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RECURSIVE SUBDIVISION OF URBAN SPACE AND ZIPF’S LAW Wang Jiejing 2013-11-27

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Recursive subdivision of urban space and zipf's law Wang Jiejing 2013/11/29

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Page 1: recursive subdivision of urban space and zipf's law

RECURSIVE SUBDIVISION OF URBAN SPACE AND ZIPF’S LAWWang Jiejing

2013-11-27

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Yanguang Chen, Jiejing Wang, Recursive subdivision of urban space and Zipf’s law, Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Available online 28 October 2013, ISSN 0378-4371, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2

013.10.022.

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OUTLINE

Zipf’s law and urban space

Methodology

Empirical study

Conclusion

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ZIPF’S LAW AND URBAN SPACE

马太效应( Matthew Effect ):

“ 凡有的,还要加给他,叫他有余;凡没有的,连他所有的也要夺去。” -- 《新约圣经 · 马太福音》“天之道,損有余而補不足。人之道,則不然,損不足以奉有余。孰能有余以奉天下?唯有道者。” -- 《道德经 · 七十七章》

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正态分布 幂律分布

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ZIPF’S LAW AND URBAN SPACE

在日常生活中的很多现象可以用幂律来刻画:1. 社会的财富掌握在极少数人手中,而大部分人比较贫穷;2. 论文引用率少数 pig potatoes 很高,而大部分学者的

论文几乎没有人饮用;3. 微博中极少数人的粉丝很多(比如:任志强和李开复),

而极大多数人的粉丝都很少(无标度网络);4. 词库中,极少数词的使用率很高( the, of, and ),

而大多数词的使用率很低(词频分析);5. 城市街道中极少数街道的连接度很高,而大部分的街道

连接度很低;

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ZIPF’S LAW AND URBAN SPACE 幂律在城市研究中最常用的领域运用 Zipf’s law 研究城镇体系

的规模等级分布。

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ZIPF’S LAW AND URBAN SPACE

Pi=P1 · r -q LnPi=LnP1-qLnr

q 值是回归线的斜率, |b| 值接近于 1 ,说明规模分布接近于 Zipf 的理想状态; |q| 值大于 1 ,说明规模分布比较集中,大城市很突出,而中小级城市不够发育,首位度较高; |q| 值小于 1 ,说明城市人口比较分散,高位次城市规模不很突出,中小城市比较发育

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ZIPF’S LAW AND URBAN SPACE

Zipf 律表明城镇体系的等级分布具有无标度 (scale free) 特征,可以用分形的思想来解释。

Zipf’ law Central Place Theory

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ZIPF’S LAW AND URBAN SPACE

问题: Zipf’s law 是一个实验定律 , 而非理论定律。虽然 Zipf’s

distribution 可以在很多现象中被观察到,但是在现实中的起因 ( 演绎机制或者说是内在动力机制 ) 是一个争论的焦点。

目前尚未将宏观层面的城镇体系结构和微观层面的城市内部空间结构通过 Zipf’s law 联系起来,以找到从微观机制(城市空间填充)来解释宏观分布的原理( Berry : an urban system could be divided into two levels: one is cities as systems, and the other, systems of cities )。

与幂律分布相关的三个结构体系:层级结构、网络结构和分形结构,是否能够通过城市内部空间结构的生长整合联系到一起? (Batty: an integrated theory of how cities evolve: linking urban economics and transportation behavior to developments in network science, allometric growth, and fractal geometry)

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Cities as systems, or systems of cities?

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研究假设:

城市内部空间结构也同样符合城镇体系的空间结构分布规律,即服从 Zipf 定律的分布规律 .

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METHODOLOGY

递归细分 -Recursive Subdivision ( urban land-use ) 递归细分是一种空间解集 (spatial disaggregation) 的过

程,能够和分形 (fractals) 的思想联系起来。 理论上,严格的空间细分会产生自相似网络结构 (self-

similar network) ,在数学上就等同于串联的等级结构(hierarchy with cascade structure) 。

实际上,空间解集过程包括了三个等价的过程:严格细分 (strict subdivision) 、等级 (hierarchy) 、网络结构(network structure).

所以,递归细分建立了空间解集过程和等级体系之间的联系,使得利用 zifp 律分析城市内部空间结构建立了可能性。

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a. Strict subdivision b. Hierarchy c. Network structure

Spatial disaggregation: strict subdivision, hierarchy and network structure

城镇体系的位序规模律在数学模型上等同于等级结构和网络结构。这意味着城市增长的一个空间自组织过程。

因此,可以用等级体系或者网络结构的模型来改写城市内部空间的解集(填充)的过程。

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METHODOLOGY

Sierpinski triangle

关键是理解递归细分和如何等价于城市发展的空间填充过程,分形的思想。

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1 23

6 4

57

8

910

1112 13

14

15

a b

c d

N N

N N

1 23

64

58

7

910

1112

13

1415

A sketch map of the recursive subdivision of geographical space with an urban envelope

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EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE

Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanjing; 1985,1996,2005; Remote sensing images (TM, ETM); Data analysis in ArcGIS.

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上海

南京

杭州

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City Level Area (sq.km.)

(m) 1985 1996 2005Shanghai 1 520.0730 712.8160 1418.4000

2 342.0090 469.0650 814.2290178.0640 243.7510 604.1760

3 175.4610 236.0090 470.4770166.5490 233.0560 380.4410112.1410 154.7550 343.752065.9223 88.9955 223.7340

Nanjing 1 172.1850 226.1640 339.40402 104.3080 138.4600 203.5380

67.8765 87.7038 135.86503 56.1852 76.4546 117.0610

48.1232 62.0059 86.477940.8913 51.3690 75.739926.9852 36.3349 60.1256

Hangzhou 1 79.9463 105.0030 185.41702 47.8473 64.6180 122.8250

32.0990 40.3844 62.59243 35.2971 41.2566 66.2761

16.0693 23.3615 56.548816.0297 21.0526 37.580712.5502 19.3319 25.0117

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1 10 100 1000 100000.1

1

10

100

1000f(x) = 1084.228025 x^-1.03975029R² = 0.992882846997072

Rank k

Siz

e A

k

1 10 100 1000 100000.1

1

10

100

1000

10000

f(x) = 2024.487983 x^-0.98905787R² = 0.985304710925246

Rank k

Siz

e A

k

1 10 100 1000 100000.1

1

10

100

1000

f(x) = 270.5013693 x^-0.99009228R² = 0.995790832597754

Rank k

Siz

e A

k

1 10 100 1000 100000.1

1

10

100

1000

f(x) = 548.6138027 x^-1.00572789R² = 0.983166439670217

Rank k

Siz

e A

k

1 10 100 1000 100000.01

0.1

1

10

100f(x) = 152.4562939 x^-1.02457683R² = 0.988787610531893

Rank k

Siz

e A

k

1 10 100 1000 100000.01

0.1

1

10

100

1000

f(x) = 302.2015062 x^-1.00892197R² = 0.975637304556466

Rank k

Siz

e A

k

a. Shanghai, 1985

b. Shanghai, 2005

c. Nanjing, 1985

d. Nanjing, 2005

e. Hangzhou, 1985

f. Hangzhou, 2005

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Shanghai Nanjing Hangzhou

1985 1996 2005 1985 1996 2005 1985 1996 2005

n 2048 2048 4096 2048 2048 4096 2048 2048 4096

A1 1084.228 1177.702 2024.488 270.501 373.078 548.613 152.456 164.364 302.201

q1.0398 1.0015 0.9891 0.9901 1.0032 1.0057 1.0246 0.9944 1.0089

R2

0.9929 0.9890 0.9853 0.9958 0.9932 0.9832 0.9888 0.9891 0.9756

The parameters and related statistics of Zipf’s laws of Shanghai, Nanjing, and Hangzhou

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CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS

空间递归细分的方法是探索城市形态潜在的空间秩序的新方法,此方法能够近似模拟城市增长过程中的空间填充过程,并且将其与 Zifp 定律和分形体结合起来。

城市内部空间等级和城镇体系规模等级可以通过无标度等级律 (hierarchical scaling law)统一起来。

根据本文的实证研究,我们发现城市增长是一个无标度的空间填充过程。这对于实践中分析和优化城市增长提出了一个新的视角。

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THANKS