Referencing your work

and how to avoid plagiarism

Referencing in context

Read and Take Notes

Assignment

Evidence to support your ideas or argument

• Paraphrase

• Direct quote

Acknowledge sources

used

• Briefly, in your text

• In full, at the end

Outline

• What is a reference?• Why reference?• When to reference• How to reference:

Within your assignment At the end of your assignment

What is a Reference?

An acknowledgement that you have referred to (cited) information from published sources in your own work.

In other words, a recognition that you have borrowed other people’s work, ideas or opinions.

Why Reference?

• Shows off your research!

• Published evidence to support your own ideas/argument/point of view or give examples

• Plagiarism - using other people’s work and ideas as your own without acknowledgement

• Copyright

• Helps others to trace your information

sources

• Part of the marking scheme

When to Reference

• A particular theory, argument or

viewpoint

• Statistics, examples, case studies

• “Direct quotations” - writer’s exact

words. Use sparingly!

• Paraphrasing

How to Reference

• There are various systems for referencing:

Harvard system (Author/Date) is recommended at the University

• You need to reference in two places: Brief details, within the main body of your assignment Full details, at the end of your assignment

How to Reference: Direct Quotations

As Hall (2000, p.59) states, “pharmacy encompasses all aspects of drug preparation and dispensing.”

According to Sheridan (2002, p.216), “community pharmacy has long been an important part of the addiction treatment response in the UK.”

AUTHOR, DATE, PAGE NUMBER(S)

Larger quotes (3 lines +): Start quote on new

line and indent. No need to use quotation marks.

Pharmaceutical care has been described as “the responsible provision of drug therapy for the purpose of achieving definite outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life” (Hall, 2000, p.169).

Useful verbs and phrases to use with direct quotes

As X states/ believes/ suggests /indicates/ points out / observes/ explains/ argues/ outlines/ contradicts / proposes, “…….”.

For example, X has argued that “……”.

According to X, “…….”.

X suggests/ believes/ observes

that “…..”.

How to reference paraphrases

Research has shown that the majority of patients believe supplementary prescribing by pharmacists is a good idea (Smalley, 2006).

AUTHOR, DATE

Referencing at the end of your assignment

 

What should your Reference List contain?

a single list, arranged alphabetically by author, of everything you have specifically mentioned in your assignment

What information do I need to include?

• Name(s) of the Author(s) • Title• When and where it was

published• Who published it• Web site address and

date you looked at it

Referencing books

• Author(s) Michael E. Aulton• Title Pharmaceutics: the science of dosage

form design• Year of Publication © 2002• Edition (if not the first) 2nd edition• Place of publication Edinburgh• Publisher Churchill Livingstone

Using the title page (not the front cover) note the:

Aulton, M.E. (2002) Pharmaceutics: the science of dosage form design 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.

Referencing Journal Articles

• Author S. J Heal• Year of publication 2006• Title of article What do GPs think about joint

formularies?• Title of journal The Pharmaceutical Journal• Volume number (if present) 276• Part number (if present) 7387• Page number(s) 171-174

Heal, S.J. (2006) ‘What do GPs think about joint formularies?’ The Pharmaceutical Journal, vol. 276, no. 7387: pp.171-174.

Referencing a Web site

• Author/editor/organisation• Year written (or last

updated)• Title• URL• Date you accessed it

For future reference, print and

keep a copy of the web page

URL

Title

Date

Author

Pockock, N. (2006) Nicotine therapy not as effective as previously thought? [online] Available at: <http://www.nelm.nhs.uk/Record%20Viewing/viewRecord.aspx?id=568463> [Accessed 1st August 2006]

More Examples

Fisher, R. (2006) Information technology for pharmacists. London: Pharmaceutical Press.

Moody, M. et al (2004) ‘Would community pharmacists welcome electronic access to patients’ clinical data’ The Pharmaceutical Journal, no. 7283: pp.94-97

Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain (no date) Information about medicines [online] Available at: <http://www.rpsgb.org/worldofpharmacy/useofmedicines/> [Accessed 1st August 2006]

National Pharmacy Association (2006) Sunscreen and safety [online] Available at: <http://www.npa.co.uk/newstestview.php?id=59fd184871da24a3a5e7ab065ef55e90> [Accessed 1st August 2006]

What is plagiarism?

Two definitions• the practice of taking someone

else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

• copying , infringement of copyright , piracy , theft , stealing.

Actions that might be seen as plagiarism

• Buying, stealing or borrowing a paper• Using the source too closely when

paraphrasing• Paying someone to write your paper

•Building on someone’s ideas without citation•Copying from another source without citing (on purpose or by accident)

Avoiding plagiarismIn order to avoid plagiarism, you must give

credit when:• You use another person's ideas, opinions, or

theories. • You use quotations from another person's

spoken or written word.

• You paraphrase another person's spoken or written word. • You use facts, statistics, graphics, drawings, music, etc., or any other type of information that does not comprise common knowledge.

What is common knowledge?

• Common knowledge is information the average reader would know.

• How do you determine if something is common knowledge? Ask yourself if you knew the information already. If you didn't, the information is not common knowledge.

Even so, what is common knowledge for you may not be common knowledge for someone else.

The best rule is when in doubt, cite!