Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
RED BOX RULES ARE FOR PROOF STAGE ONLY. DELETE BEFORE FINAL PRINTING.
Next Generation Wireless Communications
Using Radio over FiberEditors
Nathan J. GomesPaulo P. Monteiro
Atílio Gameiro
Editors
Gomes Monteiro Gameiro
Next Generation Wireless
Comm
unications Using Radio over Fiber
EditorsNathan J. Gomes, University of Kent, UKPaulo P. Monteiro, Universidade de Aveiro, Instituto de Telecomunicações and Nokia Siemens Networks, PortugalAtílio Gameiro, Universidade de Aveiro and Instituto de Telecomunicações, Portugal
Next Generation Wireless Communications Using Radio over Fiber
A vision for wireless communications advanced by optical transmission possibilities, showing how this technology provides essential
advantages for the implementation of wireless systems
Next Generation Wireless Communications Using Radio over Fiber brings together key aspects of wireless, networking and photonics technologies which will be fundamental in achieving the vision of ultra-high-bit-rate mobile access with relatively limited spectrum resource. In particular, the book sets out the significant advantages of wireless communication systems based on distributed antennas with centralized signal processing supported by radio over fiber optical links to enable the required coordinated radio transmission schemes. The radio over fiber network architecture and technology choices, the wireless algorithms that can efficiently and fairly use the available spectrum, together with other considerations, such as network management and the business case proposition are all covered.
The book will be of use to all involved in the research, development or planning of future mobile networks, and of interest to anyone working at the interface of RF and photonic systems or technologies. Although a number of technology options and algorithms are reviewed, the book presents a coherent vision for future wireless/mobile communication systems using distributed antennas from which further investigations can be launched.
Key features:
Presents a single, coherent vision for future wireless systems employing distributed antenna systems, technical feasibility of fiber supported virtual or distributed MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) concepts, from the component technology through to systems
Provides key demonstration setups and results validating the concept of the proposed co-ordinated multipoint algorithms
Gives a business evaluation, showing the potential economic benefits to operators
NEXT GENERATIONWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONSUSING RADIOOVER FIBER
NEXT GENERATIONWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONSUSING RADIOOVER FIBER
Editors
Nathan J. GomesUniversity of Kent, UK
Paulo P. MonteiroUniversidade de Aveiro, Instituto de Telecomunicacoes and Nokia Siemens Networks,
Portugal
At�ılio GameiroUniversidade de Aveiro and Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Portugal
This edition first published 2012# 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Registered office
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom
For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to
reuse th e copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.
The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form
or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in
electronic books.
Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product
names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The
publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide
accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the pub-
lisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the
services of a competent professional should be sought.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Next generation wireless communications using radio over fiber / Nathan J.
Gomes, Paulo P. Monteiro, Atılio Gameiro, editors.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-119-95339-5 (cloth)
1. Wireless communication systems. 2. Radio resource management (Wireless communications) 3. Optical fiber
communication. I. Gomes, Nathan J. II. Monteiro, Paulo P. III. Gameiro, Atılio.
TK5103.4873.N49 2012
621.382 075––dc23
2012010710
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN (H/B): 9781119953395
Set in 10/12pt Times by Thomson Digital, Noida, India.
Contents
List of Contributors xiii
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxi
List of Abbreviations xxiii
1 Background and Introduction 1
Paulo P. Monteiro, At�ılio Gameiro and Nathan J. Gomes
1.1 The Trends and Challenges to Achieving 4G Wireless 2
1.1.1 Motivation 2
1.1.2 The Quest for High Bit Rates in Wireless Communications 2
1.1.3 System Capacity 3
1.1.4 Infrastructure Costs, Deployment and Upgradeability Constraints 4
1.1.5 Trends and Issues in Wired Broadband and Infrastructure
Convergence 6
1.2 The FUTON Concept for Next-Generation Distributed and
Heterogeneous Radio Architectures 8
1.2.1 Global Architecture and the Main Evolutionary Scenarios 9
1.2.2 Optical Infrastructure Signalling 11
1.2.3 The FUTON Consortium 11
1.3 Overview of this Book 12
References 15
2 Trends in Wireless Communications 17Aarne M€ammel€a, Mika Lasanen and Jarno Pinola
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Basic Transmission Problems and Solutions 18
2.2.1 Transmission Problems 19
2.2.2 Solutions in the Physical Layer 24
2.2.3 Solutions in the Network Layer 31
2.2.4 Fundamental Limits and Trends 35
2.3 Regulation and Standardization 37
2.3.1 Regulation 37
2.3.2 Standardization 38
2.4 Conclusions 41
References 41
3 System Concepts for the Central Processing of Signals 47
At�ılio Gameiro and Daniel Castanheira
3.1 Introduction 47
3.2 Wireless Trends 48
3.2.1 Provision of Broadband Access 48
3.2.2 System Capacity 48
3.2.3 Power Efficiency 49
3.2.4 Fairness in Access 50
3.3 Architecture Options 51
3.4 The Global Centralized Architecture 52
3.4.1 Terminology 53
3.4.2 DBWS Architecture Elements 53
3.4.3 Physical Elements of the DBWS 54
3.5 FUTON Scenarios 55
3.5.1 Enhanced Cellular Scenario 55
3.5.2 Advanced Scenario 57
3.6 The Optical Infrastructure 58
3.7 Conclusions 60
References 60
4 Introduction to Radio over Fiber 61
Nathan J. Gomes and David Wake
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 The Concept of a Radio over Fiber System 62
4.3 Categories of Radio over Fiber Systems 64
4.3.1 Types of Transport 64
4.3.2 Types of Modulation 66
4.3.3 Types of Fiber 67
4.3.4 Subcarrier Multiplexing 67
4.3.5 Millimeter-Wave-over-Fiber Systems 68
4.4 Performance of Radio over Fiber Systems 72
4.4.1 System Performance Characterization 72
4.4.2 System Component Effects 75
4.4.3 Improving System Performance 77
4.5 Applications of Radio over Fiber Technology 79
4.5.1 Wireless or Mobile Communication Systems 79
4.5.2 Beam-forming and Phased Arrays 81
4.5.3 Cable Television Systems 81
4.5.4 Radio Astronomy 83
4.5.5 Future Perspectives 83
vi Contents
4.6 Conclusions 84
References 84
5 Radio over Fiber System Design for Distributed Broadband Wireless Systems 91
David Wake and Nathan J. Gomes
5.1 Introduction 91
5.2 Radio over Fiber Link Design Issues 93
5.2.1 Carrier Frequency 93
5.2.2 Channel Bandwidth 94
5.2.3 Number of Channels 94
5.2.4 Peak-to-Average-Power Ratio 95
5.2.5 Modulation Scheme 95
5.2.6 Uplink Power Control 96
5.3 Example Link Design 97
5.3.1 Link Architecture 97
5.3.2 Optical Source and Receiver Types 99
5.3.3 Link Budget Calculations 100
5.3.4 EVM Measurements 103
5.3.5 Wireless Range Calculations 106
5.4 Analog or Digital Transmission? 108
5.5 Conclusions 110
References 111
6 Optical Network Architectures for the Support of Future Wireless Systems 113S�ılvia Pato and Jo~ao Pedro6.1 Introduction 113
6.2 Using PONs to Support Radio over Fiber Services 114
6.2.1 Wavelength Allocation Plans 114
6.2.2 Multiplexing Schemes 115
6.3 Candidate Architectures 117
6.3.1 A: Separate Up- and Downlink Wavelengths 118
6.3.2 B: Shared Downlink Wavelengths 119
6.3.3 C: Single CWDM Channel 120
6.3.4 D: Broadcast and Select 120
6.3.5 E: Reflective RAUs 121
6.3.6 Comparison of Candidate Architectures 122
6.4 Power-Loss Budget Analysis 122
6.5 Comparative Economic Analysis 128
6.6 Support of Legacy Systems 130
6.7 Conclusions 131
References 131
7 Optical Transmitters for Low-Cost Broadband Transport 133
Guilhem de Valicourt, Romain Brenot, Fr�ed�eric Van Dijk and Guanghua Duan
7.1 Introduction 133
7.2 Basics of Semiconductor Lasers and Reflective SOAs 133
Contents vii
7.2.1 Vertical Layer Structures for Semiconductor Lasers and
Reflective SOAs 134
7.2.2 Transverse Structures for Lasers and Reflective SOAs 136
7.2.3 Mode Profile and the Gain Confinement Factor 138
7.3 Semiconductor Lasers for Radio over Fiber Applications 139
7.3.1 Specifications of Semiconductor Lasers 139
7.3.2 Distributed Feedback Laser 140
7.3.3 Packaged DFB Laser Module 141
7.3.4 Laser Static Characteristics 141
7.3.5 RIN Measurements 144
7.3.6 Modulation Bandwidth 145
7.3.7 Linearity 146
7.3.8 Applications of DFB Lasers in RoF Systems 146
7.3.9 Conclusion 147
7.4 Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers 148
7.4.1 Fundamentals of the RSOA 148
7.4.2 Outline of the RSOA Structure 149
7.4.3 RSOA Characteristics for a RoF Link 150
7.4.4 System Performance 155
7.4.5 Limitations and Improvements 156
7.4.6 Summary 156
7.5 Conclusions 157
References 157
8 Algorithms for Coordinated Multipoint Techniques 159
Fabian Diehm, Mohamed Kamoun and Gerhard Fettweis
8.1 Introduction 159
8.2 Basic Ideas about CoMP 160
8.2.1 Control Plane Strategies 160
8.2.2 Data Plane Strategies 160
8.3 CoMP in Cellular Systems: Benefits and Practical Design 163
8.3.1 Uplink 163
8.3.2 Downlink 166
8.4 Numerical Illustrations of CoMP Concepts 169
8.4.1 Uplink 169
8.4.2 Downlink 171
8.5 CoMP in the FUTON System Concept 174
8.5.1 Backhaul 174
8.5.2 Time and Frequency Synchronization 175
8.5.3 Clustering 175
8.5.4 Channel Estimation and Feedback 176
8.6 The FUTON Prototype: CoMP with the FUTON
RoF Architecture 177
8.6.1 Baseband Processing 178
8.6.2 Downlink Transmission Path 181
8.6.3 Testing the Prototype 182
viii Contents
8.7 Conclusions 186
References 187
9 Cross-Layer Resource Allocation and Scheduling 191
Ilkka Harjula, Mikko Hiivala, Vinay Uday Prabhu, Dimitris Toumpakaris and
Huiling Zhu
9.1 Introduction 191
9.2 Low-Complexity Chunk-Based Resource Allocation for the Downlink 192
9.2.1 System Model 192
9.2.2 Chunk-Based Allocation Scheme and Performance Analysis 193
9.2.3 Chunk-Based Resource Allocation for Distributed Antenna
Systems 195
9.3 Modified MAC-Aware Per-User Unitary Rate Control Scheme 197
9.4 Channel Estimation Based on Superimposed Pilots 201
9.4.1 Downlink Channel Estimation 201
9.4.2 Superimposed Pilots 202
9.4.3 Simulation Performance Results 202
9.4.4 Implementation Considerations 205
9.5 Conclusions 209
References 210
10 Compensation of Impairments in the Radio over Fiber Infrastructure 211
Atso Hekkala, Mika Lasanen, Mikko Hiivala, Luis Vieira, Nathan J. Gomes,
Vincent Kotzsch and Gerhard Fettweis
10.1 Introduction 211
10.2 Compensation Techniques for RoF Links 212
10.3 RoF Link Model 214
10.4 Distortion Compensation Algorithms and Architectures 222
10.5 Distortion Compensation Analyses, Simulations and Measurements 227
10.6 Impact of Timing Delays in Centralized Distributed Antenna Systems 232
10.6.1 Transmission Delays in Centralized DAS 232
10.6.2 Impact of Signal Delays on OFDM System Model 235
10.6.3 Asynchronous Interference Analysis 238
10.7 Conclusions 243
References 243
11 Radio over Fiber Network Management 247
Carlos Santiago, Bodhisattwa Gangopadhyay and Artur Ars�enio11.1 Introduction 247
11.2 Overview of RoF Management Systems 248
11.2.1 RoF Management for Fixed-Mobile Convergent Networks 250
11.2.2 Network Data Intelligent Processing 250
11.2.3 RoF Manager Functionalities 251
11.3 RoF Manager Architecture 251
11.3.1 Configuration Management Module 253
11.3.2 Fault Management Module 254
11.3.3 Performance Management Module 254
Contents ix
11.4 Interoperation of RoF Manager and Middleware 256
11.4.1 Channel Physical Address 258
11.4.2 Channel Forwarding Table 259
11.4.3 RoF Manager to Middleware 259
11.4.4 RoF to Physical Layer 259
11.5 Conclusions 262
References 262
12 System-Level Evaluation 265
Ramiro S�amano-Robles and At�ılio Gameiro
12.1 Introduction 265
12.1.1 Motives for System-Level Simulation of
Wireless Networks 265
12.1.2 Issues in the Design of System-Level Simulators for Wireless
Networks 266
12.1.3 System-Level Simulation of FUTON and the DBWS 267
12.1.4 Scope and Organization of this Chapter 268
12.2 System-Level Simulation of Wireless Networks and DAS 269
12.2.1 Link-to-System-Level Interface (LSLI) Modeling 269
12.2.2 Simulation Platforms 270
12.2.3 OFDMA Systems 270
12.2.4 Propagation Models 271
12.2.5 Distributed Antenna Systems at the System Level 271
12.3 The FUTON System-Level Simulator 272
12.3.1 Simulator Logical Architecture 272
12.3.2 Simulation Modes 274
12.3.3 Manhattan Deployment Scenario and Propagation Model 275
12.3.4 Traffic and Mobility Models 278
12.3.5 OFDMA Frame Definition 278
12.3.6 Link to System-Level Interface (LSLI) Modeling 280
12.3.7 Optical Link Impairment Modeling and Compensation Schemes 282
12.4 Radio Resource Management Implementation for the DBWS 285
12.5 Results of the Simulation 286
12.6 Conclusions 289
References 289
13 Business Evaluation and Perspectives 291
George Agapiou, Vitor Sim~oes Ribeiro, Angela Maria Ferro Venturi,
Silmar Freire Palmeira and A. Manuel de Oliveira Duarte
13.1 Introduction 291
13.2 Evolution of Services in Advanced Access Technologies 292
13.3 Business Model Description 293
13.4 Business Plan 294
13.5 Market Characterization 296
x Contents
13.6 Modeling the Business Plan 297
13.6.1 Contribution to NPV 298
13.6.2 Break-Even Period 298
13.6.3 Sensitivity Graphs 300
13.7 Deployment Models 304
13.7.1 Greenfield Deployment 304
13.7.2 Evolution from Existing Legacy Wireless Systems 306
13.7.3 Summary 311
13.8 Conclusions 312
References 312
14 Summary and Conclusions 313
Paulo P. Monteiro, At�ılio Gameiro and Nathan J. Gomes
14.1 Introduction 313
14.2 Main Achievements of the FUTON Project 313
14.3 Technical Benefits 314
14.4 Business Benefits 315
14.5 Business Vision 315
References 316
Index 317
Contents xi
List of Contributors
George Agapiou Hellenic Telecoms (OTE), Greece
Artur Ars�enio Nokia Siemens Networks, Portugal
Romain Brenot III-V Lab, a Joint Lab of Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs, Thales
Research and Technology and CEA Leti, France
Daniel Castanheira Universidade de Aveiro and Instituto de
Telecomunicacoes, Portugal
Fabian Diehm Technische Universit€at Dresden, Germany
Guanghua Duan III-V Lab, a Joint Lab of Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs, Thales
Research and Technology and CEA Leti, France
A. Manuel de Oliveira Duarte Universidade de Aveiro and Instituto
de TelecomunicaSc~oes, Portugal
Gerhard Fettweis Technische Universit€at Dresden, Germany
At�ılio Gameiro Universidade de Aveiro and Instituto de
Telecomunicacoes, Portugal
Bodhisattwa Gangopadhyay Nokia Siemens Networks, Portugal
Nathan J. Gomes University of Kent, UK
Ilkka Harjula VTT Technical Research Centre, Finland
Atso Hekkala VTT Technical Research Centre, Finland
Mikko Hiivala VTT Technical Research Centre, Finland
Mohamed Kamoun CEA, LIST, France
Vincent Kotzsch Technische Universit€at Dresden, Germany
Mika Lasanen VTT Technical Research Centre, Finland
Aarne M€ammel€a VTT Technical Research Centre, Finland
Paulo P. Monteiro Universidade de Aveiro, Instituto de Telecomunicacoes and
Nokia Siemens Networks, Portugal
Silmar Freire Palmeira Telefonica VIVO, Brazil
S�ılvia Pato Nokia Siemens Networks and Instituto
de TelecomunicaSc~oes, Portugal
Jo~ao Pedro Nokia Siemens Networks and Instituto
de TelecomunicaSc~oes, Portugal
Jarno Pinola VTT Technical Research Centre, Finland
Vinay Uday Prabhu Carnegie Mellon University, USA
Vitor Sim~oes Ribeiro Portugal Telecom InovaSc~ao, Portugal
Ramiro S�amano-Robles Instituto de TelecomunicaSc~oes, Portugal
Carlos Santiago Nokia Siemens Networks, Portugal
Dimitris Toumpakaris University of Patras, Greece
Guilhem de Valicourt III-V Lab, a Joint Lab of Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs, Thales
Research and Technology and CEA Leti, France
Frederic Van Dijk III-V Lab, a Joint Lab of Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs, Thales
Research and Technology and CEA Leti, France
Angela Maria Ferro Venturi Telefonica VIVO, Brazil
Luis Vieira University of Kent, UK
and Federal University of Technology (UFTPR), Brazil
David Wake University of Kent, UK
Huiling Zhu University of Kent, UK
xiv List of Contributors
Foreword
This book summarizes the results of the collaborative research carried out in the Fibre-Optic
Networks for Distributed, Extendible, Heterogeneous Radio Architectures and Service
Provisioning (FUTON) project in the Framework Program 7 of the European Commission
by partners ranging from manufacturers, network operators, and small and medium enter-
prises to research centers and universities. The main objective of the FUTON project was to
address concepts for the use of radio over fiber (RoF) as part of broadband mobile communi-
cation systems.
Mobile communication has been a great success story in the last few decades. Developed
from analog systems for voice communication after 1980, digital signal-processing technol-
ogy was introduced around 1990 in systems such as GSM and IS-95 CDMA, which were
originally designed for voice communication. Digital communication systems allowed the
extension to data services with Short Message Service (SMS) and by aggregation, for exam-
ple, of time slots, as a further development of GSM in HSCSD, GPRS and EDGE, towards
higher data rates and packet transmission. A similar development took place for IS-95
CDMA. Third-generation (3G) mobile communication systems increased the data rate
through more wideband carriers and using CDMA technology in UMTS (WCDMA FDD
and TDD), CDMA2000 and TD-SCDMA. These systems were deployed after 2000. The
connection to the backbone network could be provided by, for example, digital subscriber
lines (DSL) or microwave links.
Around 2000, ITU-R started discussions on the further development of mobile communi-
cations for IMT-Advanced, with peak throughput rates of 100 Mbps for new mobile access
and 1 Gbps for new nomadic or local area wireless access [1]. This initiated a huge develop-
ment effort in the research community and international standardization bodies.
This was intended to further improve the performance of 3G systems from UMTS (3GPP)
to HSDPA, HSUPA, HSPA, HSPAþ; from CDMA2000 (3GPP2) to 1xEVDO; and from
WLAN-type systems (IEEE) to WiMAX. It was also intended to develop new very wideband
systems for IMT-Advanced based on OFDM-technology, such as the 3GPP-based LTE and
LTE-A systems, the 3GPP2-based UMB concept, and the IEEE-based evolution of WiMAX.
By the end of 2011, the number of global mobile communication subscribers exceeded six
billion [2] and there are more than 2.25 billion global Internet users [3]. Data traffic is grow-
ing rapidly in deployed 3G communication systems and its further evolutions. Predictions
show continuing significant growth [4]. This growth in traffic and the limited amount of
available frequency spectrum requires more advanced systems in order to use the frequency
spectrum more efficiently and achieve economic system deployment. Future systems have to
provide significantly higher throughput rates, even at cell edges, by reusing existing base
station sites as far as possible.
This results in several challenges for future mobile communication systems. System
capacity and interference reduction can be achieved by means of cooperative multipoint
(CoMP) systems and distributed antenna systems (DAS), for example. CoMP is based on the
centralized processing of signals from different neighboring base stations and DAS involves
connecting a set of distributed antennas to a central base station for joint signal processing in
order to improve coverage and mitigate interference. Both concepts require broadband links
between the involved base stations and antennas.
In addition, broadband mobile communication systems require a very broadband back-
bone network to connect the base stations to the Internet and the overall network, which
cannot be provided by DSL or standard microwave links. Broadband mobile communication
systems with a peak throughput rate per base station site of several hundred megabits or
more than a gigabit per second require different technologies. Several concepts for backbone
connections (e.g. optical communication for baseband signals, relay-based concepts and
microwave links up to 60–90 GHz frequency range for dense deployment) are applicable,
each with a different impact on the economy of deployment. Radio over fiber systems are
suited for DAS systems with centralized joint signal processing, allowing more economic
deployment and coverage, in particular in micro- to femto-cell deployment. With the increas-
ing importance of small cell systems for areas with high traffic demand [5], radio over fiber
systems are an important, economic and future-proof solution for such deployments.
This book provides background information on the state of the art and new developments
in radio over fiber systems and related topics. It will be beneficial to system designers and
researchers in this field.
Dr Werner Mohr
Head of Research Alliances
Nokia Siemens Networks GmbH & Co. KG
Germany
References
1. ITU(2003)Framework and overall objectives of the future development of IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-
2000, Recommendation R M.1645.www.itu.int/rec/recommendation.asp?type=folders&lang=e&parent=R-REC-
M.1645.
2. ITU(2011)ICT Statistics Newslog: Mobile subscribers.www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/newslog/CategoryView,category,
Mobile%2Bsubscribers.aspx.
3. Miniwatts Marketing Group(2011)Internet World Stats.www.internetworldstats.com.
4. Cisco(2011)Cisco Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology, 2010–2015.www.cisco.com/en/US/solu-
tions/collateral/ns341/ns525/ns537/ns705/ns827/white_paper_c11-481360_ns827_Networking_Solutions_Whi-
te_Paper.html.
5. Small Cell Forum.www.smallcellforum.org/.
xvi Foreword
Preface
Today’s information age is dominated by the Internet, with the worlds of work, leisure and
political change hugely influenced by Internet search engines and social media networking,
for example. At the time of writing (2012), the global introduction of tablet PCs and smart
phones and the new cloud paradigms for storage and computing has led to more and more
people demanding Internet access on the move. Even in their own homes, connected by
high-speed cable or optical-fiber systems, people increasingly access the Internet wirelessly,
for example, through a WiFi ‘hub’ or router.
To satisfy the increasing demand for wireless data services that can provide video, voice
and images on the move, operators have been deploying new networks, mainly based on the
industry standards promoted by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for Long-
Term Evolution (LTE). Although LTE will provide large increases in capacity compared to
the widely deployed 3rd generation (3G) networks, to truly satisfy user requirements, opera-
tors are already looking towards true 4th generation (4G) networks, termed LTE-Advanced
or LTE-A. The first standards for these networks are just being released by 3GPP. Achieving
the large capacity demanded will require novel techniques, such as the use of distributed
antennas. Radio over fiber, the particular technology addressed in this book, enables distrib-
uted antenna systems and has been used, in relatively niche applications (shopping malls,
airports, sports venues, and some city centers), by mobile communications operators.
The research work that is presented in this book was mainly carried out as part of the
European Union’s Integrating Project FUTON. In FUTON, the use of radio over fiber sys-
tems was brought into the design of 4G and beyond wireless communications in a way that
went beyond what had been done previously. By specifying the optical infrastructure as part
of the wireless system from the outset, new capabilities can be defined for the overall wire-
less system. This new wireless system architecture would enable the fulfillment of the objec-
tives for hugely increased capacity required in future networks, as well as in access fairness
and flexibility.
This book aims to summarize some of the key findings of the FUTON project. As 4G
wireless communication systems are currently being standardized, we hope to bring to the
debate a system description, with performance indications, that comprises a range of inter-
related and interdependent aspects, from the specification and performance of wireless
coding and resource-management algorithms to fiber-infrastructure design and performance
to overall system performance evaluation. A methodology for a business evaluation is also
outlined, with preliminary results indicating a promising outlook for the proposed architec-
ture. This book should be of interest to all those engaged in the research and development of
wireless, mobile and converged fixed or mobile communication networks, whether in acade-
mia, research institutes or industry. As it brings together two often distinct research areas,
wireless and optical communications, review chapters are included to help those expert in
one area to better understand the other area. This is vital as we believe that the next genera-
tion of networks will require cooperation in the design of the optical fiber and wireless
transmission parts, in order to explore the synergies between these two technologies.
The book is divided into 14 chapters, the contents of which can be briefly summarized as
follows:
� Chapter 1: Background and Introduction. This chapter presents the trends for achieving
4G wireless communications and for convergence between wireless and fixed networks,
the main concept and a brief overview of the FUTON project, and an overview of the book.� Chapter 2: Trends in Wireless Communications. This chapter provides a general overview
of the latest trends in wireless communications which aim to achieve high user data rates.
A range of basic wireless transmission problems and solutions are covered, followed by an
overview of regulation and standardization as they affect current and future systems.� Chapter 3: System Concepts for Central Processing of Signals. This chapter presents the
key concept at the heart of the book: the main features of the hybrid optical-radio infra-
structure which acts as an enabler for key technologies, such as virtual-MIMO processing.� Chapter 4: Introduction to Radio over Fiber. This chapter presents a review of radio over
fiber research and commercial developments, covering the definition of the concept,
categories and types of radio over fiber systems and their performance characterization
and applications.� Chapter 5: Radio over Fiber System Design for Distributed Broadband Wireless Systems.
This chapter provides a description of the requirements for the optical transport of future
broadband wireless systems and an outline design for radio over fiber links based on sub-
carrier multiplexing and intermediate frequency transmission.� Chapter 6: Optical Network Architectures for the Support of Future Wireless Systems.
This chapter presents the requirements for the whole optical distribution network for the
transmission to and from multiple remote access units (RAUs), with wavelength division
multiplexing used to separate transmissions to/from the different RAUs. It also takes
account of overlay with legacy wireless systems and fixed network infrastructures.� Chapter 7: Optical Transmitters for Low-Cost Broadband Transport. With the optical
transmitter usually being the limiting component in the performance of a radio over fiber
link, this chapter provides an overview of work carried out to improve transmitter perform-
ance. Two devices are examined: a distributed feedback (DFB) laser and a reflective semi-
conductor optical amplifier (RSOA).� Chapter 8: Algorithms for Coordinated Multipoint Techniques. This chapter presents
descriptions of the algorithms that form one of the key advantages of the FUTON concept,
the provision of centralized joint processing of signals enabling coordinated multipoint
transmission.� Chapter 9: Cross-Layer Resource Allocation and Scheduling. This chapter discusses
resource allocation and scheduling algorithms, which are key to ensuring quality of service
and fairness, and the centralization inherent in the FUTON concept which lends itself to
optimization across layers.
xviii Preface
� Chapter 10: Compensation for Impairments in the Radio over Fiber Infrastructure. While
the goal is to make the radio over fiber infrastructure as transparent as possible with low
latency, impairments may arise. This chapter discusses the effects of nonlinearity and its
compensation and the effects and mitigation of delay in the fiber transport.� Chapter 11: Radio over Fiber Network Management. This chapter discusses issues in
managing the proposed radio over fiber infrastructure and makes proposals for the organi-
zation and implementation of this management.� Chapter 12: System-Level Evaluation. This chapter describes methods and models for the
system-level simulation and evaluation of a distributed antenna system with centralized
joint processing. Results are presented to validate the concept.� Chapter 13: Business Evaluation and Perspectives. This chapter analyzes the evolution of
services envisioned for future wireless networks, the market characterization and the most
relevant business cases for the proposed hybrid wireless-optical architecture.� Chapter 14: Summary and Conclusions. This chapter briefly presents the key achieve-
ments of the FUTON project, on which this book is based, and the main technical and
business benefits of the concepts advocated.
Nathan J. Gomes
University of Kent, UK
Paulo P. Monteiro
Universidade de Aveiro, Instituto de Telecomunicacoes and
Nokia Siemens Networks, Portugal
At�ılio Gameiro
Universidade de Aveiro and Instituto de Telecomunicacoes, Portugal
Preface xix
Acknowledgments
Much of the research presented in this book was carried out under the auspices of the
Fiber-Optic Networks for Distributed, Extendible, Heterogeneous Radio Architectures
and Service Provisioning (FUTON) Large-Scale Integrating Project, partly funded by the
European Union as part of the Information and Communication Technologies 7th Frame-
work Programme (project FP7-ICT-2007-21533). Most of the contributing authors to this
book were partners of this project and gratefully acknowledge this cofunding. They
would also like to thank, in particular, the European Commission Project Officer,
Andrew Houghton, for his helpful advice and support over the duration of the project.
Each of the contributing authors would also like to acknowledge the support of their insti-
tution or company for providing the time allowed for the preparation of the book. These
institutions and companies are listed below:
III-V Lab, a Joint Lab of Alcatel-Lucent Bell Labs, Thales Research and Technology and
CEA Leti, France
Carnegie Mellon University, USA
CEA, LIST, France
Hellenic Telecommunications Organization (OTE), Greece
Instituto de TelecomunicaSc~oes, Portugal
National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brazil
Nokia Siemens Networks, Portugal
Portugal Telecom InovaSc~ao, Portugal
Technische Universit€at Dresden, Germany
Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal
University of Kent, UK
University of Patras, Greece
Telefonica VIVO, Brazil
VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Finland
List of Abbreviations
1F Single-Fiber Connection
1G 1st Generation
2F Two-Fiber Connection
2G 2nd Generation
3G 3rd Generation
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
3GPP2 3rd Generation Partnership Project Two
4G 4th Generation
A/D Analog-to-Digital
ACP Adjacent Channel Power
all-IP All Internet Protocol
ALMA Atacama Large Millimetre Array
AM/AM Amplitude Modulation/Amplitude Modulation
AM/PM Amplitude Modulation/Phase Modulation
AM Amplitude Modulation
AON Active Optical Network
APD Avalanche Photodiode
ARPU Average Revenue per User
ASE Amplified Spontaneous Emission
ASN.1 Abstract Syntax Notation – One
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise
BER Bit-Error Ratio
BLER Block Error Ratio
BPF Band-Pass Filter
BPSK Binary Phase-Shift Keying
BRS Buried Ridge Structure
BS Base Station
CAPEX Capital Expenditure
CCDF Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function
CDF Common Data Format
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CESM Capacity Effective SINR Metric
CFO Carrier Frequency Offset
CFT Channel Forwarding Table
CM Configuration Management
CN Core Network
CNR Carrier-to-Noise Ratio
CO Central Office
CoMP Coordinated Multipoint
CP Cyclic Prefix
CPRI Common Public Radio Interface
CPU Central Processing Unit
CRRM Common Radio Resource Management
CSC_CU Conversion Separation Combination CU
CSI Channel State Information
CSM Combined Snapshot–Dynamic Mode
CU Central Unit
CW Continuous Wave
CWDM Coarse Wavelength Division Multiplexing
D/A Digital-to-Analog
DAS Distributed Antenna System
DBWS Distributed Broadband Wireless System
DFB Distributed Feedback (Laser)
DFE Decision Feedback Equalizer
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform
DL Downlink
D-MIMO Distributed MIMO
DML Directly Modulated Laser
DOCSIS Digital-Over-Cable Service Interface Standard
DPC Dirty Paper Coding
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
DSP Digital Signal Processor
DUT Device Under Test
DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
E/O Electronic–Optical Converter
EAM Electro-Absorption Modulator
EDFA Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifier
EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
EESM Exponential Effective SINR Metric
EPON Ethernet-PON
EVDO Evolution-Data Optimized (alternatively, Evolution-Data Only)
EVM Error Vector Magnitude
FCAPS Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance, Security
F-DAS Fiber Distributed Antenna System
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
FDM Fully Dynamic Mode
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
FFT Fast Fourier Transform
FIFO First-In, First-Out
FM/PM Frequency/Phase Modulation
xxiv List of Abbreviations
FM Fault Management
FM Frequency Modulation
FP Fabry–Perot
FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
FSAN Full Service Access Node
FSK Frequency Shift Keying
FTP File Transfer Protocol
FTTH Fiber-to-the-Home
FTTx Fiber-to-the-x
FWHM Full Width at Half Maximum
Gbit/s Gigabit per second
Gbps Gigabit per second
GPON Gigabit-PON
GPRS General Packet Radio Service
GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
HDTV High-Definition Television
HF High Frequency
HFC Hybrid Fiber–Coax
HSCSD High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data
HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSPA High-Speed Packet Access
HSPAþ Evolved High-Speed Packet Access
HSUPA High-Speed Uplink Packet Access
I/Q In-phase/Quadrature-phase
ICI Intercarrier Interference
ICIC Intercell Interference Coordination
IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
IF Intermediate Frequency
IFDMA Interleaved FDMA
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
IM Intensity Modulation
IMDD Intensity Modulation – Direct Detection
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem
IMT International Mobile Telecommunications
IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications – 2000
IMT-A International Mobile Telecommunications – Advanced
IoT Internet-of-Thing
IP Internet Protocol
ISI Inter-symbol Interference
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ITU International Telecommunications Union (originally Interna-
tional Telegraph Union)
ITU-R International Telecommunication Union – Radio Sector
JPA Joint Processing Area
List of Abbreviations xxv
JPU Joint Processing Unit
KPI Key Performance Indicator
LAN Local Area Network
LDPC Low-Density Parity Check
LE Linear Equalizer
LED Light-Emitting Diode
LESM Logarithmic Effective SINR Metric
LLMS Linear Least-Mean-Square
LMS Least-Mean-Square
LO Local Oscillator
LOS Line-of-Sight
LS Least Squares
LSLI Link-to-System Level Interface
LTE Long-Term Evolution
LTE-A Long-Term Evolution – Advanced
LUT Look-up Table
M2M Machine-to-Machine
MAC Medium Access Control
MAI Multiple Access Interference
MAP Maximum A-Posteriori Probability
MBE Molecular Beam Epitaxy
Mbit/s Megabit per second
Mbps Megabit per second
MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme
MER Modulation Error Ratio
MIB Management Information Base
MIESM Mutual Information Effective SINR Metric
MIMO Multiple-Input Multiple-Output
MISO Multiple-Input Single-Output
ML Maximum Likelihood
MLSD Maximum Likelihood Sequence Detector
MMF Multimode Fiber
MMSE Minimum Mean-Squared Error
MRC Maximum Ratio Combining
MRT Maximum Ratio Transmission
MT Mobile Terminal
MUI Multiuser Interference
MZM Mach–Zehnder Modulator
NE Network Element
NGA Next-Generation Access
NGMN Next Generation Mobile Network
NGOA Next-Generation Optical Access
NGPON Next-Generation PON
NLOS Non-Line of Sight
NMS Network Management System
NMSE Normalized Mean Square Error
xxvi List of Abbreviations
NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone
NPV Net Present Value
O/E Optical–Electronic Converter
OADM Optical Add–Drop Multiplexer
OBSAI Open Base Station Architecture Initiative
OC Optical Circulator
ODN Optical Distribution Network
ODSB-SC Optical Double-Sideband Suppressed-Carrier
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
OID Object Identifier
OIPLL Optical Injection Phase-Locked Loop
OLI Open Lambda Initiative
OLT Optical Line Terminal
ONU Optical Network Unit
OPEX Operational Expenditure
OPLL Optical Phase-Locked Loop
OSI Open Systems Interconnection, ISO Reference Model for
OSSB Optical Single Sideband
OTI Optical Transmission Infrastructure
PA Power Amplifier
PAN Personal Area Network
PAPR Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
PD Predistorter
PER Packet Error Ratio
PIFA Planar Inverted-F Antenna
PM/FM Phase/Frequency Modulation
PM Performance Management
PM Phase Modulation
PMD Polarization-Mode Dispersion
PON Passive Optical Network
PRB Physical Resource Block
PS Phase Shift
PSK Phase Shift Keying
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
PtP Point-to-Point
PU2RC Per-User Unitary Rate Control
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QD Quantum Dash
QoE Quality of Experience
QoS Quality of Service
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
QW Quantum Well
RAM Random-Access Memory
RAT Radio Access Technology
RAU Remote Access Unit (alternatively, Remote Antenna Unit)
List of Abbreviations xxvii
RCE Relative Constellation Error
RF Radio Frequency
RIN Relative Intensity Noise
RLS Recursive Least Squares
RNC Radio Network Controller
RoF Radio over Fiber
RoFnet Radio over Fiber Network
RRM Radio Resource Management
RSOA Reflective Semiconductor Optical Amplifier
RTT Round-Trip Time
SA Software Agent
SC Single Carrier
SC-FDMA Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
SCH Separate Confinement Heterostructure
SCM Subcarrier Multiplexing
SDM Space Division Multiplexing
SDMA Spatial Division Multiple Access
SDR Software-Defined Radio
SEM Scanning Electron Microscope
SFDR Spurious-Free Dynamic Range
SINR Signal-to-Interference and Noise Ratio
SISO Single-Input Single-Output
SLA Service-Level Agreement
SLS System Level Simulator
SMF Single-Mode Fiber
SMS Short Message Service
SMSR Side-Mode-Suppression Ratio
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio
SOA Semiconductor Optical Amplifier
SON Self-Organizing Network
SSC Spot Size Converter
STO Symbol Timing Offset
TDD Time Division Duplexing
TDM Time Division Multiplexing
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TDOA Time Difference of Arrival
TD-SCDMA Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access
TE Transverse Electrical
THP Tomlinson–Harashima Precoding
TTI Transmission Time Interval
UL Uplink
UMB Ultra Mobile Broadband
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
UWB Ultra-Wideband
xxviii List of Abbreviations
![Cummins ISX CM870 (Stage 2] EGR Delete Kit Instructions · PDF fileCummins ISX CM870 (Stage 2] EGR Delete Kit Instructions Remove Both clamps from EGR Pipe and Compressor hose for](https://img.pdfslide.net/doc/110x75/5a73aacf7f8b9a9c548b62f8/cummins-isx-cm870-stage-2-egr-delete-kit-instructions-cummins-isx-cm870-stage.jpg)
