burnette Rotary Tool Co. 1955 . R 205 88 4 F - 75.0 7/55 Su 1 DT.4 R. XT "-

000942O NZSE 1 se. 7, R. Dicks Acm'e Drilling Co. 1956 Dr 158 4 F 167 120.8 9/23/57 Su 3/4 D CA-6T. 4 S.. A. 17 *

.009-239- N1E Vs 1a.7, W. Miller 'Bradley? -- Dr 148 - 2 F 172 .----.... Pi 1/2 D CA-SR 17 E.

.009 44.39 sec. 7 . Bullard, Jr. Witt Electric Co. - Dr 128 . 4 F 119 95.5 4/17/56 J I D4 R 17E.

o00-23996 W SE 7 , J. Hal do. 1953 Dr 114 92 4 F 1 76.5 7/53 P 3/4 D

009-29 SW se. , S. Jones Rotary Tool Co. 1957 R 168 108 4 F 120 83 11/1/57 Su 3/4 D W-1S3

T. 4 S.. E. 3, E. ur009-241-1 SE1SEL sc. , L. Curry Witt Electric Co. 1057 Dr 150 84 4 F 126 88 6/20/57 Su I D W-4530

00I-241-2 se. 1 1 ,Mrs.Hi ____________ - Dr 7 1 4 7 167 130.7 7/15/57 J 1 D CA-600M-241 2E'iM sec. Hl Mrs. Hill

009-41 -3 SEl see. 10, B f. Ostendorf Rotary Tool Co. 1957 R 148 112 4 F 118 81.7 8/13/57 Su 3/4 D W4526,00944 T.3 F11 s e4 . 10 E . CA-S009441-4 S 11, S. Robbinson Rowe Bros. 7 Dr 198 115 4 F 147 120 3/ 7/57 Pi 3/4 D

T4S . 1_

F. 94 11

009-241-5 SES , se. 10, , , Dr ?7 F4 57.9 8/15/57 D

009-41-6 W sec.11 , E.Jones A.B. Clark Dr 108 4 F 104 72.5 7/17/57 Su 1 D CA-S

00044-1 ESEts . F. Crawford Acme Drilling Co. - Dr - 4 F 80.4 8/9/57 u S CA-009-244-1 SE1 s e 2 Vi N

0094471 SE. st.;. Kie Vining No.1 Gult On Corp. 1950 R 3.470 1.457 7% -- 107 . .. ---- .. . .. . OT W-164,

O006s ses . 14, M. Rock Rotary Tool Co. 1956 R 185 84 4 F 146 102.1 7/25/57 Su 3/4 D ET. 4S. N.17E.

005235-1 NW W A ec. 14. J. Perry Luke Lang 195 Dr 150 - 4 F 154 100.4 7/25/57 Su 3/4 D

008-23-1 S&tV% sec. i., W. Tyre - Dr 75 75 2 F 107 69.4 7/20/57 .. ...... OT. 4 S.. R. 17 N.

008-23-1 NWf se•

.16, do. Witt Electric Co. 1953 Dr 100 73 4 F 105 67.5 7/20/57 J Il, ST. 4 . R. 10 E

008W37-2 SW . sec i . Tyre do. 1954 Dr 188 -- 4 F 97 55.7 1/28/58 ..... .... InT. 4s. :. '17 k.

006423 SWI•scf se. 1, do. Rotary Tool Co. 1956 R 175 .-.. 4 F 103 67.9 7/25/57 Su 3/4 DT. 'A. R, 17 i.

0084-4 SE se. 17, W. Wager Henderson 1954 R 138 70 4 F 103 65 7/ /54 J 1 P CA-6

008•2381 SE W.. see. 17, W. Douberly Rotary Tool Co. 1957 R 137 130 4 F 108 67.6 12/18/57 J Ilk D W.4534T. 4 S., R. 17 E.

004238 Center se. 17. Sundial Motel Acme Drilling Co. 1953 Dr 102 ....... 4 F 99 64.3 7/30/57 Su 1 k P CA-6 CT. 4 S.. R. 17 E.

0089-28· SW•3 sec. 17, Howard Johnson Rotary Tool Co. 1957 R 229 98 6 F 101 68.8 6/13/57 Tu 5 PT. 4 S. It. 17 E.

00•239-1 NW see. 18. A. Penner Warren 1954 Dr 125 ....-- 4 F 131 91.4 9/23/57 J 1 D CA-6T.41 R. 17 E.

006-2W39 N R se. 8, J. Bullard Kellog 1950 Dr 185 -.... 4 F 139 100o 7/50 J 1 • DT. 4 , R. 17 E.

008-42-1 SWIONWM ! see. 15. L. Owens Rotary Tool Co. 1956 R 254 84 4 F 104 66.5 8/15/57 J 3/4 D CA.6T.45.. R. 1i E.

00842 SEdIlNWt see. 15, A. Baugh Witt Electric Co. 1956 Dr' 155 .-.. 4 F .. ....... 60± 7/56 3 1 DT. 4 S. R.. 16 E.

007-234-1 SWISSW, sec. 24, E. Dicks Rotary Tool Co. 1956 R 168 ..-........... 4 F 151 108.2 7/29/57 Su 3/4 DT0 4N ., R. 17 E.

001435-1 NW NW4

sec. 23, W. Houston Acme Drilling Co. 1954 Dr 135 ............. 4 F 150 107.7 7/25/57 Su 3/4 DT. .. R. 17 E. Su 3/4 WA.

007-235 2 SBENEI4 sec. 22, W. Crews Rotary Tool Co. 1957 R 167 102 4 F 134 99 8/ 9/57 *Su 3/4 S W4525,T. 4 5., R. 17 E. CA-

TABL 8. (Continued)

Cuirn Water lvel Pnmp

jaIN &otion Owner Dr. Jer1

a | 1| 1 s . S i SA i S I007-2364 SWi ' sec. 23, H. Peacock do. Iw R I 150 .. 4 F 154 110.8 7/29/57 Su 3/4 D

0074361 I E s. 22 L.Coleman WIttElectric Co. 19M Dr 122 .--- 34 F 14 7± 10/ / J 1 D

T. 4 R. 17 E007147-3 SWN W, I sect. ?I, J. Johnson - - - 5 --- 4 F 03 80 11/7 /57 J I D CA.S

0,37.4 rvW 4

seeW.l. 2 S.KuscllU Rotary Tool Co. 1967 R 185 106 4 F 91 58.1 ll/7/57 Su P W-4528

m007-37 S I! ec. 2I, C. HI Acme Drillng Co. 196 Dr 106 IS 4 9 .7 11/4/57 Su I DT. 4 R 1 E.

0074-37- SWISE' sec. 21. Holiday Motel Rowe Bros. - Dr 10 - 4 F 105 67 /57 Tu P CA.T. 4s., R 17 E,.

00743-31 SENIWi sec. 10, M. Aklns Rotary Tool Co. 1956 R 16S 0 4 F 6 44.5 9/24/57 Su 3/4 D CA-

007 4 SE 4SW sec.19. . . Nette Luke Lang 1957 Dr 90 - 4 F 87 57.2 9/24/57 J I/2 D CAT. 48.. R. 17 E.

007.240-1 SEN W sec. 24. H. Douberly Rotary Tool Co. 1198 R 148 5 4 F V12 8.5 / 1/27/5M J 1 DT. 4 5.. S. 16 E.

007-243-1 ;N e21, A. Stevens Kenneth Keen 195 Dr 150 -- 4 1892 120 1/ /5 Su 3/4 D CA-

00•-1 E•S:,• . 27. Rayonler Co. 1934 Dr 300 - 4 H 152 . /50 3 3/4 DT. 4 S., R. 18 E.

006434-1 SEZ .eI . 28, J. Pyle Acme Drilling Co. 196 Dr 140 120 4 F 124 88.1 7/29/57 3 1 DT. 4S.. . 17 E.

006.234-2 WS•s W seec 2, D. Doppler Rotary Tool Co. 166 R --- 4- - 4 F 119 82 7/29/57 Su 1 D

00636-1 ESf4rW e.., E. Roberts do. 1965 R 163 80 4 F Ie 76 10/ 7/55 Su 3/4 DT. 4 S. . I E.

006436-2 NES' . s 8, R.Bedenbaugh Wit Electric Co. 1951 Dr 118 - 4 F J 1 D

00 N3 1 4. e.33, Ros Creek Tower -______ _ -- Dr 17 .- 2 F 138 J 1/2 DT. 4S. R. 17 E.

0037.1 a 'a.28, G.PetUtohn Kenneth Keen 1951 Dr 95 ---- 4 F 100 60 6/l/51 J 3/4 D

006437-2 S N ec.2, N. Sellers -- Dr --- -4 r 121 79 9/12/57 Su 1 D CA-T. 4 S.R. 17 E.

006-239-1 W " sc. 30, J. Tice Libby and Freeman 1956 Dr 280 135 6 F 92 S63.0 6/ 1/s Tu D. Ir CA-6

0063-239 NFWSW see. 30 B. Summers - Dr 100 -- - 2 F 105 0go± /57 . DT. 4 . 17 E.

006-241-1 SE• sec. 27. W. F. Johnson No. 1 Sun Oil Corp. 1949 R 3.050 1,316 7 76 __ OT W-1915,ST. S.. R. 1 E. ED


00-247-1 SE' sec. 26, C. Allison Kenneth Keen 155 Dr 150 90 10 F 121 88 1/28/58 Tu 82 ZrT. 4 S.. . 15 E.

005434-1 SEtiSW se. 36, R. Cox do. 1953 Dr 128 64 4 F 142 113 ?/53 J 1 DT.4 S., R17. 1E I Dr ( 128 4 F 144 ' P1 1 DR. 17 E.

005623442 NW 1 'se. 1, H. Dicks Rowe Bros. Dr 126 - 4 144 - - -.. .- PI D

o00-2134 NW sec.34, State Road Dept. - Dr 102 80+ 2 F 136 99. 11/4/57 O.... OT . 4 .R .' 17 E .

1[

005-23642 NE W1 sec. 34, L. Jones Rotary Tool Co. 1957 R 160 90 4 F 100 61.6 11/7/57 Su 1 PT 4 .R1 E.

005-234- NEiW sec. 34, R. Nettles - Dr 110 - 2 FP 100 - 3 1/2 DT. ;X.. R! 17 E. '

005-238-4 SW sec. 34, J. Nettles Rotary Tool Co. 1957 R 130 81 4 F 97 60 9/ 7/57 J I D CA-6

005-2384 SI SEI sec. 4, R. Meyer R. Meyer -- Dr 85 60 4 F 96 55.1 9/13/57 J 1/2 D CA-6T.-4 S R 17 E.

005-2364 EN c 3, F. Jones Acme brilling Co. 1952 Dr 120 4 F 100±5 60 /52 j 1 D

00636-7 sec. 3, . McKolsky Kenneth Keen 1950 Dr 112 80 4 F 100 60 7/50 J 1 D

0056364 8 SN" sec. 3, W. Tippins Kenneth Keen 1950 Dr 112 80 4 F 100±5 60.0 2/50 j 1 D

T RS . 17 E.0054364 SElRW 1E 3, . PohUll do. 1950 Dr 112 80 4 F 100±5 60 7/50 3 1 D

005-236-10 sec. 3 . Woods Witt Electric Co. 1955 Dr 115 74 4 F 100±5 55 2/5/55 J 1 DT R. 2 S E.

005-23-11 sec3, L. Hutchinson Kenneth Keen 1951 Dr 125 4 F 100±5 60 f/91 J 1 DT 5 S. R. 17 E. z

005-236-12 SWNE' . 3. W. Eppling do. 1950 Dr 125 80 4 F 100±5 60 2/50 J 3/4 DTSS.. B. 27 - .E.

005-40-1 36. Pine Rose Church Henderson -- R 115 - 4 F 96 62.1 10/ 8/57 Su 3/4 D

00445-1 S sec. 31, M. Feagle Luke Lang 1957 Dr 140 100 4 F 104 68 1/27/58 Su 1 ST. 41R.i16E.

004-234-1 W sec11. C. Rogers Rotary Tool Co. 1958 R 154 110 4 F 147 105 2/4/5 Su 1/2 D W-4531

004-2351 W SW sec 11, Clarence Loyd No. 1 Sun Oil Corp. 1949 R 2.929 1.376 7% - 125 - OT W-1923.T.5T it 17 R. E

004-236-1 S N se 3. W. Tippins do. 1955 R 12t - 4 F 100±5' - J 3/4 OTT. 5 S.. R. 17 E. .

004-236.2 SE4W" sec. 3, W.Subanco Witt Electric Co. - Dr 88 - 2 F 100±5 -- -- J 3/4 OTT.6 S.. A.I7E.

004-M NE2 SW sec. 3. Ramona Park Motel Joe Hare 1956 Dr 125 55 4 F 109 75 7/4/56 Su 1 PT. 5 S . 17 EB.

0042364 S i sec. 3, G. Rogers - Dr 73 4 F 112 Dry 9/23/57 -- 0T. 5 S., R. 17 E.,

004-2S. NWI'NE1• sec. 10, J. Rigdon Witt Electric Co. ___ Dr 101 62 4 F 99.4 66.50 6/13/57 -- - 0T. 5 S., R. 17 E.

004-237-1 SE1NW . sec. 9, S. Keen RotaryTool Co. 1957 R 165 80+ 4 F 157 122 9/27/57 S 1 DT. 5 S.. R. 17 E.

004237.2 SE4NW" scc. 9, S. Lamb ___Dr 200-- 4 F 151 117 9/27/57 Su 3/4 D

004-238-1 see. 8s. D. Dicks Witt Electric Co. 1954 Dr 180 88 4 F 171 139 7/ 7/56 Su 1 DT. 5S.. R. 17 L

.

004239-1 SWV4NWW sec. 7. R. Robbinson Libby and Freeman 1956 Dr 220 - 10 F 79 44.3 9/26/57 Tu 35 IrT. 5s.R. 17 e.

004-242-1 SE'i NE'ec. 10, R.McCormick __Dr 8 --- 4 F 57 31.1 9/23/57 J 3/4 D CA4T. S.. R. 16 E.

004-2461 SEiISWt ec. 1, A. Noll Kenneth Keen 1956 Dr 156 48 4 F 96 74.4 8/12/57 Su 3/4 D CA6T. 5 S. R. 15 E.

004-2464 NE1,SW 1 see. 1. C. Terry Luke Lang 19M7 Dr 152 -- 1 4 F 105 Su 3/4 DT.5 s., R. 15 E.

003.234-1 SWi 2NWV% sec. 13, O. Dicks Rotary Tool Co. 1957 R 150 86 4 F 144 104 10/14/57 J 1 D W-4524 01_T.5 S.. R. 17 E. O_

TAJu 8. (Continued) -,

CasEw Water leve PUmp

5 , eamw 0w er rer! A l

M1oW1 %• .I•W . C Didc do. iI7 R 173 W20 4 F 143 1o.4 926/57 Su 1 D411MW & see. 10r.3.' J. Wit Witt E1ectrf Co. Dr 1 -- 4 F 1I T7.5 92/W9 J 1 D03M S. et. 1. do. do. 1W Dr 1M 50 4 7 130 SO 10/2•5 Su 3/4 DT 55 5. 37 3.

SE 3S*A41 sem. 10, do. Dr 100 -- 4 F 127 m .2 908/7 PI 0OT. 55. 3. 17 ,"

0m 1 e•W me. 17, D. Dicks Ubby and Freeman 196I Dr 10 a 10 F 13 51A 2/10/58 Ts SS Ir CA4T. S. IL 17 3.O4110-1 %S.•I l. Ii. A. Terry Luke Lang IS5 Dr 145 80 4 F 5 50 7 /56 Su 2 DT. S4S R. 15E.084" SW % se. IS, L.E-

nI~bh L.English - Dr 15 15 1i N 1• S5 6/14,7 -- - 0

on= WS sea22o. a Ce Octral School Rowe Br. 1547 Dr 150 I 4 F Is - - - Pi 1 Po3b4 NW sec. 2. S. Osten do. 1944 Dr 141 4 F I t ?/44 J I D

T 5 3». ./t 1 T E .0 Tt

A S4 NE' sc

.l W. Tire Rotty Tool Co. IS R 145 4 F 106 72.4 6/14 7 So 1 D CT'-1 W 5Wc. . n. e P. Perce Luke Lang 1M6 Dr 140 45 4 F 152 112 12/ 7/56 P 1 D "

O4 ýiy~ik WS. s

21 , do. - Dr I6 111 2 F 152 1It 11/I/T .- 0T. 9. R. 17. L'00 •42 S s S. 17. C. ixon Florkda Growers IS Dr 23 0 8s F 8 31/ ?/•S TU -- Ir

T. S |. R.17 Cr _-2 SW er.1 720. W. Graham do. 196 Dr 280 48 10 F 70 »/5M TU 55 Ir

T.O .R E.001-1I i'l17E .1 . B. Markhalm Dr 111I 2 12 F 012 7/.J PI 3/4 DSW . 1. 7 .P. Bar

T1.- W31 sW k• 427. P. Barca Acme Driflia Co. S1a Dr 123 F 12 S 0 1?/2 P1 3/4 Do11-aM S O f •e'.27, do. - Dr . SO 2 F 26 50 1____ _ 0•. *T. 5 ,,X. 17'-.00144*I aWS . 27n. T. Watsol T. Watson U15 Dr 55 0 3 F o 55.0 10/8/57 J 1 D W-'45051444 'I Sm. 8, " S. W

aton F

l a. Sta

te Road Dept. - Dr - 4 F 73 433 10/ 5/W7 .- . 0

1M

- S 3 Mr.Falkeer - 1SO Dr 100 2 F ___ TO S/ 8/ ' P1 3/4 D

0s41 SWs ec . J. 3 Ba4ler rorida Growers 1SO Dr 130 . 8 F 105 67 11/12/5 TU 40 IrW•.56 6ESec. 34. do. J.BaIley - Dr 65 6 2 F 9 61 4/14/34 - D

6005 7-1SS3 R. Haldwanger Robbnson Bros. IS56 Dr W7 81 2 7F 1 d0 2/ 7/S Pi 3/4 DM03B1 i Ss L. SMaWwell Lbby and Freean n 1SSs Dr 25 s 10 F 5 56J5 a/ 7/57 Tu 50 Ir._...____ T. S .i. v. AT.

STABE 8. (Coniinued)O043 o-1 S W13WCU me. u S. Wamon Florda Growers ISm Dr 31 ID F 45 | 3/55 Ta 50 Ir

T. a S. R. 17 E.n-,n-I 3S• s =. 2. W. Moodr A. B. Cark 1S1 Dr 135 4 F 72 30.4 8/7/57 J 1/3 S CA-9 i436

1 SWi1i. isec m1 J. Pope Rowe Bros. 19 Dr 1s 63 4 F 12 2 12 V S/T J I D CAST. 6 S.. a. T E.

.641 SW.W sec. 0 I. Balley RHecdersn ISS5 225 13 4 F 177 144 8/ /s5 Sm 2 DI I T. d S.. R. 1 4.m SEWI sec I. 1s

, H

m Fla. State Road Dept. IS Dr 230 3 F 11 _ i 3/4 DSI4 SE sec.15 0. nar O.H rel 1 Dr 112 I 1 2 171 142 414/34 P I InT. 6 S6 . 17 E.BmW

-1

•S c. 6. M. Baley Rwe Baro. •6 Dr 212 4 Fr 1a- 14A a /4 P 3/4 DT. 6 5.. R. 17 .7

M B B1 E seR17'.

H Pp

e, .Pa IM Dr 142 4 F i2 n . 3/6/3r PI 3/4 D CA

sm' . -lS. LH a

wi s

$.M artin - Dr 1 2 F P •I n2 D .-4 33S Z sec- m G. GOaham I-- 1 Dr 120 - 2 145 114 / PI 3/4 D0 1 Ff-nrp4 W.JoatOn. Dr us5 a F 147 00c± 5f 7/n7 PS 3/4 D

1T. E S- 1 -- B/mai-S 1e.I J Ma rt

in J.sMari Dr 1 2 F 5 3. 1 . 0/ 25 onsI~ 0-, •.a. Power Cors5p. Ance Dri og Co- 96 Dr 35 •6 4 ' 42 24 4/123/ J 1 D

6-m1- s •c.', A. Grah•- 1-- Dr 147 2 F 146 us 7/ Pi 3/4 D56

s- sec. 13. *C. Horton Bnor Brns. 19s Dr 1e ID 4 F 1308 t10 y/ P1 3/4 D D

6sm s, 2. , D. o . Dr 105 2 F --- as ,/ PI 34 Ds6 W SEE sec. . Mea Acme Drilling Co. ISS2 Dr 15 6 4 F - i30± / a/57 Sa 2 S CD S

T9564-1 S m291. . 3. WaLE

so 1M6 Dr 125 ID 4 F 147 s.2 a S/ 3/4 CA-SLWlcee ly^^' atoeir AaneDrginfgCo. 164 Dr 140 ID 4 F 143.0 10S.O v,/2 S4 1 DS2

is

. Carter - -- Dr 75 - 2 P 1s 55.5 iO/ 9/ 0Mn6m 1 sec . BSoy Wilson I- Coon 1S64 Dr 80 so 2 FP _____ /4 3/1 D 5

T550" .6 i. E.s56. 3qs4,Me. l aFeagle M940 Dr 6 - 2 F g0 40± /40 3 1/2 D

m see. 29. B. Ow*a

- Dr 0 - 2 F S9 ST 1/7/05 Jr /2 D CAf5530-1 W e. 31. Colabia Co. School Witt Electric C. ISaS Dr 125 160 4 P 105 T75 &/s56 Th 5 P

S942-1 Ngf3.Eft- e. 33 ~. White School -- -- Dr 50 SO 2 F 6I 3 -1 g/Own O 0S15T. 3S.. .1633T. se. 3 do. It 1.-------- -- R---- -- 4 P 34-3 10/ /FI So 5 PT. 6 5.. 1. 10 E.96 M"3-1 E-! '.

RpP

ear

n 2-------- - 642F 42 419 i/7T/N _ D9

154M

53 . !.33

. Atlantic Coastline RB Atlantic Coastline RR. Dr 70 ._. 10 rF 57. 3.5 4/29/34 5- -2 Oo Stat Par awe00 3 2 3 CA0564- NWIE o. 56.2. Oleo, State Park IHazwIe D (Camp 19ew Dr 110 100 3 F ID 27 1/3 Pr Cdo-S

- .7 s. 1E. _ _ _er) 7/m 3

TAuLa 8. (Continued) _-1

Cauin Water level Pump-

aImbe Letio Owner Driller H 1

9044.35-2 NW NE4 sec. 2. O'Leno State Park Maxwell (Camp 19S3 Dr 110 100 3 P 60 27.0 9/30 J 3 PT. 7 .17 E- Ranger)

954-231 5 •W' , eam3, Sky Road Inn Dr 76 - 2 F 70 38 8/1/57 J 3/4 P

904-124 S . 4, J. Sillleo -- -4 F 63 31.3 8//57 Su ........ D

M-4442.1 SIYWme. e3, J. Henderson - - Dr 180 .--- 4 64 40 10/24/57 Su 1 In CA-4T.04 , T.I. 1. E.

0SM6 SWSW' sec. 10, M. Speakes Acme Drlling Co. 1958 Dr 73 48 4 1 71 34.6 8/2/57 J 1/2 PT. 7 S. R. 17 E.5n3438 SE44 see. 0. M. Brandt do. 186I Dr 100 14 4 F 72 37.8 8/ 1/57 J 1 P CA- 0T. 7S.. R. 17 e. P Aj

9043-1 SWr " r se. 15, E. Moore - Dr .--- F 64 24 2/ /57 J i/2 DT. 71 R1?t .IT Z

M0143-1 SW'NWL. 1ec.. , Mr. Rbherd Acme Drlling Cn. 1954 Dr 200 40 10 1P 6 33.3 11/13/57 Tu 55 IrT. R. 17 E.

953b181 SE'1 see. 17 D. Lee do. 1965 Dr 200 42 10 (2 35 1/ ?/55 Tu 55 IrT. . R. 17 E.

5236.1 W' se. .19, H.Bussey A. Miller 1957 Dr T0 4 P 72 39.5 1/4/58 J 1,L DT. R.17 E.

961-381 SES' saec. .1 J. Cane Libby and Freeman 1986 Dr 53 - 4 45 10.5 8/ 1/37 C 1/4 P CA- VT. S.. . 17 E. . _

SALACHUA COUNTY M/SSt re Rach Ame ing Co 1 Dr 15 --- 4 ---- 112.0 /55 Su 2 D A-6T.

4 0 5'C - -1' » 1.2

S04301 S SWu 3 S. Swfley do. 154 Dr 162 - 4 F 154 120.5 12/5/57 Su 1 DI342M- S- W e .11, do. do. 1656 Dr 367 180 8 F 160.0 I7 12/5/57 Tn 45 Ir

T. S.I-E.9S312-1 ' E . V. Ollgood Rotary Tool Co. 1957 R 171 78 4 F 15 135.6 12/ 5/57 Su 1 D W-435,

9614362 E. 'i Nre27. Youth Camp 1 do. 1957 R 235 42 4 F 46 13.5 6/27/57 S 2 D CA-6ST f S. fi 17 Z. 49fE•23s. PE'S e 2T. Youth Camp 2 do. 1957 R 225 43 4 F 43 14,1 8/27/57 Su I D CA904232 NE' ec. 34, T. Barber are 193 Dr 70 -- 4 F -- 39 7/54 Su I Ir

9M0--3 N ec.34, Mr. Newel Acme Drilling Co. - Dr 5s 58 4 F 65 33 8/1/57 l - 0-- O

90-23-1 NEI e. J28 . Winters 1933 Dr 2 --- 2 F I- 26 P I1/6 D

949-236-1 SW 4 me. 3. City of High Springs 193 400± -- to F 71 39.8 10/24/57 Tu 40 PT.8 R 17 E.

94906 S sec. 3, do. Stevens Southern Co. 1946 . 243 215 10 F 71 34 9/18/46 Tu 40 P W-1379T-8E S. 1R E.949-23.3 nwVI me. 3. Fla. State Road Dept. Acme Drilling Co. - Dr 75 - 6 F 62 30. 10/24/57 ..---- In

' _ T8 S. R17. 124/7 i

TABLE 8. (Coitinued)BAKER COUNTY

026-223-1 NENE sec. 3. Surveyors Bay ................ ........... ....... Dr 23 23 1 I N ....-...... 3.6 5/2i/57 Pit .... OT. IS., R. 19 E.020423-1 SENW' sec. 11, U. S. Forest Service Gray-Stevens 1939 Dr 263 227 6 F 136 77 7/ 1/39 .-- .

T. 2 S., R. 19 E.014-224-1 SE•4SE' sec. 9, do. U. S. Forest Service ........_ Dr 15 14 1 ¼ N 162 1,0 6/4/57 Pit D

T. 3 S.. R. 19 E.S 014-226-1 SWSE• sec.8, do. .. ............... ......... .. Dr 168+ .......... 3 F 164 100.5 6/18/57 ----. . O

T. 3 S.. 1R. 19 E. 3019-221-1 NW'SE' sec. 24, Fla. Forest Service Rowe Bros. 1957 Dr 335 243 8 F 164 100.6 5/30/57 Tu 40 Ir W-4A47,

- T. 3 WS R1 E. Nursery CA-6012-222-1 SWSE see. 24, do. Duval Drilling Co. 1952- Dr 465 229 8 F 165 106.o 5/ 9/57 Tu 30 Ir W-2826

T. 3 S.. R. 19 E.012-223-1 NW eSW4 sec. 23, U. S. Forest Service Gray-Stevens 1939 Dr 280 188 6 F 178 104 7/ 7/39 Tu 30 . W447,

iT. 3 s.. R. 19 E. CA.01,223-2 NE'SW,4 sec. 23, Olustee Memorial Rowe Bros. 1954 Dr 310 232 6 F 176 114 4/ 1/54 Tn 30 Ir W-3206 M. .' : ;T. 3S., R. 19 E, Park , I012-22S-1 E. sec. 29. T. Barnes Rotary Tool Co. 1957 R 246 162 4 F 162 101 11/21/57 Su 1 D W-4521

T. 3 S.. R, 19 E.012•5-2 NESW'M • sec. 21, U. S. Forest Service Witt Electric Co. 1956 Dr 340 159 6 F 165± 110 8/ 7/56 Tu ..-.. Ir W-4056

.T. 3 S,'.. R. 19 EB012-622-1 NE4SSW4 sec. 20, Community Camp do. 1957 Dr 220 . . 4 F .. 95 6/11/57 J Ils DT. 3 S3.. R. 1s E.011-226-1 NW'iSW see. 29. U. S. Forest Service Gray-Stevens 1939 Dr 230 210 4 F 165 102.1 / 9/9 .-... 0 CA-T. 3.. R. 19 E. W4538, -011-26-2 2 W6 SWi sec. 29. do. Rotary Tool Co. 1957 R 190 170 4 F 165 102.1 9/9/57 Su 5 D CA '..

T. 3 s.. R. 29 E. CA- 4011-226-3 NE1SW sec. 29, U. S. Forest Service Witt Electric Co. 19S5 Dr 45 -... 4 N 165 8 4/18/56 7 1 D zT. 3S., R. 19 E. 4 / X

002-O 7- N 1W'I 9W sec. 7, National Turpentine Sun Ol Co. 1950 R 3.043 1.643 7 145 _ OT W-217,ST. 4 s.. R19 E. No. I E

HAMILTON COUNTY

Ow1044- S2W4SE . sec. 8, J. Hughes Kellog Co. 1951 Dr 140 -..- 2 F 134 40 2/51 3 1/2 DT.I N.. R. 16 E.20-254-1 SE.NE ' sec. 21, Fla. Forest Service Rotary Tool Co. 1956 R 225 148 .4 F 140 94.5 6/ 2/56 Su __ D

S T.I N.. R. 14 E.0234• -1 NW,0 4W sec. 21, Mr. Huggins Littleton 1986 Dr 210 185 4 F 139 89 7/56 Su 1 D z021-26-1 SW V sec. 36, S. Beauchamp Rotary Tool Co. 1956 R 145 95 4 F 131 74.7 5/ 8/57 J 1 D CA-8T. AT.; R. 15 E.020o 45-1 SE SE4 see. 1, Stephen oster U. S. Corps of Engrs. 1956 R 150 -__ 4 F 130 68.5 6/ 7/56 J 3 P 0T. 2 S., R. 15 E. Memorial0202452 SE SE, sec. I, do. _ _.._ 1957 R 178 147 6 F 117 51.1 6/11/57 Su 5 PT. 2'S.. R. 15 E. -019-244-1 SWSW' sec. 8, P. Hillhouse Kellog Co. 1956 Dr 205 105 6 F _ 60 9/ 7?/ Tu 4 D CA- 0

T. 2 S.. R. 16 E.019-244-2 SWV.SW`' sec. 8, U. S. Corps of Enrs. U. S. Corps of Engrs. 1932 Dr 130 7 6 F 94.88 .. .... T .W-190

T. 2 S.. R. 16 E.019-245-1 SE NW. sec. 7, City of White Springs W. R. McGrew 1926 Dr 303 205 10 F 139 76.8 11/25/57 Tu P W-9.

T. 2 S., R. 16 E. CA-5

SUWANNEE COUNTY015-248-1 SE lSE% sec. 3, N. Crow E. Owens -... Dr 15 ---- 3 N 174.0 2.0 12/13/57 C - IrT. 3 S.. R. 15 E.014-50-1 SW• SW sec. 8, Leesburg Bulb and F.A. Nelson 1945 Dr 198 138 6 F 198.84 .... .! I r W-89T. 3. R. 15 E. .. Flower Co. .. . ....4 -...012-248-1 SEY4NW see. 22, Mr. McMannus Rotary Tool Co. 1955 R 185 100 4 F 184 130 7/13/57 Su 1 S CA-6T. 3 S. R. 125 E.012-248-2 NWSE¼, sec. 22, Mr, Cabrey do. 1955 R 29 -- - 6 N ----.... 4 7/10/57 C 100 IrT 3 ., R .15 E ..

TAlsU 8. (Continued) *,

Cautn Water level Pump

MUA*W 1WaUba OwAw Drtlle 1 r I

I I j IF -I' " "-- iSUWANNEE OUNTY (ConUtinued)

013.4841.d wl S4.22, do. do. Is5 R 35 I ...-... 6 N 2.6 7/10/57 ---..... -

Ir

00oM84 NWIr 1 I se. s , M.Carver Georgla-Florlda Co. 15 R 96 545 10 I 12 76.2 3/ 8/8 Tu 00 Ir CA- 0

o00o145 N ee. 14, . W. Phillips . W. Phillips 1938 612 66 16 F . _- .. -- I T W4R4A 14 E.006i0o T e ',. A . ,. RuAell No. 1 Sun Oil Co. 19 4 R 3.138 1.320 7%1 8 ......

a O W.•.4 ,

003448-1 NBI see. 1eS. A. Terry Henderson 198 R 225 80 12 8 48 8/1/7 Tu IrT. 5. R, 1 E.10004I-I NT'5 WE4 ec 31. Earl Odom No. I Sun Oil C. 194 R 3.161 1.282 , ..9. ................ OT W.1450

i _ R .15 E . I I I I.. .... . ...

S__UNION COUNTY_

00427-1 WsOSW sec. 0, J. Croft Rotary Tool Cr,. 198 R 175 140 2 F 148.0 110.0 7/55 PI I D CT" 5 10 E'

003424-1 N'SE&f1'ee. 1o, Owens-IllinoIs Co. Duval Drilling Co 198 Dr 396 -- , 8 a 132.6 77.8 10/2/57 Tu 15 Ir' T. 5 1. itR. '1 E. i I V.

000331 NW see. 6, R. Tanner Rotary Tool Co. 1956 R 165 90 4 F 152 105± 10/11/57 Su I D 1:. 0 R. 18 E.

000.234-1 NiW RNE ec1. C. Woodley Henderson 1955 R 125 105 4 F 130 98 9/ ?/55 Su 1 D

9 9-133 WW .6., J. Smith Rotary Tool Co. 1957 R 131 78 4 F 133 97.5 2/10/57 3/4 D W-45339"'94334 TNE,,R. 18E.959 "4 N E see 12, E. Smith do. 1096 R 106 --. . 4 F 128 93.6 12/ 6/57 . ..... O

23-1 SE51'2 . A. Brown do. 1957 R 205 - 4. 4 F 96 59.1 8/ 6/57 Su 3/4 D CA4,: T. S.R.;7 E. ______ ___

ECHOLS CCiUNTY, GEORGIAJ0354401 NW14NE14 ec. 573 G. Murphy E. Carter - Du 17 30 N 126 2.07 /7/57 C 1/2 D

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RECONNAISSANCE OF · 2008. 12. 6. · location, depth, diameter and length of casing, depth to water level, yield, and water use. 2. Study of the geologic information obtained from